Appendix

APPENDIX G
Equation of Continuity
for a Binary Mixture
G.1 RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in rectangular

coordinates for component A in a binary system allows for nonconstant physical
properties and is expressed in terms of the mass concentration ρA and the mass
flux components nAi :
∂ρA ∂nAx ∂nAy ∂nAz
+ + + = GA (G.1-1)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
where GA is the mass generation rate of component A per unit volume. The com-
ponents of the mass flux are given for a binary system by Fick’s law of diffusion
in the form
∂ωA ∂ωA
nAx = ωA (nAx + nBx ) − ρDAB = ρA ux − ρDAB (G.1-2)
∂x ∂x
∂ωA ∂ωA
nAy = ωA (nAy + nBy ) − ρDAB = ρA uy − ρDAB (G.1-3)
∂y ∂y
∂ωA ∂ωA
nAz = ωA (nAz + nBz ) − ρDAB = ρA uz − ρDAB (G.1-4)
∂z ∂z
in which ωA is the mass fraction of component A, DAB the binary diffusion coef-
ficient, and ui the mass-average velocity component in the i-direction. The form
of the equation of continuity for a binary mixture or species balance given by
equation (G.1-1) is particularly useful for describing mass transfer in incompress-
ible liquid and solid systems for which the mass density ρ is constant. For the
special case of an incompressible fluid or fluid having a constant mass density
and a constant binary diffusion coefficient, equation (G.1-1) when combined with
equations (G.1-2) through (G.1-4) simplifies to
∂ρA ∂ρA ∂ρA ∂ρA ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA
+ ux + uy + uz = DAB 2
+ DAB 2
+ DAB + GA
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z2
(G.1-5)
Scaling Analysis in Modeling Transport and Reaction Processes: A Systematic Approach

to Model Building and the Art of Approximation, By William B. Krantz
Copyright  2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
499
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500 APPENDIX G
The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in rect-

angular coordinates for component A in a binary system allows for nonconstant
physical properties and is expressed in terms of the molar concentration cA and the
molar flux components NAi :
∂cA ∂NAx ∂NAy ∂NAz

+ + + = ĜA (G.1-6)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
where ĜA is the molar generation rate of component A per unit volume. The
components of the molar flux are given for a binary system by Fick’s law of
diffusion in the form
∂xA ∂xA
NAx = xA (NAx + NBx ) − cDAB = cA ûx − cDAB (G.1-7)
∂x ∂x
∂xA ∂xA
NAy = xA (NAy + NBy ) − cDAB = cA ûy − cDAB (G.1-8)
∂y ∂y
∂xA ∂xA
NAz = xA (NAz + NBz ) − cDAB = cA û − cDAB (G.1-9)
∂z ∂z
in which xA is the mole fraction of component A. The form of the equation of
continuity for a binary mixture or species balance given by equation (G.1-6) is
particularly useful for describing mass transfer in gas systems for which the molar
density c is constant at a fixed temperature and pressure. This equation is also used
to describe reacting systems for which the generation rate of species is dictated by
the reaction stoichiometry in terms of molar concentrations. For the special case of
a fluid having a constant molar density and a constant binary diffusion coefficient,
equation (G.1-6) combined with equations (G.1-7) through (G.1-9) simplifies to
∂cA ∂cA ∂cA ∂cA ∂ 2 cA ∂ 2 cA ∂ 2 cA

+ ûx + ûy + ûz = DAB + D AB + D AB + ĜA
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z2
(G.1-10)
G.2 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in cylindrical

∂ρA 1 ∂ 1 ∂nAθ ∂nAz

+ (rnAr ) + + = GA (G.2-1)
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
in the form
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 501
∂ωA ∂ωA
nAr = ωA (nAr + nBr ) − ρDAB = ρA ur − ρDAB (G.2-2)
∂r ∂r
1 ∂ωA 1 ∂ωA
nAθ = ωA (nAθ + nBθ ) − ρDAB = ρA uθ − ρDAB (G.2-3)
r ∂θ r ∂θ
∂xA ∂xA
nAz = ωA (nAz + nBz ) − ρDAB = ρA uz − ρDAB (G.2-4)
∂z ∂z
in which ωA is the mass fraction of component A, DAB the binary diffusion

coefficient, and ui the mass-average velocity component in the i-direction. The
form of the equation of continuity for a binary mixture or species balance given
by equation (G.2-1) is particularly useful for describing mass transfer in incom-
pressible liquid and solid systems for which the mass density ρ is constant. For
the special case of an incompressible fluid or fluid having a constant mass den-
sity and a constant binary diffusion coefficient, equation (G.2-1) combined with

∂ρA ∂ρA 1 ∂ρA ∂ρA 1 ∂ ∂ρA
+ ur + uθ + uz = DB r
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂r ∂r
(G.2-5)
1 ∂ 2ρ ∂ 2 ρA
+ DB 2 2 + DAB + GA
r ∂θ ∂z2
The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in cylindrical

properties and is expressed in terms of the molar concentration cA and the molar
flux components NAi :
∂cA 1 ∂ 1 ∂NAθ ∂NAz

+ (rNAr ) + + = ĜA (G.2-6)
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
∂xA ∂xA
NAr = xA (NAr + NBr ) − cDAB = cA ûr − cDAB (G.2-7)
∂r ∂r
1 ∂xA 1 ∂xA
NAθ = xA (NAθ + NBθ ) − cDAB = cA ûθ − cDAB (G.2-8)
r ∂θ r ∂θ
∂xA ∂xA
NAz = xA (NAz + NBz ) − cDAB = cA ûz − cDAB (G.2-9)
∂z ∂z
in which xA is the mole fraction of component A and ûi is the molar-average

velocity component in the i-direction. The form of the equation of continuity for
a binary mixture or species balance given by equation (G.2-6) is particularly use-
ful for describing mass transfer in gas systems for which the molar density c
502 APPENDIX G
is constant at a fixed temperature and pressure. This equation is also used to

describe reacting systems for which the generation rate of species is dictated
by the reaction stoichiometry in terms of molar concentrations. For the special
case of a fluid having a constant molar density and a constant binary diffu-
sion coefficient, equation (G.2-6) combined with equations (G.2-7) through (G.2-9)
simplifies to

∂cA ∂cA 1 ∂cA ∂cA 1 ∂ ∂cA
+ ûr + ûθ + ûz = DAB r
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂r ∂r
(G.2-10)
1 ∂ 2 cA ∂ 2 cA
+ DAB 2 + D AB + ĜA
r ∂θ 2 ∂z2
G.3 SPHERICAL COORDINATES
The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in spherical

∂ρA 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂nAφ
+ 2 (r 2 nAr ) + (nAθ sin θ ) + = GA (G.3-1)
∂t r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
in the form
∂ωA ∂ωA
nAr = ωA (nAr + nBr ) − ρDAB = ρA ur − ρDAB (G.3-2)
∂r ∂r
1 ∂ωA 1 ∂ωA
nAθ = ωA (nAθ + nBθ ) − ρDAB = ρA uθ − ρDAB (G.3-3)
r ∂θ r ∂θ
1 ∂ωA 1 ∂ωA
nAφ = ωA (nAφ + nBφ ) − ρDAB = ρA uφ − ρDAB
r sin θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ
(G.3-4)
in which ωA is the mass fraction of component A, DAB the binary diffusion

coefficient, and ui the mass-average velocity component in the i-direction. The
form of the equation of continuity for a binary mixture or species balance given
by equation (G.3-1) is particularly useful for describing mass transfer in incom-
pressible liquid and solid systems for which the mass density ρ is constant. For
the special case of an incompressible fluid or fluid having a constant mass den-
sity and a constant binary diffusion coefficient, equation (G.3-1) combined with
SPHERICAL COORDINATES 503

∂ρA ∂ρA 1 ∂ρA 1 ∂ρA 1 ∂ 2 ∂ρA
+ ur + uθ + uφ = DAB 2 r
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r ∂r
(G.3-5)
1 ∂ ∂ρA 1 ∂ 2 ρA
+ DAB 2 sin θ + DAB 2
+ GA
r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r 2 sin θ ∂φ 2
The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in spherical

properties and is expressed in terms of the molar concentration cA and the molar
flux components NAi :
∂cA 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂NAφ
+ 2 (r 2 NAr ) + (NAθ sin θ ) + = ĜA (G.3-6)
∂t r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
∂xA ∂xA
NAr = xA (NAr + NBr ) − cDAB = cA ûr − cDAB (G.3-7)
∂r ∂r
1 ∂xA 1 ∂xA
NAθ = xA (NAθ + NBθ ) − cDAB = cA ûθ − cDAB (G.3-8)
r ∂θ r ∂θ
1 ∂xA 1 ∂xA
NAφ = xA (NAφ + NBφ ) − cDAB = cA ûφ − cDAB (G.3-9)
r sin θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ
in which xA is the mole fraction of component A and ûi is the molar-average

velocity component in the i-direction. The form of the equation of continuity for
a binary mixture or species balance given by equation (G.3-6) is particularly use-
ful for describing mass transfer in gas systems for which the molar density c
is constant at a fixed temperature and pressure. This equation is also used to
describe reacting systems for which the generation rate of species is dictated
by the reaction stoichiometry in terms of molar concentrations. For the special
case of a fluid having a constant molar density and a constant binary diffu-
sion coefficient, equation (G.3-6) combined with equations (G.3-7) through (G.3-9)
simplifies to

∂cA ∂cA 1 ∂cA 1 ∂cA 1 ∂ 2 ∂cA
+ ûr + ûθ + ûφ = DAB 2 r
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r ∂r
2
(G.3-10)
1 ∂ ∂cA 1 ∂ cA
+ DAB 2 sin θ + DAB 2
+ ĜA
r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ 2
2

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APPENDIX G

G.1 RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in rectangular

Scaling Analysis in Modeling Transport and Reaction Processes: A Systematic Approach

The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in rect-

∂cA ∂NAx ∂NAy ∂NAz

∂cA ∂cA ∂cA ∂cA ∂ 2 cA ∂ 2 cA ∂ 2 cA

G.2 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in cylindrical

∂ρA 1 ∂ 1 ∂nAθ ∂nAz

in which ωA is the mass fraction of component A, DAB the binary diffusion

The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in cylindrical

∂cA 1 ∂ 1 ∂NAθ ∂NAz

in which xA is the mole fraction of component A and ûi is the molar-average

is constant at a fixed temperature and pressure. This equation is also used to

G.3 SPHERICAL COORDINATES

The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in spherical

in which ωA is the mass fraction of component A, DAB the binary diffusion

The following form of the equation of continuity or species balance in spherical

in which xA is the mole fraction of component A and ûi is the molar-average

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