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> IoT:
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of
interrelated, internet-connected objects that are able
to collect and transfer data over a wireless network
without human intervention.
The Internet of things describes the network of
physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the Internet. It
enables devices to interact, collaborate and, learn
from each other’s experiences just like humans do.
> IoT: How it works?
An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which
“talk” to the cloud through some kind of connectivity.
Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it
and then might decide to perform an action, such as
sending an alert or automatically adjusting the
sensors/devices without the need for the user.
> Top IoT Examples:
 Smart Home security systems
 Smart Wearables health monitors
 IoT in agriculture
 Smart Speakers (Amazon Echo Dot: Alexa,
Google Assistant)
 Smart Smoke Detectors
 Air Quality Sensors
 Smart Fire Extinguishers
 Flood Alert Sensors
 Smart Cities
 Smart Door Locks
 Soil monitoring
 Smart Farming equipment
 Smart factory equipment
> Advantages of IoT
 Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT
interact and communicate with each other and do
lot of task for us, then they minimize the human
effort.
 Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it
definitely saves out time. Time is the primary
factor which can save through IoT platform.
 Improve security: Now, if we have a system that
all these things are interconnected then we can
make the system more secure and efficient.
 Money: The financial aspect is the best
advantage. This technology could replace
humans who are in charge of monitoring and
maintaining supplies.
> Disadvantages of IoT
× Complexity: The designing, developing, and
maintaining and enabling the large technology to
IoT system is quite complicated.
× Privacy: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the
data must be encrypted. Even without the active
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participation on the user, the IoT system provides
substantial personal data in maximum detail.
× Security: There is a chance that the software
can be hacked and your personal information
misused. It can be lead the various kinds of
network attacks.Data breaches are extremely
stressful
× Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard
for tagging and monitoring with sensors. A
uniform concept like the USB or Bluetooth is
required which should not be that difficult to do.
> IoT Sensor is a device that captures real-world
data and translates it into a piece of information that
could be interpreted by other instruments. As the
name suggests, sensors react to stimuli — be it a
change in sound, temperature, electric current, or a
different property. Hence a sensor in an IoT system
senses the desired physical quantity and converts it
into an electrical signal transmitted to the central
cloud-based server directly or via an on-site micro-
controller.
> Types: All types of sensors are basically classified
into Analog and Digital Sensors but below sensors
are used frequently in IoT Devices.
 Temperature Sensors
 Humidity Sensors
 Pressure Sensors
 Proximity Sensors
 Level Sensors
 Accelerometers
 Gyroscope
 Gas Sensors
 Infrared Sensors
 Optical Sensors
> Features of Sensors
1. Range: It is the minimum and maximum value
of physical variable that the sensor can sense
or measure.
2. Accuracy: It shows how close the output of the
sensor is to the expected value.
3. Sensitivity: It is the ratio of change in output to
change in input.
4. Resolution: It is the minimum change in input
that can be sensed by the sensor.
5. Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of
sensor to produce the same output every time
when the same input is applied and all the
physical and measurement conditions kept the
same.
6. Response Time: It is generally expressed as
the time at which the output reaches a certain
percentage (for instance, 95%) of its final
value, in response to a step change of the
input.