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    13 views134 pages

    Bio

    Uploaded by

    Jannah Elmaghraby

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 134
    eee PEE eey 1 Understand how photophosphonyation of ATP requtes energy ae that hyolss of ATP provides an Immediate supply of energy for bolgical processes. orgy essen to ef the cupely of enengy te ee of Tange ametnts feresy coninal ow though the bespere nd oransms con be cts according oho they get tt egy Autowophie oyansms mala craic compourcs fom fatbon dase, fos of tm do ths by photosynthesis ey the bonds of organic meloculs sucha lucece and sach. These commgounds ae se as an ene source bythe organs. and as ‘Mebaleing boas fee upoarrlecls sah as eta, Pes alae ane sore acter ae fe man pesonmiete nas fig Al Thee ae ew autcrohic acti that re otphotgjihete. The wo energy Her cheical actions 0 ‘yes th food Meterouopblc omarion gnarl ea plans otter animal which hav een pants They we te products isto gly energy races The Suns athe uate Sure of energy or amos ll organs, [I Feaber att the source of energy lor photoya ‘ero the rg auc rary format al nrg proces 52 ‘ATP: THE ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE CELL ang chemical bonds nec an inp of energy Chercl bande arecansaaybeing bckan in theca of ay vg ogni Energy has tobe cently avalible an acess rr ‘molecule beleved to be the nial energy spin cel, foundn al ving organs n exalt same form Anying ‘hat eters wih is productn or breakdown is tao the cel a matey he crarism The remarate compnnd scaled ‘Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Fig Betz the sroctrect ATP A 6a ‘Wen energy needed the hid phosphate bod can be bcken bora njerajis reaction. This eased teense ATPase ‘The result of ths hyrajss adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 2 re narparc phospiae grou ) and ener Ge gC), About $34 of energy leased pet mole o ATP hyaroysed Same ‘ny biclogeal sty te oe which egutes energy Examples rohise aivetraspot ore Section 2A.4 (Book 1 AS) abo reactions in which ge moles are bull up fem Salle enes and sce contact (se Chapter 7). EN erember hat syntessng ATP condensation reaconare Dreakcown ef ATP yas feacton Theresa dose in ‘Sraareaon stim Chaper TA (Bok HAS, fo GE eee Ci Ea rane sap SH + © cisions ees e enone vero weer doors 1 tec en aha dino oP on ea) rey ae ‘The breakdown of ATP ito ADP and phephate isa rereble reaction ATP canbe sythesied (rnd) tom AD? ends phosphate gcup Theses eaconealocatahwedby te enzyme YOuen eth acon ORG [ATPase and equies an apo energy (4K) per mole of ATP produce) The energy needed) toblpyursmerberthe {0 de he syahess of ATP sly comes om catabolic (breakdown) coctons orreduction/ Means naton ae ‘xidation reactions (edox reactions). Ae ead en ATP rks provides an rede ‘edcon Outen 05, uly of energy fer your cals ready for ue when needed seg) bemioibens 1A fgb esvey eed cal res edo dive te potion of ATA ease ee (MAKING ATP: THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN “There ae to main waysin which ATP formed em ADP and inorganic posh nthe nee using energy relased from the atabobe reactions whic ake place, for example cella ‘espation Howeves the main way in which ATP sated is the remeval af hog toms om sera ofthe intermediate comnpoues na metaeic pan ‘When to hekopen ators ate removed ram acompeund, thay ae collect y hyogen cater cor aeeprr The acceptor beduced Betton rom he hope te are then wanted lng Sere of carers inown as electron transport chain. The carganeno he chal are ‘ocuoed when thoy rccve the cleczns and exdsed again when fey arte the elocters tthe ‘ext part of the ca. These rsa actions each eet small arcu of energy whieh eno dhvethesymhesis of e molecule of ATP In ths wa. the earay ead evalabe or use when tis ‘eed te cal YOU wlan moe bout the production of ATP ae (se Chapter 7A). Gta Emons oy Ed Clo 1. (6) The breshdown acon of ATP 2 ADP «debe revel nln hat hie mens. (9) fe maton ante ben AP acon san ee Sa hee 2. ArPistheuriver energy sup alee nti ngs Ean how ATP ested forthe thecele 5: Some people descibe photosynthesis the most nporanteactonin ng cepnsns Gone escrito one reson hy ot Soa ‘utctrophic azn hata omplecorgn compounds er np compounds inthe photosynth proces by which hing organs pray ples and ne. cape he ent of tne Sun ng chore and ce to cone cnbon desde ad water nt simple sie eterovopnc oars tha aban comple aan eles by eng en oe ingore denon tiphorphae ATP a nico that ache unr eer spy ince ie made up of thease adeno, the prose sug bese and tee phosphate ups [Arras te eye nih cate the termatlon al reskown ot depending on he ontons ‘dence epate ADV a parle red when k hosp up ranted Fer A ‘ection reactions (co recon) actors which one reactant ss levers ded) and another ans dlectons sree) "ecton rarspor chain series of elaon-caryng compounds along wich cons ae anstearedin Eisicof ent ecto ec ne oc EAT 5A 2 CHLOROPLASTS AND 1 ee ea (EMI 1 Urcerstand the overall reaction of photosynthesis as requring energy fom light o split apart the strong bonds in water molecules, storing the hydrogen ina fel (glucose) by combining it wih carbon dfoxide and releasing oxygen into the atmesphere. 1 Understand the structure of cHoroplasts in elation to their roe in photosynthesis. 1 Understand what meant by the terms absorption specrum and action spectrum, 1 Uscerstand tat chloroplast pigments can be separated using chromatography and the pigments identified using values Photosynthesis is the proces used vig organs paul plas. o capa he ener of (he Stnusing cNoeptyl anduse ito comer cafon dang and water smple sige Ths Coma ‘ation sunmarses potest The process f protons “i Proxies {dear espavon re sexe Sil inked exon dioride + water 28 gucose + omygen AH ~ 478801 a Protons en energy ieee ane vses carbon diode and 6c0,+5H,0 "=", cy4,0,460, aH 208080 traterto these pace ané ve agen Wiener “The energy em ght suse ta bres the strong H-O tends inthe water molecules The hdrngen_Aetbicrespaton uses cose whichis feksoed combined wih cate dx ofr afl the cl coe), Onpen Sado rod ery ‘leased athe stmosphare asa Wate product of ths proces. te ea Simple mal ef photasyntet such ashe equation shave show a onestep proces They cde | MNVAepEDE He Shemestingent pan fe poze andra eae canyon But evo athe Youre mr proce isenremely compe. Youll earn some othe deta of he process nth sation Soutarroberepatenin Chapter 7A. “The rucure of plans ha toh round he proces of photosyess. The eet pats of the plant are adapted er eficemlycbsning the raw rates carbon dod ard wate and fo trappng as much sunlight a posse ‘THE IMPORTANCE OF CHLOROPLASTS hla ae lary age organi ound in thet of the goon prs fans oe ig ‘An aerage gee lant cl corsa 10-0 elorast which ate nua adapted or te pees. of photosyess ee Seetion 4.2 (Book I: IAS). Each choepatisauroundesby an ater land an rer mervana wet apace between tet, inn as the chloroplast envelop. nso ‘hechlorlast assem of merbranes tut ar arange eres gana Aig gras ‘Bade up of lyes of mambvane des known as thylakoids. Ts wher the green parent ‘Aloropylis found The pigert moles sre rangad cn the membranes the best posse postion ercapturn ight energy Secuonmicraphs show tr the gana membranes are creed fnperies Somes thnk these parca are mscedin ATP see Te ra ae pine togehet by lamellas wich ae eercons the yaad membranes These nelle connect wo of mare sna. The amas at asa stan inde he ciopls. mlataing a dsance between he grand that hey eee the menu it ane faction as eines posse “The menbrane layers ave aurounded bye matic called the stoma. The sera contains al the craymen needed to complete the proces of photosybels and produce lucve Clveve can hen teed in cela respiration, comet to strc for storage or eed as a interment for the jth of her organic compounds uch as amino acs an lipids 2 CHLOROPLASTS AND CHLO }OPHYL EDR nck Sone gine leaokot nice rea ronarn ‘ake sure you spa rma covet, Dont conkse t wh sto Ea good way ore and record the deta of cNoropat srcts {ora adam and snout uly You nado wee Debut (led oer round ta dagram nt a (CHLOROPHYLL Chores the cher major adaptation ofthe eleroplasts Ik tea ig-capturg,photoytheteppnent. Chloe not 2 ‘Sng maecule, ie amature o hotly elated pigments. These incvée chlorophyll (veer), chlorophyil (eon _Been the crop carotenoids orarge carctono and yon xanthop) and also rey pigmen: phaeophytin, whch sa {eakcown produto the ches Clergy a ound inal otogmeseing pars end in ths igh quant othe ve Piguet The other pets are oun varying propoionsin ‘Seren plans Thee eilrences ge the eae of plans ter {nd expres igh fom particular areas of the ht spectrum. As esl rch ore ofthe nary fom thei alng en he ‘ant canbe used han fen ne pigment was imolved ‘The diferent photosynthetic igen umber of nay [ABSORPTION SPECTRA AND ACTION SPECTRA The absorption spectrum descrbes the flere’ amount ofl f ie wavelength photon pine aso Tes unl represented as a graph We can ind the sbeorpten, spect f the airen photoset pigments by messing hele absorption oe of eing wares eB B) asset produce an absorption spectrum or wle chops, ‘halt phaosutete pgmets combined be demonstrat na ane teortonohigt Ugn vaaeranam A Fgh Tretereshacombei igre sber eh el teeet ‘You can compare thereof photosniess wih the weet co ight The it pemon od thi was TW! Engen nthe at Wet He laced asa a flamenous aan ht of erent vwaelengte He ved bacteria move tomar cen to ow ‘here et yen wae relented because dee led to ‘he amon of pothesis cca nts each action spectrum, wich a ay of dersoncstng the rate hatosymbesis according tothe watlngth oft ee iC) i 5 i et “otevantien fe Modern action eta use eectcrcdata ging nse of ‘acer memento measure tha rate of poroymhese a rent wavelengths fig However the action spec hey produce sl compare he te of photcyatans othe weveengh fight Acton spc show ust the ee potorynts GE eee fo on ‘wry lon reliad othe combined abortion peru fale photog pigments maple. ayou cance fg. This femorstaos at hang dierent rhctosynhec pent rakes ‘auch bigs: pain a ight valble to plas an thecove ges ‘hemanadaethe sano. © a S ence 5 i é ” So Phenetese 4 go semana nae ‘saurgmeetan oe pen nase seo ke EXAM HINT Remember hat ferent propertons fhe hone pleats ‘olf recucea fret ctor ea nscan bea mar adaption {habia For eample many aguas we re or ron These ‘ous abso he is hat penal ater ‘CHROMATOGRAPHY Plants ook green If you entras the pigmens om a plant syining up lees wih roparere and then erg the irre Fook geen, Sohew can you sow that ther ar sete Afeent Pgmens? The answer by cbomatogaphy ung paper or sie fe The pigments rave up the sold medium ater peccs ao react separated using a autabe sent (22 | saree | —srmapreten) 1 owscertone-oe erento gaton-er | ear pa ‘Once you hae conducted choatopaphy onthe phsesyetetc fgrens you can determine hee values compar her 0 {he Avalies of known igmentsnhe sme seven tis imporare ‘compare vals ng the same scien because be pigments ‘nave vey lifrent ue ith deen solvent The Ryvaie ‘Stherao ofthe dstance vaveled by the pigment tothe dance ‘reel bythe solvent aloe (ce iF) The Reve savas. bbtvecnOand I and ts ishow youcancleuleie stance wav by clue (ghotoymiei plgment Fora phorpate(P)a carbon compound tought abe theres of raskdown of theoreti Fag arstabeSarbon compound ore ea ei o the eatin bebeen RUB ard crbon doce Intrecatincydle Hyealshde phosphate GALP 2 3-arbon spa produced inthe Can cc ing reduced NADP IAP fm ep cperdert tage GALP oy pot of peters ned ad orelace the RUB node in thei sep fhe cyan plasand tre Keb ce andi hese ot tino cd pis forthe pant ee potorspraton he aerate exon cayed by RUBISCOIn aw cxbon dade envoment ‘ohion wes ong andreewes xen coi ating photstess ie eee fuconeopaer he yh of paar ron carson Ste Tinting acre actor eed for arencton to progres al Coe tsinimum value C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS others Set e cg Ree wer testis ues CLE the staple food source for more than half the world’s population. ee eter cohen osteo Pie ed Rieu een toy Pomerat ei eeettey peor etn Ee ae eu ena) eaten mera Neeru aes cater Lr} education fo een Figs part ofan infograpne, vac sa very popular ay of prculdng formation, ‘eit wnsapsorgub/attachmerty/rtle/1256/C4R2ORIoR2O zUposterpto see the ‘whale poser 1 whatis an nfogtphe? 2 Inan inlographic tere not aloof space to expan ideas Every word important. The ‘oourand ae ofthe font use helps inceate hich formation mostimportant, Look Carel atthe ifogaphic on C4 photoset Itwould normaly be the sie of 2 wal poster, Choose an example of [a) asatement explaining what the nfographic about [b] a pece of important infomation on he infographic (6) apiece of information which interesing but not key ta undersanding C4 Bhotoaynthess on the nfogranie Ineach cas, describe how well the wording explains an ides ae describe the formation thats gen tothe reader by the sizgand colour ofthe ten. '3Doesths poster help you understand why C4 photosythsisis an exctng aeratve to the C3 photosynthesis that you have tucied in haptr 6A? Exlin you nse. "You have looked at C3 photosynthesis in some deal Ths pstr gs you sme nermation about another fon af photosyhessthat uses a athe diferent eckerical pathway 4 Make a flaw diagram to summarise the proces of photasyrthasis 5 Using ony the information on he poster La) Sursmarse the process of C4 photosythess [b) Espn why sores are tempting to genetcaly modfy nice plan 0 they use C4 photosyibesis instead of C3 Look tothe sckce behind he poster ind out mare about CA photosynthesis and the way itmght be used to lp fod the growing population ofthe word The bat place to starts wh the resauree produced bythe team a APS, who work fom the Sctane Garden the Unversity of Cambridge the UK and study plats and ecosystems over the word Vist hts/mmnv saps orgukstudert/urerteacng/1266 to start. You can lok toter ‘ourcez a ll Now chaoee one of te folowing sctvtes + Produce your oum postr onform ether nerational Level students who are not stuching iolegy about C4 photasnthess and fs potenal to improve the yl of crops, including rice + inc out mare about Can CAM phooeyhese and mae a tablet compre the three ‘ypesol photosynthesis + Male your enn ifographicto compare C3 and CA phoeoeymnere The resources preuced by Science and Plans for School (SAPS) are a grest place to start, when loon na plans and phoceyness Renamer 0 alae reftence yout sures. 5 oy CN ee 1 The owing sdbstnces are al ino in phosoaynhars 1 geese phosphate 2 ghycrate phosphate 5 atten sce 4 glucose Inve order cf subetanes wil a earbon torte tanned? t Ants Bored conta pr243 (Total for Question 1 2 Wha othe products of te ahi-dependet sage of prcrosrahens eo 2 ATP and recuced NAD B ATP and ccd NADP © ATP and ised NAD D ATP and recuced NAD? (otal for Question 2= 1 mark) 13 How mary moteculesof rose bisphosphate are broken wm to preduce ro moleculs of gucoas? rT ao) BCH (Total for Question 8 = 1 mark) 4 Onect he reactions of phtosthesscan be summarised as shown bale ‘ter ~ hydrogen one + agen ga + letons (a) Name the reaction shown ul [b) State one che fctox ct shown above, that secu fa ine eacton to oscarina soroplast tl (c) Desc ne leo he elation nthe igt- dependent ‘sage of phoosytiess (@ Esplin ow te products of teak dependent reaction areimohed inthe production of giyeradehyde ‘Sosa (CALF) 8) (©) GALP doesnot accurate ina chloroplast during Protogjaens Sate hw GALP used lowing ts odin, 1 mark) 1 The dag below aunsnaies th ight dependent reacions of photosynthesis Onoae {0} Site the precise location win a chorepast where this seience of reactions 2c 0 ©) {What ste name of poduc A? 0 A gcose B ADP reduced NADP ATP (i) Whats the ame of prouct BY i A gucose B ADP reduced NADP ATP (© Bekins ie cocsytitocnmem se (6) Achanical ale azine proves the ow of ‘Seton wo the electron carers Deseret aly ‘fet of crane onthe prodcton af cabot ina chloroplast Esplan your answer a (Total for Question 5 = 10 marks) ‘The dgram below shows what happns to dectrons during patel th ight dependent stage of photosyutes Any ‘reed eleovers hat ae not ken yp secon caters flow pti Aad reas enya etna process ‘aed fuorscence The exces clecons tat re sken up by eecron carers ow pty Bh a ed ot alanis atone (a) Name he molecule Xand ¥ shown onthe daa, 2] (©) Bolan the importance of eacedY nthe proces: of photagnihess eI (6 light as shone on et and et switched on ‘The graph below shows changes inthe aru of ‘Sven ff a orescence by the ea ey “snc te Prono Mem cud () Suggest an explanation fr he nerese orescence (@ Suggest reason fr the lin orescence (6) Explain why anno of eatbon dixie ation ‘woul lead toe incest in orescence ol (Total for Question 6= 12 marks) (2) What are the coe names of setures A and 8? {A gan arc hyd B tty ae granu ttyntoid and stoma lama aa tyikis (6) Saxe preiely where chloopylis found (6) Astuden investigated the ele of ferent ecloured lights onthe rae of photosynthesis Se placed coloured Aersbetween lan anda becker containing a piece of a a onda (Cabomba) and counted the muberof bales elated om the podweed two minutes Her resus re shew nthe abe ae a pele m ra 7 ‘at of photoeymteas (i) Explain theres shownforhetlack iter 2) Gi) Explain he reat shorn ithe grenfiter (2) (0) The suden expected hereto be no ong eens than using th ck tar Suggest two fasons ‘hy sre bbls ere ober when the Blac fer wasin place (0) Suggs two ways in whet dhe sent could hare mpd ths ntestanton. a (Tal for Question 7= 12 marks) a ea {8 The cabohyrates in green plans reformed during the lghindepensortsageof photasythess They are _suhessed rom gyerate.phesphate (GP, (0) Sue preci where the yas of enolate tas place ding the igh dependent sag ictosmtess| (0) Name te products ofthe ght dependent tage ‘of photons ued curing the yma of ‘afotyartes (@ Name he souce of eatton used so manufacuse suger (©) Whats the rl of siblse bisphosphate (RUBP) nthe lgheindependent stage of photsyness? ‘A to comet erbon cide to GP B toficcaten doce © to sccept electrons fromthe light dopendent sage D toreleas energy forthe ight dependent sage (@ Anivestgaton of photosynthesis incl taken fom {een alge was cused ou Samples ofthe gs tls wee ae tI mite neral oer a prod of Brrines The quanties of GP and UBP in these cell samples wore neared, ‘tthe taro he imvestiation the alga cls were kept ina atmoepheo wih 1%ecaron dnd. Aer mines, the concentration of cate Serie nas deresed Berd ‘The gaphbelow shows the rot ofthis iesigaton ir ea 0) u Deserbe the eects onthe quate of GP and RuBP ‘hte deren inthe ato dade concentration tnd deuce explants forthe effects you exe dserbea i (Total for Question 8= 9 marks) TOPIC 5 ENERGY FLOW, ECOSYSTEMS AND ee SE [Around the world diferent species are becoming rare. For example inthe UAE there are only around 100, nesting hawksbill turtles left, and there have only been about 10 reported sightings ofthe beautifuland elusive sand eatin the ast decade or so. Globally, scientists and citizens alike are working hard to identify organisms that are at risk, and to conserve them. Buf the data is poor, the identification of the species is uncertain or the habitat is damaged or destroyed during the survey then, however well iis presented, the information i of no value to anyone. In this chapter, you wll learn about the nature of ecosystems. You will define the term and look at the variations in size, You will learn how rock is colonised and how ecosystems progress to maturity. You will ook athowliving ff and non-living factors affect the organisms which can survive in an ecosystem, and consider the importance of the niche tothe numbers of organisms in any habitat. You wll discover a variety of techniques that can be used to measure the abundance and distribution of ‘organisms in an ecosystem, and gain practical experience of as many of them as possible. You wil earn to select. the best ecological technique to use according tothe ecosystem and organisms you ae studying, Slow-moving animals and plants require different techniques to faster moving, lying r swimming organisms, Finally, you wil learn several statistical techniques that can be used to analyse the data you collet. Construct and interpret frequency tables and diagrams bar chars and histograms eg, interpret diagrams to show secondary sucesion) Translate information between graphical, numerical and algebraic forms (eg interpret data on increase in biodiversity during colonisation) Deteemine the intercept ofa graph (¢.9. hen looking at data on two alferent populations) ‘ Understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data. when analysing data from fed E investigations) Select and use a statistical test (the Stent’ est, the Spearman's ank correlation and the chi squared et) Substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities (eg the Student tstthe Spearman's rank coelation and the hi squared ext) 5B 1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY? on Pa a PEE eey 1 Uncerstand whats meat by the terms population, community, habitat and ecosystem. 1 Understand thatthe numbers and distribution of organisms in a habitat are controled by bite and abiotic factors. 1 Uncerstand how the concept of niche account forthe cstuton and abundance of rganisms n a habitat. ‘ou stu adaption bevy ae endaia n Chapter AC (ook 1:1AS) Asa result you iow tat real ecsiogysefen ‘ery diferent fom the emotive ct ofthe ervronment shown Inthe media Ecology the sudy ofthe eracsons berwesn ‘pans and hel eaitenment Thee interatontipa ‘serine the dsttuson ara abundance of exis within pared environment. The wor ecology comes em the Grek ‘os meaning owe. Pat simpy ecology she stay of ng, thangs inthe hme vom WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM? ‘2a econystem is alifesuppotg en/tcemet indus to th ng ners whch intra ogee the acre that ce thoughout ne ystom, andthe pysicel and chemi ‘eviconment in whch Be crane Hing An ecosystem, ‘organisms associated with them, Wherever wel. cur ecasystem irene af thousands onthe suraceo the ert oc ig A USEFUL TERMS cology uses a nanber cf very specie toms Some ofthese ae renders on your Book 1: TAS ses. Cees wl Be nein ths prof your course + Aabiat she pice where an ons nes, uch a 2 steam, a tropical rinfrest ora snd dare. You can tink of heatitat fan organs a ts adress. Many ogarisns se nme sal prof abla asige fg on ates maybe home to ag wasp or example Suck Yaa te eared o asmicrohabitats se fig Box another exarpe) + A population isa group of engarisms ofthe same species, ling and breed togeter na baba. The ala sh ina nd othe us meen your mattis are example, 4 A + Acommuniyisallthepopultions of lth diffrent species ‘ferns ing haba at any onetime. For example Ina bial such a ock poo, the communtyconits ‘of pepulens of lee Sexes, sea anemones, sal fshstchas ties snp and cabs and tes crusacee rolls sich a muses and baraces and anyother Species More deals shout a parla community may be ‘Benin the nore suo he sal ern, he ail + Thenlehe of an ovganlsm can be desenbed a he le ofthe corgi nthe commen crits way of ie te haba Iho adeos ofthe organi the niche estes te profaion. ‘Several organisms ean share the sume habia. cccuying

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