12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fixture design - Student Projects = SKILL@LYNC courses BASICS OF BIW FIXTURE DESIGN 1. PROJECT EXECUTIONIE Involves Establishing and managing the project team. Coordinating people and resoure Monitoring team ‘execution areThe risk and issue management responses plus A SaiBharadwaj Sirigadi ‘pte on 20 Apr2020 Gon Project betel + L PROJECT EXECUTIONiI involves Establishing and managing the project team. Coordinating people and resources. Monitoring team performance.The items produced by project execution are:The risk and issue management responses plus corrective ctions.The deliverables themselves plus work performance information. The actions performed during this process include: 1) Performing the activities needed to meet the project objectives 2) Obtaining and manage quotations, bids and proposals as needed. 3) Managing the project team and manage other resources. 4) Collecting and analyze performance data, 5) Generating project data for status reports and forecosts. 68) Managing Risks. 7) Conducting change control and implementing approved changes. 8) Establishing and managing project communication channels. 9) Collecting and documenting lessons learned. PROJECT EXECUTION ACTIVITY OF BIW FIXTURES & TOOLING 2\ Project The above figure represents the project execution activities involved in BIW Fixture ond Toolingit is starting phase of every project Project activities are the tasks from the start to end of the project 1)RFQ-Request For quotation:This is the first step in the projectin this customer gives the requirements/specifications in detail for the given projects in the form of data or documents.Customer gives Technical offers, Commercial offersand timeline for the project andl nets for the nuintatinn of the averall neniect Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 aneSKILL@LYNC 2) offer submizsion:A‘tor the finalisation of Quotation in the meeting the offers will bo submitted from the customers end.Based on the Technical cost,Quality,Standard and Brand name of the Industry.the customer willbe finalizing the offer. 4)LO1/PO Receipt:Customers will not be restricted to take quotation from a single companyithey will take quotations from different companies and they will compare quotations and choose one company which suits best and they put order to the company which is known as PO(Purchase Order) After getting PO from the customercompany should start working onthe project. 8)Schedule Preparation:Once the PO is received from the customer, project will starts by preparing a schedule of the project to complete it in the deadline. is prepared by considering certain terms like Design data study,3D design simulation validation Manufacturing Assembly Release of 8OMfinishing,nstallation, Trial Run,Quality check Then the ‘schedule is prepared by alotting time to specific processes to certain employees and alotting shifts accordingly by considering accidental situations(if the specific process is not completed in the alotted time) 6)B0M Preparation: bill of materials (80M) is a comprehensive inventory of the raw materials, assemblies, subassemblies, parts and components, as well as the quantitie ofeach, —_ needed to manufacture a product. In a nutshell itis the complete list ofall the items that are required to build a product. 7)besign concept preparation:Sased on the data given by the customer,we have to study the datawe have to study the data of consumer requirements.By analysing all the requirements Rough sketches of the Fixture with all its sub assembly are sketched ‘and flow of overall design process is assumed is designed by considering the load acting onthe _panelstages ogf welding processes,avoiding interference between welding guns.type of welding.spot plan,welding position and time of each processin design concept preparation,the design of the layout is been prepared at very initial level which gives the information of placements of robots and fixtures 8)Customer approval:After finalising the designing of the Fixture,which is ready for Fabrication with all the requirements given by the customer.A call will be given to the customerto —_review the design according to the need and correction will be given by the customer.Corrections are rectified by the team and customer will give the Final Approval for the project for continuing further process. 8)Detalling and DWG Release:Once the customer approves the design, detailed 2D drawings design will be released by the designing team to the Manufacturing team which contains all the parts with specified dimensions necessary for manufacturing 10)Manufacturing/BOP order:The mechanical and electrical parts like sensors.cylinders.etc. required for manufacturing the product are ordered as per the dosign specifications. Ti) Mech/Elec Assombly:Once all the parts received then Quality contro check will be done as per the requirements.After checking Mechanical or Electrical assemblies are prepared —_as per the design. 12)quality inspection:After al the parts get assembled once again the quality check is done by checking all the dimensions and positions using CMM machine. 13)Internal Trial and Testing:Atter QC check is done inetmnal trials are taken to check whether it operates as per the requirement.The simulation of the design is done before -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 ane12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC 18) Packaging:To reduce the damage to the fixture while transportation packaging of different assemblies is done After QC passes packaging is done as per standards Different companies follow different packaging standards. 16)ispateh:After proper packaging of the product then the product is ready to dispater 17) Installation as per Layout:The design of the layout is done at very initial levels. According to the functonallty, operation, process sequence layout is done.As per the layout installation of different assemblies is done. 18)Trials and training at customer?roduction trials will be done at the customer.The company team should produce required no. of the parts using our product as per the technical —_offer given by the comapny at the begining,Once the outcome is achieved training is given to the employees.engineers who involved in that process.The sequence of operations will be explained in detail 18)Buy-off-Metting:After Production trials at the customer end.in this meeting customer will check all the requirements as per the finalised quotation and gives the reviews about the fixture he wants any additional work regarding the product, that will be done. 20)Final Handover:the documents related to the fixture will be handovered to the customer.clamp validation documents and design documents will be handovered to the customer, 2 METALLURGICAL JOINING: JOINING COMPRISES a large number of processes used to assemble individual parts into a larger, more complex component or assembly. The individual parts of a component meet at the joints. Joints transmit or distribute forces, generated during service from one part to the other parts of a component meet at the joints.Joints transmit or distribute forces generated during service from one part to the other parts of the Assembly.A joint can be either temporary or permanent.The five joint types that are. predominately used in the joining of parts are the butt, tee,corner, lap, and edge joints. CLASSIFICATION OF METALLURGICAL JOINING: E\cLassirication )FASTENING:A fastener is « hardware device that mechanically joins oF atfixes two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints; that is, joints that can be removed or dismantied without damaging the joining components.There are several types of fastening in which some are: ‘a)Reveting:A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end, The end opposite to the head is called the tailOn installation, the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked (1e, deformed), so that it expands to about 15 times the original shatt diameter/holding the rivet in place, 2 \"Reveting\" b)Bolts Serews:Many threaded fasteners can be described as either screws or bolts, -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 3912728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC the boss ‘xially 30 as to form an interference fit between the workpieces. This forms a permanent joint. )Keys,pins:keys and pins are used to prevent relative rotary motion between machin parts intended to act together as one piece. 2)WELDING:Welding is @ fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplasties, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to coolcausing fusion These are categorised into four types as follows ‘@) FUSION WELDING:Fusion welding is « process that uses heat to join or fuse two or more materials by heating them to melting point The process may or may not require the use _afiller material These are sub divided into two types of fusion welding they are Lélectrie Are welding:Arc welding is a type of welding process using an electric arc tc create heat to melt and join metals, A power supply creates an electric arc between a consumable or non-consumable electrode and the base material using either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) currents. 2 \tlectric~are 2,chemical oxyacetylene welding:Oxyacetylene welding, commonly referred to as {gas welding, is a process which relies on combustion of oxygen and acetylene. ZN Oxy-acetylene b)SOLID STATE WELDING:Solid State Welding is a welding process, in which two work pieces are joined under a pressure providing an intimate contact between them and at @ temperature essentially below the melting point of the parent material. Bonding of the materials is a result of diffusion of their interface atoms.these are different types os follows LForge welding:Forge welding (FOW) is « solid-state welding process that joins two pieces of metal by heatting them to a high temperature and then hammering them, together @\"Forge- 2.Cold welding:Cold welding or contact welding is a solid-state welding process in Which joining takes place without fusion/heating at the interface of the two parts to be welded, Unlike in the fusion-welding processes, no liquid or molten phase is present in the joint. 2\"cold 3.Frietion welding:Friction welding (FRW) is a solid-state welding process that generates heat through mechanical friction between workpieces in relative motion to one another, with the adlition of lateral force called \'upset\"to plastically displace cand fuse the materials Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 ane‘223,316 AM Bases of BW ture dig - Studer Projets SKILL@LYNC AV utrasonie 5.Explosion welding:txplosion welding (EXW) is « solid state (solid-phase) process where welding is accomplished by accelerating one of the components at extremely high velocity through the use of chemical explosives. \ "explosion RESISTANCE WELDING:Resistance welding is the joining of metals by applying pressure and passing current for a length of time through the metal area which is to be joinea ‘The key advantage of resistance welding is that no other materials are needed to create the bond, which makes this process extremely cost effective.These are several types as, follows 1.spot welding:spot welding (or resistance spot welding) isa type of electric resistance welding used to weld various sheet metal products, through a process i which contacting metal surface points are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current. ZN spot 2.$eam welding:Seam welding is the most expanded technique for on-line welding as a continuous process to ensure coil-to-coil assembly at the entry of continuous annealing lines and galvanizing lines. This is a resistance welding technique that, requires an overlap of the two extremities of the coils so one can be joined to anether. Seams are copper based, round electrodes that ensure current conduction and the joule heating effect. B\"seam 3.Projection welding:Projection welding is a resistance weld where the design or shape of the part is used to make discreet individual point contacts to concentrate the current during the welding process. In most applications multiple ‘small projections are formed on one surface of the parts to be welded. Bi\ Projection 4.Flash welding:Flash welding is a type of resistance welding that does not use any filler metals. The pieces of metal to be welded are set apart at a predetermined distance based on material thickness, material composition, and desired properties of the finished weld. \"Flash d) LBrazing:Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 sie12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC together by melting and then flowing a fillor metal into tho jeint—the fillor metal having a relatively low melting point. Soldering is used to form a permanent connection between electronic components. #.\"soldering\* a) ADHESIVE JOINING:Adhesive bonding is « process in which joining between two or more parts is accomplished by the solidification or hardening of a non-metallic adhesive material these are of several types in which some are described below @)Solvent joining:Soivent welding, also known as solvent cementing oF solvent bonding, is the process of joining articles made of thermoplastic resins by applying a solvent capable of softening the surfaces to be joined, and pressing the softened surfaces together, Pipe and fittings are bonded together by means of chemical fusion, b)Water borne j Jaterborne Polyurethane Dispersions (PUDs) are coatings an adhesives that use water as the primary solvent. ¢)Hot mett:}iot molt adhesive (HMA), also known as hot glue, is a form of thermoplastic adhesive that is commonly sold as solid cylindrical sticks of various diameters designed to be applied using a hot glue gun, S.RESISTANCE WELDING: Resistance welding can be defined as; tis a liquid state welding method where the metal-to-metal joint can be formed within a liquid state otherwise molten state. This is a Thermoelectric method where heat can be generated at the itis. thermo-electric process in which heat is generated at the edge planes of welding plates because of |_ electric resistance and a weld joint can be created by applying low- pressure to these plates. This type of welding uses electric resistance to generate heat. Thi: process is very efficient with pollution free but the applications are limited because of the features like equipment cost is high, and material thickness is limited. Working Principle:The working principle of resistance welding is the generation of heat because of electric resistance. The resistance welding such as seam, spot, protection work ‘on __ the same principle. Whenever the current flows through electric resistance, then he will be generated, The same working principle can be used within the electric coll. The generated heat will depend on material's resistance, applied current, conditions of a surface, applied the current time period. This heat generation takes place because of the energy conversion from electric to thermal. The resistance welding formula for heat generation is, H=PRT Where * ‘His a generated Heat, and the unit of heat is a joule. * ‘Tis an electric current, and the unit of this is ampere. * ‘Ris an electric resistance, and the unit of this is Ohm. + ‘T'is the time of current flow, and the unit of this is second Types of Resistance welding:Ditferent types of resistance welding are discussec below. ne. Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 ene12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC because of the air gap. Ine current begins to supply through rt, tnen it will reduce the edge surface.The current supply & the time must be enough for the correct dissolving of edge faces. Now the flow of current will be stopped however the force applied with electrode continued for a second, whereas the weld quickly cooled. Later, the electrodes eliminate as well as get in touch with new spot to create a circular piece. The piece size mainly depends on electrode size (4-7 mm). 2B\'spot 2)Seam welding:This type of welding is also known as continuous spot welding where a roller form electrode can be utilized to supply current throughout work parts. Initially, the roller _ electrodes are getting in touch with the work part. High current can be supplied through these electrode rollers to melt the edge surfaces & shape a weld joint.At present, the electrode rollers will begin rolling on work plates to make a permanent weld joint. The weld timing & electrode movement can be controlled to guarantee that the weld overlap & work part doesn’t acquire too warm. The speed of the welding can be about 60 in per min within seam welding, which is used to make airtight joints. 3)Projection welding:Projection welding is similar to spot welding apart from a dimple can be generated on work parts at the place wherever weld is preferred. & present the work parts held among electrode as well as a huge quantity of current flow through it. little quantity of pressure can be applied throughout the electrode on welding shields. The flow of |__current throughout dimple which dissolve it & the force reasons the dimple level & shape a weld. 4)Flash Butt welding:The flash butt welding is a form of resistance welding, use. for welding tubes as well as rods within steel industries. in this method, two work parts are welded which will be held tightly during the electrode holders as well as a high pulsed flow of current within the 1,00,000 ampere range can be supplied toward the work part materialin the _two electrode holders, one is permanent & other is changeable. At first, the flow of current can be supplied & changeable clamp will be forced against the permanent clamp because _of the get in touch with the two work parts at high-current, the spark will be generated. Whenever the edge surface approaches into plastic shape, the flow o! current willbe stopped —_ as well as axial force can be improved to create joint. -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 me12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC ‘+ Kesistance weraing is wiaely used in automouve inaustres. + Projection welding is widely used in production of nut and bott. * Seam welding is used to produce leak prove joint required in small tanks, boilers ete. * Flash welding is used to welding pipes and tubes. Advantages: * It can weld thin (0.1 mm) as well as thick (20mm) metals. * High welding speed, + Easily automated, * Both similar and dissimilar metals can be weld, * The process is simple and fully automated so does not required high skilled labor. * High production rate. + Itis environment friendly process. * It does not require any filler metal, flux and shielding gases. Disadavantages: + High equipment cost. + The thickness of work piece is limited due to current requirement. * Itis ess efficient for high conductive materials. + High electric power required + joiWeldnts have low tensile and fatigue strength, 4.FUSION WELDING:Fusion welding is a process that uses heat to join or fuse two or more materiats by heating them to melting point. The process may or may not require the use a filler material. External application of pressure is not required for fusion welding processes, except for resistance welding, where substantial contact pressure is required during welding for sound joining Fusion welding processes can be grouped according t the source of the heat, for example, electric arc, gas, electrical resistance and high energy. @)Are welding:Arc welding is a type of welding process using an electric arc to create heat to melt and join metals, A power supply creates an electric arc between a consumable or non-consumable electrode and the base material using either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) currents. Are welding can use either direct or alternating currents, and uses consumable or non consumable electrodes coated in flux. The temperatures in are welding get up as high as 6500 degrees Fahrenheit. Some of the most common uses for arc welding include steel erection, heavy equipment repair, pipeline welding and many major construction projects. ‘Applications: Are welding is widely used for chassis parts because of advan- tages such as the ease of continuous joining to secure high strength and rigidity of joints and wide freedom ofjoint shape to allow easy joining to pipes, brackets, or other accessories 2Many industries use GTAW for welding thin workpieces, especially nonferrous metals. is used extensively in the manufacture of space vehicles, and is also frequently employed to weld small-diameter, thin-wall tubing such as those used in the bicycle industry. b)Metal inert Gas(MIG) and Metal Active Gas(MAG) welding:MIG welding is an are welding process in which a continuous solid wire electrode is fed through a welding gun ond into the weld pool, joining the two base materials together. A shielding gas is Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 sine12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC 2.Automotive industry and home improvement industry. 2\"Metal-inert Tungsten inert Gas welding:Tungsten inert Gas (116) welding uses the heat generate: by an electric are struck between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and the workpiece to fuse metal in the joint area and produce a molten weld pool. The arc darea is shrouded in an inert or reducing gas shield to protect the weld pool and the non- consumable electrode. the process may be operated autogenously, that is, without filer or filler may be added by feeding a consumable wire or rod into the established weld pool. TI6 produces _very high quality welds across wide range of materials with thicknesses up to about @ or 10mm. itis particularly well suited to sheet material ‘Applications: LI is most commonly used to weld thin sections of stainless steel and non- ferrous metals such as oluminum, magnesium, and copper alloys 2,0ne of the advantages of Tig welding is making rust-resistant metal fusion. This ability is widely applied in the automobile industry to avoid rusting of crucial vehicle parts. Additionally it strengthens the bond making it tough and therefore safer. @\ "Tungsten ¢)Plasma Are welding:Plasma welding is very similar to TIG as the arc is formed between a pointed tungsten electrode and the workpiece. However, by positioning the electrode within the body of the torch, the plasma arc can be separated from the shielding gas envelope. Plasma is then forced through a fine-bore copper nozzle which constricts the areThe PAW (Plasma are welding) method is related to GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding). This arc can be formed among the metal as well as an electrode, The major difference among the PAW and GTAW is that in PAW, the welder is capable in placing the electrode in the torch’s body; so this will allow the PAW to be divided from thi protecting gas. Applications: PAW is mainly used to fix tools, mold and die. 2.PAW is used to coating otherwise welding on the turbine blade. PAW is used to join stainless tubes and pipes 2\"Plasma @)Submerged Are welding:submerged ore weldingis one type of welding method Where this welding are can travel under a layer of granular flux. In this type of welding, a tubular electrode otherwise consumable solid can be fed constantly to the weld region. At the same time, a layer of granular fusible flux can be poured over the weld zone Which immersed the welding arc as well as defends it from atmosphere pollution Applications: \The main application of Submerged Are welding is, Carbon steels (structural and Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 ane12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC ‘electrode containing a flux and a constant-voltage or, loss commonly, a constant current welding power supply. An externally supplied shielding gas is sometimes used, but often the flux itseis relied upon to generate the necessary protection from the ‘atmosphere, producing both gaseous protection and liquid slag protecting the weld. The process is widely _used in construction because of its high welding speed and portability 2 \"Flux 5.The 3-2-1 Pri he 3-2-1 principle of location is used to constrain the movement of work piece along the three axesXX,YV,22.This is achieved by providing six locating points, pins in base plane, 2 pins in vertical plane and | pin a pin which is perpendicular to first two planes. Its also known as six pin or six point location principle. In this, the three adjacent locating surfaces of the blank (work piece) are resting against 3, 2 and 1 pins respectively, which prevent 8 degrees of freedom.The rest three degrees of freedom are arrested by three external forces usually provided directiy by clamping.The 3-2-1 principle states that the six locators are sufficient to restrict the required degree of freedom of any work piece. In this, motion is restricted using clamps and locators. A three pin base can restrict five motions and _ six pins restrict nine motions. Methodology of 3-2-1 Principle: For this, refer the below figuro; 1) The work piece is resting on three pins A, 8 and C which are inserted in the base of the fixed body. 2)The work piece cannot rotate about the axes XX and YY and also cannot move downward 3) In this way, the five degrees of freedom 123.4 and 5 have been arrested 4)Two pins 0 and € are inserted in the fixed body, in a plane perpendicular to the plane containing pins A,B & . 5)Now the work piece cannot rotate about the Z axis and also it eannet move towards thy lett. 68)Hence the addition of pins D and E restrict three more degrees of freedom, namely 6,7 and 8 T)Another pin Fin the second vertical face of the fixed body, arrests degree of freedom 8 The above method of locating a work piece in a fixture is called the 3~ 1 Principle. 2V3241 {fundamental concern in metalworking is locating the part to be machined, punched, bent, or stamped relative to the work platform (fixture). For example, a CNC machine tool starts its process at a specific point relative to the fixture and proceeds from there. Hence, the accuracy with which a partis machined is quite dependent on the accuracy with which itis positioned in the fixture. Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 sone12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC techniques for supporting and clamping must be considered together with the method of locating in order to assure repeatability trom part-to-parrt. Locating of a part to be machined is a three-step process: 1. Supporting 2.Locating (positioning) 3.Holding (clamping) Locating Process:in order to completely specify the position in space of a three- dimensional object (such as the cube that's shown), we refer to six coordinates with total 2 degrees of freedom Translational position along the X-axis Translational position along the Y-axis Translational position along the Z-axis Rotational position about the X-axis Rotational position about the Y-axis Rotational position about the 2-axis These six coordinates are known as the six degrees of freedom of a three-dimensional object. As the double-headed arrows indicate, the translational and rotational positions can vary in either direction with respect to each of the three axes.To completely prevent movement, all six degrees of freedom must be restricted. eo pene eN321 Locating Process:3-2-1 Method:A wiclely used method of accomplishing these two objectives uses the 3-2-1 principle, so-called because it entails three steps that employ three, _then two, then one fixed points of known location. Since that adds up to six fixe: points, i's also known as the six point method In the three steps of the 3-2-1 method, three mutually perpendicular planes, called datum planes, are introduced, one at each step. These three planes define the workpiece positionand together with opposing clamping forces fully constrain the part. Let take a look at the details of the 3-2-1 method. First Plane:Geometty tells us that three points are required to define a plane. This is the \'3\" in 3-2-1. So, three specific points are used to define the first plane. Fewer than three points cannot define a plane, and in the real worid dimensional tolerances mean that four or more points will not be coplanar. & real-world, less than ideally perfect part placed on four or more reference points will,in fact, rest on only three of the points due to it loss than perfect surface. Different parts may rest on different combinations of thro points, resulting in variation between finished parts. A stool can be used to illustrate this concept. A two-legged stool would certainly be unstable. A three-legged stoc sits rock-solid. Afour- legged stool s often found to rock In the illustration, a three dimensional part, represented by a cube, is placed on a datum plane defined by three support points. The part's six degrees of freedom have now been reduced to three. It can still move along the X or ¥ axes, and it can still be rotated about the Z axis. (The part cannot move along the Z axis because itis held against the plane by clamping force. Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 anne12728128, 9:15 AM Basics of BIW fature design - Student Projects SKILL@LYNC ‘cach of the throo planes by clamping force.) 6.CO-ORDINATE SYSYTEM:Co-ordinate system is a reference system consisting of a set of points|ines and surfaces used to define position in space either in 2 or 3 dimensionsin general 8CS is also known as Car Line or Body Line. Body co-ordinate system:when locating the Vehicle Origin from where all vehicle dimensions are taken from, The X plane runs from front to back of vehicle when viewed in side view (front of vehicle pointing left). ‘The Y plane runs from side to side of vehicle (door mirror to door mirror) when viewed in front, ear or plan view. note: the right hand sido of vehicle is always positive Y and the left hand side of vehicie is. always negative ¥. ‘This is irrespective of the actual drive of the vehicle. For vehicle development. we use: X positive reward; origin at the front axle position. Z positive up; origin at convenient position on vehicle (on a structural fame perhaps, depends on the vehicle). Y positive left; centered on symmetry plane. For the vehicle dynamics work, itis different. X positive forward; origin at the front axle position, Z positive up; origin at ground plane Y positive right; centered on symmetry plane. 2 \car 2 \"Vehicle 7.BODY PLANE CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: A vehicte’s (motion) degrees of freedom are named as in marine and aerospace engineeringsuch os heave, ol pitch and yaw, see Figure I-5. Figure I-5 also defines the 3 main _geometricalplanes, such as transversal plane and symmetry plane. For {ground vehicies, the motion in ground plane is often treated as the primary motion, which is why longitudinal, lateral and yaw arecalled in-ground-plane degrees of freedom, The remaining degrees of freedom are referred to as out-of ground-plane. Vehicle (motion) degrees of freedom and important planes.the consistent use of parameters that describe the relevant positions, velocities, accelerations,forces, and moments (torques) for the vehicle are critical. Unfortunately there are sometimes disparities between the nomenclature used in different text books, scientific articles, and echnical renorts. is imnartant to racoenize which conrlinate system is heina annie Book Free Demo -ntps:sklyne.comstudent-projets/BASICS-OF-BIW-FIXTURE-DESIGN-34115 raneSKILL@LYNC globally. The new edition of (£AEJ670) now alse recognises an optional use of z-up. 180 and SAE coordinate systems The distinction of vehicle fixed and inertial (= earth fixed = world fixed) coordinate systems is important.The inertial, vehicle, wheel comer and wheel reference frames. All these different coordinate systems allow for the development of equations of motion in a convenient manner. Coordinate systems and motion quantities in ground plane ‘The orientation of the axes of an inertial coordinate system is typically either along the vehicle direction at the beginning of a manoeuvre or directed along the road or lane. Road orlane can also be curved, which calls for curved longitudinal coordinate. Origin for a vehicle fixed coordinate system is often centre of gravity of the vehicle, but other points ca be used, such as mid of front axle, mid of front bumper, outer edge of body with respect, to certain obstacle, etc-Positions often need to be expressed for centre of lane, road edge, other moving _vehicle, ete. Body planes are three imaginary perpendicular planes.These are reference planes in ‘automotive car.The measurement from body plane to dimensions is called bodyplane dimensions. ESSENTIALS OF BODY PLANE DIMENSIONS: it defines exact position of each product in the vehicle with respect to a fixed origin 2)it ensures flawiess design for assemblies. 3)While designing Iines,all the designs are carried out relative to the bodylines. 4)it assists ineasy location of different parts in vehicle. §5)it aims in creating a standardized system. 6)it assists in quality check 2\"s0v Leave a comment Thanks for choosing to leave a comment. 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