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A Se ere The, Aabjet by onslyn TD prvis gak papers ga For eee ee CoTad Anks tl Cheba mapaeli Ta by Trrclary & Bo homgs oredr, 2 frrblens 1 in chek magncle Thany by Biuph adminis f+ Cemaining dates Rr The Get co Lo and deove Te complicabiad Jemaa Me y Pied denasrey Ake: Berne She fyltns f Glo anf LGA an $7- Lp 23 ho yu ck wind fe Tb b Ay Tt. SOK oe masks Gu m [ © LES: SEC: lao, £ Aaund gory — rat Rank, : (J50- goon — 140 ark, (Fo- FE) Moke — torn Raby. : cy CPF) Mink —oo-2°9) Bly te, Broke. aelhies te! ‘| Or (frees Com aperr Vers 1910 to sroze a) Orb Fucilia) GME Nhe fepen [snl | % us ~ a : i) LAS — Elethycod b Tat avin 19 50/— es Peli —shy — . maith me TM de owas | ca Aicters i Mohad publishes ; Altes reollect the a Lpabdin bok J E70 Rew & Zrey Avblhad yy heText Bouks Network Anotgsis by Ven Val kenbuig The Engneeing Cer Anolysia —Hogt & Kemmerly, . Coheddion 2% ) th) Solettons oe oveilable dy Chaphe vt: Basics Cogtlourn) omen en sHipleort Snape ok gud. Network Theorems (lo Hous)" Transient > aol Yew lous) AC fy Network The ORY i | oly iF) What ids the boaic. cliffertnce baw the Nay And Cktt Circuit inpiss loop or mesh Te,o closed psth- tthe ‘interconnection of CktR is Rotting bur. Oly, Ext Naw FS Hike building swthere, op the: KYA OF Bke 10 building . MA Wa Ze The passive Cobsortsing) lamped(o amaiter in Size )RiLcls ond the Shyla lent The. scenowos/ Secrets f pruent in the. network theory: Scenord drdn the praence of active sources TT din the forenen ce. of soartes,Ot the. three pmisive lumped er RL, C's wilt Olwoys obsorb ‘the energy whenever they Ore absorbing the energy the curents through ther hill Glwoys MOKS from ave to ve ferminalgC ie, fom Nigh level +0 low level )+Cll { Reha opie 4 ot the. mmoteial so concd the Obm'g capernent i atid Folonied by The: ohmz low (t=) { Scenoro 2! 1 the absence of active sources : dn the obsence of sources ) the stored energy tn the memory 5 element3C Land Cy mill be cletiverd 40 the memory less vesistoncsg Wheneverthe Lande chments are Detverng the energy » the | 6 CURES Through ther Will Al uioys flows fom Negative +o the poste ferminols Cie, fronn OW Hevel TO high level) Hs the resistor IF ¢ OltNoys absorbing the energy rhe Current through tt Will onwoy’y ions fron positive +0 the negotive terminal s. Proc To be. discussed h source free cts of transients 1. Te Eesistance Ce): y : . Vo VSR ‘ 4 4 « 4 q ‘ ‘ Hete the temnnal Voltage *V’ ond the trina] Curent i” ¢ Ore. de to the praence of extemal sources prsent in The ”H.¢ ( he beste Ohm's low In clectome.gnetic theory Can be witten | as TOE. = i = => TJ=v€ \ hee Es clectte freid developed along The length of the Cendactor dee 10 the fiom of cleatrica] energy though the Conductor:TJ = Curent density resulted With inthe Conductor duc to the. Flowot the electital energy ‘hrough ‘Ihe Conclector, =>Te x, [Amp Mo) Le is cunent flowing through the conductor. S = Cross secon oreo of Ihe conductor => Here, = conductivity of the moterio] ic, conductor, a ed=> iccy As [f= ve 2 veG. G.)i V= R27] Ohms low tn the Crt theory fom fhe conductor: Q- b cohmy = me Fresistance poramcier of vs Linnitotiong — Ohms law -¢) o Hncol woltoge ond curtent nelotion Ts volid onl turthen the. Preportionolity constent Fis kept constant. fey the Jeno perature Ts kephconstont. Te Temperature Ff tect on Kesistonte + a eS As TTD Lt st, 1 solrash constont TY ,So RT Ree Relist] ohms, ; Here ae Temperoture Coe Helen tn Joc.» positive for olithe_ conductor g. [For Semiconductors & 7 ve} E= tennperotore in °c. So RE mMcCreases When LP For alt the conductors. Re Lt 4 -foim =”n- a st = Dee Gem) a hes! s Ufn® Ym eh rests OF Spectre resistance > e+ = RS. pemP a - f= ov] 3d form of ohms ea 0. =mMhO=1seConductance, Poometer of the. | i cenducttr, + = = Since VRIDThe Time role of fiow of cleciic charges ( le, fre slectronsy ‘ \ ‘s nolhing bute tlechic cunent is, ‘t= dgcey omp»s dt Since veie ofvera ' a 4 form of the ohna's low. 2. Electric power 3(p) ( P= dm 4 « ‘ ‘ IZ) PCs very ict), Wotts, ‘ 4 i 3. Electnc of En ergy cm) |@). [P =i2e lw) = The Instantoancwus Potter re, Pas fee 2 Gu), a Nl — P=¥A Poa Ve We iw [Pe] >The Mnstentenesu 8 [POWer - > tr, Pen= VG)— w= Se -ott Ga). Ins Jite dt (J) end V-i CHARACTERISTICS: Observotan $= Soy from the. Choracterighes, the reststor ts © l'ncor, poaiive ;bilokro| and me miotant in y-i Con stont Femperoture ‘R'is kept constant), plone] (hese arc posible only oF Oo y mabe ky syw are kept constont) fe 2dnductance CL): Kthen tre Conductor ts baunded tke. = Spring 7then tH 7s said tv be. oO t ce When © time No rying, cutest tg, y Fowing trough frac ceil yo te © | . vorgthg. Magnetic ux tity be prdaced CBy Foradoy's € ley), “ e 1 i t i v i The tore! flux produced 1 W=AId Cw) , Nenumber of fam b~ tux per tur. rs YOH=N gee) CW),— his torr tig, preduted ¢& prgzortionsl tocanen! towing ‘Thteugh the coil tc, yet \sthe Inductance, poramnreteeof the. Col, Voliage dup actoss the coll, Vedy ty Fenoday seard lout, ot i> ey t yt : ra om) S eect > Com) oo Dok of Bt Pedoy. | Power =Vi units ore wort, C The instomtone~ poner. We [Pde (6p) ® ae n Ly a= iF ee . 2I[- r (& A hy 4 = — bE Gs NWN ential Sine w4{p-dt owe [a (tit) ot : (7) the nstontoncow encigy >) athe dvtol energy . ‘The. energy stord thon Inductor of AK instont tasiqy Ieprndncn The Conen ‘owing Ihreugh ‘Inc inductor ol oth thortnet ant Ol oth thot inst ont « TUNIS OS the total energy stord by The. inductor torn The Infinite. PestC-co) to the Prucat time et), YA Choroekrohte 1. 1 obs Some o8'R! yt In PH plone. | ters dgcty : | ar wv yh oF Vy i L tants = Stomeoh TT qc jor, Cm Copactant: Proto meter of the conde 2 7G) => dive idt J & 2 ¢ of oS ow ane dt— — ——L— al Jr ‘ot (7) Tee @. Prove = 3 co] Swe we [roe JRE) 2 mEcvh SEN Cho ractertatita, Obs Some ap R', »dat mM 4F-V plane. Seis Wear IN Vi plone- “+ . »— Lis fineorin yi plone: , (| acl ts Imeartn q- plone" 7 a | Keteton between Cuneot And voltoge “N42! | (| Method st | | he Ludi Woh . | ot Vo fae iti: Lorw, 9 We toh 6) ve ply at Veetdin judi ot ot Ve verde. So the telotton baw voltoge. ond. curentin on inductor is | Wneor and hence , Bin fom of the ohm Low, Sor mmlaily 6™ for Of the ohms Ion, Cepectone): Jecdv | oe yey 1 Ve Vtin eo — Wave So, the rclotton behncen vOROge ond current is linear ond ? &H form of ohm'a lor, Method 2: ~ In on ac. demoin the Ohm’, low can be wirikien 08So Val only inihen wept ‘ f— Ke CONANT IN Cone of veststor » -L ‘oth the source frequenc wand Lore kept conrtont incone of incluctor *) Both the Source frequenc -V Wand C ore Kept Constant ty cose of Co pecttor. Problenna 4 ’ ae é $F VOHage. o-cross ‘the cope ctor is vey) 449 *45-) volta for 0694, then cetemine energy ciored by the capocitor during the WMO! 024 2 HColumbs, ' dw ev -(" | sy a) dq 7: dw = vag. — 7 = Fon 3 . w-Siaq = Peter an [eae], ! ° a yh ce . ; = 45) 40% > 16 Coy 425 | larg Ts 2) Fully chorged tmohile PHONG With a ray ote Ss Goad4soy lori talletinn @ ossume ther duaing the talk tme bortery Aetivers & constont cement sf Qamperes, end voltoge drops Lin eorty Fron 1nvt0 IOV, 08 shomn In $i HOKL much energy decs the Rotkry deliver duAng this folk Hme . G8 a) 2207 dy 14.4Ky b) Wey C) 1S 2ey ° lomp ttEEE Cortav) (600010) , Slope c (0-2 - Coo~9 | & Ore) see Joos Or) ss-4,, {os G0) 3 Ber ? d-la.= xL4 ca hY Bay Wet) = Et volts, for oe Wt 2 [Coon 2) 4 reas) 7 a SlBwukes Nethsel_ 3 TMWraigh copotiter Volre . gh Sepedior vow by Kkec.b 241-0 iad aaaiasaeee eee ab 1 > [Slope of Vt 2 ef = YCite 1O- Pelee Source Fa AO" 4 Gos Eoe be, “Ey = ysis 29) ~ y, of 100 -la) w gue F205) = rise OT” = S- 2kT Clelivee 7 orloxt) |EE IEEE EEE '“S Method 4° ethrough energy oprenalory: | fee [ov da at &, | fl Ca) | e th stat) eR y = 02 (35 20300) -3[eeay 7 1a) . 2 ony Carte) ae, SHB QKET F132 ka Getivey ) , 3) figure Show % canter “Fowing through capacitor determine 1 ShSrge. Gccquine] by the capac ft Unt the es Funsec. 1 deci L ry ae t ays J G)ydt Ce) Aethod 4: by orca epprach cg, a) Lye Cas 3) a= J oats curd) Seba e a : aes ~ tree onder ity pre Sue,é as cyte Od s feo : Ve yy CrOH 8194 C9099 "s : L ary td { | r teas ytd | f Po P4Oh a HHS : UTA cold, 7 oa ' —~ \ J Menidp qos \act) 3 (y) | v= | itn ot + ( Ae “4 ; 4u 5 hag = -at Hs 7 ar . _ aCe 2 OW oJ yer + Jiacnoe «J iscnot| ) i3tt s su ou 30> mo) i 44 5u (Siu) ‘ = Igt Ob + Jeewan i. igeus tO . i ig=st-s4M ! ote oplt “y +(- ape } ; = ni.) “) eee + oY-9- ea) r FS + Liruae -2u) 415g, =t6 + ~uosus +5 —U IS heey zIS wo ' ‘ : ; : : oo eet i pout ve flowing @ than o,resister. Pedeimine Ovg pone, } AK Spoted HY the resfetOr. teey he given signal vy Sperodic tor : Signol of peri [hee . Urus assume I pend — | pelvic : Siege ™ —J=t0 7 a |MA petote A for o ete it The Inctantenenia Power PARTE HS ot “Cord 10-00. eH o00th W. For O68 4 Mee F(O)% OW © Prati COs 1800We Pinow . 7 nai Brat Oond 1 the instentondn rower comimumrly WOE 1 o non-linear ond hence ip of no meoning Cro Volut). Lote anique overoge pom ln defined: P, he energy obsbed over one period ov"g = — ——- period, ‘ = f edt mortar 1d0o(t ¥, Lest | yor wu) ° 10 Wty 3 r Vet) lon, ams ame | W190 dt | ca) qopat = J w e 62h, ums) yd 2) vey lon. fo ody 34 ry=[ veat ge \, J *p9 a \ 2 [+ vt “fe oe Rw ny 1 = = |S) a eye Sly} y te J, C { l ete a poet Sto) To” US a, YM uP oY we $3) — ae apat Nate: for ony qereratperiod T dn cone a current woveforn Pea LP edt “yee edt! o> ae, hme = da cone of worege wove tor Pog = J Wea "Ve ot a © Ving Obs Different — Signsl x Will hove. clifleeot tmp volugy ond hence, Aitfrent ov erage, powers orc dtantpote d by the seme” re squnF-Netamine he Ng power helwered Foy the sure BComuont sie) A to an Mpedous Gian, 2. ee 0) 57w bh) sea gyn 4d) 6uGwWs Fim 2% > F ops gre. ond kere he sL amee the encitontons ore [2eN0 Lenique overqye POW er, Ter): 14) a An. zd | Gon Suc, “C-Tycyr: Ope The ONG . tue power o obsorbe d by the. lvod mmpedone & Poug, = ro cHve. potver Genvercd | bythe Sourte = Frm 4, a Addthynol efor otar. . eG) “4 = 25H = FOL, The overoge reactive pwwer OF Treginory power Cletivertd by the source = obuthed ythe loool © Wapedons% Qevg = Tins (VaR) = 5 3): GSO) = By 5VAR) Vothage omptee Asoc + the compler Poniey OF We Sppatar Powe clelivered toy te Loure Sovog 5 Cag -]Org Jit (50 -prsvk Bo, _ | Says {orm 5 = GOKU. @R) Song = Tins (2) Vi J Sevql = Typ FI AY? “)" * aes Got = O25VA PP Rec Fiquie. shown TL cunentfowing thragh oh Mnouctor f resistence. trond Indactonle Qe, NelkemMhe Tne Energy obsorbed by the Mquctor upto the Ut Asec. je, ot bye M447 d)lcs J. 4a) saa) || ity (1) ney ArT A collar) & proctical Yadector Stope =m, 53, Ys 3% fg= at cm for 0 ot 2c. )=6A for osteguc,* 10g Sb. | Rematac sta: of Fe snce sth En | Page 6) ~|, BL dt { f 1G) = dD. 47, Yaa i Fea J pdt G) = [Graver = 36(u-2) 242) Capeo Lo = ont a | Su fubayats LEG Gree, | HEY aor i 23, Pu f BO) Cort =o. 2 Eahprred > Fa) t bea +E FEL, > 133g, Note 3 Reig ~ 36 J EL eRe yu =x ICs) = 347 tr Qaee 4) Sle gece? ELS yp ys 2 (gre 36TVs bn . =36 9 0-2 ~9 B20 Cutt s3s wee kthen the cuntak thaugh the. Yeol Mdectve pet Can) is congtont ;then the energy ebdated 1s Jeo pgmce. the Thierens Powe, = Pera a OW: tSimitouy for a conatent Wohoqe oCioi Copactal We energy obadihed 14 vO, smee Tr Thatonolo meen porug S frewde Joy, Job ‘ ctor 9 Amhe opove problem, the energy Store d_by the, Indu Cin ar) upte the rit nec. ip 1: ont the rdeolindacse port (gH) In o proctc ol "Nductur (las) _ wl| Store he energy DSOiIA B67, oh stud energy is the seme excn upto Animty K) dr the obte prblen the energy epnstbed by the “IndactIr yy Ctra) upto t=O 5 4s feos. Eel agt i ne ere te oe « ways J PR ots 36 S Que Jct 4 36 =60 + (act) 2 (o4 34C a~2) a OT Canc Jury Dane £0, opsorhed Cby Rr UC) Stored + sip ced Gey erc) — bye), | Sturt & 1. {rn the obwe pra eno Fer trig wovetyra the energy SUES & fy te ndactor upto the mF bem! { = | — Gred| 1 LeGrec = EL A =(nee + zy aly, (ayto)= OT: tnoter meh? (6 Slope= orb 23) (60) Gra) § Sloper 3. Yo = ~aC¥- 8) rq = -3Cb~e) Vt) = =3talgvomp For a et et Ey = Jeg) eb. _ 32-4 @ Gatun epat=o ~ 4Yg ¢ = -6 J Getaixydt 4 “GOL aT ne] 8. “307, = dq Estorcs| = Ey FELL HEL cree. > ah+0-3k 2 OF” —_—__—___———_—_-_—--—-.\.— eer dnthe obwe pivbbe nr he energy absorbed by he ductor opty the! IAF Gsecondy, | ~ Eatn| ‘Ne cpec CeitOes East Ey 4 Epa Evy, UALS 296 3640-H6 > loot £ Eps = Padty oof =f, aCe ot 2q J Cor : ¢ 29 (Ce-9? ( 3 \, "3 6-0?- (u-8 ) = ale)=2ug, | A procke ol Copacihe ce © thw 7 fa = |e tT). vet) In FP QF fe = Jc ve) ae (5),11) Copy bythe cit of be dace = 1327, 1) Estmed bq tree | 236d, beqitc (or) b scone C WW, Eoba py te cree = 007,” OO Ae e — WIE stued by Te Chthe ng yec™ OF oy a -o, 8 Dp 4 fe. Po —Sounes: JN nde Depen M\ [= . Veve C&ey CHVS VCC4, tdeo) deo} Procttal pracaital , | | FTainepenoent S veces: L \VocTAGE N Lorre CoreEny Sougces ee . Note: a, Vs fhergy dervery or corent devery Inony Source is Alwoys From the positive terrino) fe, the current will flom ony neqattve to paie temmin ola—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_——__ Vv To flow o cament(ie,4 the yy, va thee clecirary mot TEN) Owes Vevg forall r. Mlesed pot is the must. Perty So, MON ileal NOHO Ge_ Ley Sourcethe lood vottoge ts, 0 L ioclenencle r ME Of The Ieod curent drown (hut dees not eniat). Nol was dnherenty ol the sources ore nemincor?n poture , Since. The yoHage ONG Curent rloen is non-linear (je, hot @ Straight Ne Through the, Orgy), They ore poricolly oo chve ond uniloteral etemments . Gc meong . tme Mvoront elemed and ac mesons tme verying etementy 2) Parc AL VOLTAGE Source @r> Electrical equivolent of ony meconat flower Jeneroter’ 4 es 2 — for on ideal voroge Source, r= -- \ Pde I the interno! source. reststonce * + + i Rs sOn— fe, 0 Short chet \ v vw 99 peper. By kwl=> +V5- Tex -V eo Pe [v= Fey] Sect) Vv ‘Taje 0) So, ina Precttal votoge Soule, Ye __—_ — thelood volloge. jis o function ne \ of Leod cument drown, SS —aprecara. Soa Qbs: ee When L20)V= Vg re : imRp —aTeor AN | tov Ya gov OV \ Velg = Oy 7 7 Teo, & Conclusion: So, wthen the curren Through ong possive clement nche two end VolFages ore ECU) ond ViCE-Verdo, Ss Vero, the P: Toeat Cureeny Source * = | Property : So) in om Teel 7 YL | Se) chat | Comnr soarce , the lood current 5, ® Vv aay is tnd ependent of the toocd ' \Voltoqe + - 3 ! . : LL 4, I~r5-for ott y! sj 4 PeracticaL Coreent “Sive\ce: 0 =y Note: flctwotly ino pracikot cofent source Will eaist In Clecicol engrcering »but 9 prackeal current $teCc Con be { realized fons pracicol \woltoge Source. with the help of Source +ronsformattan teeb nique: for on ideal Cumtnt soorte, the mtemal Souce Tesistonce Ry= Dals, ON Open ckt ON | poper- { | By kok ~Ts+L+Vien Bs =) => el4 Vv’ > qs avSotno precncol Corrent ia Scurce, The load Caren ig Ty & function of o bed vohoge. dbs: : Me precio, be. When V=03; T= Ty 3 4a Ig Hats MV : Leon ‘ + Ceonetusion: i Ts 0 ov Sorthe cunent OIWioys Chooser: Oo 1 mMIntMuny, resfstonce peth ie, min veststance —ymon. c krnt ‘Total cunent lous. The Oevenneny OR 7 EN DE RK ContRone : a 7 LLED —Soveces: \ Al the active mechanicol devices like BIT, TET, MOSFET, Op-amp ete ore. represented elecirvcoly tatith the help of olependient Sources atong with, Theit JunciTon resfstances eS | well @s janctton tafactamces, | —+ With respect to contolied varvobicenty, he imeorty of | The clependent source ts dlefined not nhreto voltage end | cumnr relotion,. | 1 Note: tity respect to volkoge ong cumnt relation, dependent Sources Also Sietly nonstinear like ‘hdependent £0 coled Commuted varobies. —+IF commlled ‘uortoble. 1S ze/0) ther) dependent source mognHude is obo Jer => Nen-eiistante for the chepenctent source « — So) contwlied Source Is ® soUREe Le, on octive clementfa the pPreaence of Ollroat One Independent raence Then ony ete contmlizd vatiobles o1e NON FCf0 one] hence the. Aependent Sources pagnitade A ore Non: H10 =k Cristance IA lhe DAW, 1 an ke a> kw ku S87 Qhkatz, cA Cov, AC. COVA ceca, & Non-lineer Vevr VCCR “Contniie Lhcor Ccontnlled sources. . d sorce. Fibbiema: ieee (the yp Choracttn atts of-e ni of -figh is Shown in fig IF fo Iba resistor is connected across AR of tiga tren VY RL ore respectively nis BS Vs Becoure oft the 24 quedront choastemtitn vy, In ~we ond hence V, 2 and ere ofso hegotive enn The Chora cterat 1 Gar) When Ved) Te mLompn By oL 4 Ve = ERAT \ Vrovy, staymy + Vs = -2Rs ' { ! ‘ | | Evatuation fF Vx ond RS fim the Choracteratta: | a(% -20) => Inthe TL=O, then Ve -20v, Rp = —aL sok AN—°? +h tou t “ Vel, = ~QoV. &. Frm Dond@ 2h JON = ORs 2ssiin. ep ami L “© nn, 2 ) Ke S10 = 780 ee -1p: loro V=IDL = 10C-1) = toy. 2) i. SA: t h = tt 200) Ry > Then ou : Tso SOC. i ae 20: 07-2) a een sos B= 3 lt Fab: fu. % I gz * Veo WD aigen vy Poeageeaaeet > . TeTpe 2h, 23 Gr -2) : a) ; tthen we VE07 De-2h 2)| fur © ond n O° © Pe yep £8 Cz Rs Rszlow |. =. -. 0 L 1 Non Left, Rr iri a Ge [oy coment Avia, HEP Te -2H10 LA ve $10 | \= zcto) Iby thm lou = 104) stove TM. . TL. The kietar ets Wits Simple necte. Tce ; fons drt 4 a node CL equotion: dris ataoy> dened @ Nciple Node. |? <= hople node, San MiIeronneston of onl & branches 1 Iihere o & the. principle Node fs ON inte reenne ‘ ion of aticost % branches. oan Trew’ 4 ° oto | Def: dno tumped etecite chrevit, For ony obits Nodes nd "y | Rae ‘ond , the elgerrotc sem of brench cutrents leaving he node TS gry . co } \ 3 °. \ et * cently) IBY kook a ( coumy curttol x) = 0. ro mp ty a tigelg tie 0% ster’, ising 3 Cy ti fe, Semoll ofthe enk Aang cuntentss sam ofethe [eeving . Current, Smee dg. ) Mesexts ond oto given tme Y' dg eg te some for att Dronches aOEE ees ita = 1314 1, LE SUM CF ke evstcing eneigess dum of the Ieoving cherge, Sime gq. -h0.0F electona)Eherge Jane . Meames N3e¢*Nuce mee, hiaha = ANsth a eng \ fe, sum of tec entering Clecinnss burr of leoving elections, pertie = DkCLe pplies to onyle nape electric cirturt, il cleeg Note 1 wheter the. elements ore, Ih ear, hon lincor, ocHve, ponnivey | tne Vorging. Ame Thvorontetey 12, the KCL in todlepeGient | the nature of eleenents,, | ee BY kee 2 Cteeving camtnis) =9. =) -Tnncohust le + Fe tiL=o. obs. bere R,lyc% ore bneot) Passive, biloteral ifine Invor'ont | Clement «(at Consion® temp) ond iL) tp & ROH Meare - ache) eniletera} 5 Htme Nonjing, element 2s Stree there Te No accurrulationot cherge. of ony node, The ICL Eapresses CORT consenatien of Choge, ot each ong every node tna lunnp ect electta ckt: 2 KVL equations If i olmloyp defined Wha Wop cMred poths Det dnc lumped elechic Anwi Foreny ots | or mesh Re, AX pr ond of -| ong Ame 17, thee cilgebrofe sum of bronch vollogex oreune| The Las is yerds — for de She ody stole, oe w=oredmec => ZL=0 / vt 7 Hecht 2 o induc tor - Feed tends to SrC + rr Sxzcr0 y cope citer fends fo O-Cc lence Lend. c elements or Meoningful in the Create only for the ac. excitattons. oc thpul MNI\/ + —> Here Vond 2 ore the mathemertical re presertotions GF the. comesponcting Hime domoin qwonkaty Vinsinvet or Ven seswat “@nd Im streot OF Trocopat , $0 coned) phase s- by k.VL Dé Cbronch VOR age §)= ° | > V-Ye-WnVe =o VO Vp AVL EVE Since WW ond Tad qZ jp sentp Oncl hence how Through olf Te oe eterments is Some, |? wwe pn. we. GF + & | WeWRFwLFWe! | optics ‘ | os)kvl is Prdepend ent of the note Cimeor: non-lineor ACHVE, Poss Qs KVL eaprrt 86% the conserondn of energy MM every lwp obo lumped electric cist + of elements PramtHna Mn, | We. etc), — ket ohms lon) = Nockal onolysiz, Mesh oncly siz, 3 vl t ohms to =OO —fnokypio => fineling voltage, ceremt /pouies and enceyy 9 i each ard everpelement Of The networe . { . { — > Con ciysdn a2 or sapeaanvaet { ) Me shove beehniques ore. Nehmone solving procedarces, | they ere Walid onig for the. lumped elec CetRCunthere | the KCL /KvL ore votid) ond thot 100 34 Oconstont mp { C Wthere, We OMS low Is wot) mmclependien t to 2 The Nodot ond mesh proceclo f Ort dent 10 ‘ ‘ 20th ofher since the kCL ond kyl ore Mdepen eecn olher. 3. ohm's tour ts @ fonciton of the noture of the etementh { Ce different foims of Velte ohnap lomig ) mihere oF HE kichoH low ore Thdependent of he nature of the elements. 4-Ohms lout 7S clefined ocross on element jinet elanent cen he lumped CRiLCIA) oF orshinukd (der€) Nhe of the krchoft lows ore detmed to enly for the lum ped elechic cktSCore is ot o Node ond onsther if “1 0 Igup or mesh). 5) ohms low *s hot Gpphcehie for Sources Cgenerornr 9 ) psince. “the wolteg Fs Donkmeor (le, not astroigh! me thrvugh he Omgih)s Abts achmed tosnly for the incor posse cleen ents UKE CRigctp rin the vattoge ond Currest retotior 14 Jintar tne ote Clements, Khe ond Conent Poth RERUN RE ae ee ee NLLNote Anolysins Sty Ldeonty Ihe No.of nodes (only pancipale hoder.), + Assign the Rode. wrote ge aCe, holgtt's ) oXsiIgn Te Node Wot oges with reterente ty qrund, whore voltoyc elinay, equol to %m 3. By using the Re Ant onc| The ohm's lout neat tite fue hodlol €qusk. Wow Why —Puitvever & short cite Fe cormpremed jotm.oys o phn cple node Tstormedend weevena tic, athenever & procple node 1A expend ed , then alnioys Shorr cles formed . mee Toattie, =O CBy KCL) Y2>Veb . t so cdbe-¥)) 1 s Vodt eo) ey aC eae, Coy shin's low), WE) by kak ? i ee re a ‘ ira bs =) WAL , Br FQ; ont oO Dee i i Feet ifoy ohvinda Fon y vy A 7 VS there fea ee comet Tro s | 7 fom ty = | i Jou AS by eve | =) Vp +rVe Vireooo ltlt(i‘ AVeeW =v the element cure pp Por creanng the element voitege + Veo : €>) Vegs Rats v@ Oe Ves= Rais QV VE sila) eb RB ok lrtto mesh 3 + “YU-Vey “Vit ) ~Va, 790 (Cy k-Vin) SSVEF Va, FVCLI4 Vag =O Ld (isin) 4 Mat + VC) M3132 0+ (by thro! low!) i _ 3B -Ld_Cig-ta) ~ Ratg~ HEI- Rsigzd Sf 32) ~ Rats I~ Bsla O: Mesho / fs > Hema: (18 i —Vey~Ve-YLeO Ve, Ce -1)R) i © ~(i-fa)e i iagt tay t } Ve@ @® vu : ele Ves +f indh | & Le i ~bAC45)eur ot Ys Fd City) { Wureps mesh 2 @ dk C boy thm) low),