oa WAVE _OPTE The olirevion a 4 is peeperdticuley to a wavefront > phage alifference behueen fo point on a weveptont is 210 Tyee feeb © plane wanefvet = plane wawedeon? uueene dittow sours of 4 hava obisfane | | Sous ¢ dight ox @ poirt . en O -sprericl_savttert _— bout oliverging doom & gor? Sourlo qind ain +o Sphud col bawefeoa entloelt s wy a i (2) epbadrin vaetbo 9 PE lt tt gin a a 0 indie asthma» rene ited 7 Li em 4 gt sour The sue in tue im f* verges SEEN “ey linet wavefonh + (0 cirteles wavefort Cite Wager A Aweoll pie Stone it ds _— / F Te heaped i gor 7 SH waey, Brae civelay wre ghooti | { . “Gur treth olitturjana . are vista cpojed chia A Chyistan regger preoposeel ta “Wane: theory te Seconclan noweltt | \ Byemy pet op a mechort deeouer a _ called Seconelay voaweledt 1 Gack pan? on a wasnt i 4 eouree, we. beconcor4 ¢ ditterbants, aod pre See ; eo : aniginatig forge polnss ‘spriad our 1% all ina witn te spo 7 pee wave * | ley ime it obbinect Sin, Brvave raved» a- “te ww waue}ron b ob omy by hich fue Hewgentia! buskewe 7 direthon 10 all que Spheres 4 seen | :I i | Consider a plane waveont AB incideat at A at an angle i on a plane surface XY separating medium-1 and medium-2 (Fig) ‘Let vi,and vz be the speed of light in medium-1 and medium-2 respectively. Accor the Huygen’s principle, every point on the wavefront AB is a source of secondary * wavelets. Let the secondary wavelet from B strike the surface XY at C in a gto time t, then, Boa @) Incident wavefront Rarer (Medium-1) = Y Denser (Medium-2) a Refracted | wavefront In the same time the secondary wavelets from point A gets spread over & radius in the medium —2 is AD=vit w=) ‘The tangent plane CD drawn from point Con this hemisphe jsat A) will behe new refracted wavefront Let i and r be the angels of incidence and refraction respectively. Infig [BAC =i and [DCA IABC = [ADC = 90° ‘From AABC, we have BC AC From AADC, we have sini = hemisphere of ere of radius vot (whose.centre > " Sxellls law 0 bt in ee rf Reprachon Using Huygen!t owe Nowe Thaory[ B Pee igut om Ane bouts of wave * ether Hoyger’ a ke : ” (MOP-D(3 marks) Ans: Consider a plane wavefront is incident at A at an angle i on the plane surface XY. (Fig.) Reflected “= wavefront Let the secondary’ wavelet from B strike the surface XY at C iri‘a tim t, then . BC= vt - Where, v — speed of light wave a ‘ * Inthe same time the secondary wavelet from the point A gets spreid over ‘hemisphere ofradius “ AD= vt . , 1/21. the tangent plane CD drawn from C on this heniisphere of radius vt (whiose centre is at A) t will be the new reflected wavefront. ; Let i and r be the angles of incidence and reflection respectively. Lg. Infig, [BAC =i and [DCA =r f From triangles ABC and DCA, we have ( IABC =[CDA (Each is 90°) AD (Each is equal to vt) ‘ AC=AC (common) { 2 AABC and A DCA are congruent Hence [BAC =|DCA or Shaw that a plane wavefront incident ofa thin pris is ited to ards: base after fr lion through i G marks) j Consider a plane wavefront passing throuigh a thin prism: Since the speed of light in glass is smaller than that in ar, therefore the lower part C of the plane wavefront which travels through the greatest thickness of the glass ~ jpeident wavefront prism is slowed down the shost and the upper x | pat A, which travels through the minimum | thickness of the glass prism, is slowed'down the least: This explains the tilting of a plane c Ywaveftont after reftaction through ‘a glass "prism un He | | { ected wvane-wavefregt incident on a conver lens emerges. as,a spherical it GB marks) Consider a plane wavefront passing thorough a convex lens.’ The central part of B of the iplane wavefront travels through the greatest j,.;, thickness of the lens and is therefore, slowed Refried wavefront jdown the most. The marginal parts A and C of {the waveffont travels through a minimum thickness and ‘therefore, slowed down the least. So the emerging wavefront is spherical and converges to a focus F. TE yy sont tinal ton a pie ove i payseok tenons 1) Thin paymn 7 &) Thin Conver leu ever pint wane fron | wavedrorr - op hic p yucicel ee ee 3) Concave mi 7 SP is . Concave 2" et warttont 4 4 CONN Show that weplats wat aS ~ venge to _I# —focud Consider aplane waveliont incident on a concave minor, ident yavefom inci front has to travel ‘The central part of B of incident wavefiont has fo antl ,| greatest distance before getting reflection compares the sharginal parts A and C, Therefore, the central portion a than the BY of the reflected wavefront closer to the mirror 4 marginal portions A’ and C’. Hence the reflected ‘wavefronts spherical and converges to a focus F Pept Bee he oppavent ae, iw Peepuenyy ¢ wag ‘courte due to fe sebtive aie ae mal 7 , ee tt and the. Souce ! called Dopples'¢ offe a yp je Mgnt b Dopplay!s shift im I a js lepine at te who gf Cougs Freon 70 the ory fred prequenty -.— Where, ¢- speed of light } Veadiat ~ Fadial component of the.source velocity : i - AY acti => - finctional change in frequency. To cee eee ee 2 When hese is mving toad he observer, hee . obser is dees in wv ds fo Dope fe ‘This is known as blue shift. aa pies es Soper pation woud . aT. - oe ‘as: When a number of waves propagating through a medium superpose on each other, the resultant displacement at any point at a given instant is equal to the vector sum of the displacements due to the individual waves at that point. Leen Ce ~~ ~e : 3: The phenomenon of modification in the distribution of light energy due to the Ir superposition of two or more light waves is called interference of light. | y Example: Interference of light is observed in Young's double slit experiment. . | Cansthuvtive .dorterferente aT op ree ~vegu Hawt arnplitecte 7” . . imum: seyutant ines tg jt mmant™ , ol kemce FI o went Derrudive sEtes . : aN Ijuele am bance the, 5 if : ~reputant eonplr a a j4 minimum - : Tetu Han 5 jad — Dnterferimte: . n a Sustel —~—L Cc fon te _gbte# we ~~ no aa . “ 1. The two sources of light must be coherent. ~ F 9° The two sources of light should be monochromatic. ~ 3., ‘The distance between two coherent sources must be as small as passib' 4, The two sources emitting light waves should be very narrow. —~ ~ sa aban Be into 7Theory Suter rene J ‘Consider two Harmonie light Waves of San Aplitade. Let 4 be the caisiane pj difference between them. The displacements ofthese waves can be represented as | Y1=acosat =) and yp =acos(at +4) ~Q ‘According to the principle of superposition of waves, Y=yi+y¥2 +) On substituting equations (1) and (2) in (3) we get, yeacoset+acos(at+4) the resultant displacement is =aLcoser +-c0s(ot+4)] . _ steer ot 2) | 1+ yeneaated) ~ @ Where; A= cost is the resultant amplitude. ‘The intensity ofthe resultant wave at ony point is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude. ie, Toca? . Isa? =(2aeo8) = 4a? cos? 2 YL st T=4lgcos?® Whee Tge a = Totti : tra indidual wave - a alee — cen i do 20,0, 20,4 = Cord = 1 i¢ =o, , ow k =20T | whe n20,1,43--patircl Herenes F= xen) pett aLifference 1 [@=2"4] a | = DA nore * Condteuive trtecterent prackses bgt Hip 244% yequbant wee , A Ay tO Hee, Arnphteot +9 sukwitg , Doom we (4 PO ep terperent - A elton Hd dattutive amt i ge t cot$ =o q OEE Ne we Ween ac act Bh, > 200) _— —— and Emin = 0] NOTES +8) Aeprruchive Entevferents - peop lefncle 4 perulant wave Azam | amet [Zine (40-)[Drie WED Fan ERT vimmeot He _preelee'“G ie eee + Thomas Young conducted an experiment to demonstrate the phenomenon of interference of light. The arrangement consists of a narrow slit S illuminated by a monochromatic, source of light. This slit illuminates two other narrow and parallel close lying slisS, and, Slits S,and S, acts as coherent sources and they are equidistant from S. Light from these coherent sources fall on a screen and produces ain interference pattem with the following characteristics. Moratromase tary : a ee 5 —_— | ==>" ——— 1, It consists of alternate bright and dark fringes. 2. ‘The width of bright fringe is equal to the width of dark fringe. 3. All bright fringes have equal and maximum intensity. 4, Alll dark fringes have zero intensity. experiment. (2 marks) { Diiiw the intensity distribution curve for an interference pattern in Young's double slit | ede the intensip ration care for en Ce Pamier in Noung s Calle se E First bright fringe Distance —= nce fringes! : . (1 mark) ‘Interference fringe ‘alternate dark and bright bands formed in an interference pattern, s Mg fs the lav of conservation of energy valid in Young's experiment? (1 mark) ‘Yes. wy pes (ay a eee Coasider'a plane of slits A and B represent two coher Let d separation between the coberent sources D - distance between the soreen and the double slit. x - distance of a point from O. Froma AEP, AP? = AE? +PE? ptafs2¥ ap? =D? +{x-5 ad (=-$) ® From A BFP, BP? = BF* + PF? a prt=p?+(x+$) ' -@) Frou 0r® w Bp? - AP? -[or(ord)] -[o(-4J] B) B reaching the point P is typ (BP+AP) BP AP) = 2x FR. path difference between the waves from Aand 2xd- BP— AP) = ———— (@P-AP) = Bey A) wa @) te 24d" 4 Path difference, 8 = py apy (5) When P is close to 0, BP ~AP =D aad “2D ‘ d 6) Path difference, 8=7— ference, 8555 Fora bright fringe at P (constructive interference) (7) ‘The distance’of n® bright | #aD fringe from O } a= (8) CE OeThe distance of. ( nt1)* aD } ee = (nt) a bright fringe from 0. Aa a + (9) y ~ ‘The distance between two consecutive bright fringes is 3 ee wD AD aD j Baer hy = (OAD = OP slat ta) > i a Fringe wid Rie ee fete 2 ano compedive but The At . : A tri or dart Pring 1 colled Prigt / gut f lacad by a wick, olucreages whe oon Lager Fe ve d 7 gue woaweleugtn olecrecds (aval . ea re iromerted in waked Fuente dpppeve ted 1 jum (79) inewentes bo AL The phenomenon of bending of light waves around the sharp edges er comers of an obstacles and spreading into the region of geometrical shadows is called diffiaction of. 2 light. oTE ; . OE acim fe tpi ee ape a Ahffanon incident on S7rll abies n . poe deol H The Sine oy te offal. mut 4 ¢ din 4 woawe lg ¢ a wane -pip foartion elue toa sigh at Enpurioacercta! arrangement 9 oliffrauion ak a Bivgle ght og shown iw + . en. d diffraction pattern is obtained on the scre and minima as shown below.“ Plane wave front is incident on the Pattern consists of-central maximum, secondary maxima ; pee genome) Ae Chaya vlesivi of aiffmution palin rewael yp * Sige ur ‘The diffraction pattern as the following characteristics 1. Jthas a central bright band of maxirmum intensity and maximum width 2, The central maximum is surounded by alternate dark and bright bands 53, The intensity of bright bands decreases gradually from the central maximum. 44 The intensity of dark bands increases gradlly ftom the central maximum. Zz ter neh 5. The width of bands is non-uniform, tiiehe vv avelength of light used a width of the slit. olifpeattion aninima iv siegle_ br Cenobition oh fsa ipa iW : De condition for diffraction minima is ES Pe ein 2 5 ge a here, 0 = angular positon of reba (arigular size) 2, = waveléaigth of light used a swith of the‘it, ish between interference and diffraction of light. (Iune-2017) (S marks) Taterference- Diliraction Tcimaference Is the phesiomenon of [1. Diffraction is the phenomenon of bending modification in the distribution of light | of" light wave around an obstacle and ‘energy due to superposition of two or |. spreading into its ‘geometrical shadow | { more waves. Spe te ws Tapepoalion oF waves [Is di fo te supeposion of secondary ‘emerging from coherent sources. ‘waves emerging from a single wavefront Sinrireace Finger ae of qual wid | 3. Dias bands are of uncqual with ST Faessiy oF a bright Finges Femaies [4 Tnesity of bright ands deereases with) constant. increasing order. 7 5. Intensity ofall dark fingers is 7er0. $ Darkness of the dark bands decreases wit | increasing order. maxima and minis. taxi ad ini——— ee Define Kit of resolution of a teleseone, (1 mark) ‘The minimum angular separation between two distant objects at which they can be just resolved is known as limit of resolution of a telescope. Pe [ite ee expression for limit of resolution ofa telescope and explain the terms. (Taly -2014) (2 marks) |e limit of resolution ofa telescope is given by Where, 2 -wavelength of light used | a ~radius of the objective d= diameter of the objective. Refine resolving power ofa telescope. (1 mark) | Resolving power ofa telescope is defined as the reciprocal of its limit of resolution. Waite she expression for resolving power of a telescope. Mention the methods of Bi A_ [achieving high resolving power in telescope (itarch-2016)@ marks) | Resolving power = = AO 1.222% . The resolving power of a telescope can be increased by increasing the diameter of the objective. Define limit of resolution of a microscope. (1 mark) The minimum distance between two point objects at which they are just resolved is called limit of resolution of a microscope. BR [Write the expression for limit of resolution of a mizroscipe and explain the ferms a t (uly-2014) (2 marks) Fhe timit of resolution ofa microscopes given by diy = <-=2* 2n Sin B jwhere, A. ~ wavelength of light used, n= refractive index of the medium between object and objective. S B- semi vertical angle “ : nest pooroid ha sheaf of dovlleg aeprerting dichwic mederia! uged to produce plave plavited Ligut - » ce rvqverye_in nate in, Zo it wow ave Hew beget artesity ane un pooried 7 sna ctromgeted . hun oF gheok permed 90 7 ake 7 found Hol ineolent om, a a+ re ia in pletely paarined (igo) * 7 kis it sue inketihy q gué ney drom HH 2 in M9 ial at Hae "The viteations ofelecwe vector pull othe pass-ais of the polaroid sheet are allowed to pass sil those perpeoiculr tothe pastaxs 2 sborbe bythe polaroid sheet. reo aa 4 Fie ' O Nota ho un RL oy ‘When the polaroid P, is rotated, the intensity of light transmitted by P, remains constant whereas. thé Light wansmited by P; varies. The intensity of ight wansmied through Ps wl depend upon the reblve orientations of, and P. Ifthe pas anes of Py and P are parallel to eachother (Fig ) the intensity of light transmitted through P: will be maxirmum ® But, ifthe pass-ates of P, and P, are parpmadiculr (crossed polrois) to cach other (Fig) the intensity of ight wanted through comes minim of 2er0 ‘The polaroid P, is called polariser because it poarises the umpolatised light. The polaroid Py is called analyser because it is used to analyse whether the light is polarised or not IC the pass axis of Py makes an angle O withthe pass axis af Pr, then the compenent Ecos will passthrough Pa (where isthe electric field vector along the pase-axis of Py), “This shows thatthe ight waves are transverse in nature.“ atements When completely polarised light is incident on the analyser, the intensity of | __light transmitted by the analyser is directly proportional to the square of the cosine of | angle between the pass-anes ofthe analyser and the polarser: Explanation: ie, Ic cos? @ jo cos? 8 : Where, 1 intensity ofthe light transmitted by the analyser. 1~ intensity of the light incident on the analyser. angle between the pass axes of the analyser and polariser \ ERR Int 70. With a neat diagram, explain polarisation of light by reflection. (June-2018) (3 marks) ‘Ans: AO — incident ray (unpolarised A light) OB ~ reflected ray (plane polarised light) OC ~ refracted ray (partially polarised light) | p=refractive index of the \ | mets in polarising angle When unpolarised light is incident on the surface’ tansparent medium like water ot 213s, the light will be reflected and it is found t6 be partially polarised. Its observed by imeans of analyser which is rotated about the dirétion of reflected light. The intensity of reflected light is varies between maxisan to minimum but not zero. This suggest thatthe | reflected light is partially polarised. The degree of polarisation depends on the angle of incidence. As the angle of incidence is gr increases, At a particular angle of incidence the reflected light is completely plane polarised in a plane perpendicular to the plane of iucidence This angle of incidence is called polarising angle or Brewster's angle. ally increased from zero, the degree of polarisation also J Define Brewster's angte. (April-2019) (1 mark) ‘The angle of incidence for which the reflected light is completely plane polarised is called Brewster's angle (is). RA state and explain Brewster's ar, 2 marks) | Ststement: “The refractive index of the reflecting medium is equal to the tangent of the { * Brewster's angle”. i i.e, a= tani, t Where, n= reffactive index ofthe reflecting medium ig ~ Brewster's angleye end np ne epapotaaon mart {Statements “The refiactive index ofthe reflecting medium is equal tothe tangent of the {polarising angle”, ‘Proof: Consider a beam of ‘tipolarsed light incident at polarising angle ig on the sur etna el ys shown in figure. : : “Let “AO incident ray (unpotarised light) OB - reflected ray (completely polarised light) OC - reffacted ray (partially polarised light) ‘MN - normal to PQ at 0 ‘n- RU of the medium 1 + angle of refraction, [A poatsiog angle of incidence, the reflected and refracted rays angles toeach other, ie, [BOC = 90° From the figure, [MOB +{NOC = 90° are found to be at right ip+ r= 90° 1=90°~ig a From Snell’s law of refraction, sin 2 --Q) This is known as Brewster's law. MOTE”), ta, angle ¢ pdanitedion ineveaye, vita increasing it Refrautine thom a madi 2 Refrain inolem is Lott Hh ved 3+ Ausle bo reflected ome! Retactedl Yagl by Hyet tmetalinte‘aX foiund 0 be 06mm. When the screen is moval through a distance of 0.25m the fringe can Becomes 0.75mm. Calculate the wavelength of the light used. ‘(March 2015) | @ \ Numer) ca is ——_ In Young's doubleslit experiment distance between the slits is.Imm. The fringe width is Given, d=1mm=1x10 m; f,=0.6mm = 0,610 m ; Dy=D+0.25; fy =0.7Smm = 0.75x10- m } | 0.6x107 i 0.75107 D=Im - -3 o'bX to 4y ho i i = 0:64 10 bm = b0008? ! {Te Young's doubie sic experiment, fringes of certain width are produced on the sereen | Kept ata certain distance from the sls. When the sercen is moved ‘away from the slits by O.Lm, fringe width increases by 6%10* m. The separation between the’slits is I mm. Calculate the wavelength of the light used. Given, Dy =(D +0.1)m, B= (B+ 0.6x10°S)m d= mm= 10? Fringe width i given by aT Using the relation, | | i (March-2016) m0) : +) (2) + (I) we get, ALD a) B+6x10% — D+0.1 B D B=6x10%D Substituting, p in (I) we get 6x1tp = 22 10° A=6«107m A= 6000A { Light of wavelength 6000 A is used to obtain interference fringe of width 6mm in a _oune’s double sit experiment. Calculaté the wavelength of light required to obtain \Sringe of width 4mm if the distance between the screen and sisi reduced 10 haif of its value, (Blarch-2017) +Given, 2 = 6000A = 6000 x 10°! = 6mm = 6x 107m B'= 4mm 345109 mWehave, B= 1 xD x 4x10 ‘= 6000%10"! xD a 107 so00 10°! m oxio34(3) : 8000 «In Young's double slit experiment while using a source of light of wavelength 4500 4, the fringe width is 5 mm. Ifthe distance between the screen and the plane of the slits is reduced to half, what should be the wavelength of light to get fringe width 4 mm? (une-2016) {Given A = 45004 = 4500 x 10" m, f = Smm = 5 x 10? M D’ Bip mm = 4 x 10m ‘The ftinge width is given by, (temionany tree appication ofplaits. (Mench-2016:Marel2017) (3 marks) polaroid are used 1. to produce and analyse plane polarised light \2. for making sunglass : 3. in 3D movie camera. 2 4. in photographic eameras 5 6 5 to-control the intensity of light. “6, in windowpanes