MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

Instructions:

You are expected to work in groups of 3 or 4. Complete problems as a group and discuss any
insights or confusions with one another.

1. Evaluate the following integrals.

Z 4✓ ◆ Z
p 1 p
(a) 2
x + 2x + x dx (g) x(1 x2 ) dx
1 x2
Z 1 2 Z
x +1 x dx
(b) dx (h) p
e x 2 1 x2
Z 1p Z
dx
(c) e2x dx (i) p
0 2 1 x2
Z 4 Z
(d) (x + |1 x|) dx (j) (7x + 8)9 dx
0
Z 2p Z
(e) 4 x2 dx (k) x(x2 + 1)1/2 dx
2
Z 4 Z
p
(f) x dx (l) x2 (x + 1)1/2 dx
0

2. Trigonometric Identities: The Pythagorean theorem and angle addition/subtraction formulas for co-
sine and sine are:

sin2 (A) + cos2 (A) = 1,

sin (A ± B) = sin (A) cos (B) ± cos (A) sin(B),
cos (A ± B) = cos (A) cos (B) ⌥ sin (A) sin(B).

(a) Use the Pythagorean theorem to show

tan2 (A) + 1 = sec2 (A).

(b) Use one of the angle addition/subtraction formulas and the Pythagorean theorem to show
1 cos(2A)
cos2 (A) = + .
2 2
(c) Use the previous part and the Pythagorean theorem to show
1 cos(2A)
sin2 (A) = .
2 2
(d) Use one of the angle addition/subtraction formulas to show
sin(2A)
sin(A) cos(A) = .
2
(e) ADD the sine addition formula to the sine subtraction formula to show
1
sin(A) cos(B) = (sin(A + B) + sin(A B)) .
2
(f) ADD the cosine addition formula to the cosine subtraction formula to show
1
cos(A) cos(B) = (cos(A + B) + cos(A B)) .
2
1
MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

(g) SUBTRACT the cosine addition formula from the cosine subtraction formula to show
1
sin(A) sin(B) = (cos(A B) cos(A + B)) .
2
Note: You will be given the cosine and sine addition/subtraction formulas on the exam, but will
need to know or know how to find all the above identities in order to calculate certain integrals
we’ll study in sections 7.2 and 7.3.

2
MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

Instructions:

You are expected to work in groups of 3 or 4. Complete problems as a group and discuss any
insights or confusions with one another.

1. Evaluate the following integrals.

Z 4✓ ◆ Z
p 1 p
(a) 2
x + 2x + x dx (g) x(1 x2 ) dx
1 x2
Z 1 2 Z
x +1 x dx
(b) dx (h) p
e x 2 1 x2
Z 1p Z
dx
(c) e2x dx (i) p
2 1 x2
Z0 4 Z
(d) (x + |1 x|) dx (j) (7x + 8)9 dx
Z0 2 p Z
(e) 4 x2 dx (k) x(x2 + 1)1/2 dx
2
Z 4 Z
p
(f) x dx (l) x2 (x + 1)1/2 dx
0

Solution:
Z 4✓ ◆ 4
p 1 x2 2x3 x3/2 x 1
(a) x + 2x2 + x dx = + +
1 x2 2 3 3/2 1
!
1
42 2 · 43 43/2 4 1 12 2 · 13 13/2 1 1 641
= + + + + = .
2 3 3/2 1 2 3 3/2 1 12
Z 1 2 Z 1 1 ✓ ◆ ✓ 2 ◆
x +1 1 x2 1 e
(b) dx = x + dx = + ln |x| = + ln | 1| + ln | e| =
e x e x 2 e 2 2
1 e2
.
2 2
Z 1p Z 1 1
(c) 2x
e dx = ex dx = ex = e 1.
0 0 0
(d) If we sketch the curve we can find the area under the curve.

1
MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

7 v

t
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
The rectangle from x = 0 to x = 1 has an area of 1 · 1 = 1.
From x = 1 to x = 4 there is a rectangular region of area 3 · 1 = 3, while the triangular region
1 9
has area of · 3 · 3 = .
2 2 Z 4
9 17
So the total area is 1 + 3 + . Therefore, (x + |1 x|) dx = .
2 0 2
Z 4p
(e) 4 x2 dx
4
If we sketch the curve we can find the area under the curve.
2 v

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
t
2 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z 4 p 1
This is just a semicircle of radius 2 so 4 x2 dx = ⇡22 = 2⇡ .
4 2

2
MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

(f) We have
Z 4p Z 4
x dx = x1/2 dx
0 0
4
x1/2+1
=
1/2 + 1 0
2 3/2 4
= x
3 0
2 ⇣ 3/2 3/2
⌘
= 4 0
3
2 ⇣ ⌘
= 641/2 03/2
3
16
= .
3

(g)
Z Z
p 2 p
x(1 x ) dx = x x5/2 dx

x3/2 x7/2
= +C
3/2 7/2
2 3/2 2 7/2
= x x +C
3 7

(h) We substitute u = 1 x2 , du = 2x dx to obtain

Z ✓ ◆Z p
1 x dx 1 1 1 2p 1 x2
p = p du = u+C = +C .
2 1 x2 2 2 u 4 2

(i) Recall that

d 1
arcsin x = p
dx 1 x2
and so therefore we obtain
Z
1 dx 1
p = arcsin x + C .
2 1 x2 2

1
(j) We see an “inside function” u = 7x + 8 and so du = 7 dx, or equivalently dx = du.
7
Implementing this substitution yields
Z Z
9 1 u10 (7x + 8)10
(7x + 8
| {z } ) dx
|{z} = u9 du = +C = +C .
7 70 70
u 1
7
du

(k) We see an “inside function” u = x2 + 1 as well as a constant factor of the corresponding

1
du = 2x dx, which we can manipulate to x dx = du. Implementing this substitution yields
2
Z Z !
1 1 2u 3/2 (x2 + 1)3/2
2 1/2 1/2
(x +
| {z }1 ) x dx =
|{z} 2 u du = + C = +C .
2 3 3
u 1
2
du

3
MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

(l) Here we see an “inside function” u = x + 1 which means du = dx. To deal with the “extra”
factor of x2 , we need to recognize that x = u 1. Therefore, we have
Z Z
2 1/2
x (x + 1) |{z}
|{z} dx = (u 1)2 u1/2 du
| {z }
(u 1)2 u1/2
du
Z
= (u2 2u + 1)u1/2 du
Z ⇣ ⌘
= u5/2 2u3/2 + u1/2 du

2u7/2 4u5/2 2u3/2

= + +C
7 5 3
2(x + 1)7/2 4(x + 1)5/2 2(x + 1)3/2
= + +C .
7 5 3

We don’t know how to expand (x + 1)1/2 (we will investigate this later in the semester using
infinitely many terms!) but we do know how to expand (u 1)2 which is why this particular
substitution worked out.

2. Trigonometric Identities: The Pythagorean theorem and angle addition/subtraction formulas for co-
sine and sine are:

sin2 (A) + cos2 (A) = 1,

sin (A ± B) = sin (A) cos (B) ± cos (A) sin(B),
cos (A ± B) = cos (A) cos (B) ⌥ sin (A) sin(B).

(a) Use the Pythagorean theorem to show

tan2 (A) + 1 = sec2 (A).

(b) Use one of the angle addition/subtraction formulas and the Pythagorean theorem to show
1 cos(2A)
cos2 (A) = + .
2 2
(c) Use the previous part and the Pythagorean theorem to show
1 cos(2A)
sin2 (A) = .
2 2
(d) Use one of the angle addition/subtraction formulas to show
sin(2A)
sin(A) cos(A) = .
2
(e) ADD the sine addition formula to the sine subtraction formula to show
1
sin(A) cos(B) = (sin(A + B) + sin(A B)) .
2
(f) ADD the cosine addition formula to the cosine subtraction formula to show
1
cos(A) cos(B) = (cos(A + B) + cos(A B)) .
2
(g) SUBTRACT the cosine addition formula from the cosine subtraction formula to show
1
sin(A) sin(B) = (cos(A B) cos(A + B)) .
2
4
MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

Note: You will be given the cosine and sine addition/subtraction formulas on the exam, but will
need to know or know how to find all the above identities in order to calculate certain integrals
we’ll study in sections 7.2 and 7.3..
Solution:

(a) Divide the Pythagorean theorem by cos2 (A):

sin2 (A) cos2 (A) 1

2
+ 2
= 2
,
cos (A) cos (A) cos (A)

and then we recognize this is

tan2 (A) + 1 = sec2 (A)
in terms of those trig functions.
(b) Using the cosine addition formula for cos(A + A) yields

cos(2A) = cos(A + A) = cos2 (A) sin2 (A).

Then, the Pythagorean theorem says sin2 (A) = 1 cos2 (A) and so we have

cos(2A) = cos2 (A) 1 cos2 (A) = 2 cos2 (A) 1,

which can be rearranged to

1 cos(2A)
cos2 (A) = + .
2 2
(c) We have ✓ ◆
2 2 1 cos(2A) 1 cos(2A)
sin (A) = 1 cos (A) = 1 + = .
2 2 2 2
(d) We use sine angle addition for sin(A + A):

sin(2A) = sin(A + A) = sin(A) cos(A) + cos(A) sin(A),

which can be rearranged to

sin(2A)
sin(A) cos(A) = .
2
(e) Following the hint,

sin(A + B) = sin(A) cos(B) + cos(A) sin(B)

⇣ ⌘
+ sin(A B) = sin(A) cos(B) cos(A) sin(B)

sin(A + B) + sin(A B) = 2 sin(A) cos(B).

Dividing by 2 yields the result.

(f) Following the hint,

cos(A + B) = cos(A) cos(B) sin(A) sin(B)

⇣ ⌘
+ cos(A B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B)

cos(A + B) + cos(A B) = 2 cos(A) cos(B).

Dividing by 2 yields the result.

5
MATH 141 In-Class LA Worksheet 1

3. Following the hint,

cos(A B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B)

⇣ ⌘
cos(A + B) = cos(A) cos(B) sin(A) sin(B)

cos(A B) cos(A + B) = 2 sin(A) sin(B).

Dividing by 2 yields the result.