A Handbook on

Computer
Science & IT
Revised & Updated

Contains well illustrated formulae

& key theory concepts

For

GATE, PSUs
& OTHER COMPETITIVE EXAMS

Publications
 Publications

MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd.

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A Handbook on Computer Science & IT

© Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above
mentioned publisher of this book.

First Edition: 2014

Reprint: 2017
Second Edition: 2018
Reprint: 2019
Reprint: 2020

Third Edition: 2022

Published by: MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi-110016

Director’s Message
During the current age of international competition in
Science and Technology, the Indian participation through
skilled technical professionals have been challenging
to the world. Constant efforts and desire to achieve top
positions are still required. B. Singh (Ex. IES)

I feel every candidate has ability to succeed but competitive environment and
quality guidance is required to achieve high level goals. At MADE EASY, we
help you to discover your hidden talent and success quotient to achieve your
ultimate goals. In my opinion IAS, ESE, GATE & PSU’s exams are tool to enter in
to main stream of Nation serving. The real application of knowledge and talent
starts, after you enter in to the working system. Here in MADE EASY you are also
trained to become winner in your life and achieve job satisfaction.

MADE EASY aluminae have shared their winning stories of success and
expressed their gratitude towards quality guidance of MADE EASY. Our students
have not only secured All India First Ranks in ESE, GATE and PSU entrance
examinations but also secured top positions in their career profiles. Now, I invite
you to become aluminae of MADE EASY to explore and achieve ultimate goal of
your life. I promise to provide you quality guidance with competitive environment
which is far advanced and ahead than the reach of other institutions. You will
get the guidance, support and inspiration that you need to reach the peak of
your career.

I have true desire to serve Society and Nation by way of making easy path of
the education for the people of India.

After a long experience of teaching in Computer Science & IT over the period of
time MADE EASY team realised that there is a need of good Handbook which
can provide the crux of Computer Science & IT in a concise form to the student
to brush up the formulae and important concepts required for GATE and other
competitive examinations. This handbook contains all the formulae and important
theoretical aspects of Computer Science & IT. It provides much needed revision
aid and study guidance before examinations.

B. Singh (Ex. IES)

CMD, MADE EASY Group
 CONTENTS
A Handbook on Computer Science & IT
Chapter 1 :
Discrete and Engineering
Mathematics.................................. 1-62
I. Mathematical Logic............................................. 1
II. Combinatorics....................................................... 5
III. Set Theory & Algebra........................................11
IV. Graph Theory.......................................................30
V. Probability............................................................40
VI. Linear Algebra.....................................................45
VII. Numerical Methods..........................................50
VIII. Calculus.................................................................54
Chapter 2 :
Digital Logic............................... 63-104
I. Logic Functions..................................................63
II. Minimization........................................................68
III. Combinational Circuits....................................73
IV. Sequential Circuit...............................................85
V. Number Representation and Computer
Arithmetic.............................................................97
Chapter 3 :
Computer Organization and
Architecture............................. 105-140
I. Machine Instructions and Addressing
Modes................................................................. 105
II. ALU and Data-path, CPU
Control Design................................................. 111
III. Memory and I/O Interfaces......................... 117
IV. Instruction Pipelining.................................... 122
V. Cache and Main Memory, Secondary
Storage............................................................... 129
Chapter 4 :
Programming and Data
Structures................................. 141-163
I. Programming in C........................................... 141
II. Functions and Recursion.............................. 149
III. Abstract Data Types, Arrays and
Linked Lists........................................................ 152
IV. Stacks and Queues......................................... 155
V. Trees, BSTs and Binary Heaps..................... 158
Chapter 5 :
Algorithms............................... 164-183
I. Analysis and Asymptotic Notations......... 164
II. Divide-and-Conquer...................................... 169
III. Greedy Approach............................................ 172
IV. Dynamic Programming................................ 175
V. Graph Traversals, Hashing and
Sorting................................................................ 178
VI. Complexity Classes: P, NP,
NPH and NPC.................................................... 181
Chapter 6 :
Theory of Computation........... 184-206
I. Regular Languages and
Finite Automata............................................... 184
II. Push Down Automata and CFLs................ 197
III. Recursively Enumerable Sets &
Turing Machines.............................................. 201
IV. Undecidability.................................................. 205
Chapter 7 :
Compiler Design...................... 207-222
I. Lexical Analysis................................................ 207
II. Parsing................................................................ 209
III. Syntax Directed Translation........................ 215
IV. Runtime Environments................................. 217
V. Intermediate, Target Code Generation
and Code Optimization................................ 218
Chapter 8 :
Operating System.................... 223-255
I. Processes and Threads.................................. 223
II. IPC, Concurrency and Synchronization.. 226
III. Deadlock............................................................ 234
IV. CPU Scheduling............................................... 236
V. Memory Management and
Virtual Memory................................................ 240
VI. I/O and File Systems, Protection
and Security...................................................... 250
Chapter 9 :
Databases................................. 256-284
I. ER-model and Relational Model................ 256
II. Database Design............................................. 261
III. SQL....................................................................... 267
IV. File Structures (B and B+ Trees).................. 273
V. Transactions and Concurrency
Control................................................................ 276
nnnn
** Marked are not in GATE syllabus
Chapter 10 :
Computer Networks................ 285-318
I. ISO/OSI Stack, LAN Technologies (Ethernet,
Token Ring)....................................................... 285
II. (IPv4), (IPv6) and Routing Algorithms..... 295
III. TCP/UDP and Application
Layer protocols................................................ 306
IV. ** Network Security (Cryptography)........ 315
Chapter 11 :
** Information Systems and Software
Engineering.............................. 319-332
I. Information Gathering, Requirement &
Feasibility Analysis.......................................... 319
II. DFDs and Process Specifications............... 321
III. I/O Design, Process Life Cycle..................... 322
IV. Planning and Managing the Project........ 326
V. Design, Coding, Testing, Implementation
and Maintenance............................................ 328
Chapter 12 :
** Web Technologies................ 333-342
I. HTML..................................................................333
II. XML....................................................................335
III. Basic Concepts of Client-Server
Computing......................................................340