SB

UNIT 8
ex. 36
1. C, D
2. B, D
3. B, E

ex. 37
passage A1
 their offer to pay for the university education

passage A2
 travelling to exotic places
 an opportunity to prove what you are really made of
 men and women alike will be given a warm welcome into military family

What, according to the texts, can a career in the armed forces offer an
individual?

This career offers personal growth through challenges and travel.

Also we can emphasize equal opportunity and a welcoming environment for all
genders. The armed forces can fund higher education

passage B1
 I basked in a self-pity
 how unfair it was that

passage B2
 the inevitable feelings of sadness and hopelessness.
 melancholic episodes
 feelings of bitterness at one's fate
 negative emotions

How, according to the texts, might a person feel immediately after suffering a
heart attack?
A person might feel a range of inevitable emotions immediately after the heart
attack, including self-pity, depression, fear, sadness, hopelessness, bitterness.
Both passages imply a potential mix of emotions like depression, a sense of fate
or unfairness in the situation.
ex. 38
a
1. I guess it’s opinion - in which you must write and justify your opinion on
an issue which is given to you
2. The target reader is a tutor, so this writing should be formal and
structured
3. The points raised or hinted at in the prompt that you need to address in
your essay include:
 Explanation of vandalism as a social problem
 Identification of the primary culprits (young people)
 Importance of finding ways to prevent vandalism
 Personal perspective or experience as a victim of vandalism

b
I agree with all statements. I strongly feel that these statements accurately depict
the negative aspects and consequences of vandalism on society and individuals
affected by it.

ex. 39
a
While – although
A question of – a matter of
First of all – to begin with
Say – for example
Clearly – obviously
It follows from this that – consequently
After all – when all is said and done
In conclusion – to sum up

b
1. The writer has chosen to address several points from the prompt:
 Vandalism as a social problem
 Responsibility of young people
 Proposing solutions
2. This essay is bigger and more structured
3. In the introduction, the writer outlines the disagreement with the notion of
vandalism solely as the work of "mindless individuals." They question
why young people engage in destructive behavior and highlight the lack
of constructive alternatives available to them.
 4. The writer introduces each paragraph with phrases like "First of all, To
begin with," "It follows from this that," and "In conclusion," which serve
as structural markers, guiding the reader through the essay's organization.
5. The topic sentences in the main body largely clarify the subjects of each
paragraph. They directly relate to the points made in the prompt
6. The supporting sentences include examples and justifications such as the
lack of opportunities for young people, the potential benefits of providing
facilities like sports and community centers, and the link between
frustration and vandalism
7. The essay concludes by reiterating the core argument: vandalism stems
from a lack of opportunity and hope for the future among young people.
The writer maintains that by providing hope and prospects, vandalism can
diminish
8. Although this is an opinion essay, elements of an argumentative or
problem-solution essay are included. Rather than depending only on one's
personal opinion, this inclusion may serve to convey a more well-rounded
and substantiated stance

ex. 40
a
1. In many cases, vandalism is a result of boredom. Nevertheless, some
people who spray graffiti claim that it is a form of artistic expression.
2. Ageism is a phenomenon that punishes old people through no fault of
their own. Yet it would be a mistake to overlook the fact that young
people also suffer from this kind of prejudice.
3. One of the main causes of prejudice is ignorance. The fact remains
though that people’s experiences also have a part to play.
4. Women have proved themselves capable of any job that can be done by a
man. However, women are rarely given the chance to enter certain
professions.
5. Crime in general is on the increase in large cities. What makes matters
worse is that an increasing proportion of crimes are committed using
firearms.

c
1
In many cases, vandalism is a result of boredom. Nevertheless, some people
who spray graffiti claim that it is a form of artistic expression.

Explanation: Vandalism, particularly graffiti, can indeed stem from boredom as

individuals seek ways to occupy their time. However, some graffiti artists argue
that their work is a form of artistic expression rather than purely destructive.
Example: Graffiti artists often advocate for designated spaces or legal walls
where they can create art without causing damage to private or public property.
This indicates that some vandalism might not solely be born out of destructive
intent but as a means of artistic expression.

2
Explanation: Ageism, a form of discrimination based on age, primarily affects
older individuals, imposing unfair treatment and biases due to their age.
Example: Older individuals often encounter ageism in the workplace, where
they might face challenges in hiring or promotions due to stereotypes about
their technological competence or adaptability. Often young graduates cannot
get a foot on the career ladder as their age, and thus their lack of working
experience, is counted against them

3
Explanation: Prejudice often stems from ignorance, where individuals lack
understanding or knowledge about others, leading to biased attitudes or
stereotypes.
Example: Ignorance contributes significantly to racial prejudice. For instance,
someone who has limited exposure to people from diverse racial backgrounds
might hold biased views due to lack of understanding or exposure to different
cultures. This ignorance can lead to stereotyping or discriminatory behavior.

4
Explanation: Women have proven their competence and success across various
industries, showcasing their abilities to excel in roles traditionally dominated by
men.

Example: In the realm of politics, numerous successful women have

demonstrated their capabilities. For instance, Angela Merkel served as
Chancellor of Germany for 16 years, showcasing effective leadership and
governance. Similarly, Jacinda Ardern, as the Prime Minister of New Zealand,
received global acclaim for her adept handling of crises and compassionate
leadership style. These examples highlight women's abilities to excel in high-
stakes, traditionally male-dominated fields like politics, challenging the notion
that certain professions are inaccessible to them based on gender.

5
Crime in general is on the increase in large cities. What makes matters worse is
that an increasing proportion of crimes are committed using firearms.

Explanation: There's a general trend of rising crime rates in urban areas, further
exacerbated by an alarming increase in firearm-related crimes.
Example: Statistical data from law enforcement agencies or crime reports could
illustrate the escalation in crime rates, especially those involving firearms. Such
data might highlight the severity of the issue and the urgent need for measures
to address it.

ex. 41
a
For – Deterrence, public safety, punishment and justice
Against - Rehabilitation Challenges, overcrowding and cost, impact on
communities and families

b
On the one hand, the criminal justice system plays a vital role in discouraging
future offenders. Some people claim that people are deterred from committing
crimes by the fear of going to jail or prison. Additionally, removing potentially
dangerous people from society maintains public safety by lowering the
possibility of harm to law-abiding residents.

On the other hand, the jail system has a difficult time successfully rehabilitating
criminals. It is true that insufficient rehabilitation programs are present in many
prisons, which raises the recidivism rate. Furthermore, living conditions are
compromised and efforts to successfully prepare prisoners for reintegration into
society are hampered by overcrowding, which exacerbates these problems.

ex. 42
A
Suggestions Explanation (example) Expected result
Education and For instance, Increased awareness can
awareness educational institutions lead to a more informed
can introduce and empathetic society
curriculum modules that
teach students about
ageism, encouraging
empathy and
understanding
Promotion of Programs that facilitate Increased empathy and
intergenerational interactions between understanding between
connections older adults and youth, generations
such as mentorship
initiatives or community
service projects, can
bridge generational gaps
Legislation and policies Implementation of laws Legal protections can
that prohibit age-based ensure fair treatment
hiring practices or and opportunities for
mandate equal access to individuals of all ages,
healthcare regardless of promoting inclusivity
age. and equality in various
sectors.

B
Suggestions Explanation (example) Expected result
Local economic Offer incentives such as New businesses and
development initiatives tax breaks or grants to startups can stimulate
attract small businesses economic growth
or startups
Skill development and Develop training Enhanced skillsets
training programs programs aligned with among residents can
the demands of match job market
emerging industries or demands
sectors
Revitalize existing Transform vacant Utilizing existing
infrastructure industrial spaces into infrastructure creatively
mixed-use facilities, can attract investment
including coworking
spaces, art studios, or
community centers

ex. 43
1. Moral
2. Social
3. Educational
4. Economic
5. Personal

ex. 44
a
C–2
A–3
B–1

an opinion essay – C
a balanced essay – A
an essay suggesting solutions – B
B

C2
Probably it will be about challenge the negative stereotype of young people. The
writer will likely provide evidence to refute the notion that young people are
solely responsible for society's problems.

Highlight the positive contributions of young people: The writer will showcase
the various ways in which young people are actively engaged in making
positive contributions to society.

Emphasize the importance of understanding underlying causes: The writer will

shift the focus from blaming young people to addressing the root causes of
societal issues.

A3
The main body paragraphs will likely address the following points:

The author will acknowledge the arguments of both sides, the side that blames
the government for the society's problems and the side that blames the
individual members of society.
The author will then provide evidence to support the argument that both sides
share the blame. The author will provide evidence to show that the government
has a responsibility to create a society that is fair and just, and that individuals
also have a responsibility to follow the rules and to contribute to the betterment
of society.
The author will conclude by suggesting that a harmonious collaboration
between the government and the individual is needed to solve the problems that
face society. The author will also admit that this may not be possible, but will
argue that it is the best hope for a better society.

B1
The growth of urban populations and the challenges they bring:

The rapid growth of urban populations is putting a strain on cities, leading to a

number of social problems, including crime, unemployment, and social
exclusion. These problems are caused by a variety of factors, including poverty,
lack of education and employment opportunities, and social unrest.

ex. 45
1. An opinion essay
2. Tutor, formal
 3. A university assignment
4. Lack of literacy is one of the root causes of poverty
5. Organize into two main paragraphs
6. Assess each point and express agreement or disagreement
7. Support opinions with examples, studies, or real-life instances
8. Begin with an introduction highlighting the complexity of influences on
youth behavior. Conclude by advocating for a balanced approach
involving both family and friends in nurturing positive behavior

ex. 46
The role of family and friends in the formation of antisocial behavior among
young people

Antisocial behavior is a broad term that covers a wide range of behaviors that
violate social norms and undermine the well-being of others. Such behavior
may include bullying, vandalism, theft and violence. The causes of antisocial
behavior are complex and often multifaceted, but there is no doubt that family
and friends play a significant role in shaping the behavior of young people.

Family influence

The family is the primary social unit for most young people, and the values,
attitudes and behaviors that children learn from their families can have a
profound impact on their development. For example, families that encourage
prejudice and feelings of superiority may inadvertently encourage antisocial
behavior in their children. Likewise, families who do not set good examples for
their children may contribute to the development of problem behavior.
Additionally, overly strict parenting can sometimes lead to antisocial reactions
among teenagers as they may rebel against what they perceive as unfair or
overbearing rules.

Influence of friends

Friends play an increasingly important role in the lives of young people as they
navigate the challenges of adolescence. The desire to fit in and be accepted by
their peers can be a powerful force, and can sometimes lead young people to
engage in antisocial behavior in order to gain acceptance from their friends.
Mob mentality may also play a role, as young people may feel pressured to
conform to the norms of their peer group, even if those norms involve antisocial
behavior. Additionally, a lack of constructive activities can lead young people to
seek excitement and entertainment in other ways, which may include engaging
in vandalism or other forms of delinquency.
Difficulty of the issue

The question of who is more responsible for promoting antisocial behavior

among young people, family or friends, is a complex one. There is no simple
answer to this question, as both family and friends can play both positive and
negative roles in shaping young people's behavior. Ultimately, the most
important factor is the quality of young people's relationships with their families
and friends. Strong, supportive relationships can help prevent antisocial
behavior, while negative, destructive relationships can increase the risk of such
behavior.

Conclusion

The role of family and friends in the development of antisocial behavior is a

complex and multifaceted issue. While family plays an important role in
shaping young people's values and behavior, friends are also a powerful
influence. It is important for parents and caregivers to recognize the potential
risks associated with both family and peer relationships and work to create an
environment that promotes positive development. Early intervention and
prevention programs can also be useful in identifying young people at risk of
antisocial behavior and providing them with the support they need to make
positive choices. Working together, families, friends and communities can help
create a world in which young people can grow up to be healthy, productive and
responsible members of society.

Self-assessment module

1
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. D
10.D

2
1. With
2. Law
 3. Ball
4. Down
5. Stood
6. Settle
7. Where
8. Ceiling
9. Sees
10.Sport

3
1. is common knowledge that Beckham
2. expected that there will be trouble
3. do not see eye to eye
4. remains to be seen what
5. have bitten off more than she can chew

4
1. disregarded
2. outweighs
3. disservice
4. historian
5. spatial
6. decisions
7. dominant
8. easily
9. explanation
10.rankings

5
1. fit
2. ages
3. sporting
4. drove
5. power

6
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. B
 7. B

7
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. A

9
There are no simple solutions to the complex and varied problem of
homelessness. Although the government has taken some action to address the
issue—such as offering job programs and shelters—these steps by themselves
are insufficient to resolve the situation. Homelessness frequently arises as a
symptom of more serious social and economic challenges, including mental
health disorders, poverty, and limited access to possibilities for education and
employment.

It is naive and erroneous to claim that homeless individuals choose to live on

the streets. Most homeless persons view their condition as one of desperation
from which they would do anything to get out. They frequently face a range of
difficulties, such as substance misuse, mental health problems, and domestic
abuse. It may be difficult for them to continue living in stable home and
working.

It's critical to keep in mind that there is more than one issue relating to
homelessness and more than one solution. It's a complicated problem with many
of underlying causes. Homelessness will remain an issue unless we address
these root causes.

Here are some concrete instances of additional measures the government could
take to combat homelessness:

Boost financing for initiatives that provide shelter and affordable housing.
To stop evictions, strengthen tenant protections.
Funding for programs that treat drug misuse and mental health disorders should
be increased.
Give homeless people job placement and training services.
Encourage neighborhood-based programs that deal with the underlying causes
of homelessness.
Apart from governmental intervention, we also need to modify our perspectives
about homelessness.