0517 Global System For Mobile Communication GSM

Globa l Syst e m for M obile
Com m un ica t ion ( GSM )
D e fin it ion
Global system for m obile com m unication (GSM) is a globally accepted stan dard
for digital cellular com m unication. GSM is the nam e of a standardization group
established in 1982 to create a com m on European m obile telephone stan dard
that would formulate specifications for a pan-European m obile cellular radio
system operating at 90 0 MHz. It is estim ated that m any countries outside of
Europe will join the GSM partnership.
Ove r vie w
This tutorial provides an introduction to basic GSM concepts, specifications,
networks, and services. A short history of network evolution is provided in order
set the context for understanding GSM.
Topics
1. Introduction: The Evolution of Mobile Telephone System s
2. GSM
3. The GSM Network
4. GSM Network Areas
5. GSM Specifications
6. GSM Subscriber Services
Self-Test
Correct Answers
Acronym Guide
Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 1/ 19

ht t p: / / www.iec.org The I nt er nat ional Engineer ing Consor t ium
1 . I n t r odu ct ion : Th e Evolu t ion of M obile
Te le ph on e Syst e m s
Cellular is one of the fastest growing and m ost dem anding telecom m unications
applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new
telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are m ore than 45
m illion cellular subscribers worldwide, and nearly 50 percent of those
subscribers are located in the United States. It is forecasted that cellular system s
using a digital technology will becom e the universal m ethod of
telecom m unications. By the year 20 0 5, forecasters predict that there will be m ore
than 10 0 m illion cellular subscribers worldwide. It has even been estim ated that
som e countries m ay have m ore m obile phones than fixed phones by the year
20 0 0 (see Figure 1).
Figu r e 1 . Ce llu la r Subscr ibe r Gr ow t h W or ldw ide
The concept of cellular service is the use of low-power transm itters where
frequencies can be reused within a geographic area. The idea of cell-based m obile
radio service was form ulated in the United States at Bell Labs in the early 1970 s.
However, the Nordic countries were the first to introduce cellular services for
com m ercial use with the introduction of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in
1981.
Cellular system s began in the United States with the release of the advanced
m obile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS stan dard was adopted
by Asia, Latin Am erica, an d Oceanic countries, creating the largest potential
m arket in the world for cellular.
In the early 1980 s, m ost m obile telephon e system s were analog rather than
digital, like today's newer system s. One challenge facing analog system s was the
inability to handle the growing capacity needs in a cost-efficient m anner. As a
result, digital technology was welcom ed. The advantages of digital system s over
analog system s include ease of signaling, lower levels of interference, integration
of transm ission an d switching, an d in creased ability to m eet capacity dem an ds.
Table 1 charts the worldwide developm ent of m obile telephone system s.

Ta ble 1 . The D e ve lopm e nt of M obile Te le ph one Syst e m s
Ye a r M obile Syst e m
1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450
1983 Am erican Mobile Phon e System (AMPS)
1985 Total Access Com m unication System (TACS)
1986 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 90 0
1991 Am erican Digital Cellular (ADC)
1991 Global System for Mobile Com m un ication (GSM)
1992 Digital Cellular System (DCS) 180 0
1994 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
1995 PCS 190 0 —Canada
1996 PCS—United States
2 . GSM
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecom m unications, various system s have
been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented
m any problem s directly related to com patibility, especially with the developm ent
of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these
problem s.
From 1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide between building an analog or
digital system . After m ultiple field tests, a digital system was adopted for GSM.
The next task was to decide between a narrow or broadband solution. In May
1987, the narrowband tim e division m ultiple access (TDMA) solution was chosen.
A sum m ary of GSM m ilestones is given in Table 2.
Ta ble 2 . GSM M ile st on e s
Ye a r M ile st one
1982 GSM form ed
1986 field test
1987 TDMA chosen as access m ethod
1988 m em orandum of understanding sign ed

1989 validation of GSM system
1990 preoperation system
1991 com m ercial system start-up
1992 coverage of larger cities/ airports
1993 coverage of m ain roads
1995 coverage of rural areas
3 . Th e GSM N e t w or k
GSM provides recom m endations, not requirem ents. The GSM specifications
define the functions and interface requirem ents in detail but do not address the
hardware. The reason for this is to lim it the designers as little as possible but still
to m ake it possible for the operators to buy equipm ent from different suppliers.
The GSM network is divided into three m ajor system s: the switching system (SS),
the base station system (BSS), an d the operation an d support system (OSS). The
basic GSM network elem ents are shown in Figure 2.
Figu r e 2 . GSM N e t w or k Ele m e nt s

Th e Sw it ch in g Syst e m
The switching system (SS) is responsible for perform ing call processing and
subscriber-related functions. The switching system in cludes the following
functional units:
• h o m e lo ca tio n re gis te r ( H LR) —The HLR is a database used for

storage and m anagem ent of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the
m ost im portant database, as it stores perm anent data about
subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location
inform ation, and activity status. When an in dividual buys a
subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in
the HLR of that operator.
• m o bile s e rvice s s w itch in g ce n te r ( MSC) —The MSC perform s the

telephony switching functions of the system . It controls calls to and
from other telephone and data system s. It also perform s such functions
as toll ticketing, network interfacing, com m on channel signaling, an d
others.
• vis ito r lo catio n re gis te r ( VLR) —The VLR is a database that

contains tem porary inform ation about subscribers that is n eeded by
the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always
integrated with the MSC. When a m obile station roam s into a new MSC
area, the VLR conn ected to that MSC will request data about the
m obile station from the HLR. Later, if the m obile station m akes a call,
the VLR will have the inform ation needed for call setup without having
to interrogate the HLR each tim e.
• au th e n ticatio n ce n te r ( AU C) —A unit called the AUC provides

authentication an d en cryption param eters that verify the user's identity
and en sure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network
operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world.
• e qu ip m e n t id e n tity re gis te r ( EIR) —The EIR is a database that

contains inform ation about the identity of m obile equipm ent that
prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective m obile stations.
The AUC an d EIR are im plem ented as stan d-alon e nodes or as a
com bined AUC/ EIR node.
Th e Ba se St a t ion Syst e m ( BSS)

All radio-related functions are perform ed in the BSS, which consists of base
station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).

• BSC—The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links
between the MSC an d BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides
functions such as handover, cell configuration data, an d control of
radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A
num ber of BSCs are served by an MSC.
• BTS—The BTS handles the radio interface to the m obile station. The
BTS is the radio equipm ent (transceivers an d antenn as) needed to
service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a
BSC.
Th e Ope r a t ion a n d Su ppor t Syst e m

The operations and m ainten ance center (OMC) is connected to all equipm ent in
the switching system an d to the BSC. The im plem entation of OMC is called the
operation an d support system (OSS). The OSS is the functional entity from which
the network operator m onitors and controls the system . The purpose of OSS is to
offer the custom er cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local
operational an d m aintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An
im portant function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the
m aintenan ce activities of different operation an d m aintenance organ izations.
Addit ion a l Fu n ct ion a l Ele m e n t s

Other functional elem ents shown in Figure 2 are as follows:
• m e s s a ge ce n te r ( MXE) —The MXE is a node that provides

integrated voice, fax, and data m essaging. Specifically, the MXE
handles short m essage service, cell broadcast, voice m ail, fax m ail, e-
m ail, and notification.
• m o bile s e rvice n o d e ( MSN ) —The MSN is the node that handles the
m obile intelligent network (IN) services.
• ga te w a y m o bile s e rvice s s w itch in g ce n te r ( GMSC) —A gateway

is a node used to interconnect two networks. The gateway is often
im plem ented in an MSC. The MSC is then referred to as the GMSC.
• GSM in te rw o rkin g u n it ( GIW U ) —The GIWU consists of both

hardware and software that provides an interface to various networks
for data com m unications. Through the GIWU, users can alternate
between speech and data during the sam e call. The GIWU hardware
equipm ent is physically located at the MSC/ VLR.

4 . GSM N e t w or k Ar e a s
The GSM network is m ade up of geographic areas. As shown in Figure 3, these
areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/ VLR service areas, and public lan d
m obile network (PLMN) areas.
Figu r e 3 . N e t w or k Ar e a s
The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM
network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) num ber assigned to
each cell. The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the
subscriber is paged. Each LA is served by on e or m ore base station controllers,
yet only by a single MSC (see Figure 4). Each LA is assign ed a location area
identity (LAI) num ber.
Figu r e 4 . Loca t ion Ar e a s
An MSC/ VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is covered
by one MSC an d which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the MSC (see
Figure 5).

Figu r e 5 . M SC/ VLR Se r vice Ar e a s
The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator (see Figure 6).
Figu r e 6 . PLM N N e t w or k Ar e a s
5 . GSM Spe cifica t ion s

Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is im portant to understand the
following basic term s:
• ban d w id th —the range of a channel's lim its; the broader the

bandwidth, the faster data can be sent
• bits p e r s e co n d ( bp s ) —a single on-off pulse of data; eight bits are

equivalent to one byte
• fre qu e n cy—the num ber of cycles per unit of tim e; frequency is

m easured in hertz (Hz)
• kilo ( k) —kilo is the designation for 1,0 0 0 ; the abbreviation kbps

represents 1,0 0 0 bits per secon d
• m e gah e rtz ( MH z) —1,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 hertz (cycles per secon d)
• m illis e co n d s ( m s ) —one-thousandth of a secon d
• w a tt ( W ) —a m easure of power of a transm itter

Specifications for different person al com m unication services (PCS) system s vary
am ong the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the
specifications and characteristics for GSM.
• fre qu e n cy ban d —The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to

1,990 MHz (m obile station to base station).
• d u p le x d is ta n ce —The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distan ce is

the distan ce between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel
has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.
• ch an n e l s e p aratio n —The separation between adjacent carrier

frequencies. In GSM, this is 20 0 kHz.
• m o d u la tio n —Modulation is the process of sen ding a sign al by

changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is don e in GSM
via Gaussian m inim um shift keying (GMSK).
• tra n s m is s io n ra te —GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit

rate of 270 kbps.
• acce s s m e th o d —GSM utilizes the tim e division m ultiple access

(TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls
m ay share the sam e carrier. Each call is assigned a particular tim e slot.
• s p e e ch co d e r—GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose

of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides param eters for a
filter that m im ics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter,
leaving behin d a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.
6 . GSM Su bscr ibe r Se r vice s

There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony (also
referred to as teleservices) and data (also referred to as bearer services).
Telephony services are m ainly voice services that provide subscribers with the
com plete capability (including necessary term inal equipm ent) to com m unicate
with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transm it
appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the
network. In addition to norm al telephony and em ergency calling, the following
subscriber services are supported by GSM:
• d u al-to n e m u ltifre qu e n cy ( D TMF) —DTMF is a tone sign aling

schem e often used for various control purposes via the telephone
network, such as rem ote control of an answering m achine. GSM
supports full-originating DTMF.

• fa cs im ile gro u p III—GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsim ile. As
standard fax m achines are design ed to be connected to a telephon e
using analog signals, a special fax converter connected to the exchange
is used in the GSM system . This en ables a GSM– connected fax to
com m unicate with any an alog fax in the network.
• s h o rt m e s s a ge s e rvice s —A convenient facility of the GSM network

is the short m essage service. A m essage consisting of a m axim um of
160 alphanum eric characters can be sent to or from a m obile station.
This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanum eric
paging with a num ber of advantages. If the subscriber's m obile unit is
powered off or has left the coverage area, the m essage is stored an d
offered back to the subscriber when the m obile is powered on or has
reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that
the m essage will be received.
• ce ll bro a d ca s t—A variation of the short m essage service is the cell

broadcast facility. A m essage of a m axim um of 93 characters can be
broadcast to all m obile subscribers in a certain geographic area. Typical
applications include traffic congestion warnings an d reports on
accidents.
• vo ice m a il—This service is actually an answering m achine within the

network, which is controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded
to the subscriber's voice-m ail box an d the subscriber checks for
m essages via a personal security code.
• fa x m a il—With this service, the subscriber can receive fax m essages at

any fax m achine. The m essages are stored in a service center from
which they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security
code to the desired fax num ber.
Su pple m e n t a r y Se r vice s
GSM supports a com prehensive set of supplem entary services that can
com plem ent an d support both telephony and data services. Supplem entary
services are defined by GSM an d are characterized as revenue-generating
features. A partial listing of supplem entary services follows.
• ca ll fo rw a rd in g—This service gives the subscriber the ability to

forward incom ing calls to another num ber if the called m obile unit is
not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is
allowed unconditionally.

• barrin g o f o u tgo in g ca lls —This service m akes it possible for a
m obile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls.
• barrin g o f in co m in g calls —This function allows the subscriber to

prevent incom ing calls. The following two conditions for incom ing call
barring exist: baring of all incom ing calls an d barring of incom ing calls
when roam ing outside the hom e PLMN.
• ad vice o f ch arge ( Ao C) —The AoC service provides the m obile

subscriber with an estim ate of the call charges. There are two types of
AoC inform ation: one that provides the subscriber with an estim ate of
the bill and one that can be used for im m ediate charging purposes. AoC
for data calls is provided on the basis of tim e m easurem ents.
• ca ll h o ld —This service en ables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing

call and then subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is
only applicable to norm al telephon y.
• ca ll w a itin g—This service en ables the m obile subscriber to be notified

of an incom ing call during a conversation. The subscriber can an swer,
reject, or ignore the in com ing call. Call waiting is applicable to all GSM
telecom m unications services using a circuit-switched connection.
• m u ltip a rty s e rvice —The m ultiparty service enables a m obile

subscriber to establish a m ultiparty conversation—that is, a
sim ultaneous conversation between three an d six subscribers. This
service is only applicable to norm al telephon y.
• callin g lin e id e n tificatio n p re s e n tatio n / re s trictio n —These

services supply the called party with the integrated services digital
network (ISDN) num ber of the calling party. The restriction service
enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction
overrides the presentation.
• clo s e d u s e r gro u p s ( CU Gs ) —CUGs are generally com parable to a

PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling
them selves an d certain num bers.
Se lf- Te st
1. Right now, GSM is the accepted cellular standard in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
a. Europe
b. South Am erica

c. North Am erica
d. Southeast Asia
e. all of the above
2. Which area of the world first deployed cellular services for com m ercial use?
a. Scan din avia
b. Central Am erica
c. Western Africa
d. Central Asia
e. Eastern Europe
3. Modulation refers to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
a. the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies
b. the separation between adjacent carrier frequencies
c. the process of changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency
d. the num ber of cycles per unit of tim e
4. Which of the following are not telephony services supported by GSM?
a. dual-tone m ultifrequency
b. voice m ail
c. fax m ail
d. call waiting
5. What is the basic service unit of cellular telephony?
a. location area
b. cell
c. PLMN service area
d. MSC/ VLR service area

6. The first cellular system s were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
a. analog
b. digital
7. The location area is the area in which a subscriber can be paged.
a. true
b. false
8. The idea of cell-based m obile radio service was form ulated in the Nordic
countries in the early 1970 s.
a. true
b. false
9. GSM provides requirem ents for analog cellular service.
a. true
b. false
10 . The hom e location register (HLR) is a database used for storing an d

m anaging subscriptions.
a. true
b. false
11. The authentication center (AUC) provides authentication an d en cryption

param eters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of
each call.
a. true
b. false
12. The m essage center (MXE) is the node that provides intelligent network
services.
a. true
b. false

13. The PLMN service area is an area served by on e network operator.
a. true
b. false
14. GSM utilizes the code division m ultiple access (CDMA) concept, rather than
tim e division m ultiple access (TDMA).
a. true
b. false
Cor r e ct An sw e r s
1. Right now, GSM is the accepted cellular standard in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
a. Europe
b. South Am erica
c. North Am erica
d. Southeast Asia
e . a ll o f th e a bo ve
See Topic 1.
2. Which area of the world first deployed cellular services for com m ercial use?
a. Scan d in avia
b. Central Am erica
c. Western Africa
d. Central Asia
e. Eastern Europe
See Topic 1.
3. Modulation refers to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
a. the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies

b. the separation between adjacent carrier frequencies
c. th e p ro ce s s o f ch an gin g th e ch aracte ris tics o f a ca rrie r

fre qu e n cy
d. the num ber of cycles per unit of tim e
See Topic 5.
4. Which of the following are not telephony services supported by GSM?
a. dual-tone m ultifrequency
b. voice m ail
c. fax m ail
d . ca ll w a itin g
See Topic 6.
5. What is the basic service unit of cellular telephony?
a. location area
b. ce ll
c. PLMN service area
d. MSC/ VLR service area
See Topic 4.
6. The first cellular system s were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
a. an alo g
b. digital
See Topic 1.
7. The location area is the area in which a subscriber can be paged.
a. tru e
b. false
See Topic 4.

8. The idea of cell-based m obile radio service was form ulated in the Nordic
countries in the early 1970 s.
a. true
b. fa ls e
See Topic 1.
9. GSM provides requirem ents for analog cellular service.
a. true
b. fa ls e
See Topic 3.
10 . The hom e location register (HLR) is a database used for storing an d

m anaging subscriptions.
a. tru e
b. false
See Topic 3.
11. The authentication center (AUC) provides authentication an d en cryption

param eters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of
each call.
a. tru e
b. false
See Topic 1.
12. The m essage center (MXE) is the node that provides intelligent network
services.
a. true
b. fa ls e
See Topic 3.
13. The PLMN service area is an area served by on e network operator.
a. tru e

b. false
See Topic 4.
14. GSM utilizes the code division m ultiple access (CDMA) concept, rather than
tim e division m ultiple access (TDMA).
a. true
b. fa ls e
See Topic 5.
Acr on ym Gu ide
AD C
Am erican Digital Cellular
AMPS
advanced m obile phone service
Ao C
advice of charge
AU C
authentication center
bp s
bits per second
BSC
base station controller
BSS
base station system
BTS
base transceiver station
CGI
cell global identity
CU G
closed user group
D CS
digital cellular system

D TMF
dual-tone m ultifrequency
EIR
equipm ent identity register
GIW U
GSM interworking unit
GMSC
gateway m obile services switching center
GMSK
Gaussian m in im um shift keying
GSM
global system for m obile com m unication
H LR
hom e location register
Hz
hertz
ISD N
integrated services digital network
k
kilo
kbp s
kilobits per second
LA
location area
LAI
location-area identity
LPC
linear predictive coding
MH z
m egahertz
MSC
m obile services switching center

MSN
m obile service node
MXE
m essage center
N MT
Nordic Mobile Telephon e
OMC
operations an d m aintenan ce center
OSS
operation an d support system
PCS
personal com m unications services
PD C
personal digital cellular
PLMN
public land m obile n etwork
SS
switching system
TACS
total access com m unication system
TD MA
tim e division m ultiple access
VLR
visitor location register


0517 Global System For Mobile Communication GSM

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Globa l Syst e m for M obile

Com m un ica t ion ( GSM )

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 1/ 19

Figu r e 1 . Ce llu la r Subscr ibe r Gr ow t h W or ldw ide

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 2/ 19

1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450

1983 Am erican Mobile Phon e System (AMPS)

1985 Total Access Com m unication System (TACS)

1986 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 90 0

1991 Am erican Digital Cellular (ADC)

1991 Global System for Mobile Com m un ication (GSM)

1992 Digital Cellular System (DCS) 180 0

1994 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

1995 PCS 190 0 —Canada

1996 PCS—United States

Ta ble 2 . GSM M ile st on e s

1982 GSM form ed

1986 field test

1987 TDMA chosen as access m ethod

1988 m em orandum of understanding sign ed

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 3/ 19

1990 preoperation system

1991 com m ercial system start-up

1992 coverage of larger cities/ airports

1993 coverage of m ain roads

1995 coverage of rural areas

Figu r e 2 . GSM N e t w or k Ele m e nt s

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 4/ 19

• h o m e lo ca tio n re gis te r ( H LR) —The HLR is a database used for

• m o bile s e rvice s s w itch in g ce n te r ( MSC) —The MSC perform s the

• vis ito r lo catio n re gis te r ( VLR) —The VLR is a database that

• au th e n ticatio n ce n te r ( AU C) —A unit called the AUC provides

• e qu ip m e n t id e n tity re gis te r ( EIR) —The EIR is a database that

Th e Ba se St a t ion Syst e m ( BSS)

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 5/ 19

Th e Ope r a t ion a n d Su ppor t Syst e m

Addit ion a l Fu n ct ion a l Ele m e n t s

• m e s s a ge ce n te r ( MXE) —The MXE is a node that provides

• ga te w a y m o bile s e rvice s s w itch in g ce n te r ( GMSC) —A gateway

• GSM in te rw o rkin g u n it ( GIW U ) —The GIWU consists of both

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 6/ 19

Figu r e 4 . Loca t ion Ar e a s

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 7/ 19

5 . GSM Spe cifica t ion s

• ban d w id th —the range of a channel's lim its; the broader the

• bits p e r s e co n d ( bp s ) —a single on-off pulse of data; eight bits are

• fre qu e n cy—the num ber of cycles per unit of tim e; frequency is

• kilo ( k) —kilo is the designation for 1,0 0 0 ; the abbreviation kbps

• m e gah e rtz ( MH z) —1,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 hertz (cycles per secon d)

• m illis e co n d s ( m s ) —one-thousandth of a secon d

• w a tt ( W ) —a m easure of power of a transm itter

Web Pr oFor um Tut or ials Copyright © 8/ 19

• fre qu e n cy ban d —The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to

• d u p le x d is ta n ce —The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distan ce is

• ch an n e l s e p aratio n —The separation between adjacent carrier

• m o d u la tio n —Modulation is the process of sen ding a sign al by

• tra n s m is s io n ra te —GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit

• acce s s m e th o d —GSM utilizes the tim e division m ultiple access

• s p e e ch co d e r—GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose

6 . GSM Su bscr ibe r Se r vice s

• d u al-to n e m u ltifre qu e n cy ( D TMF) —DTMF is a tone sign aling

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• s h o rt m e s s a ge s e rvice s —A convenient facility of the GSM network