Kalonji (Nigella sativa) is also known as
black caraway, black cumin, nigella, black
technologytimes
OPINION
Traditional Uses,
Phytochemistry
And Biological
Activities Of
Cardamom ....
Amina, Athar
Mahmood, Maria Naqve
mall cardamom
S (Elettaria cardamo-
mum L. Maton),
belongs to the Zingiberaceae
family. Cardamom is a herba-
ceous perennial plant with an
underground rhizome that is
propagated by vegetative divi-
sion of rhizomes, and from
grows 2-5m in height.
Introduction:
Elettaria cardamomum (L.)
Maton is commonly known as
small cardamom or green car-
damom and is grown in India,
Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia,
Costa Rica, Mexico and
Tanzania. The botanical name
of cardamom, Elettaria car-
damomum, originated from
the Tamil word “Elettari”
which refers to the seeds of
cardamom.
Page No 03
VULTURES: At
The Verge Of
Extinction
Abdullah Arijo
N
ature is all about bio-
diversity which must
sustain, or alter-
ations will bring nothing but
drastic changes that ultimate-
ly will de-shape the planet in
terms of resources and this
will into paying the price or
perish forever.
Regarding data on exten-
sion of animal species, highly
surprising information is
Surfaced by world-known
Journal National Geographic
which reveals that the truth
is, scientists, don’t know how
many species of plants, ani-
mals, fungi, and bacteria
exist on Earth. The most
recent estimate put that num-
ber at 2 billion, and that will
most likely change at some
point.
Extinction happens when
environmental factors or
evolutionary problems cause
a species to die out. The dis-
appearance of species from
Earth is ongoing, and rates
have varied over time. A
quarter of mammals is at risk
of extinction, according to
IUCN Red List estimates.
Page No 03
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Page No 04
Vol: IX Issue: CLXXV 04 Pages Annual Subscription: US $110 WENESDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 2023
Transformative Technologies Drive
Investment Opportunities In Africa
Enormous investment oppor-
tunities in Africa which are
being driven by transformative
technologies like AI, were
emphasized by experts during
Africa Investment Forum
Market Days.
The enormous investment
opportunities in Africa, espe-
cially in e-commerce and
telemedicine, which are being
driven by transformative tech-
nologies like artificial intelli-
gence (AI), were emphasized by
experts during the Africa
Investment Forum Market Days
in Marrakech.
The panel discussion, titled
“Digital Disruptors and
Transformative Technology,”
featured insights from industry
leaders, including Samuel
Warming Oceans
Delay Migration Of
Pygmy Blue Whales,
Experts Warn
Marine biologists from the
Australian National University
have raised concerns about sig-
nificant delays in the migration
of pygmy blue whales due to
warming oceans.
The pygmy blue whales, a sub-
species growing up to 24 meters
long, usually migrate thousands
of kilometers south from breed-
ing grounds off the coast of
Indonesia past Timor Leste to
Australian waters in October
and November.
Karen Edyvane, a marine biol-
ogist, expressed alarm over the
absence of whales in Timor
Leste for the past six weeks,
attributing the delayed migra-
tion to climate change. Changes
in oceanography, particularly in
upwelling strengths, are affect-
ing the migration patterns, caus-
ing a delay of four to six weeks
in the season. Edyvane also
noted impacts on the health of
the whales. This concern fol-
lows observations of malnour-
ished pygmy blue whales during
the 2022 southern migration,
which Edyvane linked to warm
ocean
Australian
temperatures.
Bureau
The
of
Meteorology...Read More
Pakistan Launches Climate
Change Plan To Drive
Sustainable Development
A comprehensive plan to
address climate change chal-
lenges and promote sustainable
development was unveiled on
Sunday by Pakistan’s Ministry of
Planning, Development, and
Special Initiatives.
The initiative aligns with the
National Climate Change Policy
(NCCP), approved in 2021,
which seeks to integrate climate
change considerations into
Alemayehu, Adnane Ben
Halima, Femi Adeagbo, and Liz
McAreavey.
Adeagbo commended Africa’s
telecom progress over the last
three decades, emphasizing the
shift from 30,000 landlines to
millions of mobile phones, cre-
ating substantial employment.
While acknowledging the posi-
tive impact of innovations like
Kenya’s M-Pesa, he cautioned
against potential negatives such
as the spread of fake news and
job losses due to AI.
The panel highlighted the AI’s
potential to drive digital inclu-
sion, addressing socio-econom-
ic challenges across various
sectors, including climate, med-
icine, education, job creation,
agriculture, energy, and food.
Kohler Energy Unveils Hydrogen
Solutions For Clean Energy Portfolio
Kohler Energy, a pioneer in
clean energy solutions, has
introduced a cutting-edge hydro-
gen KDI engine and its inaugural
hydrogen fuel cell power sys-
tem, signaling a significant
expansion of their ever-growing
clean energy portfolio.
This strategic move comes on
the heels of Kohler Co. establish-
ing Kohler Energy as an inde-
pendent entity, underscoring the
company’s commitment to
advancing clean energy solu-
tions.
The latest innovations under-
score Kohler Energy’s dedica-
tion to offering a diverse range
of clean energy and hydrogen-
ready solutions, catering to off-
national policies, fostering cli-
mate-resilient infrastructure and
supporting sustained economic
growth.
At the core of this initiative is
the National Climate Finance
Strategy (NCFS), a key compo-
nent designed to identify priority
sectors and enhance climate
finance efforts. The strategy
plays a pivotal role in Pakistan’s
commitment ...Read More
They emphasized AI’s role in
accelerating development and
connecting African businesses
to global markets.
Alemayehu proposed diverse
sectors for the AI application,
including local medicine manu-
facturing, electricity generation
through reactors, and palm oil
and nitrogen production.
McAreavey stressed the impor-
tance of Africa effectively utiliz-
ing AI for inclusive transforma-
tion, warning of potential lag-
ging behind without proactive
adoption.
The panel identified the social
and ethical dimensions of AI,
emphasizing the need for gov-
ernment regulations to mitigate
emerging risks.
They urged African countries
highway equipment and serving
standby and prime power appli-
cations for both residential and
industrial needs, spanning from
20kw to 5MW and beyond.
Brian Melka, Group President
of Kohler Energy, expressed the
company’s enthusiasm, stating,
“This marks an exciting moment
in the future of our energy com-
pany.”
He emphasized Kohler
Energy’s role in contributing to
global efforts to reduce carbon
footprints, asserting their com-
mitment to leveraging new tech-
nologies and advanced engineer-
ing for developing solutions uti-
lizing clean energy sources, par-
ticularly in hydrogen.
Voyage Freight Secures Over
$1 Million In Pre-Seed Funding
Indus Valley Capital, the lead
investor in the funding round,
expressed confidence in Voyage
Freight’s vision and its potential
to transform the logistics indus-
try for Pakistani exporters.
Voyage Freight, a Pakistani
digital freight forwarding start-
up, announced on Monday that it
has successfully raised over $1
million in pre-seed funding to
propel its mission of revolution-
izing the international shipping
sector in Pakistan.
The funding round, led by
Indus Valley Capital, signifies a
significant step for Voyage
Freight as it aims to simplify the
complexities of traditional glob-
al shipping through modern
technology.
The startup provides exporters
with an end-to-end global ship-
seed, kalojeera, kalonji or kalanji. It
belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It is
an annual flowering plant used as spice,
for flavoring and for medicinal purposes
Opinion on page 03
to make strategic decisions, fos-
ter public-private collaboration,
build robust ecosystems, and
replicate successful practices
across nations.
The importance of women’s
access to technology was high-
lighted, emphasizing the role of
digital tools in fostering trans-
parency and innovation.
Halima provided the exam-
ples of Huawei’s initiatives,
such as the “talent bank” for job
creation and talent retention
and the “Women in Africa” pro-
gram.
He called for infrastructure
development to address con-
nectivity disparities, particular-
ly focusing on the 40% of
women currently not connected
to the internet.
The hydrogen internal com-
bustion engine, a notable addi-
tion to Kohler’s repertoire, will
be integrated into the KDI 2504
TCR. This engine is designed to
deliver performance and power
density equivalent to traditional
diesel engines but with the
added advantage of utilizing a
carbon-neutral hydrogen solu-
tion. This move aligns with
Kohler Energy’s broader strate-
gy to invest in innovative engine
technologies that enhance ener-
gy efficiency while significantly
reducing environmental impact.
In parallel, Kohler Energy’s
industrial sector is set to launch
its maiden hydrogen fuel cell
power system—an impressive
100 kW Solid Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell,
powered by green hydrogen.
Tailored for emergency back-
up, peak shaving, and demand
response, the system caters to a
wide spectrum of mission-criti-
cal power users, including hospi-
tals, data centers, utilities, ports,
and water treatment plants.
The hydrogen engine is sched-
uled to debut at the Agritechnica
trade show in Hanover,
Germany, on November 13,
showcasing...Read More
ping solution, leveraging innova-
tive technology to streamline the
logistics process. Voyage
Freight’s platform is designed to
offer real-time visibility and con-
trol over cargo, addressing chal-
lenges such as lack of trans-
parency and complex customs
procedures that often lead to
inefficiencies and increased
Ayesha Athar
WWW.TechnologyTimes.pk
Alan Wake 2,
Baldur’s Gate 3
Take Lead In 2023
Game Awards
Nominations
The nominations for the high-
ly anticipated 2023 Game
Awards have been revealed,
showcasing the industry’s best
games and creators of the year.
Two standout sequels, Alan
Wake 2 from Remedy
Entertainment and Baldur’s
Gate 3 from Larian Studios,
emerged as the frontrunners
with eight nominations each,
including a nod for Game of the
Year.
The competition for Game of
the Year includes the following
titles: Alan Wake 2, Baldur’s
Gate 3, Marvel’s Spider-Man 2
from Insomniac Games,
Resident Evil 4 from Capcom,
Super Mario Bros. Wonder from
Nintendo, and The Legend of
Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom,
also from Nintendo.
In the category of Best
Adaptation, notable film and
series nominations include
“Castlevania: Nocturne”
(Netflix), “Gran Turismo” (Sony
Pictures), “The Last of Us”
(HBO), “The Super Mario Bros.
Movie” (Illumination/Universal
Pictures), and “Twisted Metal”
(Peacock)....Read More
Dr. Zia-Ul-Qayyum
Appointed As
Permanent
Executive Director
Of HEC
Professor Dr. Zia-ul-Qayyum, a
renowned authority on educa-
tion and administration, has
been named the Higher
Education Commission’s (HEC)
permanent executive director.
Professor Dr. Zia-ul-Qayyum, a
renowned authority on educa-
tion and administration, has
been named the Higher
Education Commission’s (HEC)
permanent executive director,
marking a significant milestone
for the education sector.
The former Vice-Chancellor of
Gujarat University and Allama
Iqbal Open University, Dr. Zia-ul-
Qayyum’s wealth of experience
and expertise positioned him at
the forefront of the selection
process.
A comprehensive search com-
mittee, comprising key figures
such as the Chairman of the
Higher Education Commission,
Acting Executive Director,
Secretary of Science and
Technology, Federal Education
Secretary, and a prominent edu-
cation expert, meticulously
reviewed 18 candidates.
Dr. Zia-ul-Qayyum emerged as
the top candidate, securing an
impressive 72 points, affirming
his unparalleled...Read More
costs in traditional freight for-
warding processes.
The pre-seed funding is
expected to accelerate Voyage
Freight’s expansion plans, with a
particular focus on establishing
a strong presence in the MENA
region. The company envisions
becoming a key player in the
logistics sector...Read More
 OPINION 02
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 2023

Listeria monocytogenes has been

extensively studied as a model pathogen,
largely from the perspective of innate and
adaptive immune responses to intracellular
infection and bacterial entry and survival
Muhammad Hamza
within mammalian cells

Listeria Monocytogenes Infection And

Antimicrobial Resistance In Human
L
isteria monocyto-
genes is a gram-
positive, psychro-
tolerant, and facul-
tative intracellular
bacterium that has a
predilection for causing central
nervous systemic infections and lis-
teriosis, a foodborne illness in
humans and domesticated animals.
This pathogen can be found
worldwide in the food supply,
and most L. monocytogenes
infections are acquired through
the ingestion of contaminated
food. The main clinical syn-
dromes caused by L. monocyto-
genes include febrile gastro-
enteritis, perinatal infection, and
systemic infections marked by
central nervous system infec-
tions with or without bac-
teremia.
L. monocytogenes infection
can result in non-invasive gas-
trointestinal listeriosis or inva-
sive listeriosis. In Invasive liste-
riosis can cause abortion in
pregnant women and meningitis
in immunocompromised individ-
uals.
A significant outbreak
occurred in South Africa in
2017–2018, with a high fatality
rate. Infants, pregnant women,
and individuals with certain con-
ditions are at higher risk. L.
monocytogenes can also cause
urinary tract infections.
Listeria monocytogenes has
been extensively studied as a
model pathogen, largely from
the perspective of innate and
adaptive immune responses to
intracellular infection and bacte-
rial entry and survival within
mammalian cells. There is also a
growing body of data concerning
CNS infections caused by L.
monocytogenes.
Listeria monocytogenes is an
uncommon human pathogen. It
is mostly identified through
cases of invasive disease, either
associated with outbreaks or as
sporadic infections, and through
food safety programs.
Nonperinatal cases of invasive
listeriosis have an estimated
worldwide incidence ranging
from 0.1–1.1 cases per 105 peo-
ple. CNS infections are present,
on average, in 47% of infected
patients, with an average case-
fatality rate of 36%.
Transmission:
Monocytogenes are transmit-
ted in humans through contami-
nated food.
Processed meats and under-
cooked meats
Unpasteurized dairy products
It can also be found in irriga-
tion waters and agricultural
soils, posing a risk to fresh pro-
duce.
Poor implementation of SSOP
Transmission through
transplacentally
Rupturing of the amniotic
membrane
During vaginal delivery,
Virulence Factor:
Adaptive acid tolerance
response
Internalin’s A and B are bacter-
ial membrane proteins that
allow for host cell membrane
proteins that allow for host cell
adherence (E-Cadherins and Met
on host cell).
Listerlysin and phosphatidyli-
nositol-specific phospholipase C
are used to escape from the host
cell vacuole.
Actin polymerization for intra-
cellular motility (tumbling motil-
ity)
Signs and symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Loss of balance
Confusion
Muscle aches
Confusion
Environmental Persistence:
Cold shock proteins:
Cold shock proteins (CSPs)
enable replication, transcription,
translation, and protein folding
at low temperatures. Glycine,
betaine, and carnitine are
imported as cryoprotectants to
protect against cold stress.
Increased intracellular solutes
help reduce the loss of intracel-
lular water at low temperatures.
A mutant strain lacking glycine
betaine and carnitine uptake sys-
tems cannot survive at low tem-
peratures. Membrane structure
in L. monocytogenes changes at
low temperatures, increasing
rigidity.
In oxidative stress:
Oxidative stress can occur dur-
ing food processing due to expo-
sure to ROS. L. monocytogenes
has ROS detoxification systems
like catalase, superoxide dismu-
tase, and alkyl hydroperoxides.
The ferritin-like protein protects
L. monocytogenes from the
oxidative effects of hydrogen
peroxide.
In osmotic stress,
Monocytogenes can withstand
high salt concentrations (NaCl).
It activates primary and sec-
ondary responses to osmotic
stress.
Potassium cations and gluta-
mate enter the cell during the
primary response. Osmo protec-
tants like
Glycine, betaine, and carnitine
are taken up.
Two genes (lmo1078 and
lmo2085) are responsible for cell
envelope modification.
In low ph:
Monocytogenes use the Acid
Tolerance Response (ATR),
Arginine Deiminase (ADI), and
Glutamate Decarboxylase
(GAD) systems for persistence
in low pH environments. The
ATR system is activated by pre-
exposure to sublethal pH (5–6)
and helps endure highly acidic
settings.
These mechanisms also pro-
tect against osmotic stress and
high temperatures.
ADI system: Arginine deimi-
nase hydrolyzes arginine to cit-
rulline and ammonia.
Ornithine carbamoyl trans-
ferase converts citrulline to
ammonia and carbamoyl phos-
phate. Carbamate kinase synthe-
sises ATP using carbamoyl phos-
phate and ADP.
The F0F1-ATPase-ATPasex is a
mechanism for acid tolerance.
It has two domains: F1 for ATP
synthesis and hydrolysis and F0
as a proton channel. The enzyme
synthesises ATP aerobically or
hydrolyzes ATP to generate a
proton motive force.
Antimicrobial resistance:
Monocytogenes have adapted
to environmental stresses and
developed antimicrobial resist-
ance. The development of novel
antimicrobial agents is impor-
tant in combating this pathogen.
Examples:
Transfer of plasmid IP501 to L.
monocytogenes via conjugation
Transfer of AMR pAM beta 1
Biofilm formation:
Monocytogenes form persist-
ent cells and biofilms to with-
stand antibiotics and harsh con-
ditions. They can withstand dis-
infectants, host defence sys-
tems, high temperatures, pres-
sure, and preservatives.
Biofilms are populations of
bacterial cells enclosed in a
matrix of extracellular polymer-
ic substances. The matrix acts as
a protective barrier against heat,
desiccation, heavy metals, and
antimicrobial agents.
Persistent L. monocytogenes
strains have better biofilm-form-
ing capabilities. Biofilms con-
tribute to increased tolerance to
certain compounds and can pro-
tect against biocides.
Diagnosis:
First, we take blood and CSF
samples and culture them on
blood agar, and after growth, we
make their slides and see them
under a microscope.
Result:
Gram positive coccibacilli
Narrow zone of B-hemolysis
Preventions:
Cooked food properly.
Do not eat undercooked food.
Use ready-to-eat foods.
Wash your hands properly.
Keep the refrigerator clean.
Treatment:
Penicillin, gentamycin, and
cotrimoxazole are used for the
treatment of Listeria monocyto-
genes.

The pollution adds to the problem by lower-

ing the rate of survival of fish spawn. Siltation
caused by deforestation and indiscriminate cap-
ture of brood fish during breeding season are two
examples of human interventions that have led to
Hameed Ullah Baloch
the reduction of wild fish populations

Genetic Evaluation Of Channa Punctatus

Population In Indus River By Using Microsatellite
C
hanna punctatus,
widely known as
Murrel or
“Shakur,” is a
freshwater
species native to
tropical Africa and southern Asia.
The spotted snakehead, or
Channa punctatus, is a species
of snakehead fish that is a popu-
lar food fish in many parts of
Asia and is also used in tradition-
al medicine. However, it is also
considered to be an invasive
species in some parts of the
world, such as the United States.
The freshwater ecosystems
are the most endangered water
regimes in the world, being dev-
asted by anthropogenic activi-
ties such as poor management,
habitat fragmentation, and the
incorporation of exotic species.
Nowadays, enormous pollu-
tion loads in the Indus River are
caused by municipal discharge,
industrial waste, and agricultural
run-off. On the other hand,
human interventions, a lack of
rehabilitation programs, and
inefficient supervision are
depleting the genetic diversity of
commercially significant fish
species.
Freshwater habitats are frag-
mented as a result of a mix of
natural and manmade processes,
and their one-dimensionality
increases their susceptibility to
being detached from two-dimen-
sional forest landscapes.
Fragmentation of species dis-
tribution to small, allopatric pop-
ulations may result from deple-
tion of genetic diversity at the
species and within species lev-
els, posing a serious threat to
biodiversity’s existence. Many
fish species migrations are dis-
rupted by dam construction,
interfering with their life cycles.
Therefore, natural water sys-
tems have lost spawning, breed-
ing, and nursing grounds as a
response to hydrological
changes and greater human
interference in recent years.
Environmental hazards,
including climatic change,
floods, and human interventions
such as pollution, the introduc-
tion of exotic species, overfish-
ing, and hydrological alterations,
are significant factors that have
had diverse impacts on the sur-
vival of fish species in recent
decades.
Rapid environmental change
has a great influence on natural
ecosystems and their inhabi-
tants, which pose serious threats
to aquatic species by exerting
stress like sedimentation, low
pH, and changes in salinity and
total hardness of water, which
lead to vulnerability and extinc-
tion.
The pollution adds to the prob-
lem by lowering the rate of sur-
vival of fish spawn. Siltation
caused by deforestation and
indiscriminate capture of brood
fish during breeding season are
two examples of human inter-
ventions that have led to the
reduction of wild fish popula-
tions.
In Pakistan, there is a lack of
awareness about genetic issues
related to artificial breeding.
Numerous private and public
fish hatcheries try to protect
endemic and cultured species
from being genetically degraded.
Channa punctatus, widely
known as Murrel or “Shakur,” is
a freshwater species native to
tropical Africa and southern
Asia. Rivers, swamps, rice fields,
canals, lakes, and marshes seem
to be the most prevalent habi-
tats.
The genus Channa is widely
distributed in Asian countries
like India, Pakistan, Thailand,
Indonesia, Vietnam, Iran, China,
Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. In
India’s local markets, demand
for fish is always greater than
supply, and it fetches a good
price (INR 60–80/kg) when sold
alive, especially in the north and
east. Therefore, it is considered
a threatened species due to the
extra exploitation of natural
resources.
Punctatus is known as a ‘lean’
fish because it has very few or
no adipose tissues. This fish is
famous for its essential amino
acids as well as dietary minerals
like iron, manganese, calcium,
magnesium, and zinc. Moreover,
the antioxidant vitamin C is well-
known for its powerful anti-
stress properties.
Most fish species are unable to
produce vitamin C and must rely
on external sources to meet
their nutritional requirements.
Considering the significance of
this fish species, the vitamin C
requirement for proper growth
and survival is fairly modest
(both from commercial as well
as conservation points of view).
So, this fish is considered both
economically and aesthetically
valuable as a table fish.
Because of its medical and
pharmaceutical properties, it is
considered the best remedy in
the medical field. Additionally, it
has great tolerance for adverse
water quality and the ability to
withstand harsh environments;
it also has a high market price.
As it is an air-breathing fish, it
has been recognised as a poten-
tial candidate species for aqua-
culture in derelict and swampy
water. Along with its taste, low
intramuscular spines, and high
protein content, it has a high
consumer preference.
Many elements influence the
culture’s success, the most
important of which is seed avail-
ability. That’s why it concerns a
significant species for culturing
as well as research.
Our Objectives.
To evaluate the extent of
genetic diversity in the natural
population of Channa punctatus
To assess the current genetic
structure in the riverine popula-
tion of C. punctatus by using
microsatellite markers
Abstract
Numerous anthropogenic
activities have consistently
posed a serious threat to the
genetic integrity of fish popula-
tions. Global biodiversity is
being eroded as a result of these
genetic diversity losses.
The proposed study was con-
ducted to genetically analyze
Channa punctatus populations
in the Indus River collected from
five different sites, viz., Chashma
Barrage, Taunsa Barrage, Jinnah
Barrage, Ghazi Ghat, and Guddu
Barrage. Samples were brought
to the Aquaculture
Biotechnology Lab, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, while
being stored on crushed ice.
DNA was extracted using stan-
dard phenol/chloroform DNA
isolation methods, and the quali-
ty and quantity of the isolated
DNA were examined by agarose
gel electrophoresis and nan-
odrops, respectively. The
genomic DNA of C. punctatus
was PCR-amplified by cross-
species amplification of C.
argus, and PCR products were
further resolved on 5% non-dena-
turing PAGE.
The data were analysed using a
variety of software programmes,
such as FSTAT, POPGENE, and
TFPGA.
A moderate level of genetic
diversity was recorded in the
studied populations, as the num-
ber of alleles on each locus
ranged from 2.0 to 7.0 with an
average of 3.00 to 4.60. Average
observed and expected het-
erozygosities ranged from 0.580
to 0.680 and 0.560 to 0.759,
respectively.
The average fish values were -
0.088 to 0.017 in all of the exam-
ined populations of C. puncta-
tus. Genetic distance among
populations showed significant
variation (P<0.05), with a maxi-
mum value of genetic distance of
0.2053 in GB-JB and a minimum
of 0.0194 between GG-TB. The
AMOVA revealed that in popula-
tions of C. punctatus, the major-
ity of the variation was found
within individuals. Two large
clusters, A and B, were formed
by the UPGMA dendrogram: one
cluster consisted of CB, TB, and
GG, while the other consisted of
GB and JB...Read More
 OPINION
Executive Editor
A. M. Zaidi
Chief Editor
SAMZ Paras Ali
Managing Editor
Hina Ali Mustafa
News Editor
Sayyed Shehzer Abbas
Technology Editor
Sayyed Shozib Abbas
Web Editor
Raja Hamid
Bureau Chief
Syed Ali Raza
Head Office
Technology House
21-C, Street 7, Royal City, Lehtrar
Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
Tel: 0092 316 532 77 03
Bureau Office
C-89, Sherton Heights, Abul
Hassan Isphahani Road, Karachi,
Pakistan
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Published by: SAMZ Paras Ali for
"Foundation for Comprehensive
Social Development (FCSD)".
In questions of science, the
authority of a
thousand is not worth the hum-
ble reasoning of a single
individual.
--Galileo Galilei
Talian Astronomer, Physicist
And Engineer
Abdullah Arijo
VULTURES: At The Verge Of Extinction
ature is all about
N
biodiversity
which must sus-
tain, or alter-
ations will bring
nothing but
drastic changes that ultimately will
de-shape the planet in terms of
resources and this will into paying
the price or perish forever.
Regarding data on extension
of animal species, highly sur-
prising information is Surfaced
by world-known Journal
National Geographic which
reveals that the truth is, scien-
tists, don’t know how many
species of plants, animals,
fungi, and bacteria exist on
Earth. The most recent estimate
put that number at 2 billion, and
that will most likely change at
some point.
Extinction happens when
environmental factors or evolu-
tionary problems cause a
species to die out. The disap-
pearance of species from Earth
is ongoing, and rates have var-
ied over time. A quarter of mam-
mals is at risk of extinction,
according to IUCN Red List esti-
mates. To some extent, extinc-
tion is natural. Changes to habi-
tats and poor reproductive
trends are among the factors
that can make a species’ death
rate higher than its birth rate for
long enough that eventually,
none are left.
Humans also cause other
species to become extinct by
hunting, overharvesting, intro-
Amina
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry And
Biological Activities Of Cardamom
[Elettaria Cardamomum (L.) Maton]
Amina, Athar
Mahmood, Maria Naqve
S
mall cardamom
(Elettaria cardamo-
mum L. Maton),
belongs to the
Zingiberaceae family.
Cardamom is a
herbaceous perennial plant with an
underground rhizome that is propa-
gated by vegetative division of rhi-
zomes, and from grows 2-5m in
height.
Introduction:
Elettaria cardamomum (L.)
Maton is commonly known as
small cardamom or green car-
damom and is grown in India, Sri
Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, Costa
Rica, Mexico and Tanzania. The
botanical name of cardamom,
Elettaria cardamomum, originat-
ed from the Tamil word “Elettari”
which refers to the seeds of car-
damom. In general, the car-
damoms are the capsules of dried
fruits. Cardamom is recognized
as the “queen of spices” for its
nice aroma and taste. Cardamom
is the third most expensive spice
after saffron and vanilla in the
world.
Chemical constituents and
their uses:
For centuries, cardamom cap-
sules are being used for gastro-
nomic and traditional medicine
applications including controlling
asthma, dental infections, diges-
The species was undergoing a slow decline
until their population collapsed.
In just 20 years, a species numbering in the
hundreds of thousands is now close to
extinction with fewer than 10,000 individuals
estimated to be left in the wild
ducing invasive species to the
wild, polluting, and changing
wetlands and forests to crop-
lands and urban areas. Even the
rapid growth of the human pop-
ulation is causing extinction by
ruining natural habitats, the
journal further concludes.
It is believed that in the last 50
years nearly 60% of animal
species have gone extinct or
they are at the verge of extinc-
tion. According to rough esti-
mates, the natural world holds
about 8.7 million species, but
the taxonomy of the vast major-
ity is un-identified and catalogu-
ing them all could take more
than 1,000 years.Vultures grip
great ecological important and
authorities at WWF have been
working to save the vultures of
Pakistan through various inter-
ventions, projects and collabo-
rations. Both in ex-situ and in-
situ conservations of vultures
are on plate; including efforts to
embark up on captive breeding
and establishment of Vulture
Safe Zones, both of which help
in saving vultures from extinc-
tion and ensuring their long-
term survival.
Vulture is a gift of nature. It’s
their scavenging lifestyle that
means the importance of vul-
tures is often overlooked, but
they are vital for the healthy
functioning of ecosystems, in
many cases keeping them free
of contagious diseases. Vultures
have an extremely corrosive
stomach acid that allows them
The essential oil of cardamom capsules in in vitro stud-
ies showed anticarcinogenic effects by inhibiting damage to
adult DNA by aflatoxin B1. This might be due to bioactive
components present in the essential oil that have potential
anticancer roles. Cardamom oil increased the glutathione
transferase and acid-soluble sulfhydryl activities and
arbitrates the oxidation and detoxification of xenobiotics
tive and kidney disorders,
cataracts, nausea, diarrhea and
cardiac disorders. The essential
oil and other bioactive metabo-
lites accumulated in cardamom
capsules contribute to their char-
acteristic aroma and utility as a
functional food, pharmaceutical
and nutraceutical. The essential
oil (EO) content of cardamom
capsules varies from 6 to 14%
depending upon the type and pro-
cessing methods. EO of car-
damom capsules possess pre-
stituents, such as 1,8- cineole, α-
dominantly monoterpene con-
pinene, α- terpineol, linalool, lina-
e ste r constitue nt α- te rpinyl
lyl acetate and nerolidol and the
acetate, all of which have thera-
peutic benefits including antioxi-
dant, anticancer, antidiabetic,
anti- inflammatory, antifungal,
antiviral and gastroprotective
activities. Antioxidant activity:
Oxidative stress is a chief fac-
tor for induction of several
chronic and degenerative dis-
eases such as diabetes, cancer,
immune dysfunction and
Parkinson’s. For prevention of
free radical formation through
scavenging and suppression of
chronic and degenerative dis-
eases antioxidants are natural or
synthetic compounds that can be
used. Cardamom capsules and
seeds are rich sources of antioxi-
dant substances that neutralize
free radicals by preventing oxida-
to consume rotting animal
corpses.
Vultures hold great ecological
importance and teams at WWF
have been working to save the
vultures of Pakistan through
various interventions, projects
and collaborations. They are
involved in ex-situ and in-situ
conservations of vultures; and
their efforts include captive
breeding and establishment of
Vulture Safe Zones, both of
which help in saving vultures
from extinction and ensuring
their long-term survival.
In 2013 an elephant carcass
found in Namibia, Africa, was
surrounded by as many as 600
dead vultures. Vultures are also
endangered as a result of the
demand for their body parts for
use in traditional medicine in
certain parts of Africa. And
rapid urbanization has disrupt-
ed vultures’ natural habitats.
The species was undergoing a
slow decline until their popula-
tion collapsed. In just 20 years,
a species numbering in the hun-
dreds of thousands is now close
to extinction with fewer than
10,000 individuals estimated to
be left in the wild.
In the 1990s, 99% of the Indian
subcontinent’s vultures were
wiped out using the veterinary
drug, diclofenac, given to cattle
but lethal to vultures feeding on
their carcasses. Birdlife helped
push for a ban of veterinary
diclofenac in India, Nepal,
Pakistan and Bangladesh,
tion of other components.
Cardamom capsules have a mod-
erate level of natural antioxidant
properties owing to the presence
of phenol compounds such as
quercetin, kaempferol and lute-
olins. Phytonutrients and vita-
mins, EO of cardamom acts as an
antioxidant scavenging free radi-
cals, thus reducing cellular age-
ing.
Anticancer activity:
The essential oil of cardamom
capsules in in vitro studies
showed anticarcinogenic effects
by inhibiting damage to adult
DNA by aflatoxin B1. This might
be due to bioactive components
present in the essential oil that
have potential anticancer roles.
Cardamom oil increased the glu-
tathione transferase and acid-sol-
uble sulfhydryl activities and
arbitrates the oxidation and
detoxification of xenobiotics.
The constituents of phytochemi-
cals of CEOs such as 1, 8-cineole
and limonene demonstrated a
protective role against cancer
development. Further they said
aqueous cardamom extract could
improve the activity of the detox-
ifying enzyme glutathione S-
transferase and reduce lipid per-
oxidation.Cytotoxic activity:
Cardamom capsule extracts
considerably enhanced the cyto-
toxic effects of natural killer cells
and indicated their anticancer
potential. Cardamom CEO is an
allowing for populations to
slowly stabilize, but they are
still nowhere near what they
once were. However, we are
turning things around through
the work of the SAVE partner-
ship, through education, protec-
tion, captive breeding, advoca-
cy and legislation.One major
factor responsible behind the
decline in vulture population is
the indiscriminate use of
diclofenac a veterinary non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug which was authorized for
veterinary use in Europe in
2014.
This drug is used in cattle, and
its residues remain active even
after cattle are dead. When vul-
tures consume carcass of the
dead cow, the Diclofenac shows
toxic effects on vultures even in
small doses, causing kidney fail-
ure.
That results in uric acid accu-
mulating in the birds’ blood and
crystallizing around their inter-
nal organs, a condition called
visceral gout. Hence Diclofenac
is blamed for driving vultures to
the brink of extinction on the
Indian subcontinent could
cause thousands of bird deaths
now that it is being used in
Spain.
Widespread use of diclofenac
in south Asian cattle is linked to
the deaths of millions of vul-
tures that ate carcasses contain-
ing the drug, causing some pop-
ulations to decline by more than
99% since the 1990s. Although
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 2023
immune stimulant agent for
chemotherapy. Even though the
safety of cardamom extracts and
CEO is indicated, the use of cell
lines based only on in vitro assays
limits the pharmacological rele-
vance of this outcome.
Antimicrobial and antibacterial
activity:
The EO of cardamom has
robust antibacterial effects
against various food-borne
microorganisms. CEO antibacter-
ial activity against S. aureus, E.
coli, S. typhi, Streptococcus
mutans and C. albicans, Bacillus
pulmilus and Listeria monocyto-
genes. Hence, CEO could play a
vital role in developing safe and
novel antibiotics in modern med-
icine. CEO has potential broad-
spectrum antibacterial and anti-
fungal activities that could be
used to prevent damage from
food-borne pathogens and food
spoilage organisms.
Insecticidal activity:
The development of bioactive
constituents that are less persist-
ent will be beneficial to both
farmers and the environment.
Exploitation of natural products
such as EOs are being considered
as substitutes to chemical pesti-
cides due to their low toxicity
effect on non-target organisms
and their lower persistence in the
environment. Therefore, EO of
cardamom could be used as a
stored grain protectant by killing
diclofenac does not yet seem to
have caused population
declines for Europe’s vultures,
scientists suspect that it might
only be a matter of time.
Reportedly, in Europe,
diclofenac has been approved
for veterinary use since 1993. In
2014, the European Medicines
Agency acknowledged that vul-
tures are at risk of consuming
residues of the drug in dead
livestock, but did not recom-
mend banning it. In 2015 the
European Commission decided
to follow the EMA’s recommen-
dation, leaving it up to EU mem-
ber states to prevent diclofenac-
laced carcasses from entering
the food chain.
Diclofenac is a common anti-
inflammatory drug adminis-
tered to livestock and is used to
treat the symptoms of inflam-
mation, fevers and/or pain asso-
ciated with disease or wounds.
It was widely used in India
beginning in the 1990s.
However, because of an over-
dose of diclofenac can cause
kidney damage in humans, the
drug seemed to be a likely cause
of death in the vultures. Further
tests established that there
were residues of diclofenac in
dead vultures, therefore this
drug must be banned and steps
must be takes for the conserva-
tion and restoration of this pre-
cious species all over the world
including Pakistan.
In this regard WWF must be
appreciated for the efforts of
03
or disturbing various life stages of
insect pests (including Sitophilus
zeamais and Trilobium casta-
neum) attacking
wheat.Miscellaneous activity:
Recently, CEO has been
extracted and commercially used
in the food industry as a flavoring
agent in bread, cakes, curry pow-
der and pickles. Capsules and
volatile oils of cardamom are
being used as flavoring con-
stituents in various types of
foods, including alcoholic and
non-alcoholic beverages, frozen
desserts, candies, puddings,
baked goods, condiments, gravies
and meat products. Cardamom
oil is also mixed with massage oil,
perfumes and lotions, because of
CEO components (α- pinene, β-
its soothing properties. Three
pinene and α- terpineol) had
synergistic effects. Hence, addi-
tion of CEO in ointments and
lotions increased the absorption
of medicines through the skin.
CEO has antispasmodic action
through receptor blockage, in
addition to diuretic properties.
Neurological disorders:
Elettaria cardamom is the one
of the formulation in treatment of
Alzheimer disease and various
neurological disorders like
anxiety sleeplessness and
irritation. The formulation of
Elettaria cardamom as poly
herbal combination is very
famous among all...Read More
their in-situ conservation is in
collaboration with federal and
provincial government depart-
ments, which helps in integrat-
ing research, monitoring, advo-
cacy, capacity building and
training, community empower-
ment and awareness to ensure a
viable population of vulture
remains in the wild.
THARPARKAR A VULTURE
SAFE ZONE IN PAKISTAN
Thar identified as the Vulture
Safe Zone in Pakistan. however
the establishment of Vulture
Safe Zones is also a practical
approach with objectives to
completely eradicate
Diclofenac Sodium and other
harmful NSAIDs, that are major
threats to vultures, and to
enhance availability and usage
of the alternate drug Meloxicam
through lobbying with pharma-
ceuticals, veterinarians, rele-
vant government departments
and communities.
This is satisfying to know that
WWF has also established
Vulture Safe Zones in Nagar
Parkar, in Sindh and Mirpur,
Kotli, Sudnoti, Muzaddarabad
Hattian and Havelian in Azad
Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).
Pakistan wildlife department
must take practical steps to
save the endangered species
including vaulters far they play
role in ecological nitch. There is
need to establish breeding safe
sites for vultures and take them
out of status of endangered
species.
 OPINION 04
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 2023

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Kalonji is high in antioxidants,

which help to neutralize harmful free
radicals that may contribute to the
development of diseases like cancer
Ayesha Athar

The Medicinal Importance Of Black Seed

(Kalonji) Nigella Sativa
Ayesha Athar, Maria (Turkey, Iran and Iraq), but nat- seeds. N. sativa oil contains the spice mixture panch phoron and obesity. Several com- ment by increasing the action
Naqve, Samra Gulzar uralized over a wider area, linoleic acid, oleic acid, (mixture of five spices) and pounds found in kalonji, such of insulin and delaying the
including parts of Europe, palmitic acid, and trans-anet- alone in many recipes in as thymoquinone, carvacrol, t- absorption of sugar into the

K
alonji (Nigella northern Africa and east to hole, and other minor con- Bengali cuisine and most recog- anethole and 4-terpineol, are blood.
sativa) is also Myanmar. stituents, such as nigellicine, nizably in naan. Nigella is also responsible for its potent Islamic point of view:
known as black Archaeological evidence nigellidine, nigellimine, and used in tresse cheese, a braided antioxidant properties. One Prophet Muhammad (PBUH),
caraway, black about the earliest cultivation of nigellimine N-oxide. Aromatics string cheese called majdouleh test-tube study found that who once stated, “The black

cymene, α- thuje ne , thymol, α-

cumin, nigella, black seeds dates back three include thymoquinone, p- or majdouli in the Middle East. kalonji essential oil also acted seed can heal every disease,

pine ne , β- pine ne . Prote in and

black seed, kalo-
jeera, kalonji or kalanji. It belongs
to the family Ranunculaceae. It is an
annual flowering plant used as
spice, for flavoring and for medici-
nal purposes.
Introduction:
It is an annual plant grows to
20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) tall,with
finely divided and linear leaves.
The pale blue and yellow flow-
ers are delicate with five to ten
petals. The fruit is large and
inflated capsule composed
three to seven united follicles
which containing seeds used as
spice,and as a replacement for
black cumin. Black seed is
native to eastern Europe and
western Asia.
History:
Black seed native to eastern
Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus and
Romania) and western Asia
millennia. It is found in several
sites from ancient Egypt. Seeds
were found in a Hittite flask in
Turkey from the second millen-
nium BC.The Persian physician
Avicenna in his Canon of
Medicine described black seed
as a treatment for dyspnea. In
Middle East it is also used as a
traditional medicine.The
Muslims scholar Al-Biruni com-
posed early origins of Indian
and Chinese drugs, mention
Black Seed is a kind of grain.
The Cannon of Medicine, writ-
ten by Ibn Sina is one of the
greatest books of ancient medi-
cine refers Black Seed as the
one that stimulates the body’s
energy and helps to recover
from fatigue.
Chemistry:
Oils are 32% to 40% of the
total composition of N. sativa
various alkaloids are also
pre se nt in the se e ds.
Culinary uses:
In the United States, the Food
and Drug Administration classi-
fies Nigella sativa L. (black
cumin, black caraway) as
Generally Recognized as Safe
(GRAS) for use as a spice, natu-
ral seasoning, or flavouring.
The seeds of N. sativa are used
as a spice in many cuisines. In
Palestine, the seeds are ground
to make bitter qizha paste.
The dry-roasted seeds flavour
curries, vegetables, and pulses.
They can be used as a season-
ing in recipes with pod fruit,
vegetables, salads, and poultry.
In some cultures, the black
seeds are used flavour bread
products, and used as part of
Medicinal uses:
Kalonji is high in antioxi-
dants, which help to neutralize
harmful free radicals that may
contribute to the development
of diseases like cancer. Test-
tube studies have found some
impressive results regarding
the potential anti-cancer effects
of kalonji and thymoquinone,
its active compound.
Packed With Antioxidants
Antioxidants are substances
that neutralize harmful free rad-
icals and prevent oxidative
damage to cells. Research
shows that antioxidants can
have a powerful effect on
health and disease. In fact,
some studies indicate that
antioxidants may protect
against the several types of
chronic conditions, including
cancer, diabetes, heart disease
as an antioxidant. except death. Health benefits of
May decrease heart disease black seeds: Kill the bacteria
risk In addition to promising that cause harmful infection.
weight loss benefits, N. sativa Alleviate Inflammation that
contains compounds that may effect spinal cord and joints.
benefit heart health and herb Preserve the lining of the
may reduce heart disease risk stomach and prevent from
through its beneficial effects on stomach ulcer.
blood pressure and blood fat Oil use to fix many skin prob-
levels. Cholesterol is a fat-like lems.
substance present in the body. Increase memory
Kalonji oil was effective signifi- Relieve in asthma
cantly reducing LDL (bad) cho- Traditional uses:
lesterol, while the powder Headache
increased HDL (good) choles- Toothache
terol in healthy participants and nasal congestion
in people with conditions like Pink eye (conjunctivitis)
diabetes, obesity, and high Side effects:
blood pressure.May promote Taken high amount of black
healthy blood sugar level seeds can cause
Kalonji may promote healthy Allergic rashes
blood sugar levels in people Stomach upset
with type 2 diabetes. It Vomiting
improve blood sugar manage- Constipation.