Kin dom Phvlum

lion Symrn tr Body vl

orCoelom
Cellul r 1 ti -----::...;...;~:.:::.:.::.::;.::..::.:;::::.::.:~:::...--- Po

C.. n
(Cntd
Antmalta Radial acoelomata
{Olulttcellul r) ---_;,;.;.;;,.;,;;.:.:.:;;.:;.;;;;;_ _ _-4[ Cl nophon

Tissue/Organ/ Without body cavity- Platyhelmtnth

Organ system (acoelomatt's)

With false coelom - Aschelmlnthe

Bllateral---4 (pseudocoelomates)
Annelida
Arthropoda
With true coelom Mollusca
((-,oelomates) *Echinodcnnata
Hemichordata
Chordata
crunoderrnata exhibits radial or bilateral symmetry depending on the stage.
e 4.4 Broad classification of Kingdom Animalia based on common fundamental features
The important characteristic features of the
erent phyla are described. ~ ~ (.()- Jr f')
r,1 Phylum - Porifera
mbers of this phylum are commonly known
S15'~I'\~ < f> "'1)'f
.. ( U..
I~

sponges. They are generally marine and mostly .?.·. ·..~·:

etrical animals (Figure 4.5) . These are .:~:· ·· .:=:,
·uye multicellular animals and have cellular ·::=:: • · ·:::
el of organisation. Sponges have a water :::•:· :::
.:::• ·::
sport or canal system. Water enters through ·...:· ....
ute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central .......
vity. spongocoel, from where it goes out
ough the oscu.lum. This pathway of water
sport is helpful in food gathering, respiratory (b)
change and removal of waste. Choanocytes
collar cells line the spongocoel and the canals.
gestion is intracellular. The body is supported
a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin
res. Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite),
., eggs and sperms are produced by the same
dividual. Sponges reproduce asexually by
gmentation and sexually by formation of
etes. Fertilisation is internal and development
indirect having a larval stage which is Figure 4.5 Examples of Porifera : (a) Sycon
orphologically distinct from the adult. (bl Euspongia (c) Spongilla
Examples Sycon Scypha) Spongilla (Fresh waller
(Bath sponge .

4.2.2 Phylum - Coelenterata (Cnldada)

They are aquatic mostly manne sessile or lree-s'11P1lllil
syIIunetJical animals (Figure 4 6 The name cnld

ra indicating u
Adams (Polyp
 phylum - Ctenophora
4.2.3
[tCI1l
)phores. commonly known
.
as sea walnuts or comb jellies
, r:xclusively marine. radially symmetrical. diploblastic
'·tfl isms · l1 ti ssue 1eve1 of organisation. The body bears
wit
(11 ,,JI 1
, ,~11 e:xternal row~ of ciliated comb plates, which help in
1
t r- tion (Figure 4.8). Digestion is both extracellular and
lol'()1110
. tracellular. Bioluminescence (the property of a living
iJl anism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores. Sexes
:;: not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual
~ eans. Fertilisation is external with indirect development.
1
gxamples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.

4,2.4 Phylum - Platyhelminthes

They have dorso-ventrally flattened body. hence are called
flatworms (Figure 4.9). These are mostly endoparasites found
in animals including human beings. Flatworms are bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ
leYel of organisation. Hooks and suckers are present in the Figure 4.8 Example of
parasitic forms. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host Ctenophora
(Pleurobrachia)
directly through their body surface. Specialised cells called
flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are not
separate. Fertilisation is internal and development is through
many larval stages. Some members like Planaria possess high
regeneration capacity.
PIClX~
Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke). Te,~h -
r -

(a) (b)
Figure 4.9 Exampl ot Platyhelminthes : (a) Tape worm (b) Uver fluke
 2 p yl
, he body of the aschelminth
1
"' ertion. hence. the nam
cro~"
(f 1gure 4. I 0). They m_a! ~e fre
clrld 1
errec,tria1 or parasitic m plants
Roundworms have organ-system
orgamsatwn. Tuey are bilateran
1nploblastir and pseudocoelo:rna
Alimentary canal is complete
developed muscular pharynx. An
tube removes body wastes from th
through the excretory pore. Sexes
(dioecious), i.e., males and females
Often females are longer than males
is internal and development may be
young ones resemble the adult) or
C 4 10 Examples : Ascaris (Round Worm
(Filaria worm). Ancylostoma (Hoo

4 2.6 Phylum - Annelida

TI1ey may be aquatic (marine and
terrestrial: free living, and sometimes
1 hey exhibit organ-system le
organisation and bilateral symme
trtploblastic. metamerically se
coelomate animals. Their bod
distinctly marked out into se
metameres and, hence, the ph
Ann lida (Latin, rumulus: little ring)
Th y possess longitudinal and cin:ulll
which help m locomotion. Aquatlc
N re b po sess lateral append
Which help In SWimming. A closed
Y trm i present NephricUa (sing
ht Ip in osmoregulation and ~
Y tern ronslsts of paired ganglia
onnected by lateral nerves to
nerve cord Nereis. an aquatic
but earthworms and leeches
H production I exual
Fipn 411
l mpl N reis, Pherettma
llintdtnarta (Blood sucking I
 iargest phylum of Animali \\ hkh
0\ -third~ of all named
h hropod, {Figure 4.12).
1 S\ :s em e\ el f organisation
::; mmetrical. trtploblastic-
ai d roe m te animal::; The bod~

1 op ds s co, ered b} chitinous (11) (b)

bl'. Toe bod\ co11S1.Sts of head. thorax
gbdoJI1el1 Th~ have jointed appendages
.. in poda-appendages) Re:splratory
g s book ~" book lungs or
--.":l[)C'".JJ s. m. Crrculaton sys t'111 is of open
5e sol") organs like antennae. eyes
p nd and simple statOC} sts or
rgans are ~ t Excretion takes
gh malpigbian tubules. They are
di ~c1ous Fertilisation is usually
(c) (d}
ntema The are mostly o, 1parou~.
l)ettloptllffi may be direct or indirect.
f.L1II1Pks: Econ mically important insects - Figure 4.12 Examples of Arthropoda:
n.r,..,_, bee Bombyx Silkworm). Laccifer (a) Locust (b) Butterfly
(d Scorpion (d) Prawn

e ors - A opheles Culex and Aedes

-Locusta3,A)CU
- Umuius (King crab
um- ollusca
eseconcl
4 13) ._yu.,n.~..;;,

( \)

...... •-1~ Ex: nple-s of Mollusc-a

} Pl (b) Odopus
 ht~\ .lrt' llSll,l ll\• dwedcms ,md cwiparo11s With incttr
, t'\ e1opmmt
Ex ll ks: Pila tAppk snail). Pi11ctada ~Pear1 oyster), Se
C tt dish}. I..oltgo (Squid). Octoplls (De,il fish). AplysiQ(
~- 1tallum (Tusk sh<'ll) and Clw<!topleura (Chiton)

P um hinod rmata
The-se anuu,lls hm e ,m endoskeleton of calcareous osstc}
.=md. hence. the name Ec-hinodennata (Spiny bodied, Fi
4 14}, All are marine with organ-system level of organtsatto
The adult erhinodenns are radially symmetrical but l
.lre bilaterally symmetrical. They are triploblastic
coelomate anhnal~. DigestiYe system is complete With mou
on the lower (Yentral) side and anus on the upper (dor
side. The most distinctiw feature of echinoderms is
presence of water vascular system which helps
locomotion. rapture and transport of food and respirati
An excretory system is absent. Sexes are separa
Reproduction is sexual. Fertilisation is usually exte
De, elopment is indirert \\ith free-swimming lruva.
Ex,il11ples: Asteria..c; (Star fish). Echinus (Sea urchin), Ant
Sea lily), Cucwncuia (Sea cucumber) and Ophiura (Brtttle s

0 Phylum Hemichordata
Hemichordata was earlier considered as a sub-phylum
• I t I
phyltm1 Chordata. But now it is placed as a separate phy
under ion-chordata. Hemichordata have a rudimen
structure in the collar region called stomochord, a stru
similar to notochord.
This phylum consists of a small group of wo
marine arunals with organ-system level of organisation.
are bilaterally symmetrical. triploblastic and coelo
animals. The body is cylindrtcal and is composed
anterior proboscis. a collar and a long trunk (Figure
CirculatoI) system is of open type. Respiration talces
tbrough gills. Excretoiy organ is proboscis gland.
separate. Fertilisation is external. Development ts·
Examples: Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus.
42 1
· l Phylum - Chordata
Figure 4.15 Balanog ssus
Animals belonging to phylum Chordata are
charac1er1
 55

Po-- -anal part

Figure 4.16 C rdat

ABLE 4 1 Compansa::1 f Chordates and Non-chordates

Non-chordates

tral ,., d

b-,,en
rsa.1 f prec:.
taJ.: c:. ab~nt

Crochordata
~e'"' I t three
r Tunicata.
-
Vertebrata
and
~ n re.erred t as
::-:.ire 4 1 - and are
rdata n ochord
~ Le ·n -\-\·
head tail
u merrhfe. D- Do\
Ase d a Salpa
~ at.a - Bran wstoma
e
~ bp . um \'ertebrata
unn::- the embf} omc
rd 1s replaced b~ a
· vertebral column m the
es are chordates but
ebrates Beside:::. the Figure 4.17 Ascidia
rs , ertebrates ha, e a

e :::. for excretion and

d paired appendages which
 vided a followH:
di
I I flll th<'l
fhr uhphyl11n1 Vt t tt'lll a I

Vertebrata
I
DIVI ton
Gn ,tho tomata
OJcar Jaw)
I
super Class
I Tetrapoda
r= (bear limbs)
Pisces
(bear fins) I
I Class
Class 1. Amphibia
Class
clostomata 1. Chondrichthyes 2. Reptilia
2. Osteichthyes 3. Aves
4. Mammals

4.2.11,l Class - Cyclostomata

flple ,.18 A Jawless vertebrate . Petromyzon
All living members of the class Cyclosto
ectoparasites on some fishes. They
elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of
for respiration. Cyclostomes have a sue
circular mouth without jaws (Fig. 4.1
body is devoid of scales and pair
Cranium and vertebral colu
cartilaginous. Circulation is of clo
Cyclostomes are marine but mig
spawning to fresh water. After spa
a few days, they die. Their larva
metamorphosis, return to the ocean.
Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey)
(Hagfish).
4.2.11.2 Class - Chondri.cht
They are marlne animals withs•+-•-•
aild have cartilaginous en
(Figure 4.l9). Mouth is located
Notochord is penlstent througll
slits are separate and without
cover). The skin ts tough. con
placold ■cales. Teeth are m
scales which are backwardly
jaws are very powerful. nie.
predaeeous Due to the a1bs«RJ1~
tbey have to SW11n const.an
 '\ I \111' i \I 111111( '"1(11111 llllh II 111d ''llf\l11l1 Ide I
-.1 \ 111 1
, 1111•111 h 11\ cil~t-hh munn11
ft 1 ,, 1,,11 I f I, I 1ti I If 1
p I

I'•' i pol1mn ittlnai (1 ' /111,,,1111 ll1q• "'

,,, I I
·\,,,,,ii ,l \1tolkUotho111wu1l 111\111 ti 11 II It V I 11 I~
, 11'111 Ill II Ill II( lh1 ll l•Pih f lll('r 1 lfllll ,( !\I
11
' l \I 1(t• 111 \II Ill'.p1 h 11 1111 Ii, II C'I I l'I I I IH V
I •I I 11, 1ti 11 h 11111 tlll 111 111d 111111\ 111 111 111 111
I I 'I \'II
\ rk" ~ 11nd,111 lll11 1 It hl ,,,, Ir•. (l, 1\\' II '1),
q{(;, \\\ll11tc ,h11kl. f)1J(/Pll{~,lh11•,11v1

11 .. Cl ,s.s O~f< lchthyc-.

It ndu,k" h 1th 111,11hH·11111! 11,,.._11 \\11!1·1 tl•,lll'H will, t, 1111 y
,· tt,,,l,,·khllt I hd1 l 1111h •~ st11·,111tll111•cl. M111 t11t I•
1
,,,..t, tt·1111ln 1I Wt••11n• I '>OJ l'h1·\ It.in· l1H11 p,drH 11I
11
ll:- "hlrh .,n· 1•1 ll 1·11·d ti, 1111 operculwn 1111 c•, H'lt ...h It·
si-m '"·1,,1-rt·ct \\1th r·, 1fotd/t'l<'1111td sc,1k1-1. Air bladder
. . ,rl':-t•nt "hkh n-gul,,tt-~ lnmy.mcy. l k,11 t is two
(b)
d, 1nbt·red {11111' 1miclt ,md orn· 1·1•11trlck). l'lll'y me·
,'I.' d bhll1dl'd ,111lm,1ls. SP,c~ ,11 e s1·p,11,\le. F1·1 Illls;1t l011 Figure 4.20 l~x,11nph 1,f H1,ny fl het, ·
(,,) f llprirKwnpw-; lb} r,0J/f1
1~ n:-u:lh (':\ll'm,11. !'hey .m· mostly ovlp.irow, :i11d
di'\ ek1pnwut I, di red
£:\,llllpk:,: M.11 In<' c,ocodus (Flying llsli),
Hipp,xa npus (Se., horst-}: Frl'shwatl'r LnlJ<•o (Rohu).
CJcltl tK,1tla). C'lanas (M,1gur): Aqucll'lum Be/In
{Fh.hting fish). Pteropltyllwn (An~t'I tbh).

4.2.11.4 Class - Amphibia

As the name indicates (Gr., Amp/ii : dual. bios, life),
amphibians c-,m lh·e in aquatic clS wdl as trrrestrial
habitats (Figurr 4.21). Most of them have two pairs of
limbs. Body is divisible into head and trunk. Tail may
be present in some. The amphibian skin is moist
(\1~t.hour scales). The eyes have eyelids. A tympanum
represents the ear. Alimentary canal. urinary and
reproducm·e tracts open into a common chamber called
cloaca \'\ hich opens to the exterior. Respiration is by
gills. lungs and through skin. The heart is three-
chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). These are
cold-blooded animals. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation
(bl
'.s e::\1emal. They are oviparous and development
lS indirect.
Figure 4.21 Examples of Amphibia ·
~xatuples: Bufo IToad}, Rana (Frog}. Hyla ITree frog}. (a) Salamandra
~lamandra (Salamander). Ichthyophis (Limbless (b) Rana
a:mphibia}.
~ - w <-
~ , Lt:, e
•