Note /Topic!:PlantEarth |___-Rock and minerals. CR (7) OSE Zan) * The Earth's crust is made up of rocks and soils. Rocks (4 + Areckis a solid mass of a ora + Minerals are naturally occuring chemics © elements (found fi @.g. gold and carbon (in diamond, graphite) @ compounds, e.g. rock marble contains mostly the mineral calcite (chemical composition of calcite is calcium carbonate) + Anoreis the type of rocks that contains from which a high proportion of useful elements (usually contains metal) can be profitably extracted. Some examples of common ores: bd ie oe (5880) oe er) ‘Main ‘Main mineral mineral contained contained ‘Metal that ‘Metal that can be can be extracted extracied bd ‘Ore Ore’ ‘Main mineral contained ‘Metal that can be extracted ‘Main mineral contained ‘Melal that can be extracied Page 1S3TeachingNote/Topic|:PlantEarth Rock and minerals / p.2 ‘+ 4main steps involved in extracting a pure metal from its ore : 888@ of the metal from the concentrated ore (mineral) oO o of the ore (digging the ore from the ground) @___ of the ore (Separation of the useful mineral @®____ ofthe from wasle) 488 © Extraction methods : ( further details found in note “metal extraction” ) mechanical separation ({7225}H83%), e.g. panning (;#/<) impure metal 2. Heating the metal ore alone GR) 3. Heating the metal ore with carbon (8848) 4. Electrolysis of the molten ore (Sm) Potassium| Sodium | Calcium [> "active ———> Electrolysis metals Magnesium ial phe oo jiron(II}) oxide + carbon > iron + carbon dioxide: Heating metal Less oxide with |__, reactive a icabon metals Dy Heating the > ——~/ metal oxide alone Unreactive ns metal | ———+ Physical (fechanical methods (7h (panning) heat sliver oxide silver + oxygem Page 2emir 1, | Minerals are any substances 2. | Amange the procedures of obiaining metals from its ores in a correct ‘A. found or obtained by mining sequence 8. that can be absorbed by human (1] Increasing ore concentration bodies (2) Metal extraction C. formed by chemical reactions (3) Digging up ores D. any solid elements or compounds that (4) Purifying metal occur naturally in the ground. A. (1) (4) > (8) > (2) 8B 3) > (92) > (4) Cc 29 (3)>4)> (1) Be i D._{1) > (3) > (2) > (4) 3. | Haematite contains 4 | Which of the following combinations about the extraction of metals is A. litte iron and a lot of copper comect? 8. alot of iron and copper] oxide Method of metal extrcion C. alot of iron metal D. alot of ironiil) oxide A. Cakeium Heating with carbon B. Aluminium Electrolysis ofits molten ore ction Direct heating D. Copper eating with carbon Ta) Chalk (422) , Limestone (44/KA) and Marble (A#!4) «limestone, chalk and marble cre three different rocks which contain the naturally occurring mineral lls chemical composition is Increasing hardness eens Limestone Chalk cliffs Limestone cave | ___ Marble canyon Page 2Note /Topic!:PlantEarth __Rock and minerals «They are formed as follow : 1. The and of sea_animals are made up of calcium carbonate. 2. When the sea animals die, they sink to the bottom of the and are covered with and 2 3. Over millions of years, due to high . high and movements, the calcium carbonate changes to _—_ chalk, limestone and marble. 5. | Which of the following substances contain | [Bia calcium carbonate as the main chemical constituent? (1) Bauxite (2) Chalk (3) Marble A. (I and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only, C.Q2) and (3) only _D._{1), (2) and (3) VeVi rer eae Eo CUL Clg / RS coc mone} Cees ate eno io rain * rosensinaans for some La ria nme Portal ns | relented ] wil corr Page 4‘Sa Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth Rock and minerals / p.5. Weathering ( (377) Role Res BREE FA) of rocks + Weathering of rocks is a slow process (usually faking place over thousands of years) in which exposed rocks are broken down into smaller pieces (physical change) or changed into other substances {chemical change ). + There are two types of weathering : © Physical Weathering @ Chemical Weathering — Most rocks are mixtures of different minerals, which ‘and at different rates when temperature changes > results in the rocks. This effect is common in deserts because of the extreme. ina day ( Rocks get hot and expand in daytime while coo! down and contract quickly at night ) Page 5Rainwater can fill cracks in rocks . When the temperature drops below 0°C, water freezes and to form ice > forces the rocks to break apart + The formed reacts with in rocks ( such as chalk and limestone } to form water-soluble and thus the rocks are slowly worn away. This natural weathering process causes: = formation of __in limestone areas ~ damage to f statues statue has been weathered by rainwater. Page‘$3 Teaching Note / Topic | : Plant Earth i Rock and minerals * The chemical changes starting from calcium carbonate can be previewed and summarized by the following lime(stone) cycle. water BRA BERS co OA © prstcaton ete calcium carbonate @ strong heat Tt (mewato test “ CO2 CaCOs carbon code chen of calcium hydroxide calcium me solution Ca(OH)2(aq) CaO Tree 5 (imewater) Ba Ca(OH) Is) cs 0 rene calcium hydroxide cd ate water more water (Slaked lime) gy7- 4 R H20 Large amount of Some chemical changes involving calcium carbonate, heat released @ Bi txperimene 4a ‘cir egg the acto of het, ater and cds calcu cabot Limestone Cycle = CaCO; en C2; —> £4005 a a susico, m= GY \ see ox Ca(OH), Dison Water sone Page 7Note / Topic |: Plant Earth + Calcium carbonate decomposes to (___) ana when it is heated strongly. calcu ctonate — "au ede eon ite * The calcium oxide formed is commonly known as carbonate Carica Ti Chemical Equation : Geo —— Qo . oo 7 CacOys) C20) Cox Sle M mara ) forms and a lot of __is produced. Qo MH —— eo Word Equation : * When water is added to calcium oxide, Chemical Equation : * The calcium hydroxide is commonly known as Page 8S3Tea Note / Topic |: Plant Earth _ Rock and minerals / p.9 Calcium hydroxide is only slightly soluble in water. When more water is added to calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), a saturated solution with white suspension forms, > After the suspension is_. a saturated and clear colourless solution (filtrate) called___is produced. fe ul ‘i Word Equation : Le ® + Limewater tums when carbon dioxide is bubbled into it for a few seconds. This is because carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide solution fo give a white insoluble solid (milky) which is ‘Test for carbon dloxide using tmowater Word Equation : Chemical Equation : Page 3‘$3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth |___Rock and minerals / p.10 off carbon dioxide is continuously passed into the limewater, the milky solution 2 will become (turn clear again !!!). * because the insoluble calcium carbonate reacts with the excess carbon dioxide and water to form soluble pass carbon ‘exc into t Word Equation : calcium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water > (milky : insoluble white solid ) (colourless solution : clear again ) Chemical Equation : CaCO,(s) + CO) + HO) > Gfe . 080 . M% — 3,99” C2COys) Ox) #201) Ca(HCos).(a4) CaCOx(s) + HeCO3(aq) > £2 Recall Carbonic acid ( c kind of acid even found in normal rainwater } can dissolve stone statues made of calcium carbonate siowly to form {A tris meseno ‘Status nas boon woamered by rate, Page 10‘$3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth "Rock and minerals / p.11 % Question 6: Draw an experimental set-up to generate carbon dioxide [ CO2 (g) | from calcium carbonate [ CacOs(s) ]}. ‘And draw to suggest a chemical test that the gas bubbles formed in the reaction is carbon dioxide._ Write the word equation for the reactions. Method 1: e Word equation Method 2 : (Hint : 52 iS : egg shell + vinegar) Word equation See Page 11'3 Teaching Note /Topic!:PlantEarth _—"___—s Rock and minerals / p.12___ When calcium carbonate is added to common acid such as . the calcium carbonate dissolves and gas bubbles of tary te tysrocton td aponate Word Equation ( calcium chloride solution ) Chemical Equation : Ge S — e200. a: com 2HeKoq) Cact(oq) oe Ona) ~~ Question 7: A student wants to investigate the actions of acids and water on calcium carbonate. He adds dilute hydrochloric acid to a test tube containing calcium carbonate granules. (a) What would the student observe in the test tube? (b) Write a word equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid. (c) What would the student observe if he uses water instead of dilute hydrochloric acid? "Page 12‘$3 Teaching Note / Topic | : Plant Earth a Rock and minerals / p.13 ‘Additional information of ions : Name of ion (cation / anion ) Formula of ions Pictorial representation » Calcium ion e Oxide ion Chloride ion Carbonate ion eo Hydroxide ion % Hydrogencarbonate Or ion | * Calcium compounds give a flame ina test. * Add dilute to the sample of carbonate, (CO2(g)) is produced and turn delivery tube dilute hydrochloric acid solid sample under test limewater EENote / Topic 1: Plant Earth z Rock and minerals / p.14 carbon dioxide + water Step 5: add carbonic acid Step 6: add dilute rociiorieack (carbon dioxide + water calcium carbonate ( ) Step 4: pass in carbon dioxide, Step 1: strong heat carbon dioxide Step 2: add little water Step 3: add more water, stir well and then filter Word Equations & Chemical Equations : Page‘$3 Teachi ing Note / Topic |: Plant Earth au Rock and minerals / p.15. 3 Question 8: The following chart shows the reactions of some calcium-containing compounds. (a) () Add water and then filter A add hydrochloric acid pass in fi cron | heat strongly «+—__[¢ ‘add hydrochloric acid Name substances A, B, C and D. A cc: State the observation and write the word equation and chemical equation in each of the B D: following cases. () ti) (i) (iv) Ais changed to B Observation : Word equation : Chemical equation : Bis changed to C Observation : Word equation : Chemical equation : Cis changed to D Observation : Word equation : Chemical equation : Bis changed to D Observatio Word equation : Chemical equation : Page 15,‘$3 Teaching Note / Topic |: Plant Earth z Rock and minerals / p.16. ICM OU ee Ree Ra Clery Hydrogen gas_| Use burning splint Gives ‘pop’ sound Oxygen gas _| Use glowing splint Relights the glowing splint Carbon dioxide_| Use limewater Turns milky Water/ | ¢ Use dry cobalt(t!) chloride paper Blue to pink Water Vapour_| * Use anhydrous copperiu) sulphate powder White to blue Sodium ion Gives golden yellow flame Potassium ion Calcium ion Copper(l) ion Flame test © Platinum / nichrome wire ‘concentrated hydrochloric acid © put at non-luminous flame of Bunsen burner Gives lilac flame Gives brick-red flame Gives bluish green flame Chloride ion Carbonate ion Silver nitrate solution followed by dilute nitric acid ( acidified silver nitrate solution ) Add dilute hydrochloric acid / dilute nitric acid and then bubble the gas into limewater (saturated calcium hydroxide solution) White precipitate is formed. (silver chloride) Colourless bubbles are given out ) which turns limewater milky Nt