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Sparse Image Reconstruction Using Improved Regularized


Orthogonal Matching Pursuit

Article · January 2022

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2 authors:

Meenakshi Dhasmana Sumit Budhiraja


Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Panjab University
10 PUBLICATIONS 50 CITATIONS 41 PUBLICATIONS 358 CITATIONS

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International Journal of Engineering and Future Technology,
Year 2017; Volume 14; Issue No. 3;
ISSN 2455-6432
Copyright © 2017, International Journal of Engineering and Future Technology


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Compressive Sensing (CS) utilizes the sparsity of images to reduce the number of
measurements and is able to achieve reduction in amount of storage required; breaking the
limitations of Nyquist Shannon theorem. CS based image reconstruction is capable of providing
easy and accurate sparse reconstruction; though with longer running time. Regularised
Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (ROMP) is one of the greedy algorithms which enable faster
implementation of image recovery, but the performance of recovery is not satisfactory. In this
paper, improved ROMP method is presented which works on low frequency coefficients of the
image under certain stopping conditions; thus saving memory with reduced running time. The
recovery process is followed by thresholding; so that significant elements are identified and
smaller components are rejected. The simulation results for both noiseless and noisy cases show
that this method provides better PSNR and faster means for sparse recovery from inaccurate
and fewer measurements.

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