12

d{kk

HkkSfrdh&2
izk;ksfxd
d{kk
12 izk;ksfxd HkkSfrdh&2
izk;ksfxd HkkSfrdh&2
d{kk & 12

ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku] vtesj

ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr
iqLrd % izk;ksfxd HkkSfrdh &2
d{kk & 12

ys[kdx.k
&%&

MkW- vrqy dqekj vxzoky

HkkSfrd ’kkL=
jktdh; egkfo|ky;] ulhjkckn

vrqy dqekj pkSgku

O;k[;krk
jktdh; m-ek-fo|ky;] [ksjyh] /kkSyiqj

vt; dqekj xqIrk

mi iz/kkukpk;Z
Jh ekgs’ojh m-ek-fo|ky;] fryduxj] t;iqj
 ikB~;Øe lfefr
iqLrd % izk;ksfxd HkkSfrdh&2
d{kk&12

‚¢ÿÙ¡∑§ —
«UÊÚ. ŸÊ⁄UÊÿáÊ ‹Ê‹ ªÈåÃÊ
‚◊˝Ê≈U ¬ÎâflË⁄UÊ¡ øı„UÊŸ ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ◊„UÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ,
•¡◊⁄U (⁄UÊ¡.)

‚ºSÿªáÊ —

¬˝Ù. ‚ÈœË‡Ê ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U ÁºŸ‡Ê Á„U◊Ê¢‡ÊÈ

÷ıÁÃ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ Áfl÷ʪ √ÿÊÅÿÊÃÊ
◊Ù„UŸ‹Ê‹ ‚ÈπÊÁ«∏UÿÊ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ, «UÊ߸≈U, ∑§Ù≈UÊ (⁄UÊ¡SÕÊŸ)
©Uºÿ¬È⁄U (⁄UÊ¡.)

ª¡ãº˝ ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U ‡Ê◊ʸ „UË⁄UÊ‹Ê‹ ≈U‹⁄U

¬˝œÊŸÊøÊÿ¸ ¬˝œÊŸÊøÊÿ¸
⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ©Uëø ◊ÊäÿÁ◊∑§ ÁfllÊ‹ÿ ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ ©Uëø ◊ÊäÿÁ◊∑§ ÁfllÊ‹ÿ
‚⁄UÊŸËπ«∏UÊ (œı‹¬È⁄U) ¬˝Ãʬ Ÿª⁄U, ÷Ë‹flÊ«∏UÊ

•¡ÿ ∑ȧ◊Ê⁄U ªÈåÃÊ ÷ÒL§‹Ê‹ Ã‹Ë

©U¬ ¬˝œÊŸÊøÊÿ¸ √ÿÊÅÿÊÃÊ
◊Ê„U‡fl⁄UË ‚ËÁŸÿ⁄U ‚Ò∑§á«U⁄UË S∑ͧ‹, ⁄UÊ¡∑§Ëÿ »§Ã„U ©Uëø ◊ÊäÿÁ◊∑§ ÁfllÊ‹ÿ
Áfl¡ÿ ¬Õ, ÁË∑§ Ÿª⁄U, ¡ÿ¬È⁄U ©Uºÿ¬È⁄U (⁄UÊ¡.)
 vkeq[k

izk;ksfxd HkkSfrd foKku dh ;g iqLrd ek/;fed f'k{kk cksM]Z jktLFkku }kjk iLzrkfor ikB~;Øekuqlkj
d{kk 12 ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fy[kh xbZ gSA
foKku ds v/;;u esa izk;ksfxd dk;Z dk fof'k"V egRo gSA fofHkUu fl)kUrksa dh ifq"V izk;ksfxd
dk;Z }kjk gh dh tkrh gSA bu rF;ksa dks jk"Vªh; ikB;~p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 esa Hkh js[kkafdr djrs gq,
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds iwoZ Kku ds vk/kkj ij le> ds volj miyC/k djkus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA vr% iz;ksx'kkyk
vkSj ikz;ksfxd dk;Z ds vfrfjDr fo|kFkhZ dh ftKklk vkSj ifjos'kxr~ HkkSfrdh dh iz?kVukvksa dks le>us
esa lgk;rk dh tkuh pkfg;sA izkjEHk ls gh izk;ksfxd dk;Z esa :fp mRiUu djus ds fy, ;g iqLrd fy[kus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
izLrqr iqLrd esa izk;ksfxd dk;ksZ dks ikB;~kul
q kj rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS & izFke Hkkx esa izLrkfor
i;z ksxksa dks lekfgr fd;k gS] f}rh; Hkkx esa Nk=ksa }kjk dj.kh; fØ;kdykiksa dk o.kZu gSA izk;ksfxd dk;Z
esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk eq[; cu x;h gSA Nk= dfri; midj.kksa dks izFke ckj ns[krk gS] mlds lapkyu ,oa
mi;ksx esa ykus dh n{krk o`f) gsrq f'k{kd }kjk fo'ks"k funs'Z k fn;s tkus dh vis{kk gSA
iqLrd dks ljy ,oa lqcks/k Hkk"kk esa fy[krs gq, izR;sd iz;ksx ds fy, ikz;ksfxd midj.kksa] vko';d
lkexzh] ukekafdr fp=ksa] lko/kkfu;ksa ,oa ekSf[kd iz'uksa dk leko'sk fd;k x;k gSA geus iqLrd dks Li"V
,oa =qfV jfgr j[krs gq, i;z ksxksa dks fdlh Hkh fo|ky; esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼xzkeh.k o 'kgjh½ }kjk lqxerk ls iw.kZ
fd;s tk ldus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
rduhdh 'kCnksa dks fgUnh Hkk"kk ds lkFk&lkFk ;FkklaHko vaxzsth esa dks"Bdksa esa iLzrqr fd;k x;k gSA
iqLrd ds lq/kkj gsrq fo}ku lg;ksfx;ksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds cgqeYw ; lq>ko vkeaf=r gSA

ys[kdx.k
8- vxzfnf’kd rFkk i’pfnf’kd vfHkufr esa
 vuqØef.kdk
Ø-la- fo"k;Lrq i`"B la[;k

Hkkx ¼v½
01 iz;ksx&1 01&07
02 iz;ksx&2 08&11
03 iz;ksx&3 12&16
04 iz;ksx&4 17&20
05 iz;ksx&5 21&31
06 iz;ksx&6 32&35
07 iz;ksx&7 36&40
08 iz;ksx&8 41&46
09 iz;ksx&9 47&54
10 iz;ksx&10 55&60
11 fØ;kdyki&1 61&68
12 fØ;kdyki&2 69&70
13 fØ;kdyki&3 71&72
14 fØ;kdyki&4 73&76
15 fØ;kdyki&5 77&78
16 fØ;kdyki&6 79&81

Hkkx ¼c½
17 iz;ksx&1 82&90
18 iz;ksx&2 91&99
19 iz;ksx&3 100&105
20 iz;ksx&4 106&111
21 iz;ksx&5 112&117
22 iz;ksx&6 118&121
23 iz;ksx&7 122&127
24 iz;ksx&8 128&133
25 iz;ksx&9 134&137
26 iz;ksx&10 138&142
27 iz;ksx&11 143&149
28 iz;ksx&12 150&154
29 fØ;kdyki&1 155&158
30 fØ;kdyki&2 159&163
31 fØ;kdyki&3 164&166
32 fØ;kdyki&4 167&169
33 fØ;kdyki&5 170&173
34 fØ;kdyki&6 174&175
35 fØ;kdyki&7 176&180
36 fØ;kdyki&8 181&182
 Hkkx&v
iz;ksx 1
mn~ns’; & foHkokraj o /kkjk ds chp xzkQ [khapdj fdlh fn, x, rkj dk izfrjks/k o
izfrjks/kdrk Kkr djukA
midj.k & vKkr izfrjks/k rkj] lhlk lapk;d lsy vFkok fn"V /kkjklzkrs ] oksYVehVj] vehVj]
/kkjk fu;a=d] ehVj Ldsy] LØwxst] Iyx daqth] l;akstd rkj] jsxeky] dkxt vkfnA
fl)kar & vkse ds fu;e ls fdlh pkyd dh HkkSfrd voLFkk ¼yEckbZ] dkV{ks=] rki vkfn½
fLFkj jgs rks mlds fljksa ij foHkokarj mlesa izokfgr /kkjk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
V α I
V= RI --- ¼1-1½
;gka V=foHkokarj] I= /kkjk o R= pkyd dk izfrjks/k gSA

;fn foHkokarj V oksYV o /kkjk I ,fEi;j esa gS rks izfrjk/sk dk ek=d vkse ¼W½ gksxkA
W ,d xzhd o.kZ gS tks vkse dks O;Dr djrk gSA
lehdj.k ¼1-1½ ls Li"V gS fd foHkokarj V o /kkjk I esa ,d ljy js[kh; lac/a k gS
vFkkrZ~ V o I esa xkzQ ,d ljy js[kk izkIr gksrh gS tks fd ewy fcanq ls xqtjrh gSA bl xzkQ dk
V
<ky R = pkyd dk ifzrjks/k iznf'kZr djrk gS tcfd /kkjk (I), X-v{k o foHkokarj (V), Y-
I
v{k ds vuqfn’k gksA
fof/k & 1- ispekih dh lgk;rk ls vKkr izfrjks/k rkj dh fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa ls f=T;k Kkr
djds ek/; f=T;k Kkr djsAa
2- ehVj iSekus ls rkj dh yackbZ l Kkr djsA
3- lcls igys l;akstu rkj ds fljks dks jsxeky dkxt ls jxM dj lkQ djsaxAs
4- fp=kuqlkj fo|qr ifjiFk tksMax s As vFkkZr~ vehVj Js.khØe o oksYVehVj pkyd rkj
ds lekarjdze esa tksMrs gSaA
5- vc vehVj o oksYVehVj ds ld a srd dks ns[krs gSa fd og ’kUw; ij gS ;k ughaA ;fn
ladsrd ’kUw; ij ugha gS rks mudks ’kwU; ij ¼+ip s dl dh lgk;rk ls½ yk;saxAs
6- vehVj o oksYVehVj dk y?kqRre eki Kkrdj uksV djsaxAs
7- vc ifjiFk esa dqt a h K can djds oksYVehVj o vehVj ds ikB~;kad uksV djrs gSaA
/kkjk fu;=
a d dh lgk;rk ls ifjiFk esa /kkjk dk eku cnydj oksYVehVj ls foHkokarj o vehVj
ls /kkjk ds ikB~;kad ysrs gSAa
8- mfpr iSekuk ekudj X- v{k ij /kkjk I ,Eih;j esa o Y- v{k ij foHkokarj V oksYV
esa ysdj xzkQ cukrs gS rks ;g ,d ljy js[kk izkIr gksrh gSA

1
 E

K
Rh

I A

V ¼oksYV½
R

A
V
C B

fp=% 1-1 fo|q r ifjiFk

I ¼,-½

fp=% 1-2 foHkoka

oHkokarj o /kkjk esa xzkQ
E= lapk;d ly
s
K= dqath
Rh = /kkjk fu;a=d
R = pkyd izfrjks/kd rkj
A= vehVj
V= oksYVehVj
rkj ddss O;kl dh lkj.kh
ispekih dk pwM+h vUrjky ¾ --------------------- lseh-
pw - v -
ispekih dk y?kqŸke eki = = ...............lseh
o`Ÿkkdkj iSekus ij Hkkxksa dh dqy la[; k

'kwU;kad =qfV ¾ ------------------------- Hkkx ¼fpUg lfgr ½ ¾-------------------------lseh- ¼fpUg lfgr ½

fdlh ,d fn'kk esa yEcor fn'kk esa

Ø-la- iz-iS- dk oŸ`kkdkj iSekus dk ik- dqy ik- iz-iS- dk o`Ÿkkdkj iSekus dk ik- dqy ek/;
O;kl
ikB;kad Hkkxksa esa lseh esa ikB;kad Hkkxksa esa lseh esa
d +d'
n n × Lc
. d n n × Lc
. d' 2

1- -------- lseh- --------Hkkx --------lseh- --------lseh ------- lseh- ------ Hkkx ------lseh- ---lseh -----lseh-
2- -------- lseh- --------Hkkx --------lseh- --------lseh ------- lseh- ------ Hkkx ------lseh- ---lseh -----lseh-

2
 rkj dk ek/; O;kl ¼D½¾ ------------ lseh] la'kksf/kr O;kl ¾ ek/; O;kl & ¼ ± 'kwU;kad =fqV½
l'akksf/kr O; kl
rkj dh f=T;k ¼r½¾ = ........... lesh ¾------------ ehVj
2
rkj dk dkV {ks= ¼A½¾ π r 2 ------------ oxZ eh-
ijkl
iz s { k.k& oksYVehVj dk vYirekad = = .................. oks-
Hkkxksa dh dy
q l[a;k
ijkl
vehVj dk vYirekad =
Hkkxksa dh dqy la[;k = .................. ,-
izfrjks/k rkj dh yEckbZ (l) = .................. m
lkj.kh

Ø-la- oksYV ehVj dk ikB~;kad vehVj dk ikB~;kad izfrjks/k

V
Hkkx Hkkx × vYirekad¼oks -½ Hkkx Hkkx × vYirekad ¼,-½ R= ek/; R xzkQ ds <ky ls
l
1- ------------------- oksYV ------------------- ¼,-½ ------ W
2- ------------------- okYsV --------------------¼,-½ ------ W
3- ------------------- oksYV ------------------- ¼,-½ ------ W R’=------W
R=----W
4- ------------------- oksYV --------------------- ¼,-½ ------ W
5- ------------------- oksYV --------------------- ¼,-½ ------ W

x.kuk & foHkokarj ¼oksYV½ V rFkk /kkjk I ¼,Eih;j½ esa xzkQ [khapus ds fy, mfpr iSekuk
ysrs gSA X- v{k ij /kkjk I o Y- v{k ij foHkokarj V ysdj xzkQ cukrs gS rks fp= 1-2 ds
∆V AB
vuqlkj ,d ljy js[kk izkIr gksrh gSA bl xzkQ dk <ky (Slope) R1 = = Kkr djrs
∆I BC
gSA ;g pkyd rkj dk izfrjks/k R1 gksxkA
RA
rkj dh izfrjks/kdrk ρ = ls x.kuk djrs gSA
l

lR;kiu & izs{k.k lkj.kh esa izkIr V rFkk /kkjk I ls Hkh izfrjks/k R dh x.kuk djrs gSA vc
∆V AB
izfrjks/k dk eku xzkQ ds <ky ls yxHkx <ky ls R1 = = Kkr djrs gS rks Li"V gSa
∆I BC
fd izfrjks/k dk eku yxHkx leku vkrk gSA tks fd x.kuk ls izkIr izfrjks/k R ds yxHkx

3
ckgj fudyuh pkfg,A
ij ,d

Rα l

 1
 R α 
A

djrh gSA

dkV

Q 100
t= =
I 10 × 10 −3

α
 ]

fp= 2-1

¼nsf[k, fp= 2-2½

 R l ρ'
=
S (100 − l ) ρ '

ρ'

S=
(100 − l ) R
l

Sa
ρ=
L

a = πr2

a
lHkh Iyx dls gq, gksaA

fp= 2-2 ehVj lsrq dk ifjiFk

¼vuar izfrjks/k½
 R (100 − l )
S=
l

Sπ r 2
ρ=
L
ρ
S=Ω

,
 1 1 1
= +
RP R1 R2

R2

D D
R1

B C B C
ds fy, lkj.kh
ehVj lsrq D;k gS ,oa fdl fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS\

S
 α

α
α Rθ , R0

Rθ − R0
( C)
0 −1
0
α= C ;k
R0 ∆θ

izfrjks/k ds rkih; xq.kkad dk eku

;k izfrjks/kdrk
/k dk rkih;
Vα L V =φ L

E1 = φ l1

E2 = φ l 2

E1 φ l1
=
E2 φ l 2
 E2

l1
l2
 E1 l E1
= 1 =
E2 l 2 E2

E1
E2

E1
E2

E1
E2

.
 E
I=
R+r

E
V= .R
(R + r )

E  r
= 1 + 
V  R

r E 
=  – 1
R V 
E 
r =  – 1 R
V 

 E −V 
r= R
 V 

E = φ l0 V =φ l
φ

;g eku leh- ¼2½ esa j[kus ij

 l −l
r= 0 R
 l 
 c c
2

-
 -

1 l0  1 1
=  −
R r  l r

1
R

1
R
1
OP =
r

1
R

1 1
r l

1 1
R r

]
gS rks ml fcanq ij fo|qr foHko ,d oksYV dgykrk gSA
 V
φ=
l

Iρ
φ=
A
 Iρ
∴ φ=
A
 ,oa

< <

Iρ
φ=
A
 ]

R R’
ρE
φ= R’
R + R'
ρE
φ=
R + ρL

V
R=
I
 ]

1 1
R l

1 1
l R
 (.)

R.B.

(.)
 ×

∆V = V − V '

E0

l0 foHkoekih ij ekud

l yEckbZ
∆V

e/; MkWV yxkdj ekud lsy dks ifjiFk esa

l0

E0
φ=
l0

ij foHkokUrj dks ifjiFk

R = 2Ω

Rh 1
 E

× ∆V = V − V '

E0
φ=
l0

∆V = (V − V ') dks
 ∆V
(+)

=qfV O

oksYVehVj dk ikB;kad ¼oksYV½

∆V
(-)

fp= 6-3 % oksYVehVj dk va’kkdu oØ

¼uksV& va’kkaadu oØ fdlh Hkh vkd`fr dk ¼ zig-zag½ izkIr gks ldrk gSA izkIr fcUnqvksa dks Øfed :i
esa feyk;k tkrk gS fu"dks.k oØ ugha [khapk tkrk½

ifj.kke & fn;s x, oksYVehVj dk va’kkadu oØ layXu vkjs[k vuqlkj izkIr gksrk gSA Li"V gS fd
=qfV /kukRed ,oa _.kkRed nksuksa izdkj dh gks ldrh gSA

lko/kkfu;ka &1- oksYVehVj miq;Dr dk ijkl gksuk pkfg,A

2- la;kstu n`< o dls gq, gksus pkfg,A
3- ,d ckj izkFkfed ifjiFk dk leatu dj ysus ds i’pkr~ izkFkfed ifjiFk ds
/kkjk&fu;a=d dh fLFkfr ifjofrZr ugha djuh pkfg,A vU;Fkk foHko izo.krk ifjofrZr gks
tkrh gSA
4- ekud lsy u;k gksuk pkfg,A vU;Fkk bldk fo-ck- cy de gks tkrk gSA
5- foHkoekih rkj dh eksVkbZ ,d leku gksuh pkfg, rkfd foHko izo.krk dk eku fu;r
jgsA
6- izs{k.k ysrs le; gh dqt
a h dh MkWV yxkuh pkfg, rkfd rkj esa vf/kd nsj rd /kkjk izokg
u gks ,oa ;g xeZ u gksA
=qfV L=ksr& 1- foHkoekih rkj dh eksVkbZ] loZ= ,d leku u gksukA
2- lapk;d lsy dk fo|qr okgd cy fu;r u jgukA
3- gks ldrk gS fd foHkoekih ds rkj dh foHkoizo.krk fu;r u jgsA

35
 = I ×1 = I

E = l1φ
φ ekud izfrjks/k ds

V1 = l2φ
 V1 l2
=
E l1

l2
V1 = E
l1

V1 = i1 R
V1 = i1

l2
i1 = E
l1

B1
(.)
Rh 1

Rh 1 , Rh 2

A
Rh 2
(.)
B2

(i − i1 )

foHkoekih

Rh2
 eku dks bruk de dhft;s fd vehVj ds iwjs

l2 i
i1 (i − i1 )

(i -i’)
foHkoekih ds rkj dh foHko izo.krk fu;r u jgsA

U; /kukRed ,oa _.kkRed gksrh gSA

vfUre rkj dh yxHkx iw.kZ yEckbZ ij izkIr gks rks foHkoekih

 frjks/k v)Zfo{ksi fof/k }kjk Kkr djuk rFkk bldk
n{krkad

xe
 V
= kθ
G

θ
2
vFkkZr v)Z fo{ksi dh fLFkfr esa

V kθ
=
G+R 2

V 1V 
=  
G + R 2  G
;gk¡ k = E  1
 
R '+ G  θ 

θ
 
2

E  1
k=  
R '+ G  θ 

E  1
k=  
R '+ G  θ 

E  1
k=  
R '+ G  θ 
ds izokg dk irk yxkus ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k
;g rc gh lgh gS tcfd /kkjkekih ds
R

ladsrd
 Io G
∴ S=
(I 0 − Ig )
 i

Sπ r 2
l=
ρ

Sπ r 2
l=
ρ
c = n × L.c =a+c c ' = n '× L.c =a+c’
 Io G
S=
I0 − I g

Sπ r 2
l=
ρ

;qDr ekud vehVj nh x;h ijkl

;k eSaxuhu

Vo
R= −G
Ig

Vo
R= −G
Ig
 x;s

Vo
R= −G
Ig
/kkjkekih dk n{krkad
ij ,d Hkkx ds fo{ksi ds fy;s vko’;d
 1 T
n=
2l m
 ×

×
×

1 1
−
2 2
 1 T
n=
2l m
 PQ
=
QR

×
×

l2 1
= 2
T 4n m

n
f =
2

.k
cgqyekih }kjk fdlh fn;s x;s ifjiFk ds lkraR; dk ijh{k.k djuk rFkk izfrjks/k]
 o
Vr m s

o
Ir m s

o ?kwerk gSA

∞
?kq
 Hkkx × vYirekad

?kqekdj izfrjks/k ekiu

AoB

BoC CoD
Vr m s Vr m s
 Rh

izfrjks/kd rkj
izfrjks/k
 ]

K1
 Rh

B
Y

fd;s x;s

e/; foHkokUrj dgykrk gSA

 vuqØekuqikrh gksrk gSA

ftlesa fQYVj ifjiFk yxk gksA

6

6
cYcksa ds

0.75A
gS W
izfrjks/k mRiUu djrh gS o ifjiFk esa

Ik

]
fp= 1-1

P
 P

y
fcEc fiu o fcEc fiu

‘v’
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fp= 6-1
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7-2

fp= 7-3
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la- R VRC o¨YV çkIr
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I

1- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ......o¨YV ......o¨YV ......fMxzh

2- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ......o¨YV ......o¨YV ......fMxzh
3- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ......o¨YV ......o¨YV ......fMxzh
4- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ......o¨YV ......o¨YV ......fMxzh
5- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ......o¨YV ......o¨YV ......fMxzh

Ø- çfrj¨èk çfrckèkk
la- 1 -1
R Xc = Z= (R2
+ 2 2
C ( tan

1- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ........Ω ........fMxzh

2- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ........Ω ........fMxzh
3- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ........Ω ........fMxzh
4- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ........Ω ........fMxzh
5- ........Ω ......µF ........Ω ........Ω ........fMxzh

A P
12-2

12-2 B
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