PpAKTEps, HomsyoTeH Take Te, NoTOPLIE GLAM AMEN evoGostE nn exo60na KOTOpAN Giana OrpannMcH & cAMSH © HOOPyKeNEAH 'ouneTaNn. 970 aka, a AOMaaHUETEMNe DKeNEBERHE MPO FoORONM! aATEAKN PACLNpHLIN KPYT A, HANOAAIINEH NOL a uro mexayaposore npaaa 3. Bo Bropow onontrTenbHow nporoxane noawepsineteTen, 70 nanitlt «TlporoRan we MpHMeiercR x cAy¥aHW HOPyuNEHAR BA Petmero nopaaxa H sosmxuogeuua OScranoakn niyzpene Nap -meiNoeTH, ~ TaRIM, KK Becnopsak, OTREAKiNe W enopamiecKNe art ACHR HE axeN akTOrHAHOTO XaparTepa, HoCKOAEKY raxonie He aunnorex woopy enti Konan IV. 1A distnetion must be made between international armed conflicts and non-international armed confliets. This distinction is taken into consideration in two protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 adopted atthe Diplomatic Conference in Genev in March-June 1977 2. The first additional Protocol applies not only to wats between Siates, but also t0 "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes inthe exercise oftheir ight to sel. determination 3. The first additional Protacl cancers the protection of victims ‘of inernational armed conflicts (Prtoeol I). The second additional Protocol regulates the protection of victims of nowinerational armed confit (Protocol LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS + Abby Lingvo v 12.0ML + Basic facts about the United Nations, New York, 1988 + Blac’ law dictionary Sixth Bditon ‘Cambridge International Ditionary of English. 1995 ‘+ Encyclopedia Britannica On Line 2003 + nerational Law, Fifth edition, Maleolm N. Shaw QC ‘Cambridge University Press| + Inertiona lw: textbook Ed, by. G..Tunki, — ML: Pro= ress, 1986, —S46p. + Anrao-pyeevut annaosarivecra exonaph: OX. $0 000 e108 ve camaocoueranni loa pve. B.C. Ullax-Hataposol, HO. Boacoaoi KB. Kypaninsa, — 3 ona, erepearin. ~ M.: PYCCO, 1999 ~ 8400 + Jloxono# B11, Fanos B.A, Pyuanuen O.P: Mesayne ppostioe npavo: Caos. -enpae Toa o6ut, pea. BH, Tpogunrona M.:Hippa~M, 1997, ~ 368~ International humanitarian law covers two areas the protection of those who are not, oF no longer, taking part in Fehtings restrictions om the means (in paticular weapoas) and the methods of warfare, such as military acti, Hiro vagoe «eamuran? International humanitarian law protects those who do not take par in the fighting, such as civilians and medical and wetigious mi "ary personnel. It also protects those who have ceased la take part, Such as wounded, shipwrecked and sick combatants, and prisoners of These categories are ented to respect for their ives and for their Physical and mena integriy, They also enjoy legal gurantes, They ‘must be protected and treated humanely in all circumstances, with oo adverse distinction. More specifically: itis forbidden to kil or wound an enemy who surrenders or is unable to fh; the sick and wounded must be cl. lected and cared for by the partyin whose power they ind thew selves. Medical personnel, supplies, hospitals and ambulances must all be protected. Kakne orpanriennm yeramasaweaer Mestynaposnoe ty~ auurapuoe upano ® otnoutennm cpescra m weronoe nexena International humanitarian law prohibits all means and methods of warfare which: fal to discriminate between those taking par inthe fighting and those, suchas civilians, who are not the purpose being {© protect the civilian population, individual civilians and civilian Property: cause superfluous injury oF unnecessary suffering; cause severe of long-term damage tothe environment. Hursanitarian law has therefore banned the use of many weapons, including exploding bullets, chemical and biological weapons, blinding laser weapons and ant-personel mines = Hacxoanko aperrunno meatynapoimoe rywanrapnioe spavo? Sadly, there are countless examples of violation of international ‘humanitarian law. Increasingly, the victims of war ae civilians, How ver, there are important cases where intemational humanitarian tae has made a difference in protecting civilians, prisoners, the sich and ‘he wounded, and in restricting the use of barbaric weapons, ~ Kax ofecnewrs suinoanene ops sexaymapoaoro ry- rapuoro opus? ‘Measures ius be taken to ensure respect for intematonal hu Ianitarian law. States have an obligation to tach its ules to their armed frees andthe general public. They must prevent violations of Punish them if these nevertheless occur. In particular, they must enact |aws to punish the most serious violations of the Geneva Conventions nd Additional Protocols, which are regarded as wat crimes, ——_ test —_____ 1. 1, prohibits; 2. outbreak; 3. are suspended; 4. mercenaries; 5. nineteenth; 6. are entitled; 7 surendes; 8. exploding, aniperson. nel 9. coercion; 10. enjoy: 11. captivity; 12. combatant, prisoner 13. leave; M. aniversl 15. alien 1.1. up: 2 in; 3 ins 4. on; 5. of; 6. of, to; 7. under 8. agains; 9, ‘om 10. pon; 11. on; 12. on 13. For, 14 or 15. during, IL. |, Bo Bropos aonontiensiow npotoxo.e caxepacreca ye Daime Ha To, 70 ON pMeHserea KO aceM oOPYAKEHHANE OMe Fini, He nosmanaiow nom aelicrane Tlepnoro aonosmitreasnore "poroxoua x 2Ketenexas KoMBeHUHAKE H TpoNXOaaAN Ha Tepe Topu axoi-nnGo BucoKof Joronapussionien Croponts sereey {5 BoOpYCHN HMM H alTHNAMTEALerBEHHNEN aOOpyaRe ‘0H cia HLH ApyrHNNE opramOsONANEN ROOPYOerIeNN ‘Bynna4, KoTopIe, HaNOsReE Noa OTRETETHENHAN KONHOBANeN, ‘eyuteeransor KoHpon. naa Sacto ce Teppitopi,Hosnocaoul 1 npovoxes nenpepuisnise cornacosaiinte aera punenty acrosuu Tporoxo, 2. B Tiporoxone I! rotoputes, 10 HoxpoBiTeMGeTHOM ‘aKoKO8 oStitaes wots & KoMpmrax, He Hoga MExpHApoNNOrD nae24. 1) to harm the enomies; 2) surface and submarine Mees; 3) naval aviation; 4) the rule of the inadmissbility of bombardment 5)the high seas; 6)tertril waters; 7) intemal maritime waters S) vulnerable object; 9) trade relations; 10) suffoating, poisonous gases and substances; 11) treacherous kiling or wounding ofeivil- ians and military personnel; 12) crue! treatment of non-combatant population; 13) disparagement of human dignity; 14) taking of hos= tages; 15) the use of torture; 16) to prohibit military operations; 17) civilian population; 18) unprotected objects; 19) means of mass estrction; 20)t0 pursue a racial policy; 21) enemys resistance; 22) prohibit the threat and use of teror; 23) methods and means of ‘warfare; 24) naval forces; 25) the rules of naval warfare; 26) the rules ‘of land warfare; 27) to cause widespread, long-term and severe dam- ‘age 10 the natural environment; 28) explosive bullets or shes, 28) development, production, stockpiling of bacteriological and toxin ‘weapons 30) biological agents and toxins. 25,1. F. The rule of air warfare laid dow in 1923 at the Hague have nor become treaty norms. 2.F, The Hague Convention of 1907 prohibits the bombardment by naval forees of undefended ports, towns, villages, dellings or buildings. 3.4, F. The Geneva Proto ‘cal of lune 17,1925 prohibits he ate én wor of wusfecaing, poisonous ‘or other similar waves and subsiances, and also the use of bactrio logical weapons” 5.'. 6. T. 7. F. The Convention on the Profibition ofthe Development, Production, Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Bio logical) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destrction was signed on 10 April 1972. 8.1. 9. T. 10. . The aim of naval warfare isnot only to init the greatest possible damage on the naval forces, the port and coastal areas of the enemy, an not any fo preserve or achieve mili tary advantage at sea, but also fo prevent the enemy sustaining trade relations with other countries va sea roues. ». ‘io rakoe meazynaposoe rysaustrapsioe upano? Interational humanitarian law i @ St ofrles which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed confit It pr: tects persons who are not oF are no longer participating inthe host ties and restiets the means and methods of warfare. International hu ‘manitarian la i also known athe law of war or the law of armed confit, = SInawerca an stexcxynaposwoe FyMauwrapnoe mpano cern exayaposoo npas? Tncernational humanitarian Taw’ is a part of international tam, which is the body of rules governing relations between States Iter haional law is contained in agreements between States ~ treaties of Conventions -, in customary rules, which consist of State practise ‘considered by them as legally binding, and in genera principles. TK wen nocxoanr sextyaposnoe rysamurapuoe upano? = Intemational humanitarian lw is rooted in the rules of ancient civilizations and religions ~ warfare has always been subject to ce. tain principles and customs. = Kora uaastace neeoSinan Koaudpuxauns METI? Universal codification of international humanitarian law began in the nineteenth century. Since then, States have agreed (0a series of practical rules, based on the biter experience of modem warfare These rules strike a careful balance between humanitarian concerns and the military requirements of tates Kaxonus euonmute nerowx MPT? 'A major part of international humanitarian law is contained in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, Nearly ever’ State in the world has agreed to be bound by them, The Conventions have been devel ‘oped and supplemented by the Additional Prowcols of 1977 . Other ‘agreements prohibit the use of certain weapons and military tactics ‘and protect certain categories of people and goods Kent apmtenie Meaiyaponnioe Fywairapabe npavo? International humanitarian law applies ony to armed confit does not caver internal tensions or disturbances suchas isolated acts of violence. The law applies only once a confit has begun, and then sally to all sides regardless of who started the Fighting ‘Kaxwe ofaacta oxnavateaer sexctynapoamoe syMauurap- pao?) patie ~ the wounded: 2) avnar sanoaanon - taking of hostages: 3) yooute ~ mutilation 4) ectoxoe ofpamcine — cruel ‘ueatment; 5) nua — torture; 6) spyGoe nape HenoReHecKOro socrownictoa~ outrage upon personal dignity: 7) rpnmmars 80a saute ~ 0 take into consideration; 8) syonnanate npecryanena — ‘monstrous crimes; 9) npowoaety Guonorweekie omirat~ to cary ‘ut biological experiments; 10) acrannart Koro-na Ges Mes «exol aosoutn ~t0 leave smb without medial aid or help; 11) ryt oe, wenopexioe oGpanee ~ humane treatment; 12) yexpauienne — intimidation; 13) ockopGncine = insult; 14) eacromine s2opoe state of health; 15) nporbecenontaiian weanupxauu ~ professional skill; 16) noennan oxiynatam — military occupation; 17) noene- oennas oxxynaui — post-war cecupation; 18) orsercr¥eHoctt (axasanie) 9 arpeccino ~ a penalty for aggression; 19) Taarexan oven © 3aKoHEX 1 oBuIaRX ejxONYTHON posi — the Hague Convention conceming the Laws and Customs of War on Land; 20) oSecnewnears ofuecruewsnit opasox ~ to ensure public order 21) epencrea oSopoun ~ means of defense; 22) npn hocrt nenpusreabexolt aepsease to take oaths of loyalty to an en- femy power: 23) awets npano wa yeaxcnne ceMeinn pas m pea ‘anu y6exaenull~ to have the right to enjoy respect forth family rights and religious convitions; 24) sanyraanite 1 o°k0 ne — intimidation and insulis; 25) wopaaioe w Qnaneeckoe pH ayenne~ physial or moral eoerion 20. 1) armed or auxiliary forces, 10 exert pressure on them, oF 10 engage in propaganda to persuade them join the enemy army. 2) Ge nova Conventions of 1949. 3) sex, race, nationality, religion and po eal convictions 4) espoct For their family rights and religious con- Vietions. 5) amy’ oF means of defence, of to take oaths of lyalty to an ‘enemy power, 6) killing or destraying them, subjecting them fo tor- ture, carrying out biological experiments on them, deliberately leaving them without medial aid or help, and deliberately cresting eonditions intended to lead to thee infection. 7) itis actually placed under the 20 authority ofthe hostile army. 8) penalty for agression, 9) prisoners of ‘war, 10) armed forces of another. 21.1) inthe event of occupation; 2) private property; 3) damage ‘or destroy: 4) an oocupying power 5) military operations; 6) drafted tnd signed: 7) in the event of armed coat; 8) cultural property; 9) ‘origin; 10) architectural and historical monuments; 11) works of at manuscript, books and also scientific collections; 12) buildings, ‘whose primary and actual purpose isto preserve or exhibit movable objects of cultural value; 13) The protection of cultural propery 14) prohibit the use of cultural property; 15) to prohibit, prevent and terminate any ats of stealing, looting; 16) to prohibit the requis ing and reftain from any repressive measures against cultural prop- ety; 17) prohibits any ats of hostility; 18) cultural or spiritual heri- tage of peoples 23, 1, violate; 2. killings 3 torture; 4, inhuman; 5. deportation; ‘.eapon; 7 civilian; 8. warfare; 9. injury 10. pillage ae fe Ie =|] [i fe alt [et fe > fe fe fe fe | elt fe [a fw viel jel rele fe fe tele ti [a oft [ee [a = fale [efi ete fe [~ [e v TE fe [ef tla [a [a fe Reh afc fee fo m [a |p fi [a afe fete |e teil Urey i ® le lm [eleWarring State 9)10 take ap arms 10) inhabitants of « non-accupied territory 11) to comply with the conditions 12) outbreak of war 13) 0 be assigned to a neural State 14)t0 be waged among the armed forces 15) to be directed against civilian populations, 12,1) k 2) 4 3) (@) 4) 05) sl) 6) 67) 8) 29) 1 ( 10) 1) tye 12)€ 13) WIS) 13. 1. Modern international lw prohibit any unleashing of agers sive wars whether with or without the declaration of war AA declaration ofa state of war between two States produces Specific legal consequences inthe relations between them, 3. The prteston ofthe interests of warring State and ofits no tional i usually assigned ta neutral State, which maintains diples aie relations wth both warring partes. 4, Varios limitations are applied to nationals ofa warring Sate who are on the territory ofan enemy State, They may be obliged to reside forthe duration ofthe warn a specie region, o else ney bo interned, The outbreak of war seriously affects the international treaties of warring States. Bilateral political weaies (conceming noe ‘aggression, neutrality) concluded before the war either lose their force ‘Fare suspended. Treaties concluded inthe event of war ae viewed 8s coming in foes, and withthe beginning of military operations nex ute particular importance (weties relating t0 the fules of waging ‘war, demilitarized zone, et), 6. According to the Geneva Convention of 1949 relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, the inhabitants ofa non-accupied tee ritory who on the approach ofthe enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading fores, without having had time fo fonn there Selves into regula armed units, provided they carry arm openly and respect the laws and customs of war, also enjoy the rights of combat ants (Art (6), 7. All categories of combatants are viewed as legitimate com batants if they comply with the following conditions lai down by te Conventions sas 1) they are commanded by a person responsible fr his subord 2) they havea fied distinctive sign recognizable ata distance; 3) they cary sems openly 4) they conduct ther operations in accordance withthe laws and customs of war 8. The concept of "volunter units” also extends to persons who have expressed their desie to lewve their county and participate in military operations onthe side of the people ofa foreign State strug ling for freedom and independence 9. The regular naval forces include warships of any type and designation, auxiliary warships providing supplies 10 naval forces in the form of ammunition, combat materiel or troop transport, an also special landing ships and former merchant ship reequipped as war, ships. In air warfare the crews of military aircraft are the combatants, 10, The Geneva Conference of 197 does not recognize meree- nares as legitimate combatants 15.NCHAB 16.1. from: 2 in; 3 of 10:4 against; 5. under of 6 of on; 7 for: 8.0n; 9 rom; of to; 10. to; 11. ans; 12. in: 13. on, 14 rom, 15.10 The mur Torte Gay — Torre [6 io reat wean (otro) to execute ~ excetion (0); fo murder: murde (a); ~ meer | exceed (a, (murders) 8) imitation 3) 10 mite ~ milton; - ma | 9) mst isl). ited 410 ourage: our (0); outa 5)40 uit: riiation (nn nian), — 18,1) 652): 3954) a: 5)i:6)b; ds 8)g:9)f; 10) 1010 coerce ~ everion (n: coersibe (a)test —_ 1. commercial; 2) wilzation; 3) global; regional; 4) principles 5) pollutants; 6) deterioration; 7) Hos; 8) celeia. 9} contamination, 10) substances M1) on; of; 2) at: of 3) with 4 by: 5) in 6) in; 7) on of 8) fr 9) out: 10) by: 11) of for: 12) in 13) of, 14) 0; 15) of ito UL 1. Jorosapneaiomees Croponts, yur nosis Opa: som coornercrayoutve axras 1 npoGewsy, bupanaior peunocey oxpais wenoweKa oxpyatouyo ero epeay or 3arPein oo [yta m Gyayr crpewirica orpanmninaTe Ht HacKOMEKO a70 noone i, noerenetmo copa rpeaora Te aarpanenne Bouay%s, ‘eo¥ag ero tpaterpanmnoe sarpeaenne na Gonstite paccrosts 2. Konpeiu 0 Meaziynaposnoi Toproane enaanit sxc ay. ‘mu opus, Haxontuues nox yrpo3O Heseswomenta, 1973 rove anaraerorpatinscin w neon KOKTpOM aa MexayapoaNOH top. Toaneit sumparouiM xuBornaiu H pacreHNAnAl ncpeacrvens uTewt nanopmie-xenoprunx paspetenmt. Llean Kone peaoTepari spexsepHyIo oRENAyarAMIHO HeYENaONNE HILtOD ayn, up 3. Konnemnn 06 oxpave aceamporo KyasrypHOrO i pupoatoe Fo nncacnns 1972 rosa uproeava, @ wacruocin, coanars sperms ye eneTeMy KosmeKraBHOM oxpans nasATinicoe npinpont ‘an MpHpOAIMAX KOMIHIEKEOR, pafonon OGwraKHA HesesaonIL ‘otpovix w pacrenni wn.) IV. 1. The protection of those species of wild animals tha, in the course of ther natural eyele, constantly exoss the borders of States covered by the 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migrtory Species of Wild Animals signed in Bonn, 2, This Convention establishes general norms forthe behaviour of| States in relation to wild animals migrating through thee tertoris, ‘Annexes to the Convention contain lists of migrating species that are 6 threatened by extinction, and also of those species that willbe the ob Jest of special agreements by interested States 3. The 1972 Convention for the Prevention of Maine Pllation by Dumping of Wastes and Other Mater, totally prohibits the dumping in the sea of radioactive waste and provides for rigorous con UNIT 10. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Lb 2)b3)adesb a es Sse] eel mm satan — a = = Ne 5.1)42)13)14)h5)26)b7)a8)j9e 6.162)h3)a4)25)b6)d7) Fe 7. 1) nations, peoples and individuals.2) violence soa to init the suffering which is its inevitable consequence. 3) conduct in war 4) disarmed and wounded enemy fighters. 5) civilians and the vars 4uished. 6) rues of intcrnational law protecting the vitims of con. Mic, 7) 16 States in 1864.8) the two Protocols ditional to the Ge- neva Conventions of 1949, 9) the conduct of holies in modern ars 10) universal in their pplication, 8.1, combatants; 2. war, 3. warship; 4 military arcraf;S. volun 10. unaggressive war; legal consequences; unoffic lannccessary assistance; non-oceupied tetitory legitimate combatants relations; lnnegulr aemed units; 1. 1)t0 fight im an armed conflict 2) to enter into war 3) customs ‘of war 4) on the se ofthe warcng States 5) declaration of war 6) Prisoner of war 7 participate im military operations 8) request of 4 3713.1 atthe globat level or the regional level; 2) the serious pollue tion of the marine environment in many areas of the World Oveat 3) the pollation of the marine environment; 4) petroleum and peta leumewater mixtures from ships; 5) in 1983; 6) pollution ofthe ma. Fine environment by any substances, including petroleum, liquid pot Sonous substances, waste waters and garbage discharged into the sea from ships: 7) not be buried at all; 8) raw and fact petroleum, heavy diesel fue! and ol, highly radioactive waste product, mercury and ‘mereury compounds, stable plastics, and also materials produced for biological and chemical warfare; 9) measures ofa global character are complemented by regional cooperation anong States, 10) earying out this task 14,1) legal regime; 2) navigation; 3) are utilized; 4) water re sourees ofthese rivers S) pollution and depletion; 6) an integra nati ral complex; 7) coity the principles and norms 8) special intema ‘ional agreements; 9) riparian States; 10) equal and equitable water siliztion; 11) riparian State; 12) refain from damaging; 13) ul Zation and protection; 14) watercourse or a water sym; 15) water utilization on border rivers 18.1)-F2)-83)-j 4)-15) 6,6) )-b; 8): 9)— 1o)-8 1. = ve “rom verb TY fodifenion | modi pretction 1) protest 2) deterioration | deteriorate | Geruction |) estoy 3) achievement | achive | damage 3) damage 42) precipitation | precptare | transformation | 8) easter 5) regulation | regulate | treat 5) treten 5) exploration | expiore | peneraion | 6) penta 1 comainaion | comaminate | cantrtuion | 7) ante 8) enviroment | emsiron | recognition’ | 8) recopnas 9) inadation | iraduce | exience 5) exit X seduce | signee es _ 20.42.j3-h4— 24.1) 0:2)a: 3) w 4) BS) v5 6) 8:7) 8) 6; 9).¥: 10) 11) 4; 12) 13) x14) 6 15) 16) 17) 18) 19, 20) 21) 1 22) p23) ms 24), 25) q,26) 5-16-e7-i8-e 2 10-b sm one a 18201) congas rpipns etm nt aor ean Ter wenn peryaupyor rae * pactennh (Mexayuaposvian Konnena 06 oxpane pacrenih 1951 r, Cornausente 06 oxpate pacrarenstoro wpa persona YOro- Bocroaoll Asn w Tuxoro oxean 1956 r., Cornantehne 0 eorpyi tueecr¥e 8 oGnacrt Kapaa W sau paren OF ppeaeesei H Sonesnei 1959, saeoveoe paso coluancTivecxnx erp),1) natural environment: 2) species of animals: 3) productive forces; 4) intensive utilization; 5) ecological crisis, 6) rational ulinn tion; 7) urgent global problem; §) modem spe: 9) regional lace 10) play the leading roe; 11) iving resources: 12) Eats an’ Phere; 13) circum terest; 14) our space:18) radioactive commny ation; 16 legal protection; 17) intemaional custom, 18) multinanas nal iver; 19)improvement ofthe plantar envionment 2) protester of the waters, 1) oaperation; 2) utilization; 3) lgat protection; 4) ake; ‘nial; 6) welk-being 7) teats; §) advantage; 9) nahensble 1O)diposs; 11) respec; 12)incing: 13) customary: 14) recogetion 15) ensue; 16) jurisdiction: 17) probit, 7.1) The frst treaties conceming the protection ofthe natural ene Vironment tad aleady appeared atthe turn of the centuns 3) tee ‘evolution in science ad technology and the rapid development the Productive forces of society have intensified the impact ef mens cone amie activites onthe natal environment, and have conidesby Jridened the sphere of his intervention in natual processes. 4) The intensive utilization of natural resources and the pollution ot the Planets biosphere have brought the human rae tothe brink of «sere ‘ous ecological isis. 4) The international lezal protection of the ence ronment is a relatively new but rapidly developing port of meds intentional law. $) lteratonal estom also plays ar inporiae cae in the protection of the environment. 6) An inipotan olen te ee velopment of the international legal protection ofthe environment fe Played by resolutions adopted by international organizations ond above all by the United Nations and its specialized agencies 9) tea {esi principles of ntermational aw also apply to cooperation sone States in the conservation and ulation ofthe natral envircon ee and its resources 8) They are: the principle of protecting the enn ronments the principle of inalienable sovereignly over satwel na sous and the principle of nt inflicting damage onthe ensneona beyond national state jurisdiction) This principle means that ccc State has the sovercign right to dispose feely ofits own resouccs accordance with its policy onthe environment, and ebligster sth Siats to respect that righ. 10) Yes, States have the dy to coopers ith one another in environmental conservation and in balanced uti zation of natural resources. Such cooperation is effected iv acces ‘dance with teaties onthe basis of 9.1)=62)~13)-d4)-F5)-g lity and mutual advantage, 6)-b7)—e8)-j9)~W10)~2 11. 1) regional cooperation; 2) dangerous substances and materi sls; 3) iquid poisonous substances: and fuel petroleum; 6) intensive shipping, 7) extraction ef mine resources; 8) International Convention ) an effective instrument; 5) raw forthe Prevention of Pollation from Ships; 9) utilization of the seas: 10) discharging and’ tying industri and household waste prod 12) waste waters; 13) joint actions by 15)t0 discharge of petroleum and es 11) to take urgent measures; States; 14) marine environment Petroleum water mixtures from ships: 16)at the global level; 17)heavy diesel fuel and oil 18) prevention ofthe pollation; 19) land-based sources: 20) europe, 21) the seabed and ofits subsoil; 22) London Convention fr the Pre ‘eation of Polltion ofthe Sea by Oil 23) to impose on States spe. Life obligations: 24) mercury and mercury compounds; 25) dichetes ‘of waste products fom ships; 26) pollution ofthe marine emsiromnesa by any substances; 27) petroleum; 24) deliberate Burial 29) Commenting ‘on the Prevention of Marine Poll ion by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter; 30) materials produced for biological and chencal warfare; n. poisonous [570 waste — wane (2d) —wastble ap i |_| Brpesontay = pon: posaner ay 2 dimp = apg = dap 7 resource (a) ~ to Dae fesoured (ad) — resourcefe (ad) ~ resoureflly (ad) — re sourcefunes (a) 3) 16 polae — pola) — poh utero: pollstion a = polite 9) 10 impos; imposition OY yim pean FST retin (n)— preventive ad) (tay etomany Calera | mtn ana | Si die a (aa dh asters | TO) to bay — Baril OY a15) to ponish pracy. on the open sea waparuiaxaninsr. 3 prexoe selicrma worxplerom nope 16) maritime piraey nopexoe nparere0 17) eaten slaves padoroprosas 18) ict trafic of narotic drugs uesaxonnaa ropronaa napKo- "ccna epeernani 19) tracker mao, sanaontccca vesaKoH ora; roprovet iesakonuit roaapa 20) extradition crime npeerynene, aa Koropoe eHow noe neuer suane apyrowy rocyanpcray 21) extraitable crime mpecrynacune, 28 conepmienne xaroporo osmanaa maa npecryriixa apyroMy roeyaaperay 22) commonly deplored crimes eeu ocyAAeNe BHA pe 23) crime against peace npecrynenne nporne wpa 24) crime against humanity / mankind upeeryietne nporue He 25) traffic in arms roproass opycnest ropronrel nap Test 1. 1) crimes; 2) units; 3) substances; 4) Piracy; 5) Extradition 6) wastes; 7) international character; 8) High Seas; 9) treaties 10) domestic TL 1) against; 2) 3) with; 4) on; 5) out; 6) on; 7) to; 8) from; 9) for; 10) into; 11) From; 12) for, 13) 05 14) as 15) |. Tocyaapereo-yxicrink, a TeppITOpHH KOTOpOrO Mpes Homaraewutt npecryniun nonsepracren yrosonHoMy’ npecaeAoKe ‘0, CooSuaer 8 cooreercraun co cROii sKoKoAaTEAtCTBOM 06 oxoutTensnu pexynsrarax parGuparenersa Fenepannosy cox Perape Opramaanu OGseunenni Haiti xoropaitnanpaniser ory muopaaunno apyrus aniTepeconaiin roeyaaperaa W 3 80 TepeconaiMun MEARAPAPORAM MEKpAMITEAC THEN opr 2, Ja,» omen KoropUx HMEIOTEN AOKABATEANETEA 0 6 epic nih wosimniex npeeryneiil we peerymt porn Cori» yee HpHrHRHNU HX BHMORANH, HaKaTANO, KaK OGIEe panveo,m erpanex, xe eu conepmuunt a4 apecrynenin. B coor netermat © aris roeyaapetaa oeyuieraasiar comp 3. Focyaapcta0-y cron sannavenni pe oropute ouo curract caecooGpaus sux oSaerenion KO AaROARNE, APA ACE MEPL Aclcraus, w cogrsereruyionie cate, ero orsetty Hose IV. 1 Persons charged with genocide shall be tried by a compe tent riounal of the State inthe tertory of which the act was com ted, or by such emational penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Patiss which shall have accepted ts juisdtion, 2. very State has the right to ry its own nationals for war eres 3. War crimes and crimes against humanity, wherever they committe, shall be subject to investigation and the persons against whom there is evidence that they hae commited such eines shall be subject t tracing, arrest, trial and, if found guilty, to punishment UNIT 9. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Lybaesjadesyb 4D with, 2) with; 3 oF; 4) in: 5) in 6 within, of18 1NfHHHj|HaHiqdHegHdHe lhe 19.1) F2)h3)a4)g5)b6)d Nese 1) competent court; 2) To erlopa yrpoxare noxaepxannio MeaZyHapoaNOTo nnpa H Gero. naenocr,Jho6o xen OOH worker aonect 0 TaKOM chope 10 Eke ent Conera Besonacvocrit vam Fenepansio Accantnen Can a State that isnot @ member ofthe United Nations inform ‘the General Assembly and the Secwiy Cowell of any dispute? He mnamoutcecs wewoxe OOH rocyaapere0 Take MOMET 10 necro enews 379 opraoe 060i Hop, B KOTOPOM OHO AB {rCH cToponol, ecaM np aT0M npuser Ha cobs oGunaremerEA, Ce savse © apna paspeuienness enopos no Yerasy OOH (er:35). Cover Fesonaevoctt supave sen pexoMeHiaiit € Ueno MAH +0 paspeurenns seGoro enopa, re, He cowtaonterD yrpo%s Mp, fe1iH ee cTopowi 06 arom npocar. Coser Besonactierw Mone rorpeSonar. or eropow Panpetienie cnopa pH noMOU Maple {penern no Hx BBopy ANGo pexOMHORIT HM HaAAEKAILYNO APO hexypy. Jn what caves may’ the Security Council take legally binding de TOpusiveexs oGmarentise peuenite Comer Beronacnocen pase npnnuiane uw enysae yrponw Mp, Hpy sen wpa faxron arpeccim, Coser Besonsenoern zona yemusat, 40 Er opuauvecKoro xapatepa #Ka¥ecTHe O6utero ipaeina NONE KaT nepenave croponauit » Mesaynapoani Cy. ‘Has the system for the peaceful settlement of dsputes yielded positive results? = Hecworps wa cnoxsoers wexaysapoanoi oGcTaHOBK pny Morpennan Veranoxt OOH evecreva snipnoro yperyiiponaiins eno os xia nosoxireniue pesynurarit. Bee vanosee cepwccnnie {nop KKH: TAK WK sa¥E OGeyacaaaHeh B OOM. Henkin Takxe Hetoouemeans W poss OOH » npesorapaenn aexaan enopon 1 Konimcron 19. Regional Organizations The importance of regional organizations in the peaceful set slement of disputes is growing, Their role in resolving questions bear. ing on the maintenance of peace "as are appropriate for regional ac. tion” is set forth in Art. 52 of the UN Chatter. The necessary ond tion forthe lawful existence of regional organizations is that thet charters and activites be compatible with the purposes and principles ofthe United Nations. This also relates to thir activities to secure the Peaceful settlement of disputes, whic is viewed by the UN Charter as one of thee fundamental tsk. ‘Tho UN Charter imposes on Sates the duty to make every effort {© achieve peaceful settlement of loal disputes withthe help ofr sional bodies before submitting these disputes to the Security Couns «il, The later must encourage efforts to achieve the peace settee ment of local disputes by regional bodies, both atthe initiative of in terested States and atthe intiatve of the Security Council the Sense in which the UN Charter uses the term "local dispute” it means any dispute among States ofa given region, with 1 exception of11.1) Direct negotiation is 8 principal means of the peaceful set. tlement of disputes among States2) The negotiation conse in ad ‘rect contact beoween the opposing sides in order to clarify each ‘other's position, and the actual cireumstances involved, and 40 ‘achieve an agreement3) The advantage of negotiation les in that it ‘establishes direct contact Benween the partis tothe dispute ana limit ‘the possibilty of inerfrence by olher States. Negotiation is also characterized by simplicity of organization and furctloning. 4) Dive ‘negotiations are those in which only those who are parties toa dis- ‘pute paricipate, regardless of their number. 5) Dire\ negotiations ‘may be carried out though normal diplomatic channels or at specially convened conferences, 6) The results of negotiations are embodied in inteational documents which may be ony politcal of else political legal in character, 7)aving entered into negotiations, the partisi- Pants are obliged fo reain from actions that could impede the sett ‘ment ofthe dispute. 8) The principal types of interational concli tion are: good offices, mediation, commissions of ingurs, and com missions of conciliation. 9) Good offices consist in providing assis tance to partes to the dispute in establishing direct contact and org img direct negotiations. 10) Mediation refers to the active participation by a mediator dn negotiations, including the submission Of proposals concerning individual aspects of the isue. or ese concerning the dispute as a whole.11) Good offices and mediation may be provided by a State that is nora party 10 the disput, by cnt international official or by private persons. 1210 onder that these functions may be eatried out, the consent ofthe parties to the dispute ‘must be given. 13) Commissions of Inquiry and Conciliation have as their objective to assist the setlement of a dispute through diret agreement between the panies. 14) Commissions of Inquiry and Conciliation may be formed, on the basis of party, from an equal ‘number of represenatves of both partis: representatives of other Sates as members or chairmen imay be included. 15)'The task of ‘commissions of inguiy isto establish the factual circumstances of the disput 13, Suggested answers 300 { | ' 1. The Origin of the International Court ; 2. The Intemational Court of Justice is a principal organ of the Unites Nations: 3. The Structure ofthe 1C14, Jurisdiction: . Procedure; 6. Judgment 15.1)e2j3aHi Hho I)e IDA 16.1)£2)i3)b4)a8)j6)e7)d8)e9)g10)h 1) advisory opinions; 2) integral part; 3) ipso facto; 4) personal ‘apocty, 5)t0 the measures; 6) cmpulsory jursicton, 7) pemanent body, 8) make recommendations; 9) memaional dips; 10) judicial or ean 17. 1) implies; 2) applicable; 3) od; 4) umpire: 5) arbitrator, consist: 7) designate; 8) nationals; 9) umpire; 10) compromise 11) Statute; 12) adopted; 13) consideration; 14) aw; 18) regional 18, — What isthe rol of iremationa organisations in the pacific Setemen of disputes? Per sea pos wexayapoantax opran¥sunl aHORiE ste even 8 exeTeny cpeteTs mpsioro petits enopos Mex: Tory AapcTaaNH. Mupvoe yperynyporanie pexiornaci W enopon ne xoamMU aneMEMT MexxyHAPONNIOD cOmPYANHHCCTHS, pRIBErNe ‘oToporo xnancres sa1a¥el oprairato,Hpoucaypa peer eno Pos MeaayHapoaitim opraniaaivinn, ® oranse or eyte6no Ho. ‘ir pensyitecreenno romrwveckitxapeKrep. Onkako a7 He 00 aser npriioneni pos wexaympannore pasa, Ha OcHOBe KOTO. oro aomaio ocyutecranzTicx se60e MupHioe ypery pena = Whois the role ofthe UN in this process? ~ Opranumauia OGseamew Haut — cevossod|oprantco- “pyamisecrea rocyaapers no aceMpiiom acute. auanerca {pow coppestenno cucrewta sup epezere paspeurenns ehopon, Yeran OOH sear ynop na witepecisnowepaann MeAynapon Horo supa w GevonacnoeT mp pestis enopon. Onva Wa ena lueneHi OOH coerour # paspeuie Ne meaKHe cnopOH 8 TEX. KOTO ue woryr cowtsme yrpesy py wn npuieerH x Hapytcino Mpa, 3615.1) b: 2) 3) hs 4) 5) g; 6); 7): 8) £9) ds 10) 4 1) good afices; 2) constatory procedure; 3) principal role; 4) jus Aicial settlement; 5) dint negotiation; 6) international, dispute 7) peaceful settlement; 8) legal means, 9) to eause harm; 10) vials important 6.1) Yes in diplomatic practice the term “international dispute’ refers to the most diverse eoaflictsituations among States 2) The UN Charter distinguishes the following types of disputes: «) disputes whose continuation could threten the maintenance of international Peace and security; b) other disputes, 3) The Security Counel has the Fight to econmend an appropriate procedure or methods for resol ing the dispute. 4) Ves, any dispute causes harm 1 peaceful relations ‘and to cooperation among States. 5) Yes, in international relations Politics and law are very closely intertwined. 6) An analysis of the Practice oF international courts and courts of arbitration indicates that isputes that are associated with vitally important state interests are ‘not submitted to them. 7) According to Art. 36 of the Statute ofthe International Court of Justice, legal disputes are primarily those that relate to the interpretation of teatics, questions of imterationl law, the existence of any fact constituting a breach of international abla. ions, and compensation due forthe breach of international oblig tions. 8) They are: direct negotiation, conciliation, mediation, arbitra. tion, judicial settlement, the setlement of disputes through interna. ional organizations 8.1) enewansio coxaese copewanin~ specially convened sonferenees; 2) axtieckne oGcromremerea— face! crcune Stances; 3) enoepeacruemnize neperonops! ~ direct negotiation, 4) o6ueN oxywenrawm~ exchange of documentation; 3) peumenne ‘ope tyres! nenoepexcTeeimoro coraauieunn Mexty cropenasan the settlement of a dispute through diest agreement between the par ties: 6) neperosopianznents secriee aoGpoconccrio negotiations must be carted out in good faith; 7)npn nowouie neperonopoe a8 through negotiation; 8) neperosopis Ha wuicutew yposve — negotia: tions atthe summit level; 9) coanecrue KoMAMOHNKE W SeaRaeNiin pint communiqués oF declarations; 10) pexonenosare upoek? pe utewsn enopa to recommend a draft solution to. dispute; 11) no. {seus pentenmio enopa to impede the settlement of the dispute 12)na napwerunn tavarax on the bass of parity; 13) cormen Termite xowHccHn~ commissions of conciliation; 1) ya ochone Pasvioro yawns saKoHX npas HiTepEco® RceX y¥scTMKON ‘on the basis of equal respect forthe legitimate rights and interests of ail the participants; 15) sepes oS anmuowarieckite waa trough normal diplomatic channels; 16) neers aeperonope — 1 con duct negotiations; 17) enencrucimie Kowncci~ commissions of inquiry: 18) nocpesmscere0~ mediation; 19) nocrwrarn corte tia ~to achieve an agreement: 20) scrynare m aeperowopsl~ to enter into negotiations: 21) miecenne apenaoacnait— submission of pro. Posals: 22) wnponse noswoxenocr - considerable opportuni 23) ao6pute yenyr— good offices; 24) wpe cpenere panpeisenin eaapmapoaiin cnopor™ peaceful sctlement of Uigptes 25) acntepnimaric or accra em ations 9.1)62)3)H}45)16}67} eve 04 0 [a rn > wei 3 fom rednry 3) Wo negotiate “negotiable bo [resets ——T sate 3)-dagate ip puke ————] [6 werteracs ———T wots 7 oles Treg [2 auiny ioingure[nguring [oy consonr a consenmial ——_—]1) consular affairs ~ xoueyanexas aerrensioers; 2) consular nexne arenterEs; 3) establishment of @ consulate general yapeactenie revepanaoro roneyanere, 4) consular archives — woneyanexse apxus; 5) bilateral consular convention nyeroponien KONeynieka KoveHui; 6) consular corps — Kot yaa pane; 7)conslar dst ~ koncyancnil onpyr 8) consular UACIMET HORMOWTE HEN OMENIETE OpiawHeeKoR seleTeKE onpeae neu OHORCHIL ATOBOpA B HX FIPHNEHEHIAN K AaHHOMY Poy: apersy 2) wlleroaop» omawaer wexaynapostoe cormauiente, sak semoe Mexaty FocyAapereawitm MenweNnIoR ops H peryauye oe wexynapoamin pawn, HemHiensa Gr TOF, cOAePTER 3m vaxoe comanienno 8 qos AOK) Meee, BAY a HeCKENEKAK eb pervoro nanwevonanin, 3) Cornaecne rocyaaperoa wa oGraaremnoers 4 Hero Aoronopa woRer Guth pupaxen noxmcanew soroRopa, OBMeHON oKYMeN ‘aw, o6pasyrougns orosop, paruirxaiyel AOroBOpa, ero Np ‘et, yroepaenves, mpucoesuNeWeN KeMy HAN OGM apy {enocoGon, 0 KeTOpOM yenoBtAC. 1V. 1) “Pull powers” meas a document emanating from the competent authority of a State designating @ person or persons to rep resent the State for negotiating, adopting of authentcaing the text of 2 treaty, for expressing the consent of the State to be bound by tweaty, o fr accomplishing anyother act with respect 0a treaty. ae 2) “Negotiating State means a State which took part in the drawing up and adoption ofthe tex ofthe treaty 3) The adoption of the text of teaty at an international confer- ence takes place by the vote of twouthitds of the States present and ‘otng, unless by the same majority they shall decide to apply’ dif ferent rile UNIT 5. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR LAW DIPLOMATIC LAW b:2)6:3)a54) b:S)a 4.1) diplomatic. immoniy 3) privileges and immunities of inter-governmental organizations {the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations; 5) permanent, Aliplomatic missions; 6) legal postion; 7) activities of state organs of ‘external relations; 8) customary norms; 9) Convention on the Preven tion and Punishment of Crimes Against Intemationally Protected Per sons, Including Diplomatic Agents; 10) bilateral convention. 2) branch of international law the Protocol ofthe Cony the 1961 Vien ion on Diplomatic Relations; the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations; the 1969 Convention on Special Missions + the 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of (Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplo rate Agents + the 1975 Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in Their Relations with Intemational Organizations of a Universal Character * the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations; ess of Vienna of 1815; Conve 52, 1) Isa treaty terminated only in accordance with the norms of ia- termational law? Yes, a treaty is terminated only in accordance with the norms of international ae 2) What are the most widely employed grounds forthe termine tion of a treaty? The most widely employed grounds for the termina tion ofa treaty are the expiry ofthe perio of vali, o flfment of its objectives. 5) What does denunciation mean? Demunclation means the le timate unilateral termination of given treaty on terms that are provided for within i “4) What docs annulment mean? The term anmulment refers tothe milter legitimate termination ofa treaty in accordance with terms that ae not contained i the tea '5)- According to international law i is permitted to refer to radi- cal changes in eireumstanee as a basis fr annallng a treaty, isn i? No, according to international law iis usualy not permite to refer to radical ehanges in eircumstances as a basis for anmlling a wear: 16). What frees the signatories from the obligation? The termina tion ofa treaty frees ts signatories from the obligation to comply with 7) What does the suspension ofa treaty constitute? The suspen sion ofa treaty temporary fees the signatories from their obligation to exceute i, but it doesnot influence the righ and obligations that ‘they have acquired ders terms 8) Must signatories refrain ffom acts that would make the ‘weaty's enovation impossible? Signatories must refrain from acts that vould make the ireay's renovation impossible, 31.1); 2) provisions, 3) sates 4) outbreak; 5) in 6 implementing: 7) erminated; 8) radical: 9) fr; 10) grounds; 11) refer; 12) violations; 3) voi 4) restore; 15) in 16) orweon; 17) on; 18) invalid; 19) apply 20) contingency; 21) weapons, 2) to, 3) free; 24) with; 25) terminated M6 32. 1) 22) 3): 4) m5) 6) x7) €8) wd 1O)y L1)h 1295 1): )KI5)116)u 17)0 18)p419}020) p21) 9 22)¢23)slq 24) F25)e 1a basic meaty ~ ecnosononaratoutlt xoronop; 2) 10 withdraw fiom a treaty — nur x roronopat) a demarcation treaty — noro#0p ‘© aevepaiin rpani; 4) a pon-aggression treaty ~ aoroaop 0 Hens rage, 5). volte a treaty ~ vapyane aorowop; 6) a peace treaty — npn xoronop: 7) Strategie Offensive Aems Limitation Treaty — _0F080p 5 orpanmieni eparerHvecnsN HACFYMATEALINAX Boop ‘zennit (OCB) 8) treaty’ of alliance ~ cornu xoronop 9) a treaty ‘of cession ~ arosop o uecenm 10) treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance ~ aorosop o apyseGe corpyanmsecrae w 30 oft nowouut; 11) treaty of mutual security ~aoroeop 0 mano Seronacnoct 12) treaty of limited duration - Geeeposi Aro op; 13) breach of an intemational testy ~ napycne Geceposoro _zoroaopa: 4) prolongation ofa treaty — npoaree cpoxa meters ‘aoroaopa 15) 10 sign a treaty —noanncars norovop 16) 0 accede to a ‘weaty ~ npneoenmurries x xorosopy 17) 0 adhere to a treaty ~ np _epaaimarscn iorovopa: 18) to codclade a treaty ~ aaemowre n0r0 0p 19)t0 denounce a treaty ~nenoienponart oroRop 20) 0 enter imo a toaty ~ aaxnowrs soronop; 21) 10 extend the validity of a treaty ~ npoanirseficrane aoronopa 22)10 observe a treaty ~ co Savousars oroaop: 23) 0 prolong the validity ofa treaty ~ posi aoronopa; 24)t0 ratify a treaty ~ parnnuiponers ‘aoronop: 25) o renounce a treaty ~ orxasartes or soro8opa 33. 1) a weaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance oron0p 0 apyaSe CompNAWNCTHE H RHMHOH MONON; 2) NOH ‘aggression treaty noroaop 0 wevanaenint; 3)t0 conclude a treaty ‘axioms. xor0wap: 4) breach ofan international treaty apy Geceponnore aorovaps; $) 0 adhere to 8 teal NpiLaepaaace 20 Fowopa: 6) 0 renounce a teaty orkasartea oF aoroBapa: 7) 9 with ras from a treaty arn 9 aorowops: 8) t0 violate a treaty apy tures oro8op; 9) t0 accede to a treaty pncoeamierace x aoroRCpys 10) breach of an international treaty napyauenne Gecepostoro nor0- ropa4. 1 eee coat can apg [ape a fsaaia —fooe 15.1) acceptance: 2) approval; 3) express one’s consent; 4) come into force; 5) fll powers 6) servation; 7) definitive consent; 8) the law of treaties; 9) an addtional opportunity; 10) to signa treaty. 16. 1) ratified; 2) weary; 3) fll powers: 4) approval 5) bilateral; ulated; 6) provisions; 7 consent 8) sin; 9 conchson; 10) adopted 17, 1, ~T: 2.~F (The conclusion of an intemational treaty con sists of two stages): 3.—T; 4.—T; 5. ~ F (Accession the process by which a state which was nota signatory ofthe treaty may nevertheless become a party to the weaty and be bound to its terms. Entry into force is the actual implementation ofthe tretys tems and inthe Vi ‘enna Convention is governed by article 24) 18.1) bring a teaty into fore. 2) through sigatut, the exchange of instruments, acceptance, approval, ratification, and “any other means if so agreed” 3) and obligations ofthe parties, 4) the formal act signifying thatthe form and content ofthe treaty have been agreed ‘upon. 5) th prtiamentany/egislive branch of government. 6 become a party tothe treaty and be bound to its terms. 7) nom-binding prior Signatur, 8) lid out in the treaty have been met 21, Across: 1. representative; 3.ccerion, 4 consequence; 6 frau 1. termination; 9. invalid; 10, comuption ‘Down: 2, prohibition; Secor 8 ental 22.1) ¢:2)a3) 54); 5)b;6) 6: Di 8) d: 9) g 1O)T 23,1) bs 2) 3) a4): 5): 6) 7): 8) w:9)e5 LO) 26.1) b2)¢:3)a;4)j:5)h; 6), 5:8) 9d 1) n To eins einai) To suspend supa) ~apenson __| tn) Suspender (a) sunpending a) To whan —witdrwal (a) —[ 1odenuncie~denanciton (i) ‘to anu. annulment (a) ~ as [wnat violation) | nut ag io natty notetion (a) nat | to eanadia ~ conadiaion (com fable (a) tractor (a) ~ contradictions (a) 28,1) to contradict the treaty’ principles and aims; 2) termination of a treaty; 3) © implement a treaty; 4) withdrawal from a teat: 5) radical changes in circumstance, 6) eytimate unilateral termine tion; 7 illegitimate actions; 8) denunciation; 9) on the basis of the general norms of international la; 10) notification; 11) annulment 12) violation ofthe treaty by other signatories; 13) he creation of ‘new imperative nom; 14) o refer to; 5) suspension ofa treaty;UNIT 4. THE LAW OF TREATIES La 2e53.64.955.6 5 1)6:2)e 39} 4)6 5) 6 67) 8)959) 45 10) 64.2)8 3h) HF NGNLY DE 7. 1) What is the most common ttle of an international agree ‘ment? "Treaty" is the mast common title ofan international agrees ‘ment but the following are also uted: convention, act. general protocol, agreement. modus vivendi, concordance. charter. declara: ‘ion, and compromise 2)Do treaties comprise 3 parts? Treaties gen- erally comprise fow parts: the ttle the preamble, the main body nd the final part. 3) Which par ofa treaty sets forth the right and obliga tions ofthe parties? Main body sts forth the rights and obligations of ‘the parties. 4) What languages are used in treaties? There i no uni versal rule as to what language or whut number of languages mut be ized for the txt ofthe treay. Rather the language ofthe treat is selected by the contracting parties, When a trey is published tn more than one language, he treaty itself should clarify which tex 10 be the authentic and authoritative one. 5) When did the Viewna Convention on the Law of Treaties enter into free? The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, emered into force on 27 January 1980.6) Has the Vienna Convention onthe Law of Treaties between Sates and International Organizations of between Intemational Or ganizations entered into force? The 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations oF benween International Organisations, has still not entered into force 7) Does the Vienna Convention nthe Law of Treaties set forth ba sie definition fora teat? Yes, she Vienna Convention om the Lan of Treaties ses forth a basic definition fora treaty. 8) Give the deini= tion of treaty”. Treaty i an inermational agreement concluded be ‘ween States in writen form and governed by international low 3a } Whether embodied ina singe insrument, oF in two oF more related instruments and whatever is particular designation. 8. 1) convention, set, general act, protocol, agreement, modus Vivendi, concordance, charter, declaration, and compromise. 2) usally have titles. 3) be utilized for the text of the tea. 4) basicaly the same rules to all of these instruments. 5) treaties with intemtional ‘organizations as parties. 6) the rights and obligations of the partes. 7) with which the representative is cloaked. 8) which text is tobe the authentic and authoritative one. 9) rues for treaties concluded be- {een States. 10) between the different designations ofthese inst 91) extradition ~ the surender of an alleged offender or fugitive {© the state in whose territory the alleged offence was committed 2) tariff — a tax levied by @ government on imports or occasionally exports for purposes of protection, support ofthe balance of pay ‘ments or the raising of revenue. 3) navigation ~ the skill or process of Plotting route and directing. ship, aia, ete, along. it 4) ademark ~ a name ora symbol which is put on «predict to shovr that itis made bya panicular producer, The product cannot be legally made by any other producer, andthe name or symbol cannot be le ally used by any other produce; 5) to implement ~ to cary out put ito action; perform 10. 1) conduct of war; 2) politcal testy; 3) commercial teay: 4) isarmament agreement: 4) tariff, 5) ishing eight, 6) specialized agencies; 7) criminal justice; 8) international crime; 9) provide for, 10) surender; 11) trademark; 12) copyright law; 13) conepaart. 10 embrace; 14) civil law; 15) navigation, 16) treaty in force 17) pacts Sunt Serva; 18) to camry out in good Faith; 19) to prohibit abuses of treaty rhs; 20) onthe bass of international aw 13, A. Stages in the Conclusion of Treaties: B. Adoption: Signature; D. Ratification; E,Accestion; F. Acceptance; G. Approval HL Entry into force a8nai paniars Meput€ Heo nooAHT KONE TOMY Hh Ho My Kongumery. a rakae Kora Kak ona Gyaer oro Remus + What i the UN doing to protect the envionment? + Oprawissin OSsexmenniex Halli eoneicrayer sano "eum 2oroRopom Ho expaneoxpY:RAIOMKER epee, KOTOPIE, Hap ep, uonsoniu 8 80-¢ronis Ha 60 npoueroe yxeunuinte apa ‘ne nei € cy: yNeubun:TPOHEKpatnHoe Marpnetie on Pyxnoute peau w Cesepwoii AMepue m Expone; i pexparnry powswoaer80 KaK B npoMbeHHo panei, Tak M paneHNaOHEN. 8 crpanex stor rason, paxpyuiaiouier oxoNoeut enoi. Co ape. etm mposeaene nepwoi rowehepenunn Opranvaatuin OGvestuner ‘ax Hawt no oxpyacaoutetcpexe » 1972 roay npu conelcrans pers nporpawnt Oprassoaiin OGnennnennx Hat Bx 1 saksoneHo Gonee 300 eaynapo;tieX noroBopOH M cortaine i, wacatousten mut0n aoaorHAx w pacte, maxonatntc os yIpoDo! neveMoBeHNs, sarpeaHCHN MopeKOH cpeaK, HeTOIEHNH ‘ioHoR0r0 exlox, onachiax erxai06, GuonorwsccKore pasnovoparnn even KaMaTS, onyeTuNaiony, puGaoBHOrO npoxea hnpowuutewiane xituKarow n necTaUIOe Test —___ 1.1) Franklin D. Roosevelt; 2) was signed 3) Chapters; Articles; 4) si; 5) annual; 6) two-thirds majority; 7 settlement; 8) recommen ations: 9) Security Council; 10) Chapter; 11) session; 12) General Assembly; Security Council; 13) judicial, 14) Seeretry-Gencral, 13) “decisions ML. 1) Fors 2) om; 3) within; 4) to 5) on; in; of, 6) for of 7) ~ 8) Jito: 9) among: 10) in; 11) to; 12) from; of, 13) out 14) 18)'n ML 1) Ben nporwe saxoro-aN6o Maeva Opraniaaui Guan ‘peanpura Cosctow Besonaeviocru aeierews npeneiraaioro som pwnysurensnoro xapacrepa,Tenepuaiiaa AccaNtnex Heer npn, 0 io pexowensaiuiw Covera Beronacioer, npuocranananars eyune raseiie npan rpms npinaitenanuts eny bax Hens Op Faves, Ocytueermneine on npan w npureris omer Guth soceravionewo Coneros esonacuocrn 2) B ucnax coxeficrms yeranoneino H nonaepsanne weeny Maponvoro wpa v Gesonsenoers ¢ naHMemaunn oreaeeien Mir BIE OREN HSKOMOMIECHAX pecypEON Lia ena oops Cover Bewonactocrn necer eracrerseinery 12 gopmyzmposanie, ‘ps nowoups Boenno-tIraGuore Kowarers, yaasannoro 8 crave 47, station consis cucrents peryampouani Boopyeittt avy ner ‘raneuin wx Una Opranvaain 3) Joo wien Oprannnan, woropui ne eoctot evox Com teva Besonacnocra, wan mo6oe rocyaapervo, ne eocrontice “Lenox Opramirauun, ect on smamoren eroponm & ehope, paccwarpn sienon Coneron Besonacnoch, mpuraamaiores tpinizty yanctne, {e npara rorioes,» oGeyxacnin, oTHOcAeMes k sroMy enwpy Co Bet Besonacnoc crasirr rage Yeaowi ne ywacrua rocytapcrom, ‘Ne coeromiero "nevi Opraninaiy, wake on naaer cnpanesan IV. 1) All Memiers shall settle thei iterationa disputes by Peaceful means in such a manner that ntemational peace and security. and justice, are not endangered, 2) All Members shall refrain in thee intemational relations fiom the threat or ase of force against the tertoril integrity oe political independence of any state, or in ny other manner inconsistent with the Purposes ofthe United Nations, 3) The United Nations shall place no restrictions onthe eligibility ‘of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions ‘of equality i is principal and subsidiary organs ui‘aor nee Gomutero wnexa goKyMeNTOB B OGnAETH MERI APOR ‘oro pana, Ta nyTeM ORBZaHN NOMOU wteaX panei ‘+ Whats the UN doing to prevent conflict? + Mpexorapautenne xowywron aeoaetes se Opravieauyun ‘OBnesnennins Haunt masse seneieos w KojTeNcTe ee ena ho Nomaepaaino wpa, Taxaa Aerreasnoere manaeren aitoroa ‘ekTHOR: ova oxtsrinaer pases npexynpexcnne, sions, Paropyakcime, upeneirusioe panneprinaiine ROU aF0 neaGro 20, HenontsosaNNe canKu, OvaKO npexe Beero aie Tuta ‘erTeNOCTE nO npeaorepauteinno KowebnTOR npesvionaract yer Patenne daxropo8 erpycrypHoro xapaxrepa, w cua KoTOpL OBue r80 0 oli Ham whol crpave okasuinseve® npenpscnooaectia sonny. What isthe UN doing to fight temorism? 1 What isthe UN doing o fight terorism? * Hlocne manaaen, xoropue Ginn cosepwsents 8 Coeaien: ‘ux Lfrarax 11 cetraGpn 2001 rona, Core Besonacnocrn etarpan {0010 pom 8 pasrax 9TOR Hosol eaoGameoW Koanntn. 28 enreRS Pr, coracno cooraerersyrousanasoaenim Yerana Opratiratinn Obvesmennix Hawt, om nuns peromouo, npexyesarpnao luyto upoxnit pyr step, naueneniuns ne Apeaorapaninite dma {possi Teppoprsva, xeanndutuporsite pa epesers sem 31% ueneh xavecrae yrososuisx npecrynaennil W Heraesvuerenunoe canopsennanne dmmancoanx atmos rTeppopucron. Tox anaoi Opranieau Obvenvmessnx Haunt upopominee neperosopa B sowrexcre pespaGorcn 12 wexaynaponiine Komseruit no aahmot npoGnewe, senovan Kounenmo © GoptGe © aaxbaToM sazomon 1979 roxa, Koumenunno 0 Gops6e © GonGosun rTeppopinwon 1997 ona n Kousentyno 0 Gops6e & diniaicnponannew reppopie 1999 ona, #9 MacroRu\Ge BpENA nposonTe paoTs MO MOArETONKE Ae oGrenunomero orosopa o GopsGe © eppopINNON, KoTOPA Moa Nr Yerpavums vee npoGeat, wweouDecH ® TexCrax npenayeiy AoeysexT08. Oprameaive OSsesioiennesx Hani race nprnnete le eps 9 eax yepenesna MexayiapaAHOTO peas, cur € opyatem maccoworo yinevToxeH, MPeKpauchie posse expe a es pe o8oro opt Merocy/tpereens oGpasonaHiN, sukeiaawN "poruvonexorinx wasewnsx snk, Yayo oxpans Aaepmue uuecKUN OG eNTON H YeUEHHN KOHTPOA w CAH € seposaeN co ‘roponnr xuepreppopneros. * What isthe UN doing to stop the spread of ems? * Hponoansiie mpi noanepaske Opraonaioi OSsenincinix Haunit siorocropomine neperonopss, Tanne, Kak neperovopes 6 ansxax Konbepenui no paopyseeniio, npiacai x saninonern lunpoxoro KpyFa cot nameuni, axmowan jloroKop 0 Hepactpocrpe. emt azepnoro opyaus, Joronop o necoGaewnoien sanpemerin MepUN HemuranHi H ArOROPHH O GOAN AO, cBOGOAUMIL oF Anepnoro opyaca, 38 nocaenves 2eearHserHe npn 2 miuinw ta nero Guo yGnro, a5 wnanoHon pancho m Nome wovomeron ¢ pnenentiew erpenxoaoro opyacut wer BoOpyAeH, aka esombnepts, asrowaral, xuNoweTs,pysnge paar nopeamontie PaxeTiule nyeKovute yeraHonn, B pesyaurare ncaTeaunocrn ye FyUAIOUNEEH KHeN Topro=ue® opyKNeM, KOppynponanttre OmAHOETHEN sn, emMAUKATER No TOPrORAE MApROTHKANI,TeppoN PHCTON WsIpyrHx EyGueKTON TaKOE OpyAE WO HEEM NPE HECET hoe {22M CEPT it Yoeube NOHCIOAY — Ha YAMA, w MOAN W 8 Gots sans ropouas. Opranoauna Sterner Haut npovone DPAOory ® ueAM npeceveuNs HeraKOHHIOR roproRaH am enes pyAHA, KoTOPKIMH MpeaTIONITAIGFnamLJoNRTEEH TeppopcTe, npe eynir nesta Heperyagpitx opwupona + Why cant the United Nations impose peace? * Opravisauin Odseswnewnux Haun ne pacnoneraer wos Nontiocravit sum Toro, Obi OBecnesHTs sup € HoMOUItNO clas Ona ne npeacrasaer coGot Hexoero wamposoro npanieneran,y Nee Mer peryaspHot pian, paso xaK Hoch Teas H any, lecras, Ora ne anansreN Meaytapoano Aoammel. xbexrn oer» Opranusiuun OSseninenian Haunt aancer OF nos HOH Bon ee roeyzapersevioe, Koropte peuimor, Gyner am opra ahis staff, and constitutes viewally an international civil service, 5) provisions of the Charter. 6) fies in onder to resolve oF contain international crises. 7) have enabled him to increase the influence of the organisation 8) bring tothe attention ofthe Security Couneil any mater which he feels may strengthen the maintenance of international peace and security, although this power has ot often been used 23, 1) konouuseckit coma coser ~ Beonomie and So cial Council; 2) enewnamanponaniie yapenaenin — specialized agencies; 3) koweynuruponarica © Henpantrenrecinue opr yt ~ fo consult with non-governmental organizations; $) roro- nee upoesta Konsenuu~to prepare draft conventions; S) cosa sexrynapoae Konbepenunt ~ to call international conferences 6) oopamuuposers 2xoHoNeCKO H coWaAARIO RemTEAUHOET, to coordinate the economic and socal work; 7) emits wenrpa une Gopymon sum oBeyactenna MeaaynapoaNu >KoHOMMIEERI coumasatsx npoSem ~ to serve as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issoes; 8) austere pevoMena at to make recommendations 9) nootipa yséneine codec nas venovexa ~ 10 promote respect for, and observance of, human Fights; 10) neupanureaseraenme oprauinauum ~ non-governmental organizations, 25.1) cymesint — judicial 2) yperyanpyer ~setles 3) koneyat- advisory opinions 4) aera suas ~ pri- ‘vate individuals 5) roneynerarusioe aaxstovenite- advisory opinion 6) roveyawraruanie a2e0enit ~ advisory opinions 7) 0p lune ~ jurisdiction 8) aoronop ~ treaty 9) xobypaoren ~ lected 10) neaproe sacesaine — plenary session 11) exsronto — annually 12) yperyauposanme m eyne6now nopsase~ judicial settlement, —- Ween BN EDK IN HILDE Sg IE Ws DE 13)4; 14); 15): 16); 17) 18)e; 1996; 20)p 30. ' How does the UN work for pease? + Opraninaiis OGnemennnix Haunt coxeiernyer o6ecne ve to napa, wa paso, Tak ROCHeNIO, HENDRY eaNe PHOO6- Danie ny. B Tex cxyvasy, NOraM pews WIET O ROHON WH HDPE ‘utes xougawere, Oprambanier OSverunentt Haut nenon= ayer cause panooGpannie epeacrea: oF nocpeasiecTaa 20 a Depmanain cic no nowlepaaHNHO Mpa. JemTeasiCeTe Opranioa- twin OSreauneni Haul no mperorepantcxmo Koug.unsroR Hn tueseva va yorpavonse 1x np coupanisio-2eoHOMIHECKOrO pairepa, koropie ney kwone. Byayyn uevrpansstin opy¥ow, awrax KoTopor® npeanpiniinawnres sunnowarWieeKNe Yount Mm ponoarren oScyaaciie, Opranisaun OGveanneunnx Haut 28 renanunacr ocionts am pro yPeryawponaiA en0po8, HT No: aoaaer monsuposers ronpunncruw sapoauue. Kora pes Wer 0 ‘esyuapostow epuDice, 01a pact poms KOopAHINANOHOTO Ue ‘ps, xoropat pono paGory # uexex earns HanpaDcenHOocTH ss navan neperosopes. Kpone 2roro, Opranoauit 1x Hail conelcrayer oGecneveno wpa rest pas waco arus eee pe — er — toe [se — i | sar 12.1)b:2)4:3) he) a5) 26) 4 NE:BEH|IOT 13.1) 52)43) 424) 5) 64; 76,8) 9)| LO) 15.1) responsibility; 2) membor: 3) accept: 4) headed; 5) perme nent; 6) elected 8) allirmative, 9) substantive: 10) east: 11) power; 12) right; 13) abstain: H) decisions; 15) obligated 16) state, 17) peaceful 18) threat 19) break off 20) military 6. «© maintaining interational peace and security — noanepaaniie Mexaynaponnoro spa + LO exer pressure on —oxaaire aBNeNHe Ha + partes to confit — cropow 8 komare + mediation missions -nocpeasireckie scm {warring parties ~nporusooperepoue cropouts spoace o6ecr¥e world opinion fe mene: {diplomatic efforts and initiatives ~ammowarivecxne yeu + amend to fightin npexpatene Boon acieTo truce isin place —sakrnoware nepempae 1 pescekespin operations ones 0 nO AREpAaHENO sp + to impose economic sanctions * todeclare a trade embargo — oGeanenne roprosoro aNGapro: * to establish international tribunals — ypencaare newaynn Ponse-rpuSyuns 1+ persons accused of war crimes — ua, oGamtientie 8 en nox npecrynneni ‘se all necessary means — npenaTs, ace ueoGxone epeneroa “© enforcement actions ~ npunyaurenunuse wepar, + torestoe the sovereignty ~ oecranannunarseybepenrer + referendum on selfdetermination peipenayiea no wonpo cy cawoonpes 20, Down: t) staf2) inegrity:3) untimely: 4) office 5) occupant 6) contain: 7) provoke cdoross: 8) virtually; 9) personage 1) subsequent 10) empower, 11) evolution 22,1) possibly to influence developments2) the UN peacekeeping force in the Mile Eas, thus eemovin burise to war ‘a importa and provoking a. certain amount of criticism 3) efficiency, competence and integrity. 4 the Secretary-General andtreaty or contractor an organization, state, ee, on whose behalf such 8 document has been signed; treaty” —a formal agreement oe contrat between two oF more states, sch as an alliance or tae arangement Set forth —to state express, outer self- determination —the power or ability to make a decision for oneself without influence from out. side: freedom — personal liberty, as from slavery, bondage, serfdom: tC; refrain. — to abstain (Tom ation; forbear intervene ~ to take a decisive or inrusve role (in) in onder to ‘modify or determine events or thie outcome. === fo See 1. to fulfill in good Feith; 2. cooperation i solving interna tional problems; 3. fo intervene im matters; 4, to set out the purposes, 5.40 be deposited with the United States National Archives, 6a be ome a patty to the Statute: 7. 0 come into existence; 8. to act forth i the Charter, 9. principle of equal rights 10. om the basis of propos als; 11. tobe a centre for harmonizing; 12.t0 be based om the sover- ign equality 13 tobe drawn up by the representtin from te threat; 15. assistance in any action 6. 1)10 develop friendly relations among nations; 2) member of the United Nations; 3) preventive a enforcement sion; 4) t0 main ‘ain international peace and security 5) 10 sete interationa disputes by peaceful means; 6) sovereign equality: 7) 0 fulfil in good Tt Carer ciation: 810 endanger itmatinal peace ad secu 8) to be a centre for harmonizing the actions: 10) the Statute of the International Court of Justice: 11) domestic jurisdiction of a State 12)torefiain fom the threat of fore; 13) the principle of equal ia. and selfdetermination of peoples; |4) to salve intematonal ceonome Problems; 15) attainment ofthe common ends 7. 1) The name "United Nations" was coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt 2) The United Nations Chases nae drawn up by the representatives of SO countries atthe United Nati Conference on Intemational Organization, which met in San Tren cisco. 3) The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 bythe ve tives ofthe 50 counties. 4 Conterene, signed presenta ) Poland, which was not represented atthe it ater and became one ofthe oviinal $1 Member Sates 5) United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 Oetaber each venn, 6) The Chater isa constitution tha sets out the purposes and print ples upon which the Organization ofthe United Nations is hse ig also @ treaty that a country signs and agrees to respect when i. be comes a Member of the Organization, 7) Yes, any county that ba comes a Member ofthe United Nat tons automatically becomes a party to the Statute ofthe Court. 8) The Purposes ofthe United Nations Set forth inthe Charter, are: 8) to mainiin international peace wad Security; b) to develop friendly relations among nations based cnn spect forthe principle of equal righs and self-detemination of pon Bles €) t0 achieve intermational cooperation in solving intent fonomie, sci cultural, or humanitarian problems, snd in pose ing and encouraging respect for human sights and for fondooreney freedoms; d) tobe a conte for harmonizing the actions of ratio the ausinment ofthese common ends. 9) a tis based on the oonee ign equality of alts Members: b. All Members {ath theie Charter obligations; c. They are to site thelr internetennd Aispues by peaceful means and without endangering ineration eace and security, and justice: d. They are to sete GF use of force aginst any oter State e They Nations every assistance in any action i takes Charter, and shall not are to fulfill in good in fom the threat ate to give the United in accordance with the ‘sss States against which the United Nations le taking preventive or enforcement aston; f Nothing inthe Chane {sto authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which en entally within the domestic juistiction of any State, 10) Yen he Charter contsns 19 Chapters comprising 111 Avge, A 8 1-M2-D.I-€apers, a9 1948 roay # Borore npausr Ye one aepisaneni roey tan sroii Opranusauat, B 1967 roay eto, Opranvaanee . Pemonamuan, Yerae CoAepirr noncacia 0 KORAEKTHRHOD Be fachoctn rocyaapert-urenoe. AX arpecitt KaKOrO-N60 FOSYap- fovea uporme \eabernoeT Teppiropin Ha MOANTHMCKOM HENABI ‘uocrH oxnoro ws sens, OAT paccwtrpimaeren Kax a arpeceiut pot eoex OCTa/HNNX WweuDR H AaCT eeHOBAHE JAH NpHNENENIE asepincancnns rocyAApeTa. OM oopyacnoi wa ‘OAT cer cxexytouiyo opranioauomiyte erpyEryPY Fevepansian accasnea news gee rocysapernaiens, ContaaeTes exeromio, Fencpaasiat nenreausocrs n GrsoKer Oprani uci oprat, © oropON peta secawSaen onpeseer NanienKy Satan, expyerypy a dyn ee praHoe. Koucyauranianoe coneuiane siNerpos_smoeypanitr. ‘couaao sum paceMorpenitn poGsew cpouioro xapaktepa, wiTepe- ois nee rosyaapersa, sanpaNep 1 pacesorpentiy axa 8c Pyxennoro ranatetns va rocyaapeTeo ~ wiena OAT, nosToMy’npH Tanto oprane yapeactes Keyan Koster OGopoHs enonnirteasitin opranose masaeren Toeroanmut cover, co ‘conan pa nenoMoraTesLI0X CoNeTERHKOMITETOD, Trenepiinali cexpevapuar OAT eoxenaneren rowepaasin coxperape, WGupsewune Ha ete 1B pawnax OAM seferayer neauitpaa paannsnoro pou enews _vonposannsrx yupeactenul pernonantioro xaparepa, UraG-xppa OAT ~ Baines npeactaawrese veex rocyaaper®-eH0, 1p KOTOpON Test — 1.1) constituent 2) system; 3) organization; 4) military; 5) uni ‘etl political; 6) was signed: 7) the League of Nations 8) adminis 9) Charer: 10) regional 12) Conference; 13) dispute; 14) accordance; 15) control trative unions 11) Secretary-General HE 1) 0; of 2) within; of; 3) down of, in; Shin; 6) om of a8) ito; 9) under of, 10) in TI. 1) Pees nexczynapomnux oprannasi annnonex pexo- Nenaalvin, 29 vexsoerniew petenih m0 suyrpemnmns wonpocaNe orophie 8 CooTBETCTANM © yeranayth uO uoioroGwaenbinat xapanrep 2) Browxer Neaxynapanni oprawein NonoMmereA 5a exer secon rocyzaperesenos. Kaaciat opraniauis yeravanninacr oi nopntox pacrpeneaetni asiccon 8 Gromer 3) Focyaapersaounenis nicest cmon KaHOCtE KK 8 peryzapets GiowKer, TAR Hm AoSponoaune shri, eynieereyoue J" avenpomanie ordentiik eia08 AeaTeMsioerN opranmmangt. a ‘ever mocon w peryapuni Bonar aancupyeten ae Aas prion aerreunocte praia IV. 1) Universal international intergovernmental organizations are agencies whose purposes and the object of whose activities are of in terest al Stats, 2) Regional agencies, whose aim is to maintain international peace and security and whose eeaton is provided for by Chapter VIN of the United Nations Charter, are of particular significance among the regional organizations 3) One of the major principles of international organizations is that ofthe sovereign equi ofthe member-stats, UNIT 3. THE UNITED NATIONS Lia2biedesa 3. mandate ~ an offical or authoritative instruetion or command: ‘agenda a schedule or lis of items tobe attended to, representative — ‘person representing a constituency in deliberative executive body, drawn up — to prepare a drat of legal document) deliberate — carefully thought out in advance; planned; studied in tentional;sigaatory ~ person wito fs signed @ document such as ¢23. 1)b;2)1;3) a4): 5) 616) 85 7).4: 8659); LO) 2. a | we [atemmew [roca ——| [aay ave [pevson —[ pre ——] a 25, 1) Opransaunn no Gesonacvocrs 1 compyaiiuecray m Eb pone = Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OBC, 2) aemoxpamweceie yupexaemnluicruryeH — democratic insite tions; 3) coS:vosenne pas sexowexa ~ respect for human rights 4)ecrpewa 9 sepxax [oa abieweM yporne] — summit meeting, 5) munwerp soerpannisx ze ~ foreign Minster; 6) epost xo High Commissioner; 7) cornauiene o corpyanvecrae cooperation agreements; 8) nemveuarenucrio — now intervention; 9) enynpene esa (crpanst) — intemal affairs; 10) reppnropne ‘eppiropuansuas ueaoernoer eti= torial integrity: 11) nepyumvens pani — inviolbility of frontiers, 12) eysepenoe pascuerao ~ sovereign equality; 13) paa ocnoowsx punginon ~ a series of basic principles; 14) exmourensost axt Xememoa: the Helsinki Final Act; 15) Esponeicnie aepaanss — European powers; 16) korepeiruaa expyxrypa~ coherent structure; 17) rasa rocyaaperna ~ head of state; 18) governing body — pykono- W)exccuive ation — ast enonTeno act, ceap asian nenpunocuopennocts auth opras: 20) spuywoupar ~trumvieate 2. 1) 6:2) y;3) a: 4) w 5) ps 6) m7) ws 8) bs 9) x; 10) mel) ws 12) di 13): 14) e515) 16) g; 17) £18) v5 19) 20) js 21) hs 22) 23)K 24) 125) 0 1 regulations ofthe organization ~ panna prays; 2) unig ofthe organization ~ yneusonnponaiite opraiwnatiis pymovoncrso. a J oreanizations ~ yuacreyioume opraniaauuny, op ‘pravisaie 3) sovereign equal ¥ ofall the members of the or ‘yBepeimoe paseucreo acex sAeHOs oprannaldi 4)permanent head ofan organization ~ nocrosnwi raana oprani. ‘ua: 5) Organization, for Economie Cooperation and Development OECD ~ Opranimauun axoHoMeeeKoro corpyaninceraa W pase ‘tx, ODCP,; 610 join an an organization — erynuts » opranuse luo, npucoemarreen x opranveagn 7) 10 disband an organization to walk out ofan organization — sur ve (ccrasa) opravitausy 8) Organization. of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC ~ Opran aatoeserparaxcnoprépoe ners, OMIEK; 9) to walk out of an on ‘Banizaton ~ natn ws (cocrasa) opraimnsia, 10) consultative oF ganizations — koneyavreruane opranusamt; 11) foreign trade or. Banizations ~ sueimeroprosie opraninaa; 12) intergovemmentl orzmizations —wexnpasirencrvemise oprannatsn 13) intexpover- meal administrative organizations - weapasireascrackihe anna, expanse oprancsaiv; 14) intergovernmentel military organiza. tions ~ weanpanirenscreesiiie soemnnie oprasioaiunt, 15) in governmental political organizations ~ wexnpanirenveraeliste no Armaseexe opranesar, 16) general international organization socoGilay wexaynapossi opramnauis; 17) creation of interme tional organizations — comanne weaayhapoanux oprannatty 18) office ofan international organization oraenewe eaynapor oi opranuaaun 19) legal organization ofthe international comm nity ~npanonan opratasaus wexsynapoanoro cooduccra; 20) member 21) international non-governmental organization erganizations me, aynapoiunie nenpanirenscracmmieoprampauini 22) piel ‘organization ~ nomtmveeran opraninauiy; 23) public organizations 6uecrHenmse opraninainy; 24) regional organizations — pero anone opranisanm; 25) sociopolitical organization ~ o6utec. enmo-nowriseckas opranaty 28. Opeanusanr avepuxancrue 20eydapeme (OAD) COAT Guna cosa Ha Gase FlananeprnacKoro coors. B 1987 roay, 0 Pao-ae-Kattelipo Gus noannean Jloro4op 0 wsaioioi 080 ns9) The information function is one ofthe oldest fanetions of in 'emational organizations, isn't i Yes, the information fimction is one of the oldest factions of mternational organizations 10) How many aspects does the information function have? The Information fetion has wo aspects, 11) What is the nom-creating fnetion? The norm-ereating func ‘ion has two meanings: 1 he direct participation by an international ‘rganization in the rcation of norms of international law, 2) the par ‘eipation by am international organization inthe normoereation proc ss of Sates. 12) Many intergovernmental organizations of the United Nations system are engaged in the type of norm creation, aren't they? Ye, ‘many intergovernmental organizations ofthe United Nations system ‘are engaged inthe type of norm ereation 13) When did the contol function begin to develop? The control fimtion began 1 develop after the Second World War 14) Is the operational function a new function of Intemational or nizations? The operational function isa new function of interna, {onal organizations, and one th 18a particular characteristic of the United Nations and specialized agencies. 15) Mast all functions of international organizations be performed in accordance with their charters? Yes, al! fictions of international organizations must be performed in accordance with their charters 18,1) 6:2)j:3)a:4) 1,5) b; 6) 7)’; 8) eld: 9) 10) 19. 1) to arise out of the situation; 2) ta come into being: 3) on the basis of smth; 4) trade negotiations coupled with unconditioned scceptance; §) benefits obtained by one sate are passed on to other states; 6)in this respect; 7)10 be held under the auspices of the GATT; 8)the round commenced in 1986; 9} the round concluded ith the signing at Marrakesh on 15 April 1994 of an agresment 10) General Council composed of representatives of all members, 226 20.1) False. The GATT arose out of an international conference held at Havana in 1947 at which it was decided to establish an Inter. ‘national Trade Organisation, 2) True. A series of taf and trade ne Botatng rounds were held under the auspices ofthe GATT. 3) False The agreement provided forthe establishment of the World Trade Organisation on 1 January 1995 as a permanent institution with is ‘own secretariat. 4) False. The World Trade Organisation consists ofa Ministerial Conference, consisting of representatives ofall membre meeting atleast once every vo yeas, 5) False. The GATT of 1947 continued until the end of 1995 2. 1-F:2-G;3-A;4-E:5-B6—D 22. 1) power; 2) frontier; 3) integrity: 4) summit, 5) oie: 6) seuss; 7) cooperate; 8) conciliation; 9) tension: 10) eons elo ° o Paia npexeranrenscra0 the right to representation: 8) npawowepin Xapaxrep weastynapostolopraninaata — the lsitimate character of ‘he ineriton organization; 9) wescy npn npaweytexmacrs imerational legal personality; 10) yupeacteune'n courvereraiin € erayvapoaunit npason ~ creation in accondance with international Jaw: 11) yypesrenninsit axe (aoxystetr) “constituent instrument; 12) Opraimeawin Osvesamemsx Hatt no apostmaentony pat. suri (OHIO) ~ the United Nations Industrial Development Or ‘aization (UNIDO); 13) connanars acnoworarenunite opr to ‘tablish subsidiary organs; 14) npano a. aako¥eMne Mex laponiinx eronopos — the right to conclude intemational agreements; 15) 8 pauax wexyHapoanot opramnalbit~ within the Framework ofthe international organization 11. 1) 0610 coctour caeayront seeses — usualy consists ‘of the following components; 2) coxaanne iopwaurecxi opranoe the creation of legal organs; 3) oe Meactyapoxnaix opr ‘universal international organizations; 4) weer ont Fomoe~ has one vote; $)nuiGopet nevasirensitix opration, evepaanoro cen eran, yrnepastente Giowxctaopransain —clectons to exceutve bodies the election ofa general secretary, and approval ofthe org. zations budget; 6) ocyuteermasioren m cooTserersHi ~ are usually held in accordance with; 7) xpirepnit enpasesninora, ror {guseexoro pactpe resent 1 xpepi eneunirvecnn nerepecon ‘svitable ecographical distribution, and specific interests; 8) wonrna aaeren renepantinin cexperapes (zupekTopow)~ are headed by © Secretary-General (Director 9) a0nKeH nponseaaiT¥en Ha pox eorpapiveckoll ocnone yerou ix KEanipHRatin- must be ear. Tied out on a wide geographical basis, with Jue consideration for skills, 10) senoworarensnse opranst subsidiary organs 13.1) 20:3); 4); 5)b:6)e: 7) 6; 8)4: 9) 1Oph, 14 [onpetenesay competent ad | manda a) mandatan Gay [inser aaa 0am imac aetaaa | TERT Owe |e ‘eect oy oeegningy | aia tira eboa k)Saal -GSST—GOS| eo) cuban) La | 18,1) Why do States create intentional organizations? dnterna LWonal organietions are created by States to serve concrete purposes and tasks, 2) The resolutions of organs of international organizations usually fall into thre types, don't they? No, the resoldions of organs of in {erational organizations wally fall nto to types. 3) What does object competence mea? Object competence de Fermines the range of issues falling within 10 competence, 4) What does jurisdictional competence mean? Jurisdictional competence determines the legal force of their acts with respect to Individual issues within its abject competence. 58) Are in all international organizations decisions on oxganiza tional isues binding on all member-states? Yes, im ell inermatonel organizations decisions on organisational issues are binding om al member sates. {6) What was the United Nations crated for? The United Nations was created to maimain international peace and security. 7) What are the tasks ofthe Intemational Civil Aviation Organiza tion? The tasks are to study problems of international eivil aviation elaborate international norms and rules for civil aviation, and con. tribuceto the safety of fights on international erlnes. 8) What was the World Intellectual Property Organiation crested for? The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) wea cree ‘ated to provide intornaional protection of eopsigh4.1): 2)d)3)a5 4) 45) 6), De:8)T T)growth ~ development; 2) permanent ~ constant: 3) establish set up: 4) maintain ~ keep up; 5) cease ~ stop: 6) enhance ~ intensify 1) abolition ~ nuliffeaton; 8) in accordance with ~ in concordance with 5.1. Wodd Health Organization (WHO) ~ Beep opraninae 1s aapavooxpanesi (BO3); 2, International Civil Aviation Organ zation (ICAO) ~ Meactyaponiia prima rpcknanexoi anna uuu (AKAO) 3. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) — Op- abate Cevepoarnasmneckoro aoronopa (HATOY: 4, South-East, ‘Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) ~ Opraiauiiy oronopa 1Oro= Bocrowat Auui (CEATO} 5.Central Treaty Onznization (CENTO) Opraeaivin uermpaanoro soronopa (CEHTO) 6, Australia-New Zealand-UIS Defence Pact (ANZUS) ~ Tirxooxeanttrct Geso- ‘naewocrn (AHSIOC 7, Organization of African Unity (AU) — Op nwcatuin Agpixaexoro Eawerea (OA), 6. 1) Inthe mid-19th century, economic development gave rise 10 ‘eee 0 rely om international law in regulating a wide range of new sphere of intergovernmmtal relations. 2) The earliest major international administrative unions inelude the International Telecommuncation Union (1863), the Univers Postal Union (1874), the Inernatonal Bureau of Weights and Mees tres (1875), the International Union forthe Protetion of Industrial Property 1883) 5 were actully the first per smanen international orga 4) The fist permanent poitial international organization, the League of Nations, was established in 1919 5) In 1940, the League of Nations actualy ceased to exis, which wax formalized in 1946, 6) The UN Charter was signed in ime 1945 ate conference held 1m San Francisco 7) The United Nations is a univers political organization for ‘maintaining international peace and security 8) Simultaneously with the creation of the United Nations, a sumer of intergovernmental organizations appeared thr were called specialized agencies '9) The “cold war led tothe formation ofa numberof closed mil 10) The abolition of colonial system has gretly increased the ‘membership ofthe world's major organizations 8 Down: |. system, 2, privilege 3. achieve, ‘cross: 4, subsidiary, 5, legitimate; 6. purpose; 7. orgaization 8. association; 9, charter, 10, competence 3a siistsfolelitsitliloln h astulotsli tatiana ls ly 2p r 1s r vy y i isp hulp ols pels a t elo Imi pelt hela ele I o eloeth alr li tels efrofrTatelatilz alt titoln [5 9. 1) Koupeat OOH no roproane wt prsiman (OHKTAZL — United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNC- TADUNCTAD): 2) wexaynaposman seexspanirenuerneviian opr mau ~ international intergovernmental organization; 3) paso Ha pmauerns w wxyniereri~the right to privileges and immunities; 4) aoronopian oewona ~ treaty-based character, 5) everest nocron x opratioe ~a system of standing organs 6) pana oGmannocre rocysapcra-sie108 tho rghts and duties of member-states: 7) apa 2UrpaioreyueerBeHiy¥6 Poh» CORAAHIH HORE OPH MEA Hapor oro pasa, wo H ewe Gonine npiaationca baasecTme epeaerea ye ‘avomiems suit ToaKoeinen aellerayrouunx MexyHapoRto-NpaHO- sux Hop awovansnoe saxowodamensemea v pewenun awuovanse coe Banowonarenkcra0 OWKPETM FOCYRAPETA HM PEKIN HX ey 200, panyseeres, ne sMAMOTER NerouneKaM MexRyHApORNOTS MpaR nn, 7€. He comaior opm, oGmaTeauAs jae MEAT OCYAaperBeNHN Baxouonarestereo W eyAeGnan npaxtuKa rocynapers MoryT H OAH NpUNWINATLCR Ho HHHENRHINE Hp NAPARTEPHETHRE 1 MOK: {yitposso-npasovoH osm no Tew YAH wine worpocaN. Conn Anouwe saxoWomaTesterBo M cyAebien npaKria Mor r0ey |apeTa Mory® eayacity Hapaay © pyTHNM AOKIBATEALCTBAMH Bo ‘oraresntaw epeaeTaow su yeravonteni cyecraoRaHie TeX HH ox o6usie Hop MeayHapo;oranpaae 1. 1) confit; 2) private: 3) public; 4) probibits; 5) peaceful 6 sedeterminaton; 7) sovereign: 8) non-sovereign; 9) legal 10) inter. national; 11) obligations; 12) sovereignty; 13) treaties: 14) binding 15) legislation, 1) from; 2) fr: 3) of: fr; 4) from: 8) out 6) by; 7) over: 8) in 9) into; with; 10) te: of 11) in; 12) fo, from; 13) against; 14) in of, 1 TIL 1) Tipoucce coma nop MexaytapoaHora npana cers ornacoaaua sams roeyaapere, pexyaTaTOM KOTOPOTO ab _ascTen cornamenve oTWocrTeALHC Npasitta NOBeAeNHR H NpHEHANR ero pxaeerPe lopwLeckitoBaanreasHO, 2) Oonounas sasava Nexxiynaponboro pa GOCTONT ® TOs, ‘sroGunpavostn epestereawut nyteM oraautiia Meny eyPepen sn rosyaapernauin eoncicrsonate Hopwannomy dyHntonpO™ ‘amo wexrynaposnod cucrea, Geenevevino wpa H peu exyaponin npoSer 3) Mexayapoice mpaso He peryanpyer orHoweMet, Ho>H atone my roeyaaperea, XOTN NO NINN cAyNARK oKAHINAET ‘onpenenennoe sosselicrane eper Hauvonaoe mpano 2TH roey- sapers, JV. 1) States possess power, including military power, create nox of international lw trough agreements, an the funetioning of the international system and of intemational law depends on ther e- 2) The subjects of international Iw are primarily sovereign States ‘over whieh there is no power, and also nations and peoples strugling to create independent Stats, interstate organizations and certain state Tike formations 3) Inthe formation of international legal norms States appear as sovereign and equal subjects UNIT 2. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1.1) a2)b:3)b DesS)e 3 ro wits —| [ees [a [saben enabiah |] [bole ———[aborsh |24,1) subsidiary means; 2)norm-creating proces; 3) lx specials. Aerogat general (a special law nllfies a general law; 4) intematie nal legal nocms; 5) international conventions 6) Intemational custom, 7) lex posteriori derogat prov (alter law nullifies an earlier one) 8) contesting States; 9) the general principles of law: 10) clined tations; 11) judicial decisions and the teachings of the mast highly qualified publicists of the various nations; 12) nemo plus juris trans, Ferre potest quam ipse habet (no man can transfer to another more Fights than he himself possesses); 13) overwhelming, majority '4) mutilateral weaties;15)t0 recognize the custom as legally bind ing, opinio juris 18)10 play the leading role; 17)4 concordance of wills of subjects oF intematonal law; 18)t0. sign treaty 9) ratification 20)t0 deposit instruments of ratification, 21) the United Nations Charter, 22) Members of the United Nations 23) under the present Charter; 24) maritime communications; 25) 2 epresenttive ofthe Ministry of Foreign Affairs 25.1. international conventions, international custom, the general Principles of law recognized by civilized nations; judicial decisions and the teachings ofthe most highly qualified publicists ofthe various 2 national legal systems and intemational law 3. mandatory fo all memberstates, 4- righ and obligations they accept as legally binding. 5. over other international treaties, ‘means forthe determination of rues of lw, the pratve of intemational relations treaties among States. ‘on the one hand, thre isan increasing recognition that the cus- ‘om i legally binding (opinio juris); and onthe other hand, a growing !taumberof States recognize the custom as a norm of international law 10. the norm-ereating proces. ae 26, Benosccamensiie epedemaa de onpedenemun nopm mexee ynapoenoce npava Pewenun Memdyrapoduoea Cyl OOH we PIII pewenHil Mexsysapostoro Cyta He om tawowo, Peuteins, oTopie cooreretmjor MemsDHaponOMy ip: 2% NpHoGpenH aHawiTEAuNA ce, Ha HIN Nepeaxe coscoree, Peete a, kovopie orpceaor osocropotne naainy epaeren ‘Ne NORMHRAH ua paniTHe MEAEyRapORNOrO pERe H Mexsnpon oi npauni, Foxmpuva wendyreposnoso npoca ‘Cramis 38 Craryra Mencynaposvioro Cyan npeayevarpuoaer, sro CYA np peweiiae AX MOET npinchary take usoeipmne MawGonee ksannunpossionsx cnewranneroe no nyCaktnony hee Ay Panniunsx Hani » Kavecrne nenomorateaunoro penton tog upenencii npasouux Hope, CaedosaTemsto, noutpmne mena, apeavoro npasa odynucaneso nputana kak Benoworaresenay Tostunk Meacynapoanoro npees, Oswaxo no wepe Toro Kak npaxtin rocypers cranoumren ce Gonee acerymo 8 pexyasrare onyGauKoBsiie pEnniwere pose aunaowarirsecni u pyri roeyaaperasiinsx Aoxyaterion, reeves Peulennit Mesaynopomtisx opranunauitl H wexaynaponiea cones ore 2okrpiidw NECTEEcpetT¥a YeTanORAeHIA Hop Mex Poutoro npara m ix TonRoeaiie snewttenno yuernmeey Pesomou-pexouendauuy Mend yapodvess opeanusoqud B wexctyaponviof npakrise npw yeranoRNeHMN wm YosKoNa ai Hops MeayHapoaoro pasa rocyaaperna ace taute conn, 62 va exnowoitFenepassiol AecaMbieh OOH. a nnoraa nm pe s0mou'n ADYTUX NeRAyapotuX opraimaaiu. Tomowy cere hee ccvosaiiin yrocpaaare, ‘Ton sacromee peut power Pevowenaaunit eveparnvoit AccauGnen OOH (n' uevinnel sone, ¥ Pesomounm apyrux wexaynaponx oprainaaiul) ne renay 319sovereign subjects. 7) ences, 8) sconomic, social, politcal or other differ Will and not predetermined by ny Intemational act or sovereignty recopnition. 9) _grecments by sovereign States. 10) 18.1) 652) 6 3) ah 4); 5), 6); 7) 6:8) 4:9); 10) [subject 49.1 independent; 2) rations; 3) possess; 4) status; 5) established; ©) aches; 7) drives; 8) supreme: 9) maintains, 10): M1) agree ‘ments; 12) status; 15) participant; 14) member, 18) permanent, 20.1) Subjects of international law may be defined a independ at entities that are not subordinated in ther intentional relations to ny political power, and tat possess a legal capacity to cary out ie dependently the rights and obligations defined by international low 2) No, the clasitieation of subjects of international law divides them into two categories, namely, sovereign subjects (primary) and non-soverein (secondary, dervaive), 3) Vex sovereign subjects ae Sates and also nations and peoples straggling for independence 4) Yes they belong to the category of non-sovercign subjects 5) Yes, tae sovereignty refers tothe supremacy of a State over 6) They are: a) the right to enter into relations with other States and other sbjets of iuerationa aw; b) the right to ensnge indi. tematic and consular relations with other States and to have repose tatves at ternational organizations in which they pasicipats ) the ‘ight to conclude iteration treaties of participate in other ways fa 316 the creation of international legal norms; d) the right to be members of international intergovernmental organizations and to perticizte tn imemational conferences; ) the right o protect their lea! personality, ‘8 well aso apply sanctions to violators of international legal norms 1) Al States possess identical legal personalities, 8) An objective prerequisite for an independent intemational status of nations and peoples is their strugele against colonial regimes in asserting independence 8) The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples was adopted! by the United Nations General Assembly on 14 December 1960, 10) Yes, international organizations possess sovereignty 11) No, they don’t posses tritory and a population en ‘xeresetersitrial supremacy 12) An international organization cannot be a party to an issue laid before the UN International Court of Justice, 13) They have the right to conclude teatis, 14) Yes, it maintains diplomatic relations with many States, pe ly those in which the influence of Catholicism is substani 15) The Vatican maintains diplomatic relations with State, ithas Fight o conclude teats, it sa member of several international intr {govermnental organizations and has a permanent observer at the United Nations and so on 23.1) convention; 2) custom; 3) concordance: 4) conse ‘ment; 6) sign; 7) bind; 8) obligation; 9 nullify; 10) imerpret 5) instr,UNIT 1. THE CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1)a:2)6,3)b/4)a; Spb aly vale vai aero ade aches onisneot [pans puniabe iron shoul bia appteion [ply rents a ree winding [etait [i -deveopmen [ae eatin [et 5. 1) 4; 2) 0:3) m; 4); 5); 6) k; Te: 8) 9) F, 10) alas 1 1213) bs Hi: 3) ‘ s B= la lols EP Deore E ett) = slo fam) ate : : =] va 8 monica binding eli @ u ope (ater tle |v [b [a a[s [elt fe 7-1) 7,2) F (Law is that element.) 3) Ps 4) Ts 5) F (Public in femational law covers...); 6)T; 7) F (Private intemational law deals.) 9.1) to outlaw coli to unleash and conduct aggressive ars; 3) the peaceful copxstence of States; 4) the riht of a State 10 wage war; 5) the rights of vietors; 6 eriminally responsible; 7) the Principle of the non-use of force or theeat of force in international relations; 8) the institutions of conquest and war indemnities; 9)t0 resolve disputes only through peacefol means; 10) historical types of law; 11) to be imposed on a State without its consent, 12) the occupa ‘ion of the aggressor State 13) the equality and self- determination of| nations and peoples; 14) respect for human rights; 15) the responsibil ity of States for aguresion; 16) he principle ofthe sovereign equality ‘of Sites; 17) interatonal criminal responsibilty of sates 18) crimes against humanity; 19) the principle of non-interference into domestic affairs; 20) to comply with international obligations in 00d fit, 1, Suggested answers 1. The Concept ofa Subject 2. Types of Subjects; 3. States asthe Basie Subjects of International Law; 4, The Legal Personality of Sates; 5, The Intemational Legal Personality of Nations and Peoples Struggling for Independence. 12.1)5,2)6;3) 4) 8:5) 6)h; Nd: 8) fe; 1O)a; 13.1) into; 2) to, of, 3) of over; 4) in; 5) ino, with; 6) in; 7), of 8), of 9) in, with MDELAEUHE LHS De 15.1)... independent entities that ar nt subordinated in thei in ternational relations to any politcal power, and that possess legal ‘capacity o cary out independently the rights and obligations defined by international law. 2)... imerationa relations. 3)... the basic ‘rincipes of international law. 4)... States and also nations and peo. les strugting for independence. 5)... sel-determination. 6)... nom