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A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane whose

difference of distances from two fixed points is constant.
The section of a right circular cone by a plane which is
parallel to the axis of a cone.

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FOCI - fixed points of the hyperbola. “c” distance from the center.
TRANSVERSE AXIS - the line passing through vertices and foci
CONJUGATE AXIS - the line through the center and
perpendicular to the transverse axis.
CENTER - the midpoint of the segment joining the foci.
VERTICES - the point of intersection of the hyperbola with the
transverse axis. “a” distance from the center.
CO-VERTICES – the points “b” distance from the center

LATUS RECTUM – a chord of the hyperbola through either focus,

perpendicular to the transverse axis and terminated by the curve.

CONJUGATE Hyperbola – the hyperbola oriented vertically.

RECTANGULAR Hyperbola – the hyperbola whose transverse axis

and conjugate axis are equal.

Asymptote – A line which the hyperbola will never crossed.

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Directrices

dPF1  ( x  c)2   y  0 dPF 2  ( x  c)2   y  0

2 2

P(x,y) PF '  PF  2a

( x  c) 2   y  0   ( x  c ) 2   y  0   2a
2 2

    2a  
2 2
( x  c)2  y 2 ( x  c) 2  y 2

x 2  2cx  c 2  y 2  4a 2  4a ( x  c ) 2  y 2  x 2  2cx  c 2  y 2
4cx  4a 2  4a ( x  c) 2  y 2
cx  a 2  a ( x  c) 2  y 2

 cx  a   
2
2 2
 a ( x  c)2  y 2

c 2 x 2  2a 2 cx  a 4  a 2  x 2  2cx  c 2  y 2 

c 2 x 2  2a 2 cx  a 4  a 2 x 2  2a 2 cx  a 2 c 2  a 2 y 2 Dividing both sides by a2b2

c 2 x 2  a 2 x2  a 2 y 2  a 2c 2  a 4
b 2 x 2  a 2 y 2 a 2b 2
c 2
a 2
x 2
 a y  a c  a
2 2 2 2 2
 a 2b 2
 2 2
ab
Note : b2  c2  a2

c 2
 a2  x2  a2 y2  a2 c2  a2  Theequation of the hyperbola:
b 2 x 2  a 2 y 2  a 2b 2
x2 y 2
 1
a2 b2

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( 0,0)

Horizontal Vertical

x2 y 2 y 2 x2
Equation: 2  2  1 Equation: 2  2  1
a b a b

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( , )

Horizontal Vertical

 x  h   y  k   y  k    x  h
2 2 2 2

Equation: 1 Equation: 1
a2 b2 a2 b2

x2 y2 y2 x2  x h   y k  y k   x h

2 2 2 2
Equation:  1  1 1 1
a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2
Orientation: Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical
Center:  0,0  0,0  h, k  h, k
Vertices:  a,0  0, a  ha, k  h, k a
Co-vertices:  0, b  b,0  h, k b  hb, k
Foci:  c,0  0, c  hc, k  h, k c
Endpoints of  b2   b2   b2   b2 
LR:  c,     , c  h c, k    h  , k  c
 a  a   a  a 
a a a a
Directrices: x  y  x  h y k 
e e e e

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Find the vertices, foci, eccentricity, the equation of

Example 1 the asymptotes, the length of the latus rectum, and
sketch the graph of the hyperbola 4 y  9 x  36 .
2 2

Solution: Transform the given equation of the hyperbola to standard form.

y2 x2
4 y2  9x2  36   1
9 4
Transverse axis is on the y-axis:
a2  9  a  3 b2  4  b  2
Center:  0,0
Vertices:  0,0 a  0,03  0, 3

Covertices:  0b,0  0 2,0  2,0

Example 1 Solution: Other Properties of Hyperbola

Sketch:
Foci: c2  a2 b2  93 13 c  13


F  0 13,0 
c 13
Eccentricity: e   1.202
a 3

a 3
Asymptotes: y  x  y  x
b 2

Length of Latus Rectum:

2b2 2 2 8
2

LR   
a 3 3

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Find the equation of the hyperbola which has the

Example 2 foci of the ellipse 9 x 2  4 y 2  36 as vertices and
the vertices of the ellipse as the foci. Sketch the
graph.

Solution: Transform the given equation of the ellipse to standard form.

ELLIPSE: HYPERBOLA:
2 2
x y Orientation: Conjugate Hyperbola
9x2  4 y2  36   1
4 9 Center:  0,0
Orientation: Vertical Ellipse
a2  9  a  3 b2  4  b  2
 
Vertices: 0,  5 a 5

Center:  0,0
Foci:  0, 3  c  3
Vertices:  0,0a  0,03  0, 3 b2  c 2  a 2  9  5  4
b2
Covertices:  0b,0  0 2,0  2,0 Covertices:
Foci:  0,0c  0,0  
5  0,  5  0b,0  02,0  2,0

Example 2 Solution: Other Properties of Hyperbola

c 3 Sketch:
Eccentricity: e   1.3416
a 5

a 5
Asymptotes: y  x  y  x
b 2

Length of Latus Rectum:

2b2 2 2
2
8 8 5
LR    
a 5 5 5
Endpoints of Latus Rectum:
 4 5 
ELR   , 3
 5 

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Find the center, the vertices, the co-vertices, the length of

Example 3 transverse axis, the conjugate axis and the latus rectum, the
eccentricity, the foci and the equation of directrices of the
hyperbolas 9 x  16 y  36 x  96 y  252  0 .
2 2

Solution: Transform the given equation of the hyperbola to standard form.

9x2 16 y2  36x  96 y  252  0 Equation in Standard Form:

 x  2   y  3 1
2 2

9x2  36x 16 y2  96 y  252

16 9
9 x2  4x 16 y2  6 y  252 Orientation: Horizontal Hyperbola
Center:  2,3
   
9 x  4x  4  16 y  6 y  9  252  36  144
2 2

a2 16  a 4
9 x  2 16 y  3  144
2 2

b 9 
2
b 3
9 x  2 16 y  3 144
2 2

 c  a b 169  25
2 2 2

144 144 c2  25  c 5

Example 3 Solution: Other Properties of Hyperbola

c 5
Center:  2,3 Eccentricity: e   1.25
a 4
Vertices: 2 a,3   24,3 Asymptotes:
V1   6,3 and V2   2,3 b 3
y  x  k  y  x  k @ 2,3
a 4
Covertices:  2,3b   2,33 3
 3   2 k k 126k 18;6
CV1   2,6 and CV2   2,0 4
3 3 3 9
y1  x  and y2  x 
Foci:  2c,3   25,3 4 2 4 2
F1   7,3 and F2   3,3 Length of Latus Rectum:
2b2 2 3 18 9
2
Length of Transverse Axis  2a  2 4  8 LR    
a 4 4 2
Length of Conjugate Axis  2b  2 3  6

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Example 3 Solution: Other Properties of Hyperbola

Endpoints of Latus Rectum: Sketch:

 9
ELR  25,3 
 4

a 4 16
Directrices:d   
e 5 5
4
16 16
x  h  x  2
5 5
26 6
x1  and x2 
5 5

Find the center, the vertices, the covertices, the length of

Example 4 transverse axis, the conjugate axis, the eccentricity, and the
foci of the hyperbola  x  12  y  2 2
 1
16 25
Solution:
 x 1   y  2  1
2 2
Vertices:1 a,2  1 4,2
16 25 V1   5,2 and V2   3,2
Orientation: Horizontal Hyperbola
Covertices: 1,2  b  1,2  5
Center: 1,2 CV1  1,7 and CV2  1, 3
a2 16  a4
b2  25  b5 Foci: 1 c,2  1 41,2 
c2  a2 b2 16 25  41   
F1  1 41,2 and F2  1 41,2 
c2  41 c  41 Length of Transverse Axis  2a  2 4  8
c 41
Eccentricity: e   1.601 Length of Conjugate Axis  2b  2 5  10
a 4

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Example 4 Solution: Other Properties of Hyperbola

Endpoints of Latus Rectum: Sketch:

 25 
ELR  1 41,2 
 4

a 4 16
Directrices: d   
e 41 41
4
16 16
x  h  x 1
41 41
4116 4116
x1  and x2 
41 41

References

You may study hyperbolas by watching these videos.

1. Conic Sections: The Hyperbola part 1 of 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6vM82SNAUk

2. Conic Sections: The Hyperbola part 2 of 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Xahrwp6LkI

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