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William Wordsworth
Early life
Anonymous portrait of Wordsworth,
c. 1840-50
Family and education Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
In office
The second of five children born to John Wordsworth
6 April 1843 – 23 April 1850
and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7
April 1770 in what is now named Wordsworth House in Monarch Victoria
Cockermouth, Cumberland, (now in Cumbria),[1] part of Preceded by Robert Southey
the scenic region in northwestern England known as the Succeeded by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Lake District. William's sister, the poet and diarist
Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, Personal details
was born the following year, and the two were baptised Born 7 April 1770
together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the Cockermouth,
eldest, who became a lawyer; John, born after Dorothy, Cumberland, England
who went to sea and died in 1805 when the ship of
which he was captain, the Earl of Abergavenny, was Died 23 April 1850 (aged 80)
wrecked off the south coast of England; and Rydal, Westmorland,
Christopher, the youngest, who entered the Church and England
rose to be Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.[2] Spouse Mary Hutchinson (m. 1802)
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After the death of Wordsworth's mother, in 1778, his father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar
School in Lancashire (now in Cumbria) and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire. She
and William did not meet again for nine years.
Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European
Magazine. That same year he began attending St John's College, Cambridge. He received his BA
degree in 1791.[6] He returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at Cambridge,
and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous for the beauty of their
landscape. In 1790 he went on a walking tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps
extensively, and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland, and Italy.[7]
In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enchanted with the
Republican movement. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who, in 1792, gave
birth to their daughter Caroline. Financial problems and Britain's tense relations with France
forced him to return to England alone the following year.[8] The circumstances of his return and
his subsequent behaviour raised doubts as to his declared wish to marry Annette. However, he
supported her and his daughter as best he could in later life. The Reign of Terror left Wordsworth
thoroughly disillusioned with the French Revolution and the outbreak of armed hostilities between
Britain and France prevented him from seeing Annette and his daughter for some years.
With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister
Dorothy visited Annette and Caroline in Calais. The purpose of the visit was to prepare Annette for
the fact of his forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson.[8] Afterwards he wrote the sonnet "It is a
beauteous evening, calm and free", recalling a seaside walk with the 9-year-old Caroline, whom he
had never seen before that visit. Mary was anxious that Wordsworth should do more for Caroline.
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Upon Caroline's marriage, in 1816, Wordsworth settled £30 a year on her (equivalent to £2,400 in
2021), payments which continued until 1835, when they were replaced by a capital
settlement.[9][10]
Early career
"We have hills which, seen from a distance almost Wordsworth in 1798, about the time
take the character of mountains, some cultivated he began The Prelude.[11]
nearly to their summits, others in their wild state
covered with furze and broom. These delight me the
most as they remind me of our native wilds."[12]
In 1797, the pair moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home
in Nether Stowey. Together Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced
Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement.[13] The volume
gave neither Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name as author. One of Wordsworth's most famous
poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in this collection, along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the
Ancient Mariner". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the
author, and included a preface to the poems.[14] It was augmented significantly in the next edition,
published in 1802.[15] In this preface, which some scholars consider a central work of Romantic
literary theory, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of verse, one that
is based on the ordinary language "really used by men" while avoiding the poetic diction of much
18th-century verse. Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry as "the spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility", and calls
his own poems in the book "experimental". A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was
published in 1805.[16]
The Borderers
Between 1795 and 1797, Wordsworth wrote his only play, The Borderers, a verse tragedy set during
the reign of King Henry III of England, when Englishmen in the North Country came into conflict
with Scottish border reivers. He attempted to get the play staged in November 1797, but it was
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rejected by Thomas Harris, the manager of the Covent Garden Theatre, who proclaimed it
"impossible that the play should succeed in the representation". The rebuff was not received lightly
by Wordsworth and the play was not published until 1842, after substantial revision.[17]
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Robert Sherard, 6th Earl of Harborough) and their son Robert Harborough Sherard
became first biographer to his friend, Oscar Wilde.[22]
2. Helen Ross (died 1854). No children.
3. Mary Ann Dolan (died after 1858) had one daughter Dora.
Later career
Wordsworth had for years been making plans to write a long philosophical poem in three parts,
which he intended to call The Recluse.[24] In 1798–99 he started an autobiographical poem, which
he referred to as the "poem to Coleridge" and which he planned would serve as an appendix to a
larger work called The Recluse. In 1804 he began expanding this autobiographical work, having
decided to make it a prologue rather than an appendix.[25] He completed this work, now generally
referred to as the first version of The Prelude, in 1805, but refused to publish such a personal work
until he had completed the whole of The Recluse. The death of his brother John, also in 1805,
affected him strongly and may have influenced his decisions about these works.[26]
In 1810, Wordsworth and Coleridge were estranged over the latter's opium addiction,[8] and in
1812, his son Thomas died at the age of 6, six months after the death of 3-year-old Catherine. The
following year he received an appointment as Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland, and the
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stipend of £400 a year made him financially secure, albeit at the cost of political independence. In
1813, he and his family, including Dorothy, moved to Rydal Mount, Ambleside (between Grasmere
and Rydal Water), where he spent the rest of his life.[8]
The Prospectus
In 1814 Wordsworth published The Excursion as the second part of the three-part work The
Recluse, even though he never completed the first part or the third part. He did, however, write a
poetic Prospectus to The Recluse in which he laid out the structure and intention of the whole
work. The Prospectus contains some of Wordsworth's most famous lines on the relation between
the human mind and nature:
Some modern critics[29] suggest that there was a decline in his work beginning around the mid-
1810s, perhaps because most of the concerns that characterised his early poems (loss, death,
endurance, separation and abandonment) had been resolved in his writings and his life.[30] By
1820, he was enjoying considerable success accompanying a reversal in the contemporary critical
opinion of his earlier works.
The poet William Blake, who knew of Wordsworth's work, was struck by Wordsworth's boldness in
centering his poetry on the human mind. In response to Wordsworth's poetic program that, “when
we look / Into our Minds, into the Mind of Man- / My haunt, and the main region of my song” (The
Excursion), William Blake wrote to his friend Henry Crabb Robinson that the passage "“caused
him a bowel complaint which nearly killed him”.[31]
Following the death of his friend the painter William Green in 1823, Wordsworth also mended his
relations with Coleridge.[32] The two were fully reconciled by 1828, when they toured the
Rhineland together.[8] Dorothy suffered from a severe illness in 1829 that rendered her an invalid
for the remainder of her life. Coleridge and Charles Lamb both died in 1834, their loss being a
difficult blow to Wordsworth. The following year saw the passing of James Hogg. Despite the death
of many contemporaries, the popularity of his poetry ensured a steady stream of young friends and
admirers to replace those he lost.
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nineteenth century. It features three central characters: the Wanderer, the Solitary, who has
experienced the hopes and miseries of the French Revolution, and the Pastor, who dominates the
last third of the poem.[33]
Behler[34] has pointed out the fact that Wordsworth wanted to invoke the basic feeling that a
human heart possesses and expresses. He had reversed the philosophical standpoint expressed by
his friend S. T. Coleridge, of 'creating the characters in such an environment so that the public feels
them belonging to the distant place and time'. And it is true that this philosophical realization by
Wordsworth allowed him to choose the language and structural patterning of the poetry that a
common man used every day.[35] Kurland wrote that the conversational aspect of a language
emerges through social necessity.[36] Social necessity posits the theme of possessing the proper
knowledge, interest and biases also among the speakers. William Wordsworth has used
conversation in his poetry to let the poet 'I' merge into 'We'. The poem "Farewell" (https://allpoetr
y.com/A-Farewell) exposes the identical emotion that the poet and his sister nourish:
"We leave you here in solitude to dwell/ With these our latest gifts of tender thought;
Thou, like the morning, in thy saffron coat,/ Bright gowan, and marsh-marigold, farewell!" (L.19–
22).
This kind of conversational tone persists all through the poetic journey of the poet, that positions
him as a man in society who speaks to the purpose of communion with the very common mass of
that society.[37] Again; "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" [1] (https://web.english.upenn.edu/~jenglish/
Courses/Spring2001/040/preface1802.html) is the evidence where the poet expresses why he is
writing and what he is writing and what purpose it will serve humanity.
In 1838, Wordsworth received an honorary doctorate in Civil Law from the University of Durham
and the following year he was awarded the same honorary degree by the University of Oxford,
when John Keble praised him as the "poet of humanity", praise greatly appreciated by
Wordsworth.[8][39] (It has been argued that Wordsworth was a great influence on Keble's
immensely popular book of devotional poetry, The Christian Year (1827).[40]) In 1842, the
government awarded him a Civil List pension of £300 a year.
Following the death of Robert Southey in 1843 Wordsworth became Poet Laureate. He initially
refused the honour, saying that he was too old, but accepted when the Prime Minister, Robert Peel,
assured him that "you shall have nothing required of you". Wordsworth thus became the only poet
laureate to write no official verses. The sudden death of his daughter Dora in 1847 at age 42 was
difficult for the aging poet to take and in his depression, he completely gave up writing new
material.
Death
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In popular culture
Composer Alicia Van Buren (1860–1922) used text by Wordsworth for
her song "In Early Spring".[44]
Margaret Louisa Woods portrayed the young Wordsworth in her novel Gravestone of William
A Poet's Youth (1923). Wordsworth, Grasmere,
Cumbria
Ken Russell's 1978 film William and Dorothy portrays the
relationship between William and his sister Dorothy.[45]
Wordsworth and Coleridge's friendship is examined by Julien Temple in his 2000 film
Pandaemonium.[46]
Isaac Asimov's 1966 novelisation of the 1966 film Fantastic Voyage sees Dr. Peter Duval quoting
Wordsworth's The Prelude as the miniaturised submarine sails through the cerebral fluid
surrounding a human brain, comparing it to the "strange seas of thought".
Taylor Swift's 2020 album Folklore mentions Wordsworth in her bonus track "The Lakes", which
is thought to be about the Lake District.[47]
Commemoration
In April 2020, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps to mark the 250th anniversary of
the birth of Wordsworth. Ten 1st class stamps were issued, featuring Wordsworth and all the major
British Romantic poets, including William Blake, John Keats, Lord Byron, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and Walter Scott. Each stamp included an extract from one of their
most popular and enduring works, with Wordsworth's "The Rainbow" selected for the poet.[48]
Major works
Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems (1798)
"Simon Lee"
"We are Seven"
"Lines Written in Early Spring"
"Expostulation and Reply"
"The Tables Turned"
"The Thorn"
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References
1. Historic England. "Wordsworth House (1327088)" (https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/
list-entry/1327088). National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
2. Allport, Denison Howard; Friskney, Norman J. (1986). "Appendix A (Past Governors)". A Short
History of Wilson's School (https://books.google.com/books?id=iyQxGwAACAAJ). Wilson's
School Charitable Trust.
3. Moorman 1968 pp. 5–7.
4. Moorman 1968:9–13.
5. Moorman 1968:15–18.
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27. Kelly Grovier, "Dream Walker: A Wordsworth Mystery Solved", Times Literary Supplement, 16
February 2007
28. Poetical Works. Oxford Standard Authors. London: Oxford U.P. 1936. p. 590.
29. Hartman, Geoffrey (1987). Wordsworth's Poetry, 1787–1814. New Haven: Yale University
Press. pp. 329–331. ISBN 9780674958210.
30. Already in 1891 James Kenneth Stephen wrote satirically of Wordsworth having "two voices":
one is "of the deep", the other "of an old half-witted sheep/Which bleats articulate monotony".
31. Abrams, M.H. (1971). Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic
Literature. Norton. p. 24.
32. Sylvanus Urban, The Gentleman's Magazine, 1823
33. "Wordsworth's Religion" (http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/ww/religion1.html).
www.victorianweb.org.
34. BEHLER, ERNST (1968). "The Origins of the Romantic Literary Theory" (https://www.jstor.org/
stable/23979800). Colloquia Germanica. 2: 109–126. ISSN 0010-1338 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0010-1338). JSTOR 23979800 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23979800).
35. Doolittle, James (1 December 1969). "The Demonic Imagination: Style and Theme in French
Romantic Poetry" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-30-4-615). Modern Language
Quarterly. 30 (4): 615–617. doi:10.1215/00267929-30-4-615 (https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00267
929-30-4-615). ISSN 0026-7929 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7929).
36. "Dan Kurland's www.criticalreading.com -- Strategies for Critical Reading and Writing" (http://w
ww.criticalreading.com/). www.criticalreading.com. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
37. Ahmed, Sheikh Saifullah (1 January 2020). "The Sociolinguistic Perspectives of the Stylistic
Liberation of Wordsworth" (https://www.academia.edu/44328447). Sparkling International
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Studies.
38. Baillie, Joanna (2010). Thomas McLean (ed.). Further Letters of Joanna Baillie (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=17xLwZQppO4C&pg=PA22). Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University
Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8386-4149-1.
39. Gill, pp396-7
40. "The Religious Influence of the Romantic Poets" (http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/herb4.ht
ml#ww1).
41. "Poet Laureate" (http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/OfficialRoyalposts/PoetLaureate.
aspx), The British Monarchy official website.
42. Stephen Gill, William Wordsworth: A Life, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 422–3.
43. e g Dorothy Wordsworth's Journal 26 December 1801
44. "Collection: Papers of Alicia Keisker Van Buren, 1889–1915 | HOLLIS for" (https://hollisarchive
s.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/5724/collection_organization).
hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
45. "William and Dorothy (1978)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180104152432/http://www.bfi.org.
uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6a6847c8). BFI. Archived from the original (https://www2.bfi.org.uk/film
s-tv-people/4ce2b6a6847c8) on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
46. Van Gelder, Lawrence (13 July 2001). "FILM IN REVIEW; 'Pandaemonium' " (https://www.nytim
es.com/2001/07/13/movies/film-in-review-pandaemonium.html). The New York Times.
ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 4 August 2021.
47. "Taylor Swift dedicates Folklore song to the Lake District" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/53
752617). BBC. 12 August 2020.
48. "New stamps issued on 250th anniversary of William Wordsworth's birth" (https://www.itv.com/n
ews/2020-04-07/new-stamps-issued-on-250th-anniversary-of-william-wordsworths-birth). ITV.
Retrieved 1 October 2022.
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49. M. H. Abrams, editor of The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period,
writes of these five poems: "This and the four following pieces are often grouped by editors as
the 'Lucy poems,' even though 'A slumber did my spirit seal' does not identify the 'she' who is
the subject of that poem. All but the last were written in 1799, while Wordsworth and his sister
were in Germany, and homesick. There has been diligent speculation about the identity of
Lucy, but it remains speculation. The one certainty is that she is not the girl of Wordsworth's
'Lucy Gray'" (Abrams 2000).
50. Wordsworth, William (4 January 1810). "French Revolution" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poe
ms_(Wordsworth,_1815)/Volume_2/French_Revolution). The Friend. No. 20. Retrieved 8 June
2018.
Further reading
poetry portal
Juliet Barker. Wordsworth: A Life, HarperCollins, New York, 2000, ISBN 978-0060787318
Jeffrey Cox, William Wordsworth, Second-Generation Romantic: Contesting Poetry After
Waterloo, 2021, ISBN 978-1108837613
Hunter Davies, William Wordsworth: A Biography, Frances Lincoln, London, 2009, ISBN 978-0-
7112-3045-3
Stephen Gill, William Wordsworth: A Life, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 978-
0192827470
Emma Mason, The Cambridge Introduction to William Wordsworth (Cambridge University
Press, 2010)
Minto, William; Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Wordsworth, William" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wordsworth,_William). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 826–831.
Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth, A Biography: The Early Years, 1770–1803 v. 1, Oxford
University Press, 1957, ISBN 978-0198115656
Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: A Biography: The Later Years, 1803–1850 v. 2, Oxford
University Press, 1965, ISBN 978-0198116172
M. R. Tewari, One Interior Life—A Study of the Nature of Wordsworth's Poetic Experience
(New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 1983)
Report to Wordsworth, Written by Boey Kim Cheng, as a direct reference to his poems
"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge" and "The World Is Too Much with Us"
Daniel Robinson, The Oxford Handbook of William Wordsworth, Oxford University Press, 2015,
ISBN 9780199662128
Duncan Wu, “William Wordsworth,” in Then & Now: Romantic-Era Poets in the Encyclopædia
Britannica, 1910-1911, ed. G. Kim Blank (2023) (https://eb11.uvic.ca/wordsworth_william.html)
External links
Internet archive of Volume 1 of Christopher Wordsworth's 1851 biography (https://archive.org/d
etails/memoirswilliamw00unkngoog)
Internet archive of Volume 2 of Christopher Wordsworth's 1851 biography (https://archive.org/d
etails/memoirsofwilliam02word2)
Works by William Wordsworth (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2879) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about William Wordsworth (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subjec
t%3A%22Wordsworth%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Wordswort
h%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wordsworth%2C%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%
22William%20Wordsworth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wordsworth%2C%20W%2E%22%
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20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Wordsworth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wordswort
h%2C%20William%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Wordsworth%22%29%20O
R%20%28%221770-1850%22%20AND%20Wordsworth%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatyp
e:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by William Wordsworth (https://librivox.org/author/1639) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
William Wordsworth Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book andManuscript
Library, Yale University.
Cornelius Patton (AC 1883) William Wordsworth Manuscript Collection (https://archivesspace.a
mherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/246) at the Amherst College Archives & Special
Collections
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