Geog 5: Fall 2023

Review

GEOG 5 1
Purchasing Power Parity (check all that apply)

A. Controls for the distribution of income in a country

B. Is the same thing as converting a currency into ‘real’ (versus ‘nominal’) amounts
C. Controls for different prices of goods in different countries
D. Allows one to compare incomes across different countries in terms of the amount those
incomes can buy
Purchasing Power Parity (check all that apply)

A. Controls for the distribution of income in a country

B. Is the same thing as converting a currency into ‘real’ (versus ‘nominal’) amounts
C. Controls for different prices of goods in different countries
D. Allows one to compare incomes across different countries in terms of the amount
those incomes can buy
Purchasing Power Parity (check all that apply)

A. Controls for the distribution of income in a country

B. Is the same thing as converting a currency into ‘real’ (versus ‘nominal’) amounts
C. Controls for different prices of goods in different countries
D. Allows one to compare incomes across different countries in terms of the amount
those incomes can buy
Geographic explanations of development … (check all that apply)

A. Include natural resource endowments

B. Are criticized because many countries have the same geographic
endowments but different development outcomes
C. Include pollution
D. Do not take different countries’ agricultural productivity into account
E. Include education
Geographic explanations of development … (check all that apply)

A. Include natural resource endowments

B. Are criticized because many countries have the same geographic
endowments but different development outcomes
C. Include pollution
D. Do not take different countries’ agricultural productivity into account
E. Include education
 Pollution has been decreasing in the US (e.g. PM2.5)

https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaz9353
Course outline
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts of Geography
3. Geographic Information
4. Spatial Interaction and Behavior
5. Culture and Change
6. Population Geography
7. Migration
8. Immigration and Ethnicity
9. Urban Geography
10. Economic Development
11. Human-Environmental Geography
 Introduction - Outline
Part 1 - Intro to Geography
1. What is Geography?
2. Geography in Action
3. Domains of Geography
4. Human Geography
5. UCSB Geography

GEOG 5 9
Basic Concepts of Geography
1. Space & Place: definitions of absolute and relative
a) Approaches to defining place – economic, social and humanistic, cultural
b) Place attributes
2. Location: absolute and relative definitions
a) Site
b) Situation
3. Direction & Distance: absolute and relative definitions
a) Direction
b) Distance -- straight line, great circle, travel distance,
cultural/psychological
Review: Absolute and Relative Terms
• Precise

Absolute • Objective
• Not dependent on other
places/things

• Subjective
Relative • Dependent on other
places/things
GEOG 5 11

• Variable
Review - Absolute and Relative
Terms

Term Absolute Relative

Space X X
Place X
Location X X
• Site (attribute of location) X
• Situation (attribute of location) X
Direction GEOG 5 X X 12

Distance X X
Basic Concepts of Geography (Day
2) – Outline
Part 1: Structure of Place
◦ A. Dimensionality
◦ B. Density
◦ C. Distribution
◦ i. Dispersion
◦ ii. Pattern
D. Spatial Association
GEOG 5
Part 2: Interrelations Between
Places
◦ A. 1st Law of Geography
◦ B. Accessibility, Connectivity, Network
◦ C. Spatial Diffusion
◦
Part 3. Regions
◦ A. Administrative
◦ B. Thematic
◦ C. Functional
◦ D. Cognitive/Perceptual
13
A. 1st Law of Geography
Tobler’s Law:
◦"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more
related than distant things."

Distance Decay:
◦Level or likelihood of interaction
decreases with distance
◦Expressing Tobler’s first law in math
◦Decreasing exponential function

GEOG 5 14
B. Interactions between Places
i) Accessibility: relative ease with which you can
reach a destination

ii) Connectivity: a measure of the degree of

connections or relationships between people
[and objects] across the barrier of space

iii) Network: the areal pattern of connections

between places

GEOG 5 15
 C. Spatial Diffusion
oDispersion of an idea or item from a center of origin (“originating
node”/”hub”) to more distant points
oDiffusion measures:
oDiffusion extent: How far does an idea or item go from its
origin?
oDiffusion rate- How fast does an idea or item spread from origin
to end destination/s?

GEOG 5 16
Regions

Administrative Thematic Functional

GEOG 5 17
Cognitive Regions

GEOG 5 18
Perceptual region: Downtown
Santa Barbara

GEOG 5 19

Montello et al, 2003: Where’s Downtown? Behavioral Methods for Determining Referents of vague Spatial Queries
Lecture 3 – Basic Concepts of
Geography
1. Maps are Models 3. Types of Maps
a) Reference maps
2. Scale a) Political maps
b) Topographic maps
a) Cartographic
b) Thematic maps
b) Phenomenon a) Graduated circle maps
b) Dot distribution maps
c) Analysis
c) Isopleth maps
d) Choropleth maps
e) Cartograms
f) Mental maps
Small scale v. Large scale

• Small scale:
• Larger amount of area
• Less detail
• More “generalized”
• Greater “distortion”
• Large scale:
• Smaller amount of area
• Great amount of detail
• More “accurate” representation
of content/Less “distortion”
Thematic Maps
 Representing Geographic Information II –
The Earth
• Part 1. The Globe Grid
• Part 2. Map Projection
• A. Families of Map Projections
• i. Planar
• ii. Conic
• iii. Cylindrical
• B. Other Projection Classifications
• i. Conformal
• Part 3. Tools and Technologies
• ii. Equal-area • A. Remote Sensing
• iii. Azimuthal • B. Field data
• iv. Other • C. Geographic Information Systems
• C. Projection Distortions & Science

Which projection gives you great circle distance?

GEOG 5 23
Representing Geographic Information II –
The Earth
• Part 1. The Globe Grid
• Part 2. Map Projection
• A. Families of Map Projections
• i. Planar
• ii. Conic
• iii. Cylindrical
• B. Other Projection Classifications
• i. Conformal
• Part 3. Tools and Technologies
• ii. Equal-area • A. Remote Sensing
• iii. Azimuthal • B. Field data
• iv. Other • C. Geographic Information Systems
• C. Projection Distortions & Science

GEOG 5 24
iii) Equidistant Projection
• Equidistant projections
• preserve distance, but only
along one direction or along
lines
• Azimuthal projections also
preserves direction as well
• Gives you “great circle
distance”
Map Projections

• Trade off accuracy in four

properties:
• Area
• Shape
• Distance
• Direction
• All projections have distortions
in at least one of these
Geog 5 26

properties
A. Remote Sensing
Collection of information about earth’s surface through aerial photography or
satellite imagery
Passive sensors:
• Gather natural radiation that is emitted or
reflected by object or surrounding areas
• e.g. film photography, infared, radiometers
Active sensors:
• Emit energy to scan objects and areas, then
detect and measure the radiation that is
reflected or backscattered from target
• e.g. RADAR, LiDAR
B. Primary and Secondary Data
Primary Data (field or lab data)
• Physical measurements (of objects or
phenomena at any scale)
• Interviews & questionnaires
• Behavioral observation
• Experiments
Secondary Data
• Archival studies
• National surveys
• Remote sensing (satellite images, aerial
photography, spectrometry)
GIS: Geographic
Information Systems

• Tool for performing

spatial analysis
• Data in layers, which can
placed on top of each
other
• Layer = Logical collection
of geographic data used
to create maps and
scenes
GIS: Layers Example

GEOG 5 30
Spatial Interaction & Behavior
1. Spatial Interaction 3. Spatial Behavior
a) Definition and examples a) Spatial behavior
b) 1st Law of Geography &
distance decay b) Activity space
c) Facilitators and Barriers to c) Space-time path
Spatial Interactions
d) Space-time prism
2. Spatial Interaction Models
a) Types of models
b) Components of models
c) Gravity models
Facilitators & Barriers to Spatial Interaction
What might modify the 1st law of geography? “Everything is
related to everything else, but near things are more related than
distant things”
• Facilitators make spatial interaction easier
• Networks
• Technology
• Barriers make spatial interaction more difficult
• Physical barriers
• Socio-cultural barriers
• Psychological barriers

Geog 5 32
 i) Gravity Model
(kappa times)
Population of i
Interaction
times population
between
of j
locations i
and j Distance between i
and j (exponentiated
by beta)

Consumer behavior reflects two patterns:

1. The greater the number of people living
in a particular place, the greater is the
number of potential customers for a
service
2. The farther people are from a particular
service, the less likely they are to use it.
ii) Retail Gravitation Model

Reilly's Breaking Point Law:

Predicts the distance from
city i to market boundary
Huff Model – Assignment 2

Takes attractiveness and distances between a place of origin and

two or more destinations into account.

• i Your origin (home/residence i)

j Your destination (retail center j)
n Total number of retail centers, including retail center j
Aj Measure of attractiveness of retail center j
dij Distance between origin i and destination j
Pij Probability of person at residence i shopping at retail center j
Three ways of modeling and
analyzing spatial behavior
• A. Activity Space
• B. Space-Time Path
• C. Space-Time Prism
Culture & Change Outline
1. Part 1. Culture 3. Types of Diffusion
A. Defining culture A. Relocation diffusion
B. Components of culture B. Expansion diffusion
i. Culture traits A. Contagious
ii. Culture complex B. Hierarchical
iii. Cultural system C. Convergence versus parallel
iv. Cultural region invention
v. Cultural realm
2. Cultural Change
A. Innovation & adoption
B. Networks
C. Spatial diffusion
Cultural Change
c. Spatial diffusion
a. Innovation

b. Network
https://opentext.wsu.edu/introtohumangeography/chapter/6-3-diffusion-of-major-religions/
Population Geography
1. Global population &
distribution
2. Population statistics
a) Crude birth and death rates
b) Fertility rate: Replacement
rate & factors
c) Infant mortality rates
d) Life expectancy at birth
3. Population pyramids
Global Population & Distribution
• Global population around 7.89
billion, distribution is highly
uneven
• US population
rd
around 332.62
million (3 most populous
country)
• Ecumene = inhabited land
• Population concentrated
in/around
• Northern hemisphere
• Coasts and bodies of water
• Low elevation
• Urban
Population Statistics - Rates
•
Fertility Rates
Total Fertility Rate: Average number of births a woman* (person
with a uterus) would be expected to have in their lifetime.
• Assumes that individuals:
• Experience exact age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) in their lifetime
• Survive from birth to the end of their reproductive lifetime
• Area-specific: Calculated for specific countries or areas within
countries.
Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR): Number of births per 1,000
women in an age group per year.
Replacement Fertility Rate
Replacement
Fertility Rate: the
number of births
per woman to keep
the population
stable.
Current world
replacement fertility
rate: 2.1 – 2.3

https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/replacement-fertility-declines-worldwide
3. Population Pyramids
Population Geography II
Part 1. Population Growth
A. Growth description models
• J-Curve
• S-Curve
B. Doubling time
C. Population decline
• Change in fertility rates
• Death

Part 2. Demographic Transition

D. Demographic transition model
• High stable
• Early expanding
• Late expanding
• Low stable
• Post-industrial
E. Demographic momentum
Population Geography III
Part 1. The present & future of Part 2. Approaches to Population &
population Resource Issues
• A. Population Projections
• A. Technological Approaches
• i. Green Revolution
• B. Overpopulation • ii. Biotech Revolution
• C. Population and Resources • B. Policy Approaches
• i. Malthusians and Neo-Malthusians • i. Draconian
• ii. Boserup Hypothesis • ii. Economic
• iii. Food Needs and Land Use • iii. Conservation
• iv. Population Growth v. Resource • iv. Distribution
Consumption • C. U.N. Conferences on Population
Policy
Migration
1. What types of moves are considered migration?
2. Where are the major world and regional migration patterns?
3. Why do people migrate?

Part 1. Mobility & Migration Part 3. Migration Streams

A. Mobility v. Migration
B. Total v. Partial Displacement
Part 2. Types of Migrants &
Explanations for Migration
A. Types of Migrations and Migrants
B. Push-Pull Model
A. Origins and Destinations
B. Distance and attractiveness
C. Pairs of locales
D. Networks and historical ties
E. Counter migration streams
Reading: Chapter 3, pg. 82-92
Review – Migration & Mobility
What types of moves are considered migration?

Mobility: general term for all types of human movement

Migration: human movement at larger spatial and temporal scales
Total Displacement: large-scale relocations that involve an entirely new activity space
Partial Displacement: smaller-scale relocations that involve overlapping activity spaces
Review – Types of Migrants &
Explanations for Migration
Why do people migrate?
Voluntary Migrations: Volitional; migrants choose to migrate; motivated by the belief in better
opportunities at destination (labor migration, family migrations, return migration)
Forced migrations: Migration decision is made by someone other than the migrants themselves
(deportation, human trafficking, and enslavement)
Reluctant Relocation: Less than voluntary migration (refugees, asylum seekers, climate migrants)
Push Factors: Negative conditions in the home area that impel the migration decision
Pull Factors: Perceived positive attributes of the destination location
Immigration, Race, & Ethnicity
Big Questions
1. What have been the major waves of immigration to the U.S.?
2. Where do immigrants in the U.S. live?
3. How residentially segregated are immigrants in the U.S.?

Part 1. U.S. Immigration Waves Part 3. Immigrant Spatial Patterns

A. Four Waves A. Ethnicity
B. The Great Migration B. Ethnic Concentrations
C. Mexican Migration i. Ethnic Islands
ii. Ethnic Enclaves
Part 2. Contemporary Areas of iii. Ghettos
Settlement C. Spatial assimilation
A. Foreign Born i. Assimilation
B. Latinx ii. Dissimilarity
C. Asian iii. Isolation/Exposure
D. Changing Patterns of Settlement iv. Spatial Assimilation Summary
Urban Geography I
BIG QUESTIONS
What makes something a city? How did cities develop over time? What are current
urbanization trends?

Part 1. Defining a City Part 2. City Origins and Trends

A. Characteristics of urban areas A. Agriculture
i. Aggregated settlement
ii. Internally structured
B. Theories of City Origins
iii. Multiple functions C. Urbanization Over Time
B. City size terms and concepts D. World’s Largest Cities
i. Primate city E. Worldwide Urbanization Trends
ii. Rank-size rule
C. US Census Definitions
i. Urbanized areas
ii. Urban clusters
Iii. Metropolitan Statistical Area
iv. Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Land Use Model
 Part 3. Measures of Development (Part 2)
Economic A. Food Security and Nutrition

Development B. Education
C. (Housing)
D. Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation
E. Health

Part 1. Defining Development

A. Development Part 4. Reasons for Underdevelopment
B. Underdevelopment
C. Global North and South A. Physical Geography
D. First, Second, Third World B. Slave Trade and Colonialism
E. Current UN Terminology C. Modernization Theory
D. Core-Periphery and Dependency Theory
Part 2. Measures of Development (Part 1)
A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
B. Gross National Income (GNI) Part 5. Strategies for Development
i. Definition
Ii. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) A. History (Big Push vs Washington Consensus)
Iii. Problems with GNI indicator B. Remittances
C. Energy Consumption per Capita C. Human Capital (Health and Education)
D. Workforce Engaged in Agriculture D. Gender Equality
Human-Environment Part 1. Introduction to Human-Environment
Interactions
A. A. Human & Environment Components
of Geography
i. The human component
ii. The environment component
Big Questions B. B. Climate Change
i. Environment/weather vs. climate change
• How does human activity affect ii. Examples of climate change
nature? iii. Effects of climate change
• How does nature affect human
activity? Part 2. Modeling Environmental Problems
• How do humans mitigate their A. Scale and cumulative effects
effect on the environment? ii. Problems at all scales
iii. Responses at all scales
• How do we build resilience to
environmental shocks/natural B. Models
disasters? ii. Carrying capacity
iii. Environmental resource accounting
iv. I=PxAxT
Human-Environment II Outline

Part 3: Urban Environment

Part 4: Environmental Hazards and the rise of the Environmental

Movement

Part 5: Case Study on E-Waste

The End