A alher Todishy Tra is also co it 6 ” Tannery ks Tanning Fi puncess by which Skin is “converteck into leathes_is called fanning: Ee Pinduct of tanning proce i tanned leather Othe chemicals which ave useak to convert srroQl & domageé skin. TDay: Date: a aay en Lep is he cleaning _of hides remove dbitts contaminents £2 ie Th_ordes_to restore tem to a natorak soft hydrate sterte by a numbey of processes such as padd~e washings dium washing and sealing in vats is usvally done. Tt is he” process of temoval of 7 Kat part _of skin which js not usefal for leaker tormation such as neck) ears, taik hoofs, ete. Foy ke cutting of unwanted Portion of hides, a machine wilt conveyer belt on its wooden beaks fs preserrt- Hides are cuttech wilt scissor like knjfe.. § poking of hidles: The _proéess of soaking &e peas ning af hides is quite ton portant due to ike yestoration of moistuye. For jis purpose. Some amount ofDay:. Date: sSadiuna ide. tetra suf hide €¢ surfactant (surface active agents) aie added as catalysts which greatly acceherate the soaking. F Rese surfactants Kat are used in soaking offseck Coppose) Ke effect of badteia. a the hides are over- soakeA fken it will be soften & belous prepatation leved. A Proper hy soaked hide shovik contain about 657. water. of r To _iemove salt present on hides To_remove tke clotted blood To restore tke moisture back. To tegain its shape. (Rernovas Of flesh) Re process of temovoh of flesh fromm the soft swollen skin #s called beaming. The flesh is scraped wilk “fe hap of wooden slips » Al [Kese done mechaniéally.Date Ales the yermovad of flesh, it is Stoyeol in a& separate contained Fos making gelatin B gle fiom it (also ust in soap & oil formation). : isk Liming: (Removal of epeiclesmnis [hairs Day: Th ish 70. sof vernova.h Ze loosening of the epidermis and hairs ann the hides whith is wsvally clone in pedak vats: The T T hides are tie-up or hdl together and placed in vats Containing Calor Nater Ha0» 107. WRB and ah sodium sulphide (Naas). Sometimes dlimekyl amine sufphahydiate cyanide Salts are also used as acceleraling of sharpening agenk + Categories of hime + decdidiled oy limestone ¢ Quick lime. $ Slo keoh line (aco, 9 ad Calon) Coleiurn) calcium S calciurry karbonate 2 oxide s hydroxide S 2Day: | Conversions + Limestone is calcium carbonate It ole compose in presence of heat to Give calcium oxide (quiet liroe)_ Ze CO2- (Decomposition seaction) labo; < thet 8050+. CO, Furkery by adding water (Ha0) to» Lod (quick lime) it fons CaloH); (slaked lime). CExotermic reaction) CaO + H20 > CaloH)at+heat Bis teaction is known as Slaking: heat a) HtaQ CaloH), ecomPposition exoThesime Dec ae reaction + Cpa |} Limewater : Tt is a saturated Aqueous solution of caleium hydtoxide CéaloH)) Pure limewater is coloviless £9 cleat wilk © shght earthy smedh Ep bitter taste. Basic in natore. (PH= 4a-4)Daj 2 Fenty. Date: The_hides ase_ moved in _vaks daily in BA Sevjes Consisting of 3-7 vats. nae Treg temain in each vak for one day and then entey inko fe. OE MOP gol teeth dine. | Be epidermis rx hairs ae Composed of “keyatin” Lt is a protein containing amino-acids. eee 2 fp R-©- ¢-of + N= 2-0 Qo re OH Elan o- Hd MR electro- NucleoprireHt — Carbonilatom etre. i tot ; ; iPheyet hetero} Amino 1 Amino (atoms ex Mbit adh 1 adh Q Free -Fotdlion bande atom exhibit ads tiictecd rotation. oO HR oO gH Rs HaN- €—-~¢ —N-¢t-—l—oH tt R Son Hn wittey ion (containing bolt cation Ze anton J OH H— RaDay: Date: rf tor Han ~@ -|¢ [Nabe - f_ aN c id NH ec c=0H R | ve H Peptide bond 4, a Tt_is a condensation seaction —— | (a-motecutes ae combined to a Foi a single mokecuke usually wik the loss of a small molecuke such as HH20)- keratin URSSCHAR) i's easily atlackeck by alkaly- In epidermis, T one amino gioup /3 present in Front of carbonylate ion 2 o. foims tke peptidle linkage. Cé- i) — fptide linkage (¢-N-C) Gin amino acids —> proteins —s blycosidic linkage @-o-C) i monosacchatides —rcarbohydra When this linkage is distuibek wilk lime) ike epidermés i's yernoved. Lirne attacks He disulphide links of he keratin of epidemis: Lk softens he hail €e remove epiolermis « Teal =r aie» REIATIA PTOTEI) MY NQHS SUT arabe BVT ARK NASE AMING acids e+) cysteine & cystine Bolt amino-acids contains Sulphur In CySteines only sulphur bond (€~S-H) is preeot: By he puida tion is le Day:OF Bis reslelless cystine is foymedpiyhli 1 aes When the hides have passed through. kis process May aie _usvally Placed ~~ In a Vat of warn watey which og tends to relax kerr & pewnit easied D2 remove of Aalts ina dehaizing k machine: z & Ee F i of hides: 5 FS (Remove of lime - delimina) SP It is one of he mast mis Feviaias ¥, unpleasant Process canying ovt eR in_tannerys The old method a 2 Lonsisted of Phacing ke vine SKIN IND O& waimk infusion In & bowk known as dong of dogs Tt onkill ke pubpiness of tke skin __olisapper. Later investigations Provide organic constituents such as P70 beoly bic enzymes Ze_ammonium sulfate and Chloride are used as ole liming agent: This process is known as_bating- Anokey important veockion in bating is calieak—2. poe errect ® Effect Ikat auises IN. & of more reagents , facto’ YS oY S kat can Pioduce a effect Ae pees i Da te. ‘falling (yedluction in the degree constituent): of spvelling of protein Th_ his cases ammoniemM chloride is Used as oleliming agent: Neck + Co (OH)a —>2NH4 oH +lac ii jhe formation _of (NH#0H) ke basisity increases whith €an be controlled by the addl tion of olilute sulphuric acid. The prineple function of bating is a pequhate ke dlegvee_to t which skin Gtyetuve_ Is prepared je-y to make it excessible P to uniform absorption of Lanning agent: Fresh _catt be hides contains most of ke biokogicak materia Tt contains 65-Fot water: 30-35 /> ply substonces (mainly proteins) H fess han 1 ash Unorganic cub stances)» The diy. substances Is de up oF Fibyous largely M2Day: Date: proteins Collagen, keratin elastin t €e__ albumin. The_main components of ash ave phosphorous LP), Sodium (Wa) , Potassium dk) Arsenic (As) 1 Manganese (Mn) Qe Calcium (ca) leather: The main defcts are due to he mannua preparation of hides. Tis is due bo the poor Lechniques_of butcher in Slaughter hotican Thadequate presyvalion £2 handling meloos- Lmpiopel use of chemicahs €e heat _in_tannay- the spots Produced by heat branding » hose [eft by Pavasitic kind of diseases £2 bidlogicad detects.