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Cell The Unit of Life

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376 views48 pages

Cell The Unit of Life

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Uploaded by

naveenshankarjee3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cem) 7 Helps Yn cal division?» Cyto plasim Kenzyme forall activity Riborsmes es typo Ciradss DIA KA Plasmid celiculan extranudlean genttic, Cee chemin K Plaswid ts — ve -Seetin (ferat) absent Caceep tor cet) Plasmids have 3 type Gane 6- > Eqone (fertility gene) 5+ Responsible fpr prmotion Of Sex pill + A back cod with Sex pill fs surely a Ee Stoediy Gi) R Gene CAntibiote pesistene gene) $9 iit) “Cot! gene (eedstance against Coline ) Seereled by ECU Notei> Cram Gv) > Fakes Hu Gets ( epkideglyen gu tne) Pane Gram (=ve) 9 donot take fu Stain (4 corals me tore bys Apopvetein , which donor ged cfain) > a 4 Eukaryotic Col ¢- @) Antrah GUa mitochondrion +f i Loeniralay Golgs Boy. N ( Nucteolus “> plasma membrane (Pm) 7 Nucleon orb Cytesketel=r L Nutlenn Pore. Cofephbls [wi hamet) € Jubulor Grid He sein V | Chromatin 5 - % Fibre asin Rs Rowgh ER (Ribosomes ) FF Lysosom vacGole: Bos Type Giy plant cells +> gsm >[cnleop sy] cree (Golgi Body (Dickyoserne) Micrpod te (sphessere, peverisone) % ghyorgsere cop E Cobi well ( coblulese) Citgo + wan) Ei : Plasma Merbsane (Pt) Spheroseme( plant {ysoieme)) tte chord’ , or Note = Plant Cetts -» Dont Anowe Cerrricty / Centrosome, Animal celts Denot howe, chlowplast/ Lessto/ ehnoweg de Cell wally ts absent + A Plasma Membrane { (Pm) > (Bio embrane [cod membrane) > bade up of protein & phoipholl pid. ° (Selectively. pamiable Sewfpermnentle, . |, Selectively Pomnenble. fartide. enter afc fe ‘ only, wsefil parties fpr cells “Pore Gye axe takeh inte by endocytorts {ovupective. af Gye. Noe pechve, Bf Sy Pm when cdtfached 40 Coll —o Selectively. Leymenble_ Pm when pal of cath ——> Seri formeable. wo a RE popesties +> > Sdlectively, ferrmeable Raia soluble arg | alin fat Gluble are also alowed 40 cnn > Varoble (Aetein ie Phospholfptd ) yao > Dynamic Mombrane «(shows vavialion tn Simi) 4 pm_models~ (4) Sandwich | ‘Model “aM £5 | Given " Daniell 4 Daven « > pm ts made of frofein & pluighol{pid. ~ Protein ore ok gidouloa. yrotfan : G sphevieel > Photpholipids are’ [fmohi palbics + preue frghno pte gtycerl tread Hydooghtif [> FA chains > Phospholipid ave anvanged Sin Such o manner Mts Player k dois face each-other, > force bu bilayer of Phsstipid Is Varderwatt Force. > Pacfeiny ane On uttn Gde of Phorpholtta Giloger. Siw lua Rotein sg RE |e fo ee ~ > Poole pat (2) Ord membrane Model + Given by- Robertson - > pm fs made up protein & phoiphaliptd: 7? Phospholipid is cron phigarts c 5 > Preverrgernent of Phospholipid fs same SB Sandusich model « KO Pyotein bs Of PrAilbvow protein (vend ie) s& > Thies of 2M (s-too A)- Mex >All lok Dahi Ig Dell ex Pall Note : a Gandesich Model given by Damielli k Pave, Untd membrane meade — fiver by Rebertiun » & Both are Called LAMTULAR ModDEL or TRELAMILLAR MODEL A Both wort aided + = a (3) Plutd mosaic model ef Pms> + 2 bivn by. Singer & Nichole. > Pm fs mode up of prodeln 4 phospholipt 3 Aetetss oe ok globuior - Exhinge — Lntrintte Fon fy our Side ° rede or seid ompletty em +> attached f in phoiphsli pt therpho lipid Head > lossely cdtlached > Phorplulipids coe. Armpht pall . #% yeencitional Pllp- Flop ** Novemet Mover) > indy. Of Phorphelaprd > Movmnerd af PL te Sos wo \ayews Im Same layer <> Phorphalipid ave arranged: in Bilage pep y ae FAIL face Cacr-ofr— KR heads axe oun Fon cadre > weak force at odbothon hey PL Leyor- Le, Vanderwaat's force > Retin = TL by > Protetiy. — "Prtety coe Leeberg, tn dhe Son of Apids." G Quaristakic. Extaene Poaln Inbinse RR " g RK > ; fretcin PL Raley vy X tordnke Protein ME ave (channel Protein) : Exkinke Protetn aa] Most accepted medel ALU date - # Trarsport_acruss pits @ Active Transport @ Passive ‘Trenspoee ~ptP [energy legendery ~ wsithout AFP > Faster > Slower saasenee arete ~S Mov: Com toe agains > Moy of, Con” pation: by Conc” gradient chtghu, fo Lowers: {vo 0 loo 9 0 o also 50 £5 $0 — Sewtipermenbl, membyen Wey or tray nok present > Not affected by Jow temp , > Membrane fs prosent. > 4 guts adfected by. low deme, obs. Af Oy inefabobu inkabHou. absence of Oy ev ynefbove Mhibitou Like Cyanide . a Nat /K* Pump Gx! ovmmovee Na? pare Diffusion ki pump Pacilttaded fssen Cort pump Exocytetts 1H osmosis > > Movernard of Solvent (a0) from the region Of His Aigho. Conc to Hs lower Con ace a Sem Pernecble membrane KL Hf vathes equit/byiam - (eno tis \ eesatt BAB t Boo frets too dre hy _ Mpeg) Dilute sel <= GE— Conc” soln. (yvertonic) => oGmoHts Lo the tow Of Solvent fom a dil gal toa Cont gpl across Semi Permeable: membrane lL Ub veackes a > Dsmmoris of fs the mow OF Solvent: pon om hy poberge Sam toa Anyperionic Gol? atesess SPM FUL L-veacles eq: Mt calls _placed fn Yotors Sell t> Q) Animal celts G) In My gator sot” (6)9Tn Hypertonic sol” 7 Endosinovis Lxosomdsis ~> Teogid — Re Flactd > Ruptoe — skein ue Uerenated eae!” 3 ) Plant cls» (@) tn Hypetordc Sel (by Tr Hypordonic. Sel" hye? (e3 > Endosmosts > Pxosmoy's ~ Turgid = > Plasinclysic donot wpe due ae Fladd bat He Bhoge do Algid Cell wall, doesnot Change > vocal Shrinkonly 1 qytoplan’. contents Ger detached (gone ne Hd) a + * TSotnic Soins, A Tooo liga (000 tho No net movernent of joo sal | Leo Salt Hye (solvent) gavttcle Quo frertie | Se0fet te “SS & B an : ‘ 0-9 %h Nat sol” Tsoteric fo fa. Colula S Yo Calucsre sel” Comet Applcabions 1. these Gels t= 4) opening 4 closing of Stomett: &) Mor ey Aeaves, fin Memoda Pudior | ee 3) garination af seed 4) Absorption tf Hg at by rook Away ke Ls tearspon- tepto comer: $) Prekelr owe added uth erha Salt od proeovative against Sarge: Di ffustont> _. > Moy of SolVTE fortides fom as igh Cone fo Ls Acwer Conc” AM db veoches aye ASoltel Solute —> Smoke 4 Liquid Solule ftine Slee * ges goluk® > Carbonated dotnks. Factors Affecting sate of di Gy Terme! TAR lakes the emp.) -PulOL Is the yale of Ai ffiien- Hest = KE- Small of fod reachis srovm- 7 oe Ae Gy penatiy of the medtim oF Graham's Low . Dat Oe Pe Athan ce d= density of medion Wit) Didance > More dicfance , Less ts fhe vede of Alfio, & Cone Grad Gradient te Higher dre pellet, faster fs thu & Bade : Of Affari Applicators of Diffusio S> : (2) Ras piratory om exchange @) Transpiration - @) Pheromone also cliffse « - | ~ (4) Proper dishibution of Subst fy’ cyfopla in bf Cb. b i 3. Parilitated Diffusion’ » <5 roteins Called Caveies’ ave rgrd to take ‘nto He rd ralecly . > No ATP yd | Passive Process. w+ Subsfunes ushich uses feutliteel franipoa nechamisrn axe 5? + Pruchese 2 Nucleosides von RBC, Afver cell membrane Asles in Andlitated dlffustien- Cylucose - L Ht Active hanspow aces PM ts > wlth exponditoe of ATP + xls “@ndfe tmp: at ADP Lae . yor, net, fe a woe Nat nigt Sout SK ae a Primary. Active Tronegest Ne Glucose 94 protdin transports Substrres Sec: Active Transport in oppotite vn > Movement of & paclen [ANTIPORT] Gubstance by 4 protein fn Same Abr. . uy Nac Purngs Location t> cl) Membrane ef ewes s- pete diy) Membrans ¢} muscle Fibres Same mMethowicm os Weurrs. @® only Nak Pusmps t+ Pound gry “Post Syraptic Membrane (danke ~> membrane of NtwWons- @ only Pumps +> > Pryerd op News & musele ke > Membrane of Guasd cots. ee we ® only Ca’ Pumps > Projet on "Sarvcoplasribe_Retfexon! wv The. ER found fin rawicles Cented ving Cat fey rae Combraction- 7 on fre- synaptic membrane * © Endecytosss k Exocyteris fo ” big qrolecues are fe be “aken in _ by out: : > These are abso Knoon as “Bulk ‘Pranigo a SN, Endocytosis Exocutor's > Big moleate fake into Hy calf — undigat Sod panttds Hhrewn ovbiof Cell n Seltds taken ae ‘fakery 7 Cal Mometting \ v ‘ . vw Phagorytoris Pihotytos's_ Ephagy Cee eotirg,) (cet drinking) &xl> Gx =" wee x Insulin, Macrophage) Polypetides - Amoeba « They form Snfoldings po gulf foreign partido ‘ Note Endo k Exo cyfoes acve active process be cope even Ss wequived to Charge He Shape of colt Suth fut they eprm enrfolddings te erault fre pavdieles. 4H _Modlfteakions Pmt Coeds Gy pnicwosadl Brwh-BordeL a— microwiti epithelia oTo tncrente fhe Surface Coen fo absorption. > Present fn jntutine (Bo00 mfcrovi [cat ) 3 Projet fn DCT of hepherry Gel Gy Sancktonal Complex > > Approx Joo h is the Frfercetbalar Space 1 wy qe Increase The Sunface ate for exchange of cubstance b/w dhe ce. Gil) Tigect Junction ¢> > Extimeic Proteins ave fused pds Uke Spot eet" wep” — fucitos as adhesion & Gap FJuncion 45 — found fn Cardiac Mus des- T > Septum fs Aovrned, made wp OL extrinsic protetin — Help tn Synchvonised Conbaction S$ Cardiac Muscles W) Desmosome 4 - ae = 5 Tonoftatis ae Wi) Teyminal Bass %- fb These ase Like desmdsome without tonofi bells * wii) Plosmodes meta ! Niddle Lo Primary Coll uralll Lamia SE “b Sec. Ceti url Cytoplasmic Strona — Pound fn Plant celle = Hep in excharge % Substance brs a cell. (tity Glycocatyx ¢ 3 Also Kmoun os "CELL CORT”: rusten ebfgosaccharda eve eliauel to ether Metefs ox Lipid Fyeory’ den ot oe LL alycolipt id sel cw sdenttfedey By Xue profeckve vm function «Aw WHT) Sheath > 7 Evlensien of Pm around fhe ‘avontre! 7 dar Plagala shave ($42) arvarngemmewe Of micretubwly cued tAxonic! Pk We bate of UVa ov Plagitem , fo Stretches and Covers die base of due Ciium or flagelun : ‘ a Thar Shoich & Covering called “Sheath” RLS 9, Paves i Gye FleA + Ft call_walh b+ . Souter, gid membrane — Proiccive Strength Rigidity > dfetovercd by Robert Hodke (dead colt) COs, > found in plant cl, Fangs, Prokeryotey [except pratt velo), Cormposiion Cou Worl > G1) Prokeryotes —> Reptideglyton a) Frengf —> Cnitin (Homopaly sacch of N-acetyl bee gb Cesamine) Gig Plent celts > cellulare— : 2 a Roce —tipids Ha:2 + Protein P Ty Plant cell ——> Cellulose (-Hemspaly Sach + vf ie wall, ( ey a\uco) LG hrenm cetluiore Citeteregdgsacls of gqaloctore + Kgfode + trannee + Arbinose’) & Pectin (gtacovortc Add + aphachonst bao D-blucere AL cottulore moleule v & hgo . Wicelles Ly Ups, profes Ly Some eeba Subsiance depotition. Macha cuttin , suberin, grim, : Peckr Macofibsl fe . seth Nees Cath wank arises dusing cytoldiness Grom Frag ioplest (Hse aoe pieces of gelgian ER which Seevela middle. lametho Coourd whidr cellorrlose (6 depebifed) H Plant coll tak > &huchoel meade up af catlulorse « ei uathlbgee) Terk UL) ede Lemetla (ca er thy Peckete) 7 Cu \ > Primary. “Cell wall (move -hermicedlulese) Chass cettulese) Sy) Sq 153 & Meristmatte cotls hare. Crnove ceulaloye | only Prema cell veal AAess frevnicetdulne) Pit Membrare. efhay Substances b3 sett ( ) 2 Subertn —tia——> Simple Ft 40 Spey, = eudtn ish ¢ gies va lyrin E> Bovdered PHS ( Gopnnesporm ) Gee ual Found dn permanent cll JUKE ganenLbyrma ake 4 Covmotion of Plomt cal wall $+ > AW walk famed of tha Rime of ttl division especialy Cytokines’s call eaasd plate . made of Fragmoplast. : — Smal) pieces of gelgt toodies ER ; same tle Jarneha Funcfiens_¢f cull wal 4 Provider Shope to the cell ~ Primary, cet usa helps kn engymate ren + > post trorgpor oF wah . (upater raves flrevgh CEU wool Using gy inte Fa “cutt) — Plan are able 4 adtain height > Got CM wall home depesttfens Uke Gy Cuttin —s Presene Proverrtion of Lets of unter & Suberin — Pyevanks Avis of Hyo- ih) gain — maedhartca Suppo 4 Cytoplasm ao > Arovphow , translucent Tome sol” Cotleical Sugar, AA, = Preitin, feds Nucleotides droplets: Phasing Prenb- - Nudear, Memb + thoiglasin hv _ Cote plasm "og gRiferenfid Pte ave pends SN Cytoplasmic Cytoplosmtic Macha x Stu chan + othe a oxganelle k Ancluted cant Cool + Site fm metabolic axn organelle facluiios 4 glycolyrs sHelp tm the formation of pseudo podla os voricle- + props distribution Substance « C Gel o¥ Coster or Echo plasm seh Cendopasn) we Cydowis S- — slaw Stream Cytoplasm © = Reported vy a car re) Roratora! cycler’s '- ~ Pluscys Unidirectional - + Theat must bea forge vaccucle fn the coll Ground uslich cyetests ctu &) civewlecory Cy cloxfs!,. = Alwicus Malidirre etionad « 7 Octuns g ue Smolt ee Ro) Sue | Hy Cabt onganeltes b> HH Endoploswic Retfcutumn +> CER) ce Cy eqasm andtuork. of memb- Shuchy —+ pbsered by Gamia. > 3 Vitvathu cha by, Porter, Claude 4 Fullans” > Tern war giver by Porter me 2 Porsent ty eT cells ox cept errnial CUU L use mammalian PBC: cols. = Absent in al ~ > Elements ef ER *4 d Usfemac Gy vesdes titty Thales Va - § Usternar b> Seyissashmnanomccntnnt le From Nuclear ymereboanc mb- a they ayises > Formed toy. Alebbing of Tuc ne 3 Shulied ustth Ribedornes = Ribosomes ave attached oy gale do Aha Suvface Of Efslanae elbeghone Junnen (narrow) 3 Unbranched k de So Arm figs uk inte Conneded . Ann 1 Closer te yquclan, wnemborne Cistenae- Wy verfela 4 ~ Sphere Sucka, > Vgc Sb-Sb0 um Ege . ty > Uotes fo Ufstemae : (ii) Tubuly 4» > Formed 0 Frem RER by low of “ribotome. + Branched withot Wheveme —> Closer. to Plasma membrane > lumen fb aidey (S-L50 Lim). Fig . Ay oe “Cs Notel~ “—" SaRcOPLASHAEC _ERetieduon t~ ER fn rruscles dre known ad SexeCoplasnmic section Too type ef Endoplasmic Reteutm Rew SER = Mode uw of Csfernae — Made ef Tubules +9 Closes to nuclear mem 5 Clotes tr Plasma thembsare. >> Ribosomes ove on Surface > No vibotema sdk Gurfate, helps in: protein synthesis — Helpa Jn Syntheris of REPEL bits trangpas. AHS Aranspoy). = Fronspoy of Nudeor — SER faim Da tubules rnadterted from Nuclens kid, ans thogh ' do clk organs: Plasmnodiymate, aeRO BER SER 5 94 dorms Sarteplesric Reh Paemarye <— Helgh Bob Cond): Of rnctet Srnpul Lyposeme executes a Pemamad oh dant, pm RER Ext found In SER, — & Fibroblast — Ddefoxt Acatio of Substances, — BeeeUs of sleds: Of Ake Bena, pysene (carctnegen) Langerhans i. Mycog-enolysis fy User cel > Breakdown Gi feurd dn ~ - Adkpose Hssues — Uver cls — bak Leyding's Cell > — Folicula, colts k Common functors ef ERS Q & rN > Provides Framework fo dhe 5 = HLA CEN (cytoskeleton Shuichnt). ° ‘ ¥) ry = ER helos tm transfor of Info. | Nucloss of ° Grom nucleus 40 orgemwle. 2: Q r or otter, CU: ‘ > Helps in tremsport, OF protein K lptds fe Golgi body > hormcia Comgavtmentaligat > ER membrane 4a) 30 enzymes : a hire Notel- ak Nisslets Granvels + = masses 6} RER in tyton O- . Neo ae Ingeleia Bodies 3- ~ Mous ef SER dn. Reina CoM» Biosyntrerts J ATPaxe, dehydongenare de. — tetps In GU plate formation Aisving CA Aviston (Pragmnoptt) pieces of EEL Golgi — Builds Cygoplarmic—vaccude Syblen, S Malnfatns Surface “oven, do volume yale by GERL Syston - ae HH Galgt ody 49 Coattow's Complex / U pathyndyta) ~ observed toy George ~ Marphelogy, Shuctre given by. Camilo Golgs " im & neve coll of Cols & Berm ow. “> Uitvastche uses gfven by Dalton. > Tw Bie ef plant, golgi boly & Called “pret vosomes - > Bigger Wye kn Secreiny cout eos hivey . Synallo. Sap In N-sue rey cel 2g Muscle “2 a eh gel ie only one In ever animal ceil: f-12 fn pleat colts. houses algae — 4 7 Pigcidal call of Chaas Feo tundved . ely [cat = fositton*> Yn verdebrele s Pevinuclea, Tr dnvertebrate _, pifiaed or or plants Scattered —> fossa Zone bf extlurten (clean cyte Oren Ground Gelg boty). “s + 8 Gap Grope Changes ofé 4 Furcctens AN Struchre ot _Golgl Body. $° > Ula Shuchoe spliced by Datton 3 aloments t» & Astenae, diy vaccwete Gil) vesicles Golgi body Shewss Rolont Concae Comex pare \ (av tousard Nuc Struchoe! > Cteward PM) “ ‘merbnae) re ( vaceusts * 3 ‘Gelggan vaccucles Forrrative face cy cis— Face Not! 4 Unterslernal gelgi body Jn qfurd tn Berga. ak Vacculs ave bigger in Bye near tre Contove face Ke Vesicles ve Smatlra in Aye found nem fre Convex dau 4 FancKers o Gol * Body 43 = Seartion Packaging. ? Polysacelrrides Secretion > kn Goblet cetl G Collagen Secrvetion—s fan Commective -Lissu, « Born Secretim — 9 actnal Cells of Pancseass > Secretion of Harnones Like Thyroxine AL > VITRLLOGENESIS S "Yolk Poernation" tr cal plete fornadion ef Madle. Lamelha ( fectic yaatertal) ~> Helps > Seaction Ke ~> GLYCOSYLATION iso hy deeds, tho protekn os Lipid. add® sf Con! Protan + Coabochyeede => Rye] (oligesacen) wb , “ee Cen identi ficatin Lipid & Peal Cevrokyydeate—> [Giycotie) WV Protector, Qcatl coef aR W- Aepmsame ef Spyro ie G cocwthes Seon Lysine’ « = elps Sn formation of Primang. Jysotome. > Lrnpordent park df GER Syston - > "" dhrecter % bncrevmlene teas post in te coh" > Secsettons are by the metred O- govease Pihocyletis” Lo Fe a # LySosomes > 5 Vswrned “by Chrvstiean de dave- fn Liver cols, > Found tr ah eukaryotes except xcept _sorne Furgi > Yeast, Newospor — Profits Uke Euglena - — Meristernatte colle — Mabie maramallon R&c. I No: ef AysoSeme depends pen ca acitiny. v move Sn cols With Ynta Cebudor Atgestiv € cxctivrhy: He Phogocyte, estecclast [ercva — Shape 2» Sphevicel- <> only membsane & Matar ore. found AHydeolyhic eng) Acidic > tk is “polymorphic Ongemeble" \ exists ka 4 types Ygomes ase Of 4 Types on the barls of Mablnts wate + ® Primary. Ly Soseme \s > Pragonce of fmackyve hyatvolytte omy Hetero iy. . lly Secs Lysofornes 4 hag sane a mee = Nctive Hydvolytic engyine. GD Tes, Lysoteme [ Revidual Bodies t > Possess undigested ynateial. _ Pde phagosomes /fato_byserrene Sufdldol Bags , Coll gus digested or deshiyel. Functions - > Mainly. Algestin of food, parttdes oy Foreign pasttcles. > Heterophagy 3 lg &h feed yom out, ov falhogon. putoplgy > tg. of “seseoved Fred. ies > Padolya's => dest ction om cal i \ > destoy- Corsclnegens. By J 9 Defonce- Enyms proc fn Aysosemey Ww ~G Colegeva af Onegymnes pooerd - G) pretenses . Gay Nucleases <7 DNAMe ss RNase. at Glyeovidares ivy Esterases (Wy) Phosphates ui) Subphadtase HH GERL System 4° _ \ Ep ysoseoe PI. oo —~\ gory Body of wh se encorsteris ® 3 omit, . | ? te A Nudes drone X Undigeted a exogf 6 “Sie te _Rtbosomes ** (Palades Portide) 3 Rot & Ssolated by “Claude! orn Cytoplesin knoum os ' Microsome!- a) Robinson and Broun — observed tt fn woot . Celts of Nicla_ faba = Terme bog “Palade = Non- membranes: ka —> Pound fn Prokeayone ke Eukoryetie cous Ox Leph > Mech ure Sperm “Mature rrammabien REC Also found th Some grqameles mitochendsin S Plastas Cintin- Rfbesemes) (plastide- Pibssomes) > In Cytepltom — Pree Pibeisne. on dwe membarc 5 Bound Ribosomne, Bf ERE pues Ribosomes Lege Subtnis Smaller Subunit SS pttached te Hu —> Free membrane with tha help of proten UR ie PHORTN PS bosome S= Sedberg's Consie a HeS Bos 7t™m Prokaryetes 7M Burornots Cob 1 eerie. xu Ss Gs) ses Coos} (408) 4 absorp Typas_b Compustitan ef _RPbossmes Ribescanes > Rfoonucles Protein fosticles (a-RNA 4 Protefn) Fos 1 Boss, ~ Go-65 YeaRNh: ' ay ; 9 ® 45%. RNA 1 2s S 1 1 (es a 6 6-88 5% ws BS ss S88 ; Gos 40S Larger) $0 S (seaney’ *4 Clowger) (Sere) ' y OL Poedet. > 35- te Fe Proftin ' EE% Prodetn 1 Larger Subuntt Srater Subunit shage' Shape = Pro taubercente Plat plat{om — pidge > Head > Stalk > Bose & quttathed do membrane cleft by Ribophovin oo a Ecexit . f NY ae _, : ~, <\ 2m PND ¥ = Aint Acc f ge Tirmath A Pantnoaty ite Birdy Accepie P= Peplidyl) Danes R. Assembiy ef Ribosomal Suburtt + an “ooOLM Say Od Say Unit Seer | Note’ Coo Is ess than 6-601 then > Dissociation . Polysomnefpelynbesemne_ Cont? as nove than 91001 M a 2 o 6 8) Hen 3 ptmes Formator H Funcifors_ot Ribsiame t> ~> Helps in Protein Syrthenis - SS Peledls tn (molecule. Genetfas! » Riboscare TA-RNA do see laxges Subwdt, Forine, Cod es Riese over tH Mfewbodtes > = found fn ckeryetfe Galt L artce frm ER, io Sphevesemes “(b> Glyorysome. | Micwbodien Wil) Peroxiseme. a | © Sphewoseme, ® Glyoxyseme @ Pevoxy some only Ln plard cus ~ only fn plant eel ene in both plank & animal cel 3 Afscoverc by fema: > Ry Beever. — By phodtn Son Uven § Kindney Help in B-oridatTen i. cee => Contaivs adele . df Fat: AN or Solel, Hydrolytte engymnes f ned ka Ys > Crrbahysrate Torte plart_ly soSemes"'. = te Fal Hy0q t Oy 228% 0 FEE Caster Seed beat Oe wee Endo spenn Colytedens Pearl - ——— & yesponstble for Photoretpradion: Mttochondria f Cfower House) > Discovered by. kelliker tn Aligtctre muscle 4 insects. — Tem fila ty Fleraming- 1 Bfoplost fy AULirand” (repose prekanyette foynbtoti ty Mefethoadna, ty Bends origin) > Seni - atencrnens Onganetle (urn pun, even vibeierre) >No al pitochmndsig Win —> one wil / cell byb Chloretla, Chiarnylomens 4 “m wo S lath foe in Gfartsommeba TUGgiat musche § insect spjow / CCU ay Ghant areca. Cchaes Chacs) Suche \- Higher deypacturaction, — Ternp: Ribosomes (aes) C-DNA = Yith In CEQ Tne memarane- more profeness tee Selectively Permeable, fort - H Imttochondatal out, membiane ae des x emai. owe Comprtinent commen Oxysemes | for F, particle. or clemeniany. Particles b> -has erBYMS For cellular aay, Hrthien « b> Conicins divalent Los eg mgt, tant pe?! 1? GA Cyatas DNA Le Re bosemnes ‘ Fo fale-yillore Colones ( ptheslerén) presen \ Rilssemes fy Mammalion Mitechondila fs of See type Bes aes 4 Enlarged Stmctere Of OxySome (ferfy past of itochedaia) $3 Ofstac. Mabie w (ole fomlicle Ke } fo qustide Fy partie ox Bose tend C- Face oY F Cyteset Face ui or 8} torer cea ee . cr ude, “Inner Pombare DS Pace ee werrbyrs APS, Z of Tyne mendren nies Note!- Erne. membiean, has more protein & bey Lipids and > Cholesterol fs absert. Duker. membrane has low, poten & ynore Mpids . cholesterol fs posted a pitothondsia Can Rephicate « Nor Of crystme _. leoo0 to 4 Lats [pnitachondo, Rimetions of Mitochendsta +> = ATP Syrtnesss > Nem Nebenkarn (Mitvchndria of Sperm) ATP Synth. . 2 Thermiog ene st s Anhettance (ete only ferale Corbi bee = Gyrplasm c . for cyteplasmdc Inbee) a bla ViteLlogeneste (Youle Formation) > wite + gulyt bodigy > Syntmexts ef Heme parh of Heb myoglobin, A Pada = Disovered doy Haeckel > Found dn att plant cells kL Gene prish—"Gagtena” — = colowed Plaka 9 coleuteyd > tr plat fat ret 3 In plat pars evpad 4 1d Mabe (led, pds JU, S32) fine) oats, Mazar, : ue = Photusyrtes — Ghraye sf food _s ottvetten P > No Brana , pigment’ absent Types yf Leacoplest t : © Arngtoplut- > Sore Carbolydsedes 244 Potato Tuber , usheat E> Blew past — Pteoplast Stores profen (plewovmes prctein) Exls Matxe Ui) Clatoplan —> Fak Sirage Seb Coxter Secs , grower res ss &—chisyeptas_= . Typo St Unrome plost 4 (Cigments) > chivyplat > chiovply (green) C44 Neal, Greun Shem id Pheoplast —> # Kanthe play & Pucoxaniiin (Bre) S G4 Bram Algac Gi) Rhosteplast —> Phy erplaovn (HO eqs Read Algae Move Pigmords rod Unyemeplash x Lycepln Rea pigrnent (omarto) “ CRed repre) x Capsandhin ~ ( Comret Reot) & Coote — orange Red x Chlovoplast ~ Uscovercd by. + Tern by Schimpe.- No: ef Chloveplot [cous eg? Chalrny demenss Ulotinix KA-MG per COU eg spiregyra KG Ro-4w per cell eg > Highus plows & Soo pes coll — chara Ayton Von Lee wenhoek. & L pow cell = Chioweplat te Dirmosplaic ranelle, Agrarad Gireenot Shapet ay Cup os Horse Shoe shaped >> cq> Chilarny darned « chlove des (Uy Plast: city Cine shaped *- tas Ubotnix eS 1 (ity Rlobion shaped > US tel fas —— . Stat thea eh lovepler ft > Spo eyes ass &v) oval ox disteidal shaped & he Wigho plants Shruhune_OF Chleneplash to & Gorn audrnernond Chreutor DNN 5 Stroma Larnetlae outa, Mernbrorre eless patel * Permeable sTrmer Mermrame emore Profeln & Selectively ferrneable Strom [bare Gen? © Rich Inengyrnes > Pepresed fy Dave Ren * RuBIScD (most Aburdanc) © ng?t, mnt, te NerAppreted gay Fiqh Thytlatetd Soe. Mole’ Quartosones :- (mace up of 230 pigment motecites) . > Chilorophytts ” Corvolensids > Kamthephytt > Phycobiliins LUGS Light Hoavesting Complex Ps-t 12 Pree ( tea) PS-T 33 Pegs (thea) a chloroplasts que Dimorphic Osqecnetle. a NS ad v7 _Granal ve? Baga = Grane + Stromy, SS Shemra + Stroma Aainetlae + Sram, lamellae fed im Bundle > tow in Bur = Fewrdl fon Tmesophagth cls Shoah cots of Cy. plan's. Hh & eee foackors v9 = ~ Photosynivests > Cytoplasmic Inheotante Cha k Plagella 4 ca ‘ Flageths Uy Be Smatt (Stow) |) + donger (iso Ar) Gi No. = Numerous ¢ dete Few ' Wiyloakm « AM ove ‘5 on the amtestor Gde (ivy Beak « Sunckrenews \: " a length) * Independent de0) + Metasynthrened ~ df Are ( Wy Type ef Move’ ys Unduleting Inve eqeud: : . . re ste (wove Like) pact, Shel 1 Recoreny Stoke | Y\Iromr 1 Win Types + Kinotilias- * os uhiplash Tare + motile \ m= Mantes Ayre Ext Taachae , Fallegian Kidney Tolales + eafocitias Aton mettle. . EE Gastade Recep | feud Soy gor'pow Of Semtory Le Brown Alga: ° . \ : (Wi) anchors Le tomoft ———— * Daa = locomation \ — Capturing food > S ensory whe t tH Indenol Shuchoe st Wa & Plagetta 4? @ Proteplasmic Sheath @ Axonome of . Ariol Filaments Small projection seen on S L CyCQS0A) Maal upet B pretofamost e laments - Teh) wed up of 13 protefilom Small projection not Sen mG 3 micwtubules In 1b fershubule ete & doubles ots | are Osranged foward ths Contr PEE Poviphery. Note! kG Dyrein Rolein 4 , =" 19 doublels —» Tubular froin utes dum of AR UnkesS—>Nexine 0 twjcrohtae ee dP Tubulin © treo ot mihi o paynein ce juicrosole 2 Oy " \ my Protofilamnonts = Kinodlfa = mobile Ua & (943) arrangement <> Sfevfada = Irmobtle cla k (940) arvargement rengeaty, cikia hay (94a) arrangement conf k ankas Chaya i} fo Glee steviodilia - YH centfole_& Basal Body b> "Basal Body | Back Grarue / Blepheroplast ", Contiole Pasa B Potthion'= = Perinudesr © Below the Plasma (yeor teennudes) + membrane. Nuggba's ‘ne s Numer only Ro” - een Crtways Lar) . 0 . ‘ Sige 03-09-59 Ln Leages (Soe ~S¥0 41m) Fagan’ . 3 tl Listen « Give rise ty, Chto, Ss asier Forrnates k Plagetur = Spindle Ferman mov ef alfa * Flagala. oceuyantel ~ Ardrmal cell except © AU Calls Anant mratore marnaluian . cilia & Plagelta, RBC 4 Trtonal Stach is Same or_both, 3 Made up of Miorotubule, (94d) Aveangement 39 peripheral microtulates in Tatplels form CoO c 8 A (o tb prateftlarnendys (a-Btubulin pa) $ Trtanal shuchur of Cantiole_ Bosal Body. .~ > (940) Prvengement Note ee ~ SPAS of Contsfgle takes place fn ‘5! phase of. Interphase ef Ceul cy cle + Cytusketetil Shouchuves +> @ Meevotebules ® Mics Filomena > Hollow — Solfd Red Like Shuchae = Tubulin Rotein > Actin Prottin L some Location’ + myesine- Ghia, Plagelia, Basal Body, ' Letettion'~ Microw , Cytoplesmn Spindle fibre, aster vays, kin muddy axoneme L sperm Ac k controle we proteftloments CD no Lumen ma joe a me “Peag cae) P te Flames grotofilamends (one vertical Sectin) 4 S/T Yaccugle t+ (Lvacus > empty) > Membrane bounded Shuctre called os TONOPLAST = In omimal col — Sena in Gye More in number — In Plark tell — One Lorge Vaccuole, . Cabsert in meristmebie ces). S Absent fn ‘Bacteria & Mayceplorma (PpLo) , ¥ Plant vaccuele FiMed usith ® (Sap vaccusle) wate + frineralst Satk + Gugen + AA és Lanctis 6 Gap vaceucle 0 8 > Sforngye Bone > Tega Presuse elongates YE oma gow > Hups im calt elongation Gt) Food Vaccuoles >> 3 Sdlid food — Phogriome. > Llouid food —> PhyoSome a& Gas Vaceuele “> = provides Bwoyory Cifhy Conbactile_voceurele > > Tn free Water Rrofozoant GL Amoeba, Pooameccitum > Helps in Osmorequtation & Exostion- 4 systolic = Contraction Diastttic = Relaxation H Cah Tnelutdng os Ergastte Materials *- Substance — Trclude Non Nvirg Catted as Esgeatte cubbsteeres /D utoplasrmfe sub + > Following Comes under {wis @ Ford !+ 5 Tn Form of Stench Speci ‘ © eg Potadnses , ice. = Im fovm Of ghytogen grande * bxte Liver Muscle — Protein Ges ptenrone Protein fn Wai xe = bn faire droples xy. pcdipacyte + Castor Seed, ged mds. @ nor wrde Substances UO Stal) 23 > Blicg —Exty Tw Gaassed b > Calog Ceystoritr) = Ge eptdermios colts _ th Mornordte. CBitiengeed) — Ca Oxalate (taperids) Exrty Erchhesrio, (water hyacinth) @ (yages Oa, Coy Na @ walscos Loreto cubs. ox urate! = fmmonia, Urea, Uric Adal 3 Quinine (Pak of dnchova) > Coffeine ~ wWotine 4 Morphine — Gums, Resins - + Nutheua “> a = By Rober Broun fm Ordlid cell. —> Number *? No Nudew > Enuceated Ext prechne Mammotian RBC, Sieve Toe i Platelets k One Nucleus — Uninucleated * Two Nudes — Binucleated Gy\= Paramecium * k Many Nuclel multinucleated’ Coanocytic Syncttial (used For Bott) (used Ter ov plants auvimal cell) fr oe Opalina 1 SKetefel ncles - = losin? x Cenbic —a> kn Animal ceils & Ecentle — fr Plank cetts ehetipagia & Peripheral —> fr Adipocytes of Basal in Columlan call — Shopat> OSD oO Cfrevto, Ol {Smooth . Bilobed “Tatlobed Mus sl i es) (nefdog he) (Basophils) Gefmo plo tualklobea 7 Newbold, ) Tova lie? (wevtieia) # Stuchee ef Nucleus t ( Karyon) cfeemae _eE Nuckeobs chromatin Fibves ef ER —, ): Nuceoplam Ne ( SESE k > ba srt foy DNA Replicts ((ooe-teecr) = dAivaliat Tent sept RNA, EPA, sREM 4 Ockagonal Shope — : > Diamth® eR (npprox) Ime Nu rr Membrane kay otheca Ribosems dude, Nuckot Posinuchee. Membrane Space i. # Nuclear Membrane & Nutleas Pore *- outer ‘ seoh > Annuhus pu mem — . M ———— Ribas Trmer- “ Shag a a ke K Fibala Lanting Nu Membiere Lamery Cer vith Profetn) > Suppey} to nner Nucleor Meynbrare (ntucleeplasein) 3 Diameter Cf Nuclear Pore = Sook > Shope of Nuclear. Powe = Octagenal > Nov ef Pores = (loon — lo, ¢00) & 4 Nudeoptam t= = Rich in Crayne - DNA Raplfeation (NA Polymeiase) mmANA Synthesis C RISA, Polymerase) = tnget, mn2t feu - annie end, ARNT > pl -G-4 + 0-2) Alkating.” 3.9: Nudeolus t> > Discavesed, by. Fomteme - tn celb of Eel. > Teme Imp = Bowmen KH Assocaled ust, NOR Nudeolar crises Pegtan > Wiflout any rnembrane Nudanier Chesematin Pars, Bore, Props ~ Gremnes OF RNA Function ” > Symbawss of ARON 7 [Link] of oRNA — Help & spindle fourmationy 4 Chromatin 45 (thread kke) . 7 Discoverd Ay Flemming. i > Im toierphate Reterocworsttn Cuchnorettn - Non-transeviving > Gry wenseriphion a Lote ‘reptication \— bealy Heplieaing ¥ facultative * Constihtive Heterokremedin Heterochromatin = Rabve FOr veny > Not acthe. less dime Een Barr Bo Cin Female, 2% thre) § Ge) > Or bty Both (Non- Functional) Funcieat) Choarnoscene \- > Aistaverch by Hofmeister. Condense é = Poncd by toaldeger Cyremadin ChromoGrme ©. chomenenay (one tH) Fontes Chromed Ib oxvargement of Charmonemale, - Primary, Consbictten Ore ch: Ne Found dn cath ushtch divide by- in Cl 13, HAS, Areneplosn pridotic div re Skt ehr Ne . Plactonemse axrangemtst of CLormonematy | oe > Unvmosemes on tu bovis of porition of. Conteomen, Telocendic ; Motacentic Acro Conk Sab melacontye A: ) These Shapes are Vistble Ow A * % | only duing Araphaye KOOL T To] Cokty sphdle fb ore. Pulling opast Clirenstens) a |

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