2024

CBSE CIass 10
RISE OF

NATIONALISM
IN EUROPE
BEST HANDWRITTEN
NOTES

Vishal Chaudhuri
Introduction
this ueny fnst Chapteh of Closs (oh Kistony we ane Gnomg to See a vehy Small
pant of the wonld Histohy which Commects wh the Rise of Nationa lsm im Cunope and
mouements Relcated to it Fon mams of You this Chapten is a BIG TASK to Undenstamd
but on Padha AK Mazo "T am Confident that this Chapten Aften this motes &Lectone on
Pkm wll be Set Pemonenty in Bnain CBMS -Bncam ma Set)
The First Paint

F R A
TE

Statue of LibentyTonch of
Enl1ghtenment
Fnance ,ocmany
AuSnia
Rghts
of Men

OS

Fig. 1 - The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republicso The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by
Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.

Shattened Remains
of the Sym bols of
the Absolut1st CMonahichal)
Tnst1tutons

n 1848 Fnedenc Sonnieu a French Ant1st Peponed this pamts Repnesenting his
Dneam of a wonld made up of Demo chatic amd SocIal Republics and Call them the
Fnst Pamt Repnesentmg his Utopion UsIon CSeaety that is So idel that is Unhkely
to Exst in Realtty
This Chapten Deals wth many ssues vsualised by Sonhieu Hne Donng (qth Centuny
Natonalism Emenge as a fonce which came urth A lot of Dnastc im the
Poltical& Mental Wonld f Eunope
Nation State
he Gnd Resutt o the Chomges was the Emenqemce of Natom Stote im Ploce of Multi -
Dymastc emp1nes of Eonope
ony the Concept was mohe of Centnal1sed powen Duen a Defmed tennitony , but
Natiom `tate was a Concept which was mone Depenclent on Sense f Collectue
belomgmg Comon identity Shoned hstony this Concept wGs Cleanly Explamod by
Enmst Renan

Ernst Renan Nation?

QEnmest Penam qlues the Detinat1on of Naton State as
Gtzens of a maton State Enes the Sense of Collectiue belongtnq and Common
Tdentty
A Naton State is evdlued fnom Common stony of Stnuggles Gmd Common Actions of
Leadens

French Revolution And ldea Of Nation

9 Ihe funst Clean aut Foce ofe the Natonali Sm Come wrth the Fnench Reuoluthom of I789
Ahe Pevolution phoclamed that it wos the People who cam maHe the mato
Couen &a Ghenman amanac- Designed by
Andneas Rebmamm - Shous the French
Bastile Stommesd by Reuolutonany Oowd
Accompanyng by the Slogcm MThe people must
Sene thein on fheedom"
e Fnench Revoluhon paued the way fon modem
Naton SAate the polihcal and Consttutional Changes
And Fnench Reuokuton led to the tnansfen ot monanchy to tne bosdy Guouenn by
fncnch Citnens and also emphass1ng the nat1on as a unted Commumty
nench Reuduton aso mthoduce Some mew deas etls dsuss about thcm

ldeas introduce by French Revolution

hene wene vanOUs Steps taken by fnench Reuolutionanes to homote idea of
Jatonalsm

The deas of la patrie" (The Faihen land ) and "La Gtoyen" (The Citinen > Cmphassed
Amew French Glag the tncoloun, was chosen to neplace the fonmeh hoyal Standand
 )The estcte Geneal was elected by the bosy of Actue Citztns and nenamed as the
national asembly
W New hymns wene Composed Daths- taken and mantyns commem onated all in the nane
of the naton

9 A Centnalsed Admimispatlve Sstem was put in plae dnd Unifonm laus oehe FonTmulatd fon all
Gtnens

Tntenal Customs dutes and dues wene abloished cmd a unionm System of weug hts and
measucs wás Adoptcd

O Fnench was phomotcd as a natonal language

Jacobin clubs
When the mews of cuents n Fnance eached the diffenent Cites of euho pe Students
amd then Tmembens of educated mddle Classes beqan Setting up Jacobin clubs.

"Ihcin ativities and Campaiqns paucd the way Fon Pnch Amies wh1ch moUC
mto Holland,Belgum, Swtzenland and much ok Ttaly in the n90s

Napoleonio Code OR Civil Code Of 1804

Thnough a nctunm to monanehy Napoleon hod, no doubt Destnoged
Demochay in Fnante

But in the Admn1sthatue Feld he had Tnconponated Revolutiom ahy VAILEDIT

Principles in Onden to make the whole System mohc hatoncal and
efficient

The Cauul Code of IBo4 - usually known as the Napoleomie Cosde

has the fellowing Poles
O Did away with al priuleqes based on Bnth. - B
Estalblished equalty befone the LQw. -L Inick = BPL
3 Secuncd the niqht to pnoperty -?

Ihis Code was exponted to the negions unden fnemeh Contnol

In the Dutch Republe in Suatzen land , im IBaly and Gnenmány Napoleom Smpli frecd
Admm1stnatue Diuisions, abolis hecl the feudal System and fnee pcasents
Enom mamonial Duties
 Inamsport ond CommunIcaton Systems wene impnoued
Peasentsntsans,wonkehs and new busmesTmen enoyed a new-foUnd fnecd om
Howevehn m the aheas Conquened the eactions of the local populahon to french hule
was

In nans places Such as Moiland and Surtae land ,s well as in Centain Gties hhe Bnuels
Mamt milan and Wansaw, the Fhench ames wehe welcomed a han bing ens of borty
But the initial enthusiasm Soon tuhned mto hostality C Agamst o it become clean that
the new admimistnative anhangemtnts did not go hand in hand with pol1tcal fneedom
Lncacased tasaton Censonshp, fonced Conschiption mto the Frcnth anmies cquincd to Conquen
the nest of eunope

Making of Nationalism in Europe

Haye YoU euen wondened what wc Know today the Countn1es hKe Grmany Ttaly
Suuntzenland as thcy wehe hke as we sce today the answch 's No in md - ig*h
Centony these wche diuded tnto Kengdoms whose nulet as thcin autonomous temtonies

Thcy did not Shane Collectwe Tdentty OR Common Cultune Some impontant factons ane
thene whch ed to thc se of nathonalsm m Eonope

TRse of the mew mddle Class

The Soncad of deology of Lubenalsm
The se of nevoluton ahics
Libenal Natomalsm

Liberalism oR Liberal Nationalism

&The tem Lubenaltsm Denuocd fhom Latin noot Lben mcanmq Free
t Has Different Meaning For Different Society's
he mcan1ng of Lbehal1sm for mew Mddle class s mdiudual frecd om and eqvalty
befon Law

92 Poltkoalls Lbenalum Emphas1zes the Concept of Grouehment by peo plc

Zolleverin
T Th 834 a CUstom Union 2olleuenim was formed at the mitatue of Pensica and
Joncd by the most of the Gen man State thi Unon abloshed tanft banhichs
and duce thc no of Curhe mLICS fnom 30 to 2
A New Conservatism After 18I5
Afton thc defeat of napoleon in i8IS EunDpean gouement wwc dniucn by thc Sprit of
Consenuatism

onsenuatsm:- A philosophy that pnefenncd gnadual dcuelo prmcmt mstead ot quIcK

Change
Consenuatwes beleve that estabish ng a tnaditonal Insttuton of State and sSoue ty

The Cuncopeon pos ike Bnitain Russa, Prussa and Austna who hod Collectuely defeat
Napoleon met at vienna to dop Sette ment fon &uhopc as they dhew theaty of Uenna

Treaty of vienna
et's D1scuss the majon pomts of tnecaty of Venna
"The Baunbon dymasly whch has been duposed duhmg the Frénch revolution was ncstoncd
to pouen

Fance Last the tenntonies which he gain uden he Dapoleon .

) A Seies of State was set up boundan1es of Enance pncuenled fon ExpansiDn in Futune.
9Geman Confedenahon of 3Q state that had been set up by Napoleon was lelt Untouched

Greek war of independence

An eucnt that mob1 l2ed Natonalst Feeling amonq the Educatd Elte CIChOSS
Eunope was Gncek won of Independence

Gmeek has becn the pont of the ottoman Empenoh Smce the 1S th Centuny +he gnowth
Of Reuolutonahy Nation alsm n Eunope s pant of Ouh Sthuggle foh ndependente
among the Gnce K which began n 18a

The stnuggle fon mdependencc Stanted in i8al and the Theaty of Constant1nople of
I83a necogmined Gneece as an Tndependent Natiom .

REMINDER
o REVISE
o RETAN
o LEARN
The Revolutionaries
Dunmg the
Spnang up
1gIs the foah of nepNeSSAON dhoue many Asbenal natomaksts undeNgnaund. The Sechcet
in many conopean States to thain nauolutonahes and Sp»cad thcin Ideas

O To be nuolotonans that time ment a Commitment to Dppose monanchial fonms that

had been establ1shed Afton Vema Conghess

Onc Such TndwIdval was Ttalan Reuoluthonany

Giloscppe Mcnini
Mazimi was bohn in Genoa in 1807 he became the
membeh ot Secneat Society of the Canbonani
As a young man of 24 he was Sent to Exle in 1831 fon
attempting a hcUdluhon in Lgonia

te fanded tuo mone undongnound Soaichcsfinst, Young Ttaly

im Monselles amd then Young Eunope in Benne whose Manini
Tmcm bes wenc uke mmmded

u Young mon fhom poland France and Ttuly and the Gernman Stato . Marzini belued
that God had Tnten ded natons to be the matUhal units of manimd

Mettonch descabe him cs The most dangenous Enemy of Qun Soial Ondon !

The Age Of Revolutions (830-1848

A Ihe fonst vphea val tooK place in Fnance n duly IR30

Ihe Banbon Aings who had beem nestoncc to poweh duhinq the consehuahuc eactio
afto 9IS,we now Ouothnowm bu Liberal neuolutOTanies who mstalicd a Consttuton al
monanchy with Louis Philippe at its hcocd

when Fhance snaces, Mettenmch Once neman KedThe nest of Eunope Catches Cold

Emergence of Nationalist Felings

The Deelopment of natonalsm did mot Come about only bs wans and tenitoral
Expunsions . oltune plays am mpohtamt hole n Gaccting dea of mahon
Ant and poetny , Stones and music helped to eapnes and Shape the natonalst feelings

Romant antsts and poets aitiased the glonification of neason and Science
Focussmg on emohons mtuiton amd myshal feelings they taied to Cheate a Sense of
Collectiue heutage.ex- Fredenic Sonied, John Gottied Keden
 Note

Hunger Hardship And Revolt

Ihe I830s wne he yeans of gaeat comomic handshp in Eunope . Because of a
The fnst hall of the 1qth Centuny Suw an enomous Inchease in populahon all oueh the
&unope Populaton from nunal Anccs minate to cties to lwe in Ouon chowd ed
Slums

The mischy of the wohKens im town was teme in Igus ,weauehs of Silesia Dillage had
led a NEUOlt agumst Contnactohs who Suppled them naw matenial and quue them
Onden fon Fmishcd textles but dhastcally neduce thein paymtnts
In 1848,food Shohtage and Widesprcad unemployment bnouqht the populahon of Panit
Out on noads

1848:The Revolution of Liberals

Ln pants of eunope iKe Gcnmany Tialy poland the Austno- Hunganian Empine
men amd woman of the libenal middle Class combme thih demands fon Chatom
of a mahon Statc

MayRevolution
On ieth may ,I84B,831 clectd hcphcsentahucs mcnchcd n a festivC phocess on to take
thein places in the EnankEunt Panliament Conutnted In the Chuhth of st Poul

They dnaltd a Constitution fon a Germon mathon to be headed by a moncnchy Sulgjeceted

to a pahlamtn t

When the deputes offered the Ghown on these teams to Frie dnch whetm 1 King of Pnoss1a
he nyected it and domed Othen monanchs to oppose the elected cosem bly

lhe Panlament wos domimated by middlce Classwho nesist the demamds of wonKers amd
antsams and Conseq ucntty last theh Suppont Tn the end , thoops wene called in and thc
cssem bly was fanced to dsband

lssue of Political Rights to Woman

"The (ssue of ertandmg poltcal Agrts to womam was c Contho bchsial Ome within the Luberal mouen ent

wich lange mo oE woman had pontc1pated actuely Oueh the Jeans.

Woman fonmed thein oum polhcal assoaatons Poumded meuspapens and taKe pat in polkheal moue ments
In 188 the ConseNUahuc fonces Abl to Supres hbenal momes but Coold mot hcstoht the old Ondeh
Unification of Germany
Ihe Einst attempt was made by the middie Class who in Ig4e tny to Unte the diffenent egtons
of the Gehman Confiqunathon mto A Naton state gouenncd by an Elected Phesident

But they ane mot able to do this, Aften the defecat of benal middle Class The phocess of
Genman unficat ton was Contimued by Pensio it's Chief mmisto otto Von BismohK

A Bismank camed out ths phoces wnth the help of pensuan anmy and Buneaucnaty
he majoh euents thot Ouun unm the time of umfcaton of Ghomany wehe
The wan wrth Austna, Dewmank and Fhonee nunnin Ouen 7Yeons ended with PrussIan
Victony and Completd the phocess of Unification
n gt Jomuans (871 an assembly hauing pimces of Gremman States , repnesentatues
otto Uon Bismank pnoclamed the mew Goman empine headed by
Kaisen wiliam I of PruUSSI CA

Ihe new State placed a Stnong emphass on modenmsing the CunTEy , bankimg legal
and dudcial Systems in Gomany

Unification of ltaly
Duning the mid iQth Ccntony Iraly was duuded Imto Scucn States Out of whh Only
one Stute Sandinia Pedoment was nuled by an Ttulin Princely Mouse

Contribution of Famous Personalities

Role of Mazzini

He was the leaden of nepublcan pnty whle in exile in I821

he founded a new oppo siton calied Young Tialy
a Secnect Soiety

But Both newolutionany upsngs I831 and 1848 faled

Manini
Role of Cavour
o Cavoun became the chief mmsten of pedmont im I95a
Me was nerthen Reuolutionahy mot a demo chaie but he is
Known as the neal maKen of Iialy thnoug h Kis tactfol
and diplomahe Alliance wth fnance he Succecded in
Defeating Austman fontes m Igsa

Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi

" Centnal Eiqune of Dnifcation of Italy

o TIn I833 he mct Mcaini ond yom the neuclutonany young tals mouem ent
o He was the heno of Red Shnt Reuolutionony mouement im I86o he mach
mto South Ttaly amd Kinqdom of two Shces and Succeded
M winninq the Suppont o tnc local agents in Onden to
dntue out he Spunsh nulchs.

o In 186I the finst pankament Ncpresentmg the whole Ttaly

aSsemble whch pomade fonmulae upon Vton Emm anuel
Rnd the ttle of Kinc of Ttaly

Strange Case of the Britain

$e the model of naton on the matiom State , Some Scholons houe angued is Gmeat Bhatain
he ormatiom cf nat1on sBate wos mot Result of a Sudden upheavel on Reuolution
hene was no Brtish maton pmion to igth Centuny Ihe prmany identtes of people oho
mhabled the Bntish Tles wene Ethmic omes Such as Engl1sh welsh,Sot &Iish
g The Enqlsh naton Sted1y Gnou in Wealth ,Tmpontamce and powern nd was able to Exterd
Imfluence ouen the othen natuns of he islands was the mstnument thhough whch
a maton State wth England come to Fone The Act of Unon CInos blw Englond
t Scotlcmd Resulted in the fonmation of (UK)

D APten this England was able to mpose Resthictions on Scotland amd Bmitish
Panliomemt wos Dom1nated by Englsh membens amd Scotland Sutfen tenibol Restnicttons
Tneland also Suffened a Smilan fate Countny was Dee ply Duded between
Catholics e Pnotestants
*F In 1801 A new 'Bnitish Naton' was maked thnough the pnopagahon of a Dominant
Englhsh Cultune
lhe Symboles of mew Bnitain the Fag CUnion JacK) the Nutional Anthem CGhod
Saue Oun Noble King)
The Enghsh language wene actucly Phomoted and Oklen nat1ons Somuved
as a Subondinafc panten in this Union

Visualisingthe Nation
A The pens omif1cation C IEtanU) of the Naton is caled Usuals1ng of the Neto

ThePemale ohm that was chosen to pensonty the nahon

did mot Stand foh amy pantculcn woman in neal te
The female become the allegohy of thc Dahon

ATh rance the emale allegony was Maname and Gemana

became the altegoNy of Grehmcavn nahon

Gemamia weans the Chown of Oak leaues as t Stands Con

henolsm

Balkans:The source of tension

BalKans was a Peguon comphisng of modem dy l ountnies
G Thehe mhabitants wene bncdels Kmoun cs Slaves

A lanqe paort of BulKam was unden thc Contnol of oHoman Enpthe

The Bal Nom arca became thc conca of intonse Conflct each powenful ountny WOs Kccy
On conthol Ouen the ahca

This led to the Soucs of ws m the cqion an finally Finst Wonlc wah

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