Internal Assessments

Program – MBA Program

Subject - Global Human Resource Management Semester - 4

Assessment Type – (Subjective Assignment)

Total Marks - 100

Guidelines:

 The response sheet should be in word format which should be uploaded in the learning management system
 A plagiarism check should be done by student through plagiarism tool provided in the learning management system
 Permissible plagiarized limit is 10%. Response sheet found with plagiarized content above 10% would not be evaluated for the said
assessment.
 The said assignment is for 100 marks with 5 questions each. (20 marks per questions)
 Passing criteria is 50% for every assignment.

Questions:

1. Explain Labour process and production Relations.

Ans: Labour Process and Production Relations

In the production of primary or secondary goods or in the provision of services, employers basically face the problem of how to
organize the labour process in such a way to maximize profits and compete efficiently. Whether capital is recuiting ‘free’ or unfree labour, the
quintessential issue within the labour process is the problem of how to convert worker’s potential to work (labour power) into actual work
effort (labour).

In industry, there are different emphases in different Asian countries. This is true even of large export-oriented firms and the creation
of a work force based on unskilled, young female labour. Some are more decentralized and rural (Taiwan), while others are more centralized
and urban (Korea). In agriculture, the introduction of commercial crops has always caused major shifts in the labour process. Plantation
systems, nucleus estate systems based on smallholder production, and smallholder production reliant on brokers/ traders may exist side by
side and create a complex variety of labour process systems. The labour process is purposeful activity aimed at the production of use values.
The labour process is sometimes loosely termed "work organisation". That which is produced can either be useful in supporting human
existence and so have a use value or it can be traded and attain an exchange value.

In Marxian economics, the "labour process" refers to the process whereby labour is materialized or objectified in use values. Labour is
here an interaction between the person who works and the natural world such that elements of the latter are consciously altered in a
purposive manner. The land (economically speaking this also includes water) in its original state in which it supplies man with necessaries or
means of subsistence ready to hand is available without any effort on his part as the universal material for human labour. All those things
which labour merely separates from immediate connection with their environment are object of labour spontaneously provided by nature,
such as fish caught and separated from their natural element, namely water, fallen timber in virgin forests and ores extracted from their veins.
If on the other hand the object of labour has so to speak been filtered through previous labour, we call it raw material; for example, ore
already extracted and ready for washing. All raw material is an object of labour, but not every object of labour is raw material; the object of
labour counts as raw material only when it has already undergone some alteration by means of labour. According to Marx:
Labour is, in the first place, a process in which both man and nature participates and in which man of his own accord starts, regulates
and controls the material reactions between himself and nature. He opposes himself to nature as one of her own forces, setting in motion
arms and legs, head and hands, the natural forces of his body in order to appropriate nature's productions in a form adapted to his own wants.
By thus acting on the external world and changing it, he at the same time changes his own nature

2. What are the different components of Compensation?

Ans: Components of Compensation: There are five basic components of compensation. These are: Base salary, Short-term incentive plans
(SIPs) or bonuses, Long-term incentive plans (LIPs), Employee benefits and Perquisites, or perks.

I. Base salary: either based on time scal or performance based minimum. Time scale is more common for high positions. Performance-
related pay is money paid to someone relating to how well one works at the workplace. Car salesmen or production line worker, for
example, and low performer do not earn enough to make keeping the job worthwhile. Employees would be secure in knowing that
their performance was evaluated objectively according to the standard of their work instead of the whims of a supervisor, or against an
ever-climbing average of their group. In a typical modern corporation, the CEO and other top executive are paid salary plus short0term
incentives or bonuses. This combination is referred to as total cash compensation (TCC).
II. Short-term incentive plans (SIPs) or bonuses: SIPs and bonuses are based on individual or collective performance. Short-term
incentives usually are formula-driven and have some performance criteria attached depending on the role of the executive. For
example, the scale Director’s performance related bonus may be based on incremental revenue growth turnover; a CEO’s could be
bonus may be incremental profitability and revenue growth. Bonuses are not formula driven and often discretionary. Executives may
also be compensated with a mixture of cash shares of the company which are almost always subject to vesting restrictions (a long-term
incentive).
III. Long-term incentive plans (LIPs): LIPs are intended to promote long-term tenure of service and are provided through stock like the
ESOPs. To be considered a long-term incentive the measurement period must be in excess of one year (3-5 years is common). The
vesting term refers to the period of time before recipient has the right to transfer shares and realize value. Vesting can be based on
time, performance or both. For example a CEO might get 1 million in cash, and 1 million in company shares (and share buy options
used).
IV. Employee benefits: The purpose of the benefits is to increase the economic security of employees. The benefits include employer-
provided or employer-paid housing, a chauffeured limousine, daycare, tuition reimbursement, sick leave, health insurance, vacation
(paid and non-paid), group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), disability income protection, retirement benefits, social security, profit
sharing, funding of education, an executive jet, interest free loans for the purchase of housing and other specialized benefits.
V. Perquisites, or perks: The term perks is often used colloquially to refer to those benefits of a more discretionary nature. Often perks
are given to employees who are doing notable well and/or have seniority. Perks are given to employees who are doing notable well
and/or have seniority. Common perks are take-home vehicle; hotel stays, free refreshments, leisure activities on work time (golf, etc.),
stationery, allowance for lunch, and -when multiple choices exist- first choice of such things as job assignments and vacation
scheduling. They may also be given first chance at job promotions when vacation scheduling. They may also be given first chance at job
 promotions when vacancies exist.

3. Explain the factors propelling Adaptability and individuality.

Ans: Factors Propelling Individuality and Adaptability

The culture mosaic is made up by a mix of several factors in different proportions. The nation, Religion, Social Stratification (such as
race, Community, Caste or Tribe), Region, Language, Communication Style, Attitudes of People (such as motivations, relationship preferences,
risk prefernces, etc.), Perception, Obtaining and Processing of Information by People and other cultural factors influence the individuality or
lack of it.
 Large societies often have subcultures, or groups, or people with distinct set of behavior and beliefs that differentiate them from a
larger culture of which they are a part. The subculture may be distinctive because of certain demographics like age, race ethnicity, gender or
language. The qualities that determine a subculture as distinct may be aesthetic, religious, occupational, political, sexual or linguistic a
combination of these factors.

a. The Nation

A nation as such may mean a particular culture. India for long time was seen as a country of ‘proletarian, yes-men and snake-charmers’.
This has now changed into a country of ‘professionals, yeomen doers and strategic thinkers’. Indians are now regarded as English -speaking
sift – mannered high achievers with professional and business acumen. Aggressiveness can often be interpreted as a sign of disrespect in
india and may lead to a complete lack of communication and motivation on the part of the Indians. One need to take the time to get to
know them as individuals in order to develop professional trust. Indians are good hosts and indulge in personal talk often. All this is very
much a part of business. One is expected to accept the invitation gracefully. Taking a simple bouquet of flowers would definitely be a
welcome gesture. Indians respect who value their family. They will allow family to take priority over work, whenever necessary. As Indians
are used to a system of hierarchy in the work-place, senior colleagues are obeyed and respected.

b. Religion

Religion is integral to a culture. The dictionary of philosophy and Religion defines religion, ‘as an institution with a recognized body of
communicants who gather together regularly for worship, and accept a set of doctrines offering some means of relating the individual to
what is taken to be the ultimate of reality’, Religion often codifies behavior, such as ‘the 10 times prayer a day’ by the Islam. Sometimes it
is involved with government. It influences arts and architecture . religious symbols are worshiped and revered much. Festivals , rites and
rituals, ceremonies and functions and philosophies of business are based in religions. Lot of business fortune surrounds these religios
variables.

i. Festivals: The Christianity celebrates Christmas, new year and Good Friday in memorable ways. The Muslims celebrate Ramadhan,
Bakrid and Muharram. The Hindus have celebrations every month. Deepavali, Dasara, Ramnavami, Krishna Jayanti and
Sankranti/Pongal are great festivals. Besides these, there used to be whole lot of local festivals, especially for the Hindus like
 sanctification of new temples, periodical re-sanctification of old temples, the early morning prayers during the 9 th month of solar
system, etc. purchase decisions of personal and family wares including ornaments coincide these festive days. Even business
decisions like starting new ventures or expansion are firmed up on these festivals. Business in India book more sales during festivals
days.
ii. Rites and rituals: Religious rites and rituals like compulsory 5 times prayer a day by the Muslims, Sunday church prayer by the
Christian and weekly fasts on specific days, religious pilgrimage on foot, etc. these have some business implications boosting certain
trades and businesses.
iii. Ceremonies and functions: Ceremonies abound. On important milestones in one’s life like attaining puberty, on the eve of
becoming first-time parents, etc. and anniversaries of sort like birth and marriage for the alive, and death anniversaries of one’s
parents all involve ceremonies. Functions like marriage, house warming, etc are occasions when big parties are arranged and good
show of one’s economic strength is exhibited. All these have great implications, especially for textile, ornaments, grocery and other
businesses.
iv. Religious Philosophies impacting business: The Muslims don’t charge or take interest on loans given as it is forbidden. That is the
reason a new banking called Islamic Banking is developing now, extending to insurance as well. Among the Hindus, there are
sections that are pure vegetarians.

c. Social Stratification (Race/Community/Caste/Profession/Region): Culture group exist based on affiliations. The affiliations might be
‘ascribed’ or ‘acquired’ membership. The ‘ascribed’ membership is based on birth like gender affiliation, age, caste, race, nationality and
the like. The ‘acquired’ membership is earned by one’s eduction, profession, religion, political affiliation, life style, and the like.

i. Race: Race is an ‘ascribed’ culture factor. Racially Indians belong to the Aryan and Dravidian races. The Dravidian race has been little
slow to take to business and had been tillers for long time and had reduced their wealth based. Now there is a change. The south
Indian is dominated by the Dravidian race and north by the Aryan. But Dravidian race has been subjugated by the Aryan race. Yet
Dravidian race has learnt the art of governance. For an outsider, the racial differences are rather subtler than outwardly manifest.
ii. Communities: There are numerous communities with lot of ethnic symbols which are held so dear to their hearts. There are
proletarians, traders, business, tribal, educators, financers, nomads and so on. Certain communities are smart in business acumen
and take to entrepreneurship rather than being proletarian. The Baniyas of Gujarat, the Chettiars/ Nadars of Tamilnadu, the
Brahmins, saits of Rajasthan/ Maharastra, the Nairs of Kerala, etc are known to be having higher entrepreneurial nuances. Thus
 they happen to be the business community with more wealth accumulated over centuries of business. Certain communities give
importance to education, materials and /or spiritual.
iii. Caste system: Caste system is an ‘ascribed’ culture factor. It is rampant that restricts matrimonial exchanges within the castes only.
This has become a vote bank now-a-days and the voluminous castes have more elected representatives than the smaller castes.
There caste associations and caste based upheavals in certain pockets that tend to affect peace and business interests.
iv. Profession: Profession is an acquired cultural factor. Accountants and Auditors, Investment consultants, Physicians, Engineer,
Professors, Soft-ware experts, Architects, Banker, Politicians, etc are certain professional groups. Life style, social status,
motivations, etc differ amongst professions.

d. Region

Indian is fairly a big country, though only one time zone is followed. The northern states reel under cold and hot for 6 months while the
south used to have normal temperature. This variation speaks the country is not small, though only 2.4% of world land mass it has. There
are different regions. There variations in reginal developments as well. The central, central east, north east and extreme north west are less
developed. Political factor, insurgency problems, lack of opportunities for education, poor infrastructure because of the terrain features,
etc combine to make these regions less developed.

e. Language

Language abound. There are really too many languages and too many culture patterns too. The demarcation of states other than those in
the Hindi-belt, are language based. It is scared cow and a local politician can simply pump in/blow hot venomous passions on language veil
should he want to score something over someone, by simply linking some frivolous issue to the language.

f. Attitudes of people: Motivations, Relasionship and Risk Preferances, etc), Culture is reflected by people by their attitudes. Motivation,
relationship and risk preferences are certain cultural variable.

i. Motivations: Motivations towards work and leisure, materialism and spiritualism, education and earnings, power and responsibility,
women and downtrodden, success and reward, quality and quantity, ends and means, aged and infirm, parants and children, masters and
 sub-ordinates, have and have-nots, quick money and hard earned money, etc reflected culture tendencies of people.
ii. Relationship Preferences: Relationship preferences refer to the kind of interactions one would prefer to have with superiors, peers and
sub-ordinates, the kind of orientation one has- individualism or collectivism and the like.
iii. Risk preferences: Risk preferences involve going the extra mile, by the unchartered waters. In countries whre the preferences for
uncertainity avoidance is more, superiors have to lay down clear-cut norms of behavior.

g. Perception, Obtaining and Processing of Information by People: People of different cultures perceive, obtain and process information
differently.

i. Perception of performance: Perception is based on the sensual inputs. For some cultures, due to party generic factors, the sensual
inputs are very precise enough to perceive the subtler elements of the objects.
ii. obtaining information: Obtaining information may differ across cultures. Two kinds of cultures exist, low context and high context. The
low context culture places value on the core issues, direct issues and black & while information.
iii. Processing of Information: Processing of information varies across cultures. Even telephone directories may be alphabetized
differently. In USA the ordering is based on last name, while in Iceland it is first name based.

4. Explain the Pay Difference causes and its consequences.

Ans: PAY DIFFERENCE – CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCES

‘Pay differences or Pay gaps’ exist across geographics (continents, nations, region and cities), between expats and local, between
genders, among occupational classes, among jobs races, among peers, among sectors, between entry level and mid/higher levels, and so on.

1. Causes of Pay Differences

So what does cause the pay gaps? There is no simple answer to that question, because all sorts of factors go into creating the pay gap
 and, making things more confusing. The different factors inter-relate. Let’s look at some of those factors.

i. Occupational Segregation- Male jobs Vs Female jobs: First, occupational segregation in which women and men, due to social
structure and also hiring discrimination, are “steered” into certain jobs. This causes some jobs(like child care worker) to be female-
dominated, while other jobs (like child care worker) to be female-dominated, while other jobs (like truck driver) are male
dominated, “Women’s jobs” get paid less than workers in ‘men’s job’. The reason for the pay gap is not discrimination against
individual women but rather discrimination against women’s occupations’. The more women work in a job, the lower the pay in
that job is likely to be. Paradoxically, this means that some men- men in female- dominated workplace or job positions- are in effect
paid less because of discrimination against jobs done by women! The discrimination is worked out to be 7% against jobs done by
‘white women’ and 19% against jobs done by ‘coloured/black women’. The overall wage penalty against ‘female jobs’ is 13%.
ii. Occupational segregation: ‘manual jobs’ Vs ‘intellectual jobs’. Similarly ‘manual jobs get paid than intellectual jobs. In manual jobs
there is exertion every time. ‘intellectual jobs’ does not need such repeated exertion, once the skills are learnt the hard way, you
have the skill all the time. But the pay gap between ‘manual and mental jobs is caused by ‘supply demand factors’, ‘substitute-
indispensability factors’, and the like. The manual labour supply is always more than the demand and hence ‘hands’ are available,
and a pair pf hands perfectly substitutes another pair of hands.
iii. High paying and low paying organizations: there are high paying and low paying companies based on their strategic intent,
compensation philosophy, competitive structure, affordability, brand- image, etc. researchers sent fictional, equally qualified-
resumes to different restaurants in Philadelphia. The only important difference between the resumes they sent out was if the name
at the top was a women’s or a man’s. they found that snootier, higher paying restaurants preffered to hire men, while low-paying
places (diner and the like) preferred women. In this way, women were steered into a lower-paying job category: that’s job
segregation. Low pay masters preferred.
iv. Supply- Demand Gaps pay in Pay Gaps: The supply- demand gap in talent pool availability is a reason for gap. But organizations
should give more opportunities to junior level workers so that this gap could be bridged.
v. Difference in Capabilities/Requirements: According to past research, difference in the education, skills, and experiences of white
and non-white workers along with differences in the industries and types of firms that employee account for some of this gap.
Responsibilities and challenges faced by the top-level leadership and junior level vary and this variation is a cause for pay gaps.
vi. Different choices: Another vanue to understanding differences in wages across race and ethinicity is to examine the differences in
the type of jobs workers hold- what the job requires and what the worker does. Employers who know workers job skills sort them
 into different types of jobs; this may account for some of the pay differences between racial and ethenic groups.
vii. Pay gap between Expat Vs Local employees: Firstly, an expatriate should be compensated not only for his transfer, but also be for
the effects on his family and the otherwise stable social life they may have. A number of situations that should be taken into
account (ex. Nationality, Family situation, floating exchange rates, differences in living cost, taxes and inflation) while considering
the transfer.
viii. Feedback effect: it’s likely that women ears less because they less. But it’s also likely that women work less because they earn less.
Furthermore, the effect is additive- is a women makes sacrifice even once in her career for he’s been offered a good job in another
state), then that’ll lower her pay for the rest of her work life- meaning that the next time such a decision has to be made her lower
salary will seen even more expendable.
ix. Cumulative Causation: In 1944, inspired by race riots in Detroit, the influential economist Gunner Myrdal published An American
Dilemma, which introduced the concept of “cumulative causation” in discrimination. Although Myrdal was discussing race, the
same basic insight can be offer or promotion probably by the female-spouse wont’ make a big difference in the short run; but dozen
of such small losses over the course of women’s careers eventually add up to a big pay gap. At the start of their careers, women
lawyers earned 93% of their male counterparts; but after fifteen years, the women were only earning 61% of what the men made.
Even after accounting for hours worked, motherhood, education, and many more factors, women were still being paid only 82% of
what similar men took home.

2. Consequences of Difference: Pay gap has many negative effects. It is unjustified. It has many deleterious effects. Some of these are
presented below.

i. Reduced Commitment: Wage gap reduces the engagement level of workers and creates a feeling of alienation. Blaming
the supply- demand gap in talent pool availability as a reason for pay gap, is no good. It could lead to militant
unionization and worker unrest.
ii. High Attrition or job-quitting/hopping: A direct result of the salary gap between Indian companies and MNCs is the
significantly higher attrition rates being faced by the former. According to a Hewitt Associates survey conducted in 2004,
the average annual attrition for MNCs is between 8-15%, while that of Indian companies is significantly higher at 15-25%.
iii. Soldiering and Performance Lags: Companies that are not able to retain people due to a lower package can face
challenges in terms of loss of revenue, customer dissatisfaction and operational costs. There may be wanton ‘go slow’ or
 ‘soldiering’ behavior on the part of employees.
iv. Public unrest and legal curbs: Pay gap based on gender, race job classes, etc lead to inviting public/social attention
against this kind of unjustness. Naturally, the affected labour may go for protests, inviting public and political
interventions. The gender discrimination and racial, discrimination are now being legally done away with through
legislation.

5. Explain cultural Diversity and Cultural Uniformity.

Ans: Cultural Diversity : Cultural diversity is synonymous with multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as,

“the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special acknowledgment of their differences

within a dominant political culture.”

The importance of cultural diversity can be interpreted on the basis of these related actions:

 Recognizing that there is a large amount of cultures that exist

 Respecting each other’s differences

 Acknowledging that all cultural expressions are valid

 Valuing what cultures have to bring to the table

 Empowering diverse groups to contribute

 Celebrating differences, not just tolerating them

So, what are some examples of cultural diversity?

Cultural diversity looks like this:

 In A Workplace: Having a multilingual team, having a diverse range of ages working together, having policies that are vocally against
discrimination, etc.

 In A School Setting: Having students from all over the world (like at the University of the People), being accepting of all religious
practices and traditions that students part take in, supporting students to share their cultures with one another, etc.

The Importance Of Cultural Diversity In Education

Cultural diversity is important in every setting in life, but it can be even more pivotal when it happens within education. Students around the
world have the right to equal access of quality education, and as such, there are many upsides that come along with it when institutions
believe in the power of diversity.

Cultural diversity in education helps to support:

1. Deep Learning

Learning happens within the curriculum and outside of it. With a diverse student population, students have the privilege of gaining more
understanding about people and backgrounds from all over. This also contributes to diversity of thought and perspectives that make learning
more interesting and dynamic.

2. Confidence And Growth

When students participate with people from varied cultures, it provides them with more confidence in dealing with things outside of their
comfort zones. It can build strength of character, pride, and confidence.

3. Preparation For The Future

If a workplace has done the necessary work, it’s bound to be culturally diverse. Attending a culturally diverse institute of education will prepare
students for their future in a workplace.

4. More Empathy

Interacting with people who have diverse practices, beliefs, life experiences, and culture promotes empathy. While you can never fully
understand someone’s life without being them, you can learn, listen, and understand.

Benefits Of Cultural Diversity

The world is naturally multicultural. Approaching cultural diversity with a mindset and actions that embrace this fact leads to many benefits,
like:
 Compassion: Communication and understanding of differences leads to increased compassion instead of judgment.

 Innovation: Varied perspectives and lens of looking at the world lend to innovative thinking.

 Productivity: People who come together and bring their own style of working together tend to support a more productive team.

 New Opportunities: The diversity opens the door to new opportunities and the blending of ideas which would otherwise have been
homogeneous.

 Problem-Solving: Challenges are layered, so having people with different backgrounds can lead to better problem-solving with richness
of opinions.

Cultural Uniformity: All societies of the world have uniformity in many cultural characteristics i but there is a dramatic difference in the
manners. This universality of the cultural characteristics is called Uniformity. Murdock studied 220 societies and edited a list of uniform
characteristics which was popular in all cultures and he has expressed his wonder that societies having no relation or contact with other
cultures had the same characteristics. Among these is language, dress, family, religion (system of beliefs), education, customs, social norms,
festivals, literature, social activities, games and political system, etc.

1. Language :

“Language, a system'of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.”

Man is the only creation of the earth that has language for contact and social interaction with a system of reading and writing to preserve its
culture and to convey it from one to the other and new generation with all the experiences and f observations. It is also a source of contact
with the past, the bad way to convey 1 the thought to others that is why, there is language in all societies of the world to convey the social
interaction for the expression of thoughts and keep the continuity of culture. In most of the societies, there are more than one languages and
symbol system, known as multi-lingual societies.

2. Dress :

Dress is used in all societies of the world to save from the physical and weather conditions of coldness and heat. Dress is also a show of beauty
on festivals. In some societies, this is symbdl of cultural status. For instance, heads of tribes, religious leaders, married women and unmarried
women have specific dress. In addition, the specific way of dress and colours are a source of cultural recognition.

3. Family System :

Human life started from family. From cultural uniformity point of view, family is the necessary part of all the cultures of the world. Human race
survival and continuity is due to family. Since it is a necessary part of society, that is why no culture can exist without it.

4. Religion :

Religion is a system of beliefs and is source of knowing and contacting the supernatural forces. There are certain incidents in social life, the
explanation of which is beyond from human observation. The question not to know about these natural phenomena but for spiritual peace,
the system of beliefs and sacred things is the need of every society and religion institution is a necessity for every culture.

5. Socialization :

Socialization is responsible for the transmission of culture and its survival because language and treasure of knowledge not only makes the
individual of a society learn values and tradition but also it does the work of making culture fine in the minds of the individual. Thus,
socialization transmits cultural pattern to next generation.

6. Customs :
There are certain specific ways and reactions which a culture has for specific occasion of social life which create uniform behaviours in the
normal life of culture, these are called customs. Whether cultures are interlinked or delinked, there is an intense uniformity in the human
behaviour.
“Linton, a sociologist, expresses in his book, “The Study of Societies” that i custom are influenced by diffusion but their existence is part of
culture and in ancient societies, the individuals got guidance from customs in their social lives.”

7. Social Norms :

All cultures have a system of norms to keep control in a society for its stability and unity. Norms not only give a security cultural life but also
keeps it current in a pleasant manner. Norms are an important source of keeping the continuity of culture.

8. Rituals and Ceremonies :

Every culture arranges festivals and fairs to harmonies with the religion and culture and to provide mental relaxation to the individuals of a
society which not only keep cultural environment pleasant but also transfer values and traditions the next generation which becomes a source
of recognition of harmony and unity in a thrilling manner with the culture.

9. Literature and Arts :

Literature and arts are recognized as a source of safety and promotion of culture. Such societies where there is no art to write a language, even
stories, spies and poetry and language are transmitted through verbal sources. The individual of that society takes pride and think it a part of
his culture. Similarly,
cultural arts and skills like music, designing, poetry and handicrafts are included art. No culture can claim to be a culture without art and
literature.

10. Recreations :
All cultures arrange recreation for the mental and physical growth and health of the individual of a society that not only keeps the social
environment pleasant but also provides training for taking responsibilities of social life and social'life remains safe from boredom and
inactivity.

11. Economic Activities :

Economic life of individuals depends upon the fulfillment of their life who need food, abode and dress as basic needs to live. All cultural
activities control socio-economic activities and from Hunting and Gathering societies to the Post Industrial societies, economic activities have
been a compulsory part of culture, depending upon the social physical environment and natural and human resources.

12. Political System :

Unless a political system to keep the individuals of a culture safe from dispersion and disorder exists, no culture can keep its existence. This
system may be formal or informal that stabilities and harmonies the social system. Linto, a sociologist, reached a conclusion after the
researching cultures that in ancient cultures, the political system was informal and loose because of lack of social interaction, there was no
diffusion and no danger to cultures but in a modern age, cultural diffusion has taken the form of an invasion, therefore, to provide safe and
security from other cultures political system has become formal an organized and covers all the aspects of social life.

Cultural Variabilities

There are a number of differences in cultural life in spite of general uniformity in cultures. An‘ecological viewpoint is studied to understand the
reality of these differences.
Ecological view :
Another Anthropologist, Marvin Harris, explains this, “The Ecological view suggests that climate, food and water supplies; and the presence or
absence threatening enemies influence the evolution of various cultural practices that help people adapt to the environment. Marvin Harris
says, how people produce food and other necessaries explains the origin and development of cultural practices."

The cultural differences and their elements are explained below:

1. Language :

Anthropologists wonder about the different manners and symbols through social interaction in spite of being Homo sapiens. Arabic is spoken
in Arabia Sanskrit in India and there is great difference between their alphabets. Similar Chinese language in China and English in England has
quite strong alphabets and it is difficult to think that the users of these languages spoke one language in any age. Times play a wonderful role
in the change of social demands and social interaction of people, speaking different languages. For instance, in Indian Pakistan, Hindi or Urdu is
spoken but one thousand years back, there was no concept of this
language present here.

2. Dress :

To save individuals from physical environment and weather conditions, the use of dress is made in all cultures. Since, different cultures have
been living in different weather conditions and physical environment, therefore, there is a difference of dress. In addition, customs and
religious beliefs also affect the style of dress in terms of colour and design, In India Pakistan, because of hot weather and Islamic beliefs, light
and cotton dress, covering the whole body, is used. Shalwar and shirt for men, Shalwar suit with head cover cloth (Dopatto) is used by women
whereas in Switzerland because of very cold weather, people wear heavy woollen clothes consisting of coat, pantaloons, and hat or woollen
cap.
3. Family System :

According to Anthropologists, family structure is dependent on the economic sources like food and other biological needs availability. The
more the sources, the more the size of family. For example, ancient nomadic tribe, societies and agrarian societies had an element of extended
family as a part of culture, whereas in modern urban and industrial societies simple family culture is the popular family system. In addition,
polygamy customs are different in different cultures. In India Pakistan, nikah and marriage feast are cultural traits, whereas in India, Bride and
bridegroom take round around the fire and bojun distribution are customs.

4. Religion :

Religion is an integral part of culture because the support of supernatural forces to decrease the danger natural calamities has an integral part
of human nature. The religion is, to get a spiritual relief by setting up, a connection with the real creator (God) and living in bring a revolution
in a culture or to some culture and its transmission. That is why, that different culture has religions and beliefs. For instance, in Pakistan, with
reference to Islam religion, individual of the society believes in Oneness of God and Prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon
Him) as the last. In India, several gods and idols are worshipped.
Ram is thought as the apostle of God. In Japan, Muhatama Budhha is thought the redemption of humanity and is invoked for help and
guidance.

5. Socialization :

All cultures change through education to convey the culture to next generation and to harmonize the individuals of the society with the
manner of culture but this manner is different in different cultures.
According to Mead: “Cultural training teaches the individuals aggression or submission or competition and accommodation.”
The variety of knowledge, experience and observation play an important role in making the effects different.
6. Customs :

Every culture because of his individual festivals and beliefs has a manner or way of celebrating religious rites, effected by weather and society
just as with the people of the Sub-continent, marriage is an important source of recreation and is a collection of many customs whereas in
proposal or engagement, mehndi, barat, nikah, departure, marriage party and brides visit to parents after marriage are included. Drum
beating, singing songs and such like recreations are also included. In Europe, a special dress for marriage, acceptance of bride and
bridegroom for each other and invitation to a few friends at the occasion and expression of sorrow, coffin, burial or burning ways and
arranging feast for people coming at the occasion and a collective prayer etc. are observed.

7. Social Norms :

Social norms are bound by values, traditions and beliefs of a culture and their way is different because of different structures and expectations
of different cultures. To say Salam is a Pakistani social norm, whereas there is used good morning to convey the same sense in European
culture. Similarly, in Pakistani society, not drinking wine is a mores whereas in European culture this is not a mores. Left hand driving is lawful
but in Saudi Arabia it is unlawful.

8. Rituals and Ceremonies :

Rituals and ceremonies are an important source of transmission of culture and providing relief to the society because the passion of
participating in them impresses on the minds, the effects of culture. There are different rites because of belief about nature and natural
phenomena just as, in Pakistan, because of Islamic attachment; Eids, Miraj-an-Nabi and Mellad Sharif rites are observed. Under social views,
celebrations for, Pakistan Day and Quaid-i-Azam Day are held as rites. In India, Holly, Dewali, Basant and Independence Day while in England
‘Good Friday’, Christmas and Easter are celebrated as rituals.
9. Literature and Arts :

Literature and Arts is an important source of keeping remembered the epic and romantic incidents, occurring in a culture and also to transmit
them to next generation. Art is an expression of pride and skill of individuals of a society but every culture has different experiences and
observations. That is why, the manner and way is different in every culture. Just as, in Pakistani culture, Heer Ranja, Sussi Punnu; in Iranian
culture, Sheren Farhad; in Arabian culture, Lailu Majnon etc. are topics of arts and poetry. Bungra, Luddi and Dance are part of Pakistani
culture and Brake Dance and Pop Songs are part of European culture.

10. Sports and Recreations :

Sports and recreations keep the individuals a society healthy and full of thrills and are a part of culture. However, because of this tendency of
the individuals of a society and difference of environment, different cultures have i different plays, games and sports. In Pakistan, besides
Kabaddi, Football, Volley ball, Cricket and Fairs, Urs, Circus, Cinema, Television and Theater are popular sports. In Arabian culture, Horse race,
Camel race and Shooting arrows are popular whereas in European culture, there are Football, Car rallies, Motor sports, Clubs and Cinema are
popular sports and recreations.

11. Economic Activities :

Economic sources and natural environment determine the economic activities of a culture of a society. The activities of-the individuals are
according to economy of the society. A society depending upon agriculture economy is called an agrarian society. A society depending upon
industrial economy is called an industrial society. Pakistan is an agricultural country with fertile land and with canal system with plenty of
water whereas Japan is an industrial country with no land for agriculture but with industry chances.

12. Political System :

Wherever man has been (from nomadic society to industrial society), political system has been a part of its culture. They fought fights and died
for it. However, the political system while going through stages of evolution has been different in structure in different cultures. In Saudi
Arabic. Monarchy; in Libya, a dictatorship, in Britain, democracy; and in America democratic president-ship is current.