IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Ql. Current Mirror ‘Ans. Acircuit in which output current is forced to'equal to the input current. Output current is a mirror image of input current. Once the current I, is set up, Io, is automatically established to the nearly equal to I,. Current mirror is a special case of constant current bias, and it is used to setup constant emitter current in differential amplifier stages. Q, and Q, are identical transistors Voes = Voge Tog 7 Toys Tg ‘Bt To the junction of Q, and Q, Emitters At VB,Fourth Semester, Analog Bletronics-IT ; | LP. Universi rising of precision full wave | versity (B.Tech, i ain the wo P Peete, | )-AB Publisher 2017-3 at diagram, exp! ion Rectifiers -o . Ok) | | z | | Vu = a¥rot Q-cv =o a ig = Sot oty, = a = can rectly signals of ery Wee BGs cy are non saturating one, The pect Wy theo tate of the. | ‘amp, The operation ofthe ckt using 741 is usually restricted below 1 KHz, 1. The gain of differentiator circuit = ~-FE- XC, 1 So gain Tes with frequency ae, At high frequencies differentiator become unstable and break into osclation. i. ‘output will not be differential of input, or circuit will become unstable. Practical differrentiator & asx0, = = Ug Vpn =-0.7V jedance of basic differentiation cireuit ~ XC, (input important of fier = R,) 2 ‘and thereby cireut willbe sensitive to (2) Simp ON Gner Taput impedance Le’ with Tin frequency, (i) Ditferentiator: = high frequency noise See | “The stability and high reas 3 poems can comet ym addition of y= bt eOh nip compononts Cy and R, practicalpth oes ete Fen OUT CRNATION (FEB. 2017) creek a volagn converte. FOURTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] | f ANALCS ELECTRONICS-II [ETEC-204] sme she ats No.1 compen Aton quasi a Explain acho te lowing insane (a) Show that an OpArpcanbeued aa such and bed aaewitchand sean ampli, Ans. Op-Amp as a switch: Op-Amp in o} " Joop configuration can work as switch in which the." swings between two saturation states (+ Vog | of Veg) due to very igh open oop gai. Yaa | dtV,,>Vrrthen Vauy=+ Voo v Adevice that produce a voltage port to input signal current is alled a current Vou rar them Vout == Vor vice that produce voltage proportional einput signal curentis called a Jo voltage converter In this eeu, a ‘or photomultiplier tube that provises ‘Op-Amp as an Amplifier: Op-Amp can be used as inverting and non-inverting to voltage eoverter In this iret ah 5 Provides. | aplfier with some external feedback componente such as resistor, capacitor es, ae con roporional to the git fx bu indapendent ofthe lad impedance onnetedt the inserting input terminal of OPamp. feouack components determine the rerlting function or operation ofthe amp Fon =2F] : = “EM Application : It is used in sensing current from photodetectors and in digital to : aR i ansiog converter applications eo He x Pl ble multivibrator and also draw the output MM.:30 ) vravtorm and find hequeneyoforelaion whaely = ~% Ry : Fig, Inverting Amplifier wn Rem 0.4.0) plain the importance ofthe parameter CMRR of diferential! he Pag eer Th ai oir amplifiers eet certain psofudesied erat | tame OM ke noise. Ameasure of his rejection of signals common to both inputs Ryo 16K jis referred as CMRR. Vog = AVVO “A guia ofiforentil amplifier WY, Cy = differential signal 1 Vy = ait gna ws 1 2 2 dy-) @ % Ven 3M Average level of tio signals rc) 6) ‘oltage vg ja negative or positive respectively.po ea 2 LP. University-4B.Tech,}-AB Publisher 207-7 | 6-2017 Fourth Senester, Analog Electronics “oan Putting 4) and 6 © anda totho sone j= 0 leads to the concept 1 +t AM ty cept atthe input tothe op-amp thee ex y, jut current lows into this circuit because ofinfine inp nekoere esi Vou = Aa + Ae Von ‘Thus feedback voltage gain put resstanco (Ideally R=) Ae Ste joe alt We ye og = Athy CMRR = AyAny ; Aye -% 1. (c) Discuss the conditions for self-sustained oseillation in feedback z ‘amplifiers. (2.5) ‘Why level shifters are used in Op-Amps? Draw the circuit diagram "Ans, The lowing conditions are required tobe fulfilled for sustained oscillations, 3 a @ "The loop gain of the cireuit must be equal to (or slightly greater than) unity, lyan emitter follower crit which s used to shifthe de level at ee ae ightly greater than) unity. output ofthe intermediate stage downward ta zero wink. ground, Level shifter also Dates atari reese | eget aan ete emake one circuit can be given as — va * YuVon®= 0217 AL A> Tap sen Af = ten y= than infiteima signal (oie vlag) ean provide smart expat velit the cao to anodlaar even wiiou ania ct {1 ( Draw the equivalent rut ofan Op-Amp. Bxplain the concept viral ground Op Amp a as) | @2.)A741 Op-Amp IC is used as an inverting amplifier with gain 50. The | {eitat upto 60 KHz. What is the maximum voltage gain V, frequency curve of 741s flat up to 50 KH | peak to peak input signal that can be applied without distorting the output Slow rato for 741 Is 08 VS. » Fg, Vil ground in he opamp, Ans. SR= 2ntV, sR Te vote sain otonmpa,« = ‘when v,, is differential voltage between i \ . ‘abxiiPela, m between inp term nee Kia bey fay ate Vs" FegudxGOx1 2xS.14% 60x10" a ie oa For voltage Gain A, = 50 i TeeallyA, = 0 age Gain, es vn = 4 vows eo the 30 Vous = SLB mV.orth Semester, nag Beto nin Fig 1 fina diferent ol Sa ee oir for all transistags (5) 82017 . 2:0 Forth trots amo sie gain and input resistance. Ans. By KCL 1407 Ile, + BB Ree 2 a -1 w Tey{1+2} 40.95.10 ' ( 3) 15-02 2 = Te{1+2]+0.25x10% tea + fo(tep)saasein ua Ttay = 102%, +025 x10 (0.95025) 10% » 1.02%, it and fe = Ve 0.006 = 18.46 x10°9=18.46 ma | LP. University-(B-Tech)}AB Publisher 2017 | Ay = ~8,R, ~~ 18.46% 10 10 «10° = 1940 Now Ip = Bly ow Te = 8,¥, Te = Bn tel from equation (1) & (2) | B= Bar B00 1" pm Ta46x107 | = 149 0 ’ Ve = 15 -Ieq x 10° = 15-095 «10° x 10x10? = 15-35-15 Volt. Explain the use of an Op-Amp as a comparator. Discuss any two applications of comparator. o ‘Ans. Acomparator is a circuit which compares signal voltage applied at one input ‘an op-amp sith known reference voltage at the other input. It is basically an open 1p op-amp with output =v. (=v,.) a8 shown in ideal transfer characteristics in ig. Y _Nonizero lovel Detector: Types 1.Nom-inverting comparator 2. Jverting comparator . | () input and time varying signal v, is 'A fixed referénce voltage Uj is applied to (-) input. but, The output voltage is at ~p,f0F0,< Yq and Uy $005 £0 #2, (OF inverting comparator just interchange the v, and p,-shown in figure R Fig, Non-nverting eomy Laogden Banden 50 saga rn 'Y dary sty asso ts Fy pu" sagen Bu ra ea one, aan -ivopt axe sdury-do omy © oun oumesy) Ha wresnoyssnasr.9M3 70" sByToR REINO TT PHA) ED ven A ery 0 7a A 8 wy unas oeay00 wa ranean gle ; are ysethuon £280 ee "Aspue™y + uoownaq ae ‘nao Purse 28s anon oan yt dtd mqpon aired wmf = HED yom = reat TIRE EV-CERL Pea gy au 4 {So oor sm MM BHE ws whos No om 90 HRB oto oy Put matcroann yndino ev inde; ia soroniog suiacioaey ge “spn buns ane yu seed 8613, ‘Nojoroq Buyer 0297 4 102-0 mune rey MSHS AL eoFourth Semester, Analg Blctonics-I v= (08a - (1+ GPJaz=ra ve 120, : = Ratt ve Ba volt 4. (a) Draw the cireult of Wein bridge oscillator, Derive the expression for frequency of osellation and condition for oscillation. @) ‘Ans. Wein Bridge Osilate ‘Wienbridge osiatr onsets suet gar an mt ampier big A wih or 8" at -eedhack newton conting 2 in IRC vctons. When, reduce any phase ene ion, < i t= stint ye ie 2 aet , feedback network doo 8 [LP Usivesty-B.Tsh-AB Plisher Wein Bridge Oscillator ql yee 2017-13 rostow y= Gig: Fr = 28 Redraw the feedback eu ransomed in’ domain. Lk yo) = BSG" RESTA | 1 _RCS+1 gi) = Roo BS! V9) gee Yn Fee” Subsite for 25,218 ees Vp = es + RS Ros | » ROS sR A, ate atage ginofontrobame= Ys)" ie Abel \ aes Fe), ROS (iE wostranarai -* ‘PatS=ju, equating real and imaginary ptt, | (1-3 }noe ah Cw 1 | oP a age board | fo RoRy = Ry Qe (0) What are the nies assoc! How exn a practical integrator overcome these disadvi Ans. by KCL # ‘ ie Vy _RFourth Semester, Analog Blectronies-Il END TERM EXAMINATION [MAY-JUNE 2017) FOURTH SEMESTER [B.TECH] ANALOG ELECTRONICS-II [ETEC-204] ‘Time :3hrs. . MM.:75, ‘Note: Attempt any five question including Q. No. which is compulsory Q.1. (a) Explain Op-Amp as Voltage Follower, Op-Amp as a buffer amplifier acts asa unity gain amplifier or voltage follower. For non-inverting connection f Op-amp, as shown in fig. the voltage gain a, = 1+ke 4 a Rp o a1 y aod ‘Thus the input signal will be amplified with unity gain or the output will input signal 1. ) Discuss Push-Pull power Amplifier. Ans, Class B push-pull operation is the same as that for the class. A operation except that the devices’ are biased at cut-off. It gives higher operating efficiency laput vranletmer pped secondray re identical butin phase oppesition. sng biased further off when transistor Q, @ als. Thus when V; is going positive, ‘increases from zero, it produces a haltie feats eae | LP, University-(B.Tech,}-AB Publisher 2017-19 Aus Fhe Vivi? ae oo t0Q, bogie to go negative; the signal aig, | ae Q, comes biased of again, @ i biased on o positive. aye waveform is generated across the lower primary winding of | half eycles in reporate halves of the primary of the produce a magnetic flux in the transformer core, which flows. tenn th ponte recon Ti Ua with en ot ‘put transformer and generates ao output, which is passed on . | Similarly . joad. Thus, in the class B circuit, the two transistors are said to operating in (Fre push-pull. i QL. (©) Explain with a diagram how a band pass filter be realized. where ec ‘Ans. Wide Band Pass Filter: A wide band pass filter can be formed by : 1. (d) Bxplain working of a Colpitts Oscillator and find its frequency of cascading high pass and low pass sections SEEN Sesformance though such a circuit canbe realized by a numberof leuits To form a= 20 4B’ cecade band pass iter, Stdor low pass suctions are easeaded for a= 40@B/ decade band passf $ibn pave iter anda second ordor low pass iter are connected n series, and so Bien Paes ti oder ofthe bund pace ier is governed bythe order of the high p End lowpass flter it consists of ae shan pase ter composed o first onde highpass ter | and a frst order low pass filter. | [ieee Oscillation. = © ‘Ans. Colpitt's oscillator ‘output votage luctor and two: juired phase shift between amplifier output ing frequency | ESeevwork (hy 6, 0:Cy) provides the integer — Fi rr pe eee eeeligce ella and ace aa ert | Thabo ther equesey 120 dildecade: “Phe filter circuit resonates at the desired oscillating frequency. For resonance Kot capacitance in parallel withthe inductance ar enilatng frequency L4—Pass band-r—Stop—> 1 ‘band = Ile OC, : Where C= oe! } | 20-2017 Fourth Semester, Analog Electronics-II So ABz 1 1,4 A=3¢ Q.1. (e) Draw and explain the transfer characteristics of OTA. © proportional fe an input voltage. The constant of propartionalityis the transconductance of the amplifier. Tr - ~ fy = GaVin=Ga(Vi- Vd where g, is the transconductance or gain of the OTA. It is possible to very g, over ‘wide range by means of an external control current Ig ely, 02 03 Fig. Symbol of OTA Fig. Transfer characteristics of OA A plot of output current Jy as @ function of (V, ~ V,) is shown in figure. 8 trantconductanes amplifier basically computes tanhypeboli. It eperte linea | Greuit and Opamp operates in open lo, rex 1 small range of inputs and smoothly transita to aaturation. Mi-Ve Vp and Sm SO LP. University-(B.Toch,)-AB Publisher 2orr-an Q.2. Explain the working of a basic integrator sroblems Associated with it using bode plot, How itis sarc oe ota problems vl itis revolved using Losey — «25 5 . by KCLat node N Hiro, tr. R or an? Be, a at Bop Intorgrating both sides, we get 1 RiGr In phasor notation the above equation can be written as Jocee sain 1 & = BG, fina requoney at which the gain ofintogrators 8B Problem associated with integrator: At de, the capacitor CF behaves as an open gin an infinite gain which is not where red. ‘The solution of above problem is the practical integrator cieuit in which a parallel Re ination of Ry Cp is used. The resistor Rp limits the low frequency (de) gain to "Ry ‘nd thus provides de stabilization. me a eels 2 !22-2017 Fourth Semester, Analog Blestronies-II Gainin 8 Yegrator Fig. Frequency response of a basic and practical Integrator by KOL at inverting node + 80pm) 42 <0 % Vis) 1 (s) is) = Ru ‘amor EE IAL = = Z ain “3 Gao \ 3 Ryle or NAL = yutRiCh J nf RpCr? Rp ly Wh eG ta 1 where = DaRrCp xy at which the gain is~3dB below from {is a fread ius where the usful integration rang low frequency. fy : at imum gain Ry) ‘Tf the input frequery LP. University-(B.Tech,}-AB Publisher 2017-23 fis lower than f, the circuit acts like a simple inverting amplifier and no integration results. To get the 99% accurancy the input frequency should be 10 times greater than fy Q8. (a) Using comparator, how do you achieve Zero Crossing Detector? (6) Ans. Refer to Q.3. (a) of End Term Exam 2017 8. (b) plain ip bia current and how it is compensated using Rang ) Ans. Input Bins Curs currents entering into the no eurrent is drawn from the input terminals ;put bias current IB is the average value of the smp. In an idealop-amp, we assume that 1, = A i a J, = 500 nA oress for bipolar op-amp at room temperature, Considering the basic inverting amplifier ciruit, iV, is set to zero volt, the Vp should also be zero, but practically Vis offset by Ye = (ia)Re Fig. inverting amplifier wth bias current | with 1 ma feedback resistor | Yq = 600nAx1m0=500m¥ (because of bias eurrent IB) Je. This effect can be compensated by a resistor Rey ing input terminal and ground. | Analysis: | By RVL, weet | Yo = VV, t22017 ourth Semester Analg Metonio-IL Fg Sie Cunt Componsaton ‘by scleing propor value of Ruy, V canbe canceled and V, willbe 10 Y= Bay = Tew ‘Tho noel veltage a node's iY % Now ue % we sea ue for compensation V, shouldbe eal Vy By HCL a nde rye heh Fy May dite = Be Rh | RRe Aemuiing oy [ _ ; Romp ae Rane * Tie lp « ag = Bly QA. (a) How do you achiove Monostable Multivibration using Op-Amp? Determine it's time period ‘Ans. Monostable multivibrator:Ithas only one stable state (Case : If triggering pulse not connected D,willeonduc trough Ry [LP Univesty-B-Tech)-AB Publcher aox.as wa Ya = Yrs? “Sherk ty date Dy witverscnt oy tal eet erie sig | vee ty Y= ae with, VE ste ste tate malian Yow Caso 1:10 yeeiggering pale isconnaetnd | Dewi be condueting very hesiy and Cychangestowsids(DV,-Vp) | opamp emititety. | “ew aie, wit revere cai and, begins aha exponential toward “At Vg % =< SC be Ans, Charactoristies of Ideal OP Amp, “AM (2) Open oop gain Ag, = (2) Input resistance Z, = (9) Output resistance Z5= 0 Q.7. (a) What is ideal Op-Amp? Discuss the characteristics of ideal Op-Amp- © LP. University-(B.Toch)-AB Publisher (4) Perfect balance condition 2017-31 og = O-%=0 (6) Infinite frequency band width BW== At 2 @ corr = 4 | stv meste 2-2 Vou #0 when ¥,=¥=0 Q7. (b) Draw the circuit of integrator and explain the operation, ofar toQ.2, End Term Examination, 2017. Q8. Write short notes on the following: © (a) OTA . (65) al Transconductance Amplifier (OTA): controlled current source and produces an output current from = g,(V-V9 Kh = Sn Via ‘Whore gq is trinsconductance of OTA and tunable through bias current Ty OTAIC $080 : Pin configuration no—fs etinc om v—p © 7; wee Input ‘Tominae 3 v— ce 6 output e } Mec—4 q sho OTA Properties: Input impedance =32-2017 Fourth Semester, Analog Electronies-IT — Output impedance Zp = ~ Bandwidth BW = — It has higher bandwidth than op-amp. It can be tuned eletronically. — Ithas very simple filter configuration Disadvantages: : — Input differential voltage V,, $ 50mv. — Very sensitive to temperature. Q.8. (b) Schmitt Trigger (6.5) ‘Ans. Op-amp will positive feed back is known as schmitt trigger or regenerative comparator. . moe — 2 — It is a comparator with two reference voltages. # Inverting schmitt trigger ye phase shift between output and input, yr (upper threstiold Voltige) Viz (Lower threshold Voltage) Meat Rit ky Vv, ot Mire Pat Be a BV Vor™ = Yaa Non-inverting schmitt trigger: Output will be in same phase with input.