ember of questions —> © Hlectrochemistry + eis the siuly of veacons and the tat of electra energy producion of ‘elecrciy fom energy to brag abot non-opénancow chemin Feeased. during” epontaneou chemical”. ~ transformations,Electrochemistry 4 Differences between electrochemical cell and electrolytic cell Electrochemical cel (Galvanic or Voltaic cell) Electrolytic cell 1. It is a device which converts chemical energy] into electrical energy. 1 Ieiv a device which converts electrical energy into chemical energy. a spontaneous. ic, AG= [2 The redox reaction is non-spontaneous and takes| place only when electrical energy is supplied. i, AG=+ve 3. wo electrodes are usually set up in two separate beakers. 3. Both the electrodes are suspended in the solution ‘or melt of the electrolyte in the same beaker. 4 The electrolytes taken in the two beakers are sifferent. 1d. Only one electrolyte is taken. [5 The electrodes taken are of different materials, (5. The electrodes taken maybe of the same or differen materials. 6. The electrode on which oxidation takes places «called the anode (or ve pole) and the electrode! ‘on which reduction takes place is called the ‘cathode (or +ve pole) [6. The electrode which is connected to the —ve| terminal of the battery is called the cathode; the| cations migrate to it which gain electrons and| hence, a reduction takes place, the other electrode| is called the anode. 7. To setup this cela sat bridge/porous pot is used, [7. No sat bridge is used in this case. © Nernst equation : For a reduction reaction, Mg + Ne —> Me + 2303RT, 1 ‘cell — log: nF Eee iM] AL298 K, > Forconcentration cell, EMF at 298 Kis given by © Appiaions ofNermt equation: ‘To talculate electrode potential of «cell: A+B xX4 yY 00591), XT? eal ah ear BP > Tocalculate equilibrium constant: At equilibrium, Eau = 0 0.0591 Fea 5 (At 298) Fea logK, at 298K 0591, Relation between cell potential and Gibbs E. log ° Pe a BG, energy change: where G,> C, AG? = “nF AG" = -2:303 RT0g K, © Conductance in electrolytic solutions: Property Formals Tait fee of ditation Conductance (G) ‘hans (Ay Siemens () | Increases as larger number oF fons are produced. Specific conductance (@ Ohm carSm? | Desreases as number of fons oreonductvty perc? decreas. Equivalent conductivity (a) Hem eg is meq” Thcréases with dilution due to large increase in V. ‘Molar conductivity (A) 27 em? mol/S mt mol Treeass with dation du To| larg increase in V |2 © Limiting molar conductivity : When concentration approaches 2er0 e,satinfinte dilution, the molar conductivity is known 2 limiting molar conductivity (A). © Variation of molar conductivity with concentration : For a strong electrolyte itis shown by Debye-Hluckel Onsager equation as Strong electrolyte * Hike KEL Weak electro HCOOH ae Here, A= Molarconductivtyatinfinite dition (Limiting molar conductivity) ‘Ay = Molar conductivity at V-dilution ‘A™> Constant which depends upon nature of solvent and temperature C= Concentration Plot of A, against (isa straight line with Intercept equal to Ay and siope equal to"-A’ “Thus, A, decreases linearly with VC, when C=0, hy = A’, and AY, can be determined experimentally. > For weak electrolytes : There is a very large increase in conductance with dilution especially near infinite dilution as no, of fons increases. A, increases as C decreases bt does not reach a constant value even at Infinite dilation. Hence, their A, cannot be determined experimentally. > Forastrongelectrolyte: Thereis only a small increase in conductance with dilution. This is because a strong electrolyte is completely dissociated in solution and so, the number of {ons remain constant anon dition, interionic attractions decreases as ions move fat apart. © Konlrausc’s law of independent migration of ions : It states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual contributions ofthe anfon and cation ofthe electrolyte, AS, = 0,25 + v.A3 where 22 and 2° ae the limiting’ molar conductivities of the cation and anion respectively and v, and 0. are (BEIT CASE Champion Chemisty Class 12 stoichiometric number of cations and anions respectively in one formula unit of the electrolyte, © Applications of Kohlrausch’s law : > Calculation of molar conductivity of weak clectroytes: Am (cHsco0 = Kex,coo-* Myr Ser Be) (Meaycoor* Mie |- (ee Mer) = Ain (tic + Am (CH,COONA) —Non act) > Calculation of degree of dissociation: An Degree of dissociation (a) = <2 __ Molar conductivity at concentration ¢ ‘Molar conductivity at infinite dilution > Calculation of dissociation constant (K,) of weak electrolyte: ABS ANB Initial cone. «0 0 Cone. at equi, (oy ae aXe co? (ca) G-a) © Electroysis + It is the process of decomposition of an electrolyte by passing electricity through its aqueous solution oF molten state > Faraday’s first law of electrolysis : The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any electrode during eletroysisby a current is proportional tothe quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte (solution of melt). wee Qorw=2Q=Zx1x f where, Z's electrochemical equivalent of the substance eg, wtof substance 96500 > Faraday’s second law of electrolysis : The amounts of diferent substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity passing through the electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical equivalent sreights 4.4 EB deposited and Z= where Fis the equivalent weight,Electrochemistry Products of electrolysis : ys 4 i se eee rae Naj +e Nap H, gas H09te—> eras Clg F Chg te Higas [Os gas aaa Hig t©—> FH 20 —> Oy + 4H + 4e Hygas_ [8,07 igre Lig 280 fay —> S:0Fin #2 © Some commercial cells: > Primary cells: Cells once exhausted cannot ‘be used again eg. dry cell and mercury cel. >> Secondary cells : Rechargeable cell which can be used again and again eg, nickel- © Dryeel lead accumulator and fuel cell: cadmium cell and lead storage battery > Fuel cells ; Cells which can convert the energy of combustion of fuels such as H, CO, CHy etc. into electrical energy, lO, fuel cell [NH,Cl+ ZnCl (touching anode) Soe ald Ses | [Anode Porous carbon containing ‘catalysts (H passed) (Cathode | Graphite ead dione Porous carbon containing catalysts (O, passed) Electrolyte |MnO, + C (touching cathode) _|H,SO, (38%) (Conc. aqueous KOH > Mn0(0H) y+ NF ‘Anode |Zny)—> Znkiy +2 Pb, + SO%ay —> Hy + 20H) —> reaction PHO +26 21,0; +2 (Cathode [MnOyy + NE + [PO ay) + SO + AH + 20° reaction > PbSOu, + 24:09] © Corrosion : ‘The slow eating away of metals ‘when exposed to the atmosphere is called corrosion. © Corrosion of iron (Rusting) : It is an clectrochemical phenomenon which occurs in the presence of moisture and oxygen. At anode : 2Feyy —> 2Fe uy + 4 Ateathode:0y+4H ay +4°—> 21,0 Overall reaction + 2Fey) + Oy + 48%) Be og +20, © Methods used for prevention of corrosion: Barrier protection, sacrificial protection, anti-rust solutions.3.1. Electrochemical Cells BEES 1 mark 1, An electrochemical cell behave like an electrolytic cell when (@) Baa = Baie (©) Erewaot > Eo (©) Ba =0 (©) Breet < Beat (2020) SEGRE 02 marks) 2. Give two points of differences between electrochemical and electrolytic cells: (2/5, 2020) 3. ‘Define electrochemical cell. What happens sf external potential applied beconies greater than BY, of electrochemical cell? (AI2019, 2/5, AI2016) 3.2. Galvanic Cells SYS. mark) 4. Represent the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zayy + Cutty > Zaty + Cuyy takes place, (0/3, Deli 201 5. Whats the necessity to use a salt bridge i Galvanic cel? (Delhi 20110) (2 marks) 6. Twohalf-reactions of an electrochemical cell are given below MnO yay) + Hl + 5¢°—> Ma Snity > Siig +26, B= +015 V Construct the redox equation from the standard potential of the cell and predict if the reaction is reactant favoured or product favoured. (Delhi 2011) (3 marks) _ A cell is prepared by dipping copper rod in 1M copper sulphate solution and zinc rod ee, (i) What will be the cell reaction? (ii) What will be the standard electromotive ar (Delhi 2011C) 3.3 Nernst Equation (marks) 8. Calculate A,G* for the reaction Mgiy + Cay —> Mai + Cty Given Eiy = 42.71 V, 1 F = 96500 C mol (2/3,A12014) 9. Equilibrium constant (K,) forthe given cell reaction is 10, Calculate Fy Ay + Big = Ati + Boy (2/3,Foreign 2014) 10, ‘The standard electrode potential (E°) for Daniell cell i +1.1 V. Calculate the AG? for the reaction. Zn + Cy Zig + Cry (1F = 96506 C mot") (412013) 11, The standard electrode potential for Daniell call is 11 V. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the cell reaction. (= 96500 C mot") etki 20130) 12, A cine rod is dipped in 0.1 M ‘solution of ZnSOy The salt is 95% dissociated at this dilution at 298 K. Calculate the electrode potential. B22 = 0.78 VI (Delhi 20126) 13, Determine the value of equilibrium constant (K, and AG* for the following reaction Nig) +2Agiay —> NE) + 2Agu B= 1.05V (1 F= 96500 C mot) (Delhi, Foreign 2011)48 Calculate emf ofthe following cell a 25°C: Fe|Fe(0.001 |} H(0.01 M) [Fag (1 bai) [Py (marks) M4: Calculate AG® for the reaction, Ee" |Fe) = -0.44 V, BUHL) = 0.00 V Zing + Cog Za hag + Coy (Delhi 2015) Gives 2B for Zn*/Zn = -0.76 V and. 28. Calne the af of the: flowing ell at E for Cu#/Cu=4034V, 7, 2 BC Re 831A}! mak F-96500 mal>, ° = °° Zea (000100 [01M Hyg TEaD Py : (65,2020) (ena = ~076¥) Eien) 060) Calculate the maximum work’and log K, for renin 2015} “the given reaction at 298 K 24, For the cll reaction, Nig + 2Agiag = Nit + 2AB,) Nip) INFegl/ Aging AB, Given: : Calculate the equilibrium conitant at 25°C. Ee 23 V, Exgng= 4 0.80V How much maximum ‘work would be 1P2 96500 C mat "(2020)" obtained by operation ofthis elt 16, (a) Calculate e.m.f of the following cell Fiuittiniy = 7025.V and E,, sting = 080V ZruyfZ5°* (0.1 M)||(001M) ARTA) i (545, Delhi 20150) Given: Ban =-076 Ving = +080 V 28: Calculate te standard cell potential of the [Given :og:10.> 1) (9/5, 2020) ‘galvanic cell in which the following reaction 17,, Caleulate 4,6” and log K, for the following takes place 2 reaction, Petty + Abiay 9 Fetig + ARiy Clg +2599 20" y+ Cay Calle rat icons Ginepri OAV Eran 07600 «EERE ‘arson, (Engng @O89V2Ehonypge = 077) 18, Write the cell reaction ‘and calculate ‘the (315, Delhi 20150) em. ofthe following cell at 298 K. 26. Calculate the emt of following cell at 298 K : Sip | Sn? (0.004.M) | Mau | Ma?*(04 M) |] CuP*(001 MICH (0.020 M) | Hay) (U’bar) | Pty [Given ; Fan= + 2.71 V1 F E on a pon (Given: Bas =+014V). (8/5, 2018) . bees 27. Eetimate the’ minimim potential difference 19, For the reaction; needed. to téduce AlO; at 500°C. ‘The 2AgClyy + Hyg (L atm) ~>2Agy) +2H°(0.1M) Gibbs energy change for the decomposition 2 -$20r(0.1-M) reaétion, ai AG? = ~ 43600 Jat 25 °C : Lig eH LE ; Al+ 04 is 9601 ‘Caleulate the exm- ofthe eal : aera soos (log 10" =~ n) ‘sis! 018) (F=96500 C mot)“. (9/5,Dethi2014C) 20. Calculate emt of the following cellst 298K 28 Caleulate the emf of the follwing cell at 2Gx + 3FE*(O1M) 20°" (001ND + 3Fey FecHFe(0.001 MOA MOH (1 er), Phy Given :Bc2vcn =-074 V, Enero = “044 V i. Pe ae) (Given: Eg =+044V) (Delhi 2013) 29. Calealate the emf of the following cell at 21s Calculate Eq for the following reaction at orc: 298K" 2Aly + 30*(0.01M) > 2AP"(001M) + 30g Given’ Fea = 1.98 V (3/5,A12016) Agg)Ag*0" Mp||Cu* (10" ND |Cuxy Given: E".= + 0.46 V and log 10% = 7 (412013)48 30. 31. 32, 33, 34, Inthe button cell, widely used in watches, the following reaction takes place. Za) + AGO) + H,0y > Zniy + 2Agy) +20Hiay) Determine F and AG for the reaction. Given : Paging + 080, Fran = 0.76 V) (3/5, Delhi 2012) A voltaic cell is set up at 25°C with the following half cells AV/AP* (0.001 M) and NifNi* (0.50 M) Write an equation for the reaction that ‘occurs when the cell generates an electric current and determine the cell potential. 1.66 V. (log x 10*= (5/5, AI 2012, 2011, 3/5, Foreign 2011) ‘The cell in which the following reaction 2Feity + ay > 2Fey + Tay hhas Egy = 0.236 V at 298 K. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant of the cell reaction. (Antilog of 6.5 = 3.162 x 10°; of 8.0 = 10x 108; 0f 85 = 3.162 x 10°) (Delhi 20126) Calculate the potential forhal-cell containing 0.10 MK,Cr,0 7p 50.20 M Cri and 1.0 x 10M Hig, The half cell reaction is: CrOFjag + Hay + 66° 2Crity + 7HQO 9 and the standard electrode potential i given as B= 133. (3/5, AI2011) For the cel, Zao | Za? (2M) || Cw (0.5 M) | Cupp (@) "Write equation for each half-reaction, () Calculate the ell potential at 25°C Given Eb 2typq 70-76 Vi Ba a4 c= FOV (Delhi 20110) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K for the reaction at 298 K, Zing) + Culag > Znheg + Copy Given : AG" =~ 212.300 KJ mot" Ent tq = 70-76 V5 Beyae icy = + 034 (ar20u10) |CBSE Champion Chemistry Class 12 WENN 5 marks) : 36, vay forthe given redox reaction is 2.71 V. Magy +Cx" (0.01) > Mg" (0,001) +24 Calculate Bax for the reaction. Write the direction of flow of current when an external opposite potential applied is (less than 2.71 V and (i) greaterthan271V (Delhi 2019) 37, Calculate exm.fand AG for the following cell Mga Mg (0.001 M) || Ca (0.0001 M) | Cay * * =+0.34V (ar2015) 3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions Fata ng) = Conductivity ofan electrolyte decreases with decrease in concentration. Reason (R): Number ofions per unit volume Increases on dilution, (@) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (®) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A) (©) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect statement, (4) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement. (2020) 39, Give reason Conductivity of CH;COOH decreases on dilution, (5, 2018) 40, Define limiting molar conductivity. Why conductivity of an electrolyte solution decreases with the decrease in concentration? (1/2, Delhi 2015) 41, State Kohlrauschis law of independent ‘migration of fons. Write its one application (12, Foreign 2015) 42, Define the following term: Molar conductivity (Aq) (1/5, Delhi 2015C)Electrochemistry 43. Define the following term : Kohlrauscls law of independent migration fons. (US, Delhi 20150) 44, Define the following term : Limiting molar conductivity (1/5, Delhi 2014) 45, State and explain Kohlrausch’ law. (13, Delhi 20136) 46. Express the relation betwéen conductivity and molar conductivity of «solution held in acelt (Delhi 2011) 47, Express the relation among the conductivity of solution in the cell the cell constant and the resistance of solution in the cel. (Delhi 2011) ESE 0 marks) 48. Predict the products of electrolysis of an aqueous, solution of CuCl, with platinum clectrodes. (Given : Eacy = +034 V, Fanayer) =+136V Engen 000V, Eano.s,o.= 123¥) (215, 2020) 49._ Inthe plot of molar conductivity (Ay) ¥s square root of concentration (c!?)llowing curves ‘are obtained for two electrolytes A and B KY Answer the following: (Predict the nature of electrolytes A and B. (i) What happens on extrapolation of Ay, to concentration approaching zero for electrolytes A and B? ° (2/5, Delhi 2019) 50, Calculate the degree of dissociation (a) of acetic acid if its. molar conductivity (Ax) is 3905S em? mot", : (Given : 2°(H") = 349.68 S cm*mol" and ‘°(CHjCOO*) = 40.9 S em? mol) (Delhi 2017) 4a BI. Define the term degree of dissociation: Write an expression that relates the molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte to its degree of dissociation. (2s, Dethi 20150) 52, Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss their variation with concentration (25, A120150) 53, State Kohlrausch law of independent migration ofons. Why does the conductivity cof solution decrease with dilution? (ar2014) 54, Define the terms conductivity and ‘molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Comment on their variation with temperature. (Delhi, AT2014C) 55. The resistance of 0.01 M NaCl solution at 25°C is 200 Q. The cell constant of the conductivity cll used is unity. Calculate the ‘molar conductivity of the solation. (283, 4120140) 56. The conductivity of 020 M solution of KCL at 298 K is 0.025 $ cm”, Calculate its molar ‘conductivity (Dethi 2013) 57. The conductivity of 0.001 M. acetic atid is 4 x 10° Siem. Calculate the dissociation constant of acetic acd, if molar conductivity at infinite dilution for acetic acid “is 390Scm*/mol. (2/3, Delhi 2013C, 20120) 58. Express the relation among ell constant, resistance of the solution in the cell and conductivity of the solution. How is molar conductivity of a solution related to its conductivity? (412012) EMI (3 marks) : 59. Outofthe following pairs, predict with reason which pair will allow greater conduction of, alectricity. (0) Silver wire at 30°C or silver wire at 60°C. (i) 0.1.M CH,COOH solution or 1 M CH,COOH solution. (ji) KCI solution at 20°C or KCI solution at 50°C. (3/5, 2020)48 we 60.- The electrical resistance of. a colamn of 0.05:M KOH ‘solution of length 50:cm and area of cross-section 0:625 emis 5x 10* obi. Calculate its “resistvity,. conductivity. and _molar conductivity. (8/5, 2020) 61.- ‘The. condictivity of 0.001 mol I-? solution of CHCOOH Is 3,905 x 10° § cm Calculate’ ts molar conductivity and degree of dissociation (a), [Given ::2° (H) 4s(CH,COO" 349.6 S cm? mol-! and 19 Sem? mot] (3/5, A12016) 62. ‘The condudtivty of 020 mol 1 solution f KClis 2.48 x 10S em, Calculate its molar conductivity and degree of dissociation (q). Given : 2%, (K*) = 73.5.8 cm? mot and 2 (C).= 765 Sem? mol. - ~ - (412015) 163." Resistance of a conductivity eell-filed with 0.1 mol'L:! KCI solution is. 100 Q. 1f the resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L: KCl-solution is 520 0, calcilate the conductivity and, molar conductivity of .002.. miol- L-? KCI -sélution The = «conductivity of 0.1- mol 1". KCI solution is 1.29107 9 cm (15, AI2014) (64,.Thevale of Ay of AL(S09) 8858 Sc? mol while 2°-S0%is 160'S em? mol, caleulate the limiting ionic conchctivity of AP*: (4120130) ‘ihe eledtrical resistance ofa column of .05M. NaOH solution of diametér-1 cm and length + $0 cm: is 5.55- x 10°. ohm. Caléulate its redisivty coriductivity and" molar- conductivity tar2012) 66. When a ceftain conductance cell was filled with 0.1 M KCI, ithas a resistance of 85 ofims at 25°C, When the'same cell was filled with ‘an aquéouis solution of 0.052 M unknown " eléctrolyte,"the resistance Was 96. ohms. Caleulate the molar. conductance of the electrolyte at this concentration [Specific conductance of 0. M KCL = 1.29% 107 ohmtem™] (4120120) 65, = (GEER 0BSE Champion Chemisty Class 12 167. Calculate the degree of dissociation of acetic acid at 298 K, given that: -= ‘hg (CHSCOOH) = 11.7 S cnt? mol ‘AP q(CHyCOO>) = 49.9 em? mot"! ‘Ae, (HH) = 349.1 8 cin? mol! (Delhi 20116) MEN (5 maris) 2 668, (a); Define molar conductivity of solution and explain how molar conductivity changes with change-in concentration of soltion for a Hak ‘and strong electrolyte, “he rence of a-conductivty cell containing 0001 MKC soltion at 298 K 4 1500 ©. What is the cell constantifthe conductivity af 0.001 M KCI solution 298 Kis 0.146 10" Sem"? (412012) 3.5 Electrolytic Cellsand ~ Electrolysis BXSM mary tee 69. How many coulombs-are quired for ihe oxidation of 1 mol of H,0 to.0,2 <= 15 1 (One word, 2020) ) 70. Give reason: ‘On the basis of E° values,'O, gas should be liberated at anode bat itis Cl gas which is liberated in the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl. + (1/5, 2018) Following reactions occur at cathode during the electrolysis ‘of aqueous, silver chloride solution: Agia +> Ag, E°=+0.80V a. 1 Hyg te FHayjs B 000 On the, basis of their. standard reduction electrode potential (E°). valugs, which reaction is feasible atthe eathode and why? z (412017, 1/2, Delhi 2015) How “much charge “is required for the edition off mol of Zi?" to Zn? (beth 2015) Following resctions occa at cathode during the clectrolysis of aquéous' copper (It)Electrochemistry reson Gibjtie > Cay 5 esosey igre Higg + Faao0v On the basis of their standard reduction electrode potential (E) values, which reaction is feasible at the cathode and why? (U2, Foreign 2015) 7A, State the Feraday’s first law of electrolysis. (Delhi 2015¢) Li bi 75. X and ¥ are two electrolytes, On dilution ‘molar conductivity of X" increases 2.5 times while that Y increases 2> times. Wich ot the two is @ weak electrolyte and why? (2/5, 2020) 76. Calculate the mass of Ag deposited at cathode when a current of 2 ampere was passed through a solution of AgNO, for 15 minutes. (Given : Moler mass of Ag = 108 g mol, 1F = 96500 C mot) (2/3, Delhi 2017) 77. State Faraday’ first law of electrolysis. Howr ‘much charge in terms of Faraday is required for the reduction of 1 mol of Cu? to Cut (215, Delhi 2014) 7 A solution of Ni(NO,); is electrolysed between platinum electrodes using a current of 5.0 ampere for 20 minutes. What mass of nickel will be deposited at the cathode? (Given : At. mass of Ni= 58.7 g mot", 1F =96500 C mol") (Foreign 2014) 79. Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following : @ An aqueous solution of AgNO, with platinum electrodes. (W) An aqueous solution of H,SO, with platinum electrodes. (2/5, Delhi 20140) 80. How much electricity in terms of Faradays {is required to produce 20 g of calelum from molten CaCl? (283, Delhi 20130) 81. Silver is uniformly electrodeposited on a ‘metallic vessel of surface area of 900 cm! by 49 passing a current of 05 ampere for 2 hours. Calculate the thickness of silver deposited Given : The density of silver is 10.5 g cm and atomic mass of Ag = 108 amu. (28, AI20130) 82. How many coulombs are required to reduce ‘mole Cr,0F to Ce? (2/3, Delhi 20120) 83. How many moles of mercury will be produced by electrolysing 10 M Hg(NO,), solution with a current of2.00 A for 3 hours? (215, AI2011) (3 marks) = ‘4A steady current ot 2 amperes was passed through two elecivolytic cells X and Y connected in series containing electrolytes FeSO, and ZnSO, until 2.8 g of Fe deposited at the cathode of cel X. How long did the current flow? Calculate the mass of Zn deposited at the cathode of cell ¥. (Molar mass : Fe = 56 g mol", Zn = 653 g mol", 1 F= 96500 C mol") (3/5, Delhi 2019) 85. Chromium metal is electroplated using an acidic solution containing CrO, according to the following equation: CrO sa) + 6H" + 66° —> Crip + 3H,0 Calculate how many grams of chromium will be electroplated by 24,000 coulombs. How long will it take to electroplate 5 g chromium using 12.5 A current? [Atomic mass of Cr = 52 g mol", 1 F = 96500 C mol!) (412019) 86, (@) “The cellin which the following reaction occurs: Beli + Dag) —> 2FeAy + ley bas 2a = 0.236 V at 298 K. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy of the cell reaction. (Given : 1 F = 96,500 C mol) (©) How many electrons flow through a metallic wire if a current of 05 A is passed for 2 hours? (Given; 1 16,500 C mol) (AI2017)50 3.6 Batteries WEE 1 mar 87, Define: Secondary batteries (1/5, Dethi 20150) HE 2 marics)_ 8, Write the name ofthe cell which is generally used in hearing aids, Write the reactions taking place at the anode and the cathode of this cell (412017) 89. Write the name of the cell which is generally used in inverters, Write the reactions taking place atthe anode and the cathode of this call (ar2017) 90, Write the name ofthe cell which is generally used in transistors. Write the reactions taking place atthe anode and the cathode of this cell. (ar2017) 91. From the given cells: Lead storage cell Mercury cell, Fuel cll and Dry cell Answer the following () Which cell is used in hearing aids? (G) Which cell was used in Apollo Space Programme? (ji) Which cell is used in automobiles and inverters? (Gv) Which cell does not have long life? : (Delhi 2016) 92." What type of battery is mercury cell? Why is itmore advantageous than dry cel? (215, A12015) 93, What type of a battery is the lead storage ‘battery? Write the anode and the cathode reactions and the overall reaction occurring, in a lead storage battery when current is drawn fromit. (2/5, Delhi 2012, AI2011) 94. Wiite the reactions taking place at cathode and anode in lead storage battery when the battery is in use. What happens on charging the battery? (ar20120) 95, Mention the reactions occurring at (i) anode, (i) cathode, during working of a mercury cell Why does the voltage of a mercury cell remain constant during its operation? (Delhi 20110) (EEE) CASE Champion Chemistry Class 12 3.7 Fuel Cells EEL mark) _ _ 96, Name the type of cell which, was used in Apollo space programme. (2020, 1/3, AI 2014) 97. Define : Fuel cell (Delhi 2017, 1/5, Delhi 2015C, 2014) BET (2 mars) — 98. Give two advantages of fuel cells. (2/5, 2020) 99, Define fuel cll and write its two advantages. (265, 2018) 100, Write two advantages of Hy—O, fuel cell over ordinary cell. (2/3, Foreign 2014) 101. What are fuel cells? Explain the electrode reactions involved in the working of H,—0, fuel cell. (2/3, Delhi 2013C) 102. Give an example of a fuel cell and write the ccathodle and anode reactions for it. (Ar20110) 3.8 Corrosion WBE (mar) 103, Using the E* values of A and B predict which is better for coating the surface of fron [2oe%19= to prevent corrosion and why? ost] =014V (Al2016) Fata) HEME 02 marks) 104. The chemistry of corrosion of iron is essentially an electrochemical phenomenon. Explain the reactions occurring during the corrosion of iron in the atmosphere. (Delhi 2011) EEN marks) 105, What is corrosion? Explain the electrochem- ical theory of rusting of iron and write the reactions involved in the rusting of iron, (Delhi 20120)Electrochemistry face enn gy of electrochemical cell then He el Beiaves Ban clectrohaic eal ESiear SIV ~015V=136V Since, cell potgntial i positive therefore the reaction is product favoured. 2) Thecell reactions are: Zig —> Znisy + 2 (Anode) Cufsy + 2° —> Cay (Cathode) Net reaction: Electrolytic cell 1, [IRtisadeviceto [It isa device to convert chemical | convert electrical energy into energy into electrical energy, | chemical energy, fee, electrical ie, electrical energy is produced | energy is supplied jasa result of the to the electrolytic redox reaction, _| solution to bring about the redox: reaction, 2 Wisbased The redox reaction upon theredox is non-spontaneous| reaction which is |and takes place spontaneousie, [only when AG=-ve electrical energy is supplied ie,, AG= L ve. 3. Refer to answer 1 4. Representation of the galvanic cell for the siven reaction is Z| Zn Il Cy | Cx Anode Slt Cathode bride 5._ The sl bridge BB ical neutrality of the solutions in the two the halfcels. 6 Atanode:Snfiy —> Salty +2e] x5 Atcathode : MaOjag + 8H + 5¢°—> Mn) +440] x 2 Net cell reaction 2MnOijay + SSnfy + 16Hjay —> 2Mantiy + SSnfy + 8,0. Znjy + Colt —> Zniy + Cty (8) Frea= Fag - Eye = 0.34 V ~ (-0.76V) =110V (iti) Copper electrode will be positive on which reduction takes place. 8. Given: By =2.71V For the reaction, Mg) + Cay —> Met n=2,Are? AG or A,G"=52303 Kf mol“! 9 Ay + Bly = Atty + Byy Here, n= Frq= 00295 V LL. Refer to answer 10. 12. The electrode reaction is Zn** + 2e —> Zn ("= 2) Applying Nernst equation, we get ‘As 0.1 M ZO, solution fe 95% dissociated, this ‘means that in the solution, (20 = 2 0.1 = 0.095 1000.0591), 280.095 ~ 0.76 ~ 0.02955 (log 1000 — log 95) = 0.76 ~ 0.0295 (3 - 19777) =~ 0.79015 18: Nig +2Aghg > Nilip + 2Aggy B= 105 V ere, n= 2 Ena Using formula, log K, ax. or og K,= K,=antllog 35.5932 or K,=3.92 x 10 Again, AG" = -nFF*og AG? = -2 x 96500 x 1.05 = - 202650 J mol* AG" = -202.65 kJ mol” TA, Zig + Cay —> Zong | yy Here, Boar = Exitos “Einose 34 ~ (-0.76) = LAV F=96500 Cmol A,G°=-nFERy=-2%1.1%96500= 212300] mol* -2123K) mol" 15, Atanode: Ni —> NP* +2 Atcathode:[Ag? + ¢—> Ag] x2 Cell reaction : Ni+ 2Ag"—> NP* + 2g =080V - (~025) logK, 1.05%2 0.0591 logk, = 35.53 tilog 35.53 = 3.38 x 10 202.65 kJ mol ‘The maximum work that can be obtained from the cell is 202.65 KJ 16, Atanode: Zn—> Zn* + 2° At cathode: 2Ag" +29 2Ag Bags s6V eg 0052 jog ZL 2 “Tas'f 0059, oa 2156-22 jog— OL a aris 2 Foo |CBSE Champion Chemisty Class 12 17. BGS EEE =-0.403-(-0763)=036V A,G° = “NEF gq = -2 x 96500 x 0.36 69480 J molt 69.48 Kf mol Using formula, logX, 0.089) _2x0.36 0.059 K= anilog 12.20 = 1.58 x 10 18. The electrode reactions are ‘At anode : Sngy —> Sn** (0,004 M) + 2e [At eathode 2H" (0.02 M) +-2¢"—> H, (1 bar) Netreaction: ‘Sng + 2H* (0.02 M) —> Sn?* (0,004 M) H, (1 bar) 1 Nernst equation of this cell at 25 °C 05914, SH Ng), 2 A Bag = Feat ‘sais = 0,000 V~ (-0.14 V) = 40.14 V 0.0041 (0.027) Hg 24) Beat = Fein, or, Bau = Eo 0.0296 og 0.0004 = Fig ~ 00296 (log 10) = Ee ~ 0.0296 x 1 = Ee - 0.0296 Ejay = 0.14 ~ 0.0296 = 0.1104.V 19, AG'=-nFERy - AG? __ ~43600 eet TAF 2 96500 2AgCly + Hay, (1 atm) —> 2g.) + 2H"(0.1 M) “9er(o1 M) 0581, Tdi nb. © [Reactant)| (0.1)? 8a) Jog (10) 0.226 V 0.0591 2 0.0591 2 = 0.226 + 0.0591 02851v31 862 18 uoHENbe ISUION Bus, ‘wan Ost + Clog <— Whee + ag: wonseas [Pe a <— 20 + Ee spouse 20 + “lag <— ag: apouy # suoneay al eran HINT) HINA TOO) 2412 “se ‘A cs¥e- SOV ‘2onpax 0} popoou aouaiagnp jentsiod emmeETUNY ad = OV NON [000096 = 000T x 096 = DV € ayn 9x Eausorye <8 z POWEOE IVER —Cy 186 = LA 27+ = Fg eu Ong + BW Mino + ORY +e pamasaidax aq ues UoRDeas [9 9UI, “9 wwe = (620¢0) Sommy =" low fy s68'2— €0'0 x 00896 x T- = Pau AGOOH= ALLO A080F= "ad “St “Piso zoc=peurrgosque> yey YOM umETKERaHT, Jou {4 co°z0z— ‘fou { 059z02~ 0°T X 00896 XZ-= «Gat~ = OV 01 X 86'€ = es'se Somnue = *y esi 16s00 _ 16500 zxsoT ax Py ASOT= ar (20-)- Aos0= "rea MV g. eeeecseeeeee cae BYC+ aN <—B¥C +N wONDEAT TI 2x By <—.9+ By] :9pomD T+ IN <— IN! 9pOUEIY “FE A0&L'0= s5670'0- 92:0= 200), Goo) 'T6s00 -920= Ory + a7 <— nz + uz, S{WonDeat yO OUL, “£z, ASHOIFO= $5620 ~ FrO= 200°) 5, 1000 AWO= (WHO Op + og <— Me + Pag swonaeon 994, “22 9 AST =T6G0 +86T= a T= A861 -P a= A961 T= A861 : 862 18 uoReNbe ysur9Nq BuTs) a=" Aget = "7 Ond€ +N 10°0).<1VZ <— (W100) «ee + IVE PO uAD IZ M00, 9 eoemy aro) T6500 AOE0=(6L0-)-F0-=Fg—"T AMT OT Auswiayoonoey54 For the given cell, Brea = Feats ~ Faroe = (-0.48)= 4 044V Given: {Fe*] = 0.001 M(H] = 1M Py, = bar Putting in Nernst equation Eau = 0.44 - 0.0295 log 990V z = 04 -0.0295 log 10? 144 ~[(0.0295) x (-3)] 144 +-0.0885 = 0.53 V 29, ‘The cell may be represented as Ag [Ag” (10° M)]|Cu* (107 M)] Cay 0.0591), [Ag*P ‘Using formula Boa = E°gay ~ 2 og EE 8 et TB cu] 332 Bax 046 ~00255 og 69 1 = 0.46 ~ 0.0295 log 10°%= 0.46 ~ 0.0295 (-5) 146 + 0.0295 x 5 = 0.6075 V 30, The cel reaction in button cell: Zingy + AGO + HO y—> Zen +2AGiy + 20H () Calculation of Ey Reactions : Anode: Zmy—> Zn + 26° Cathode: AgiO4y + H,Ojy + 2° —> 2g, + 20H + 26° n=? Bea=Fatete~Prie agong~ Paste = + 0.80 ~ (- 0.76) V = 1.56 V (ii) Calculation of A,G° AG =n 296500 C mol" <1.56V =~ 301080 V mol" 301080 J mol!="- 301 kJ molt 31. Atanode : Aly —> Aligy +3e"] x2 ‘Atcathode: NE* +26" Nig] x3 (Call reaction: 2Aly + 3Nily — 2ARy +3Niy Applying Nernst equation tothe above cell reaction, ca (WEEE 08SE Champion Chemistry Class 12 Now, Beet = Byte pei — Ears ya =~ 025 V-(-1.66) 32 Lo omy sy log (8 x10) = 141V +0050 =146V 32, 2Fe + 2¢ —> 2Fe%* and 2° —> I, +2" ‘Hence, for the given cell reaction, n = 2 A,G? = ~ APES = = 2 x 96500 x 0.236 = 45.55 KJ mol" AG" =~ 2.308 RT log K, AG flog k= -— oe or TBR 5 503RT 8555 KF mol 2.303%8.314%10K) K mol 298K 2. Ke= Antilog (7.983) = 9.616 x 107 33, Forhalf cell reaction, y+ 62° 2CP uy + THO aT =7.983 {C07} 201M, =1 10-4 a rany- 2088 log (4x 1055) 2133 v ~ 2951 fog 4 + og 10%] = 153 v ~ 294 fog 4 + 55 og 10] 0.0591 33 v — SEPT [0.602 + $5] = 1.33 V - 0.548 V=0.782V 34, (a) Oxidation half reaction: Zi\y—> Zany + 2° Reduction half reaction : Cul) + 2° —> Cu) (©) FQy=0.34-(-0.76)=1.10V35, AG? = -RTIn K.=~ 2,303 RT log K, => ~ 212300 = ~ 2.303 x 8.314 x 298 x log K, 212300 = 37.2074 230Bx8.314298 Ke poor 6x 10". oe 73955 V If external opposing potential is less than 2.71 V then current will flow from Cu to Mg. (i) external opposing potential is greater than 2.7 LV then current will flow in opposite direction ive from Mg to Cu, 37, Mggy Mg™(0.001 M) || Cu?*(0.0001 M) | Coyy Reactions : Anode: Mgiy—> Mgiiy + 2¢ Cathode: Cup + 2° —> Cu) Netcell reaction: Mg, + Cul —> Maly +Cxyy ‘Using Nernst equation | _ arg ZUR, IME] nF {Cu**) For the given cl Bras Prntase~ Proote = Postice~ Pugs 34V~ (237 V)=271V Given [Mg] = 0.001 M, [Cu*] = 0.0001 M Putting in Nernst equation at 298 K 0.059, 0.001 Baez Prog B.=271 ~00295]og10=268V 38. (©) : Conductivity decreases with decrease in concentration for both weak and strong electrolytes, because the number of ions per unit volume that carry the current in a solution decreases on dilution. 39, Conductivity of --CH,COOH (weak electrolyte) decreases with dilution because the number of current carrying particles ic, ions present per cm: of the solution becomes les and less on dilution. 40. ‘The limiting molar conductivity of an lectrolyte is defined as its molar conductivity ‘when the concentration ofthe electrolyte in the solution approaches zero. Conductivity of an spac caress it pcennan 41. Kohlrauschislaw ofindependent migration cof ions It states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum ‘of the individual contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte 1f¢ycrand Agr are limiting molar conductivities ‘of the sodium and chloride ions respectively then the limiting molar conductivity for sodium chloride is given by Kohlrauschslaw helps in the calculation of degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte lke acetic acd. "The degree of dissociation cis given by ones 2 where, Aq is the molar conductivity and A°, is the limiting molar conductivity, 42, Molar Conductivity : Molar conductivity of a solution at a dilution V ts the conductance of all the fons produced from one mole of the electrolyte dissolved in V-cm? of the solution ‘when the electrodes are one cm apart and the area ofthe electrodes isso large that the whole solution is contained between them. a Teunits is $ em?mot?43. Refer to answer 41 44, RefeF to answer 40. 43, Refer'to answer 41. where, « is the conductivity, M is the molar concentration and A, is molar conductivity. whee, isthe conductivity Ris esitance and Ya is the cell constant. 48, In aqueous solutién, CuCl2 ionises into CuCl > Cu* +2Cr At cathode : Cu?" + 2° —> Cu At anode: 2Cl' —> Cl, +2" At the cathode, the copper ion will be deposited because it has a higher reduction potential than the water molecule. ‘At the anode, the lower electrode potential value will be preferred but due to over potential of oxygen, chloride ion gets oxidized at the anode. 49. (i) Electrolyte A is a strong electrolyte while electrolyte B is a weak electrolyte. (i) For electrolyte A, the plot becomes linear near high dilution and thus can be extrapolated to zero-concentration to get the molar conductivity at infinite dilution, 50, Degree of dissociation (o) 39.05 $ em? mol? (349.68 + 40.9) $ em? mol 51. The fraction ofthe total number of molecules preset in solution as ons is known as degree of dissociation. ‘Molar conductivity (hy) = 02° where 2°, is the molar conductivity at infinite dilution, |CBSE Champion Chemistry Ciass 12 52, The reciprocal of resistivity is known as specific conductance or simply conductivity. Its denoted by «(kapp). Hence, conductivity of a solution is defined as the conductance of a conductor of 1 cm length and having 1 sq, cm as the area of cross section, Alternatively, it may be defined as conductance fof one centimetre cube of the solution of the electrolyte. Molar conductivity of a solution at a dilution V is te conductance of all the ions produced from 1 mole ofthe electroljte dissolved in Vom’ of the solution. It is represented by Aq. Ag=KV Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration : Conductivity allways decreases with decrease in.concentration, ng secs ae a 400} cH,cooH = feo Kal 0 0204 ¢? (mot)! Molar conductivity vs for acetic acid (weak electrolyte) and poastum choi tong lc) in aqueous, solo fity increases with decrease in ea i % < dilution by increase in its volume, 53. Refer to answers 41 and 40. 54. Refer to answer 52. molarconductivity 25109 ex! ‘Molar conductivity (A)Electrochemistry _ &x1000 _ 524107? 1000 M oor ='500.0"' cm? mol 56, Here, x = 0.025 $ cm, Molarity = 0.20 M ‘Molar conductivity As, = 221000. folarity . = 2:025%1000 «195 § cm mol“ 020 57; C= 0001 M, k=4 10S eni*, ‘AW =390 Sem?/mol ig, = 000 Substituting the values, ng = BOS 1000 9 ental a 0,001 emi i 40 = = 0.10256 = 0:103 aa 30 cmon == ciic00-+ HF (1=0.103) 0.897 58. Refer to answers 47 and 46, 59, (j) Silver wire at 30°C. allows greater ‘conduction of electricity than 60°C because with increase in temperature metallic conduction decresses due to vibration of kernels. (i) 0:1 M acetic acid solution allows greater conduction of electricity because with dilution degree of dissociation increases and hence, number of ions increases. (iii) KCL solition at 50°C will have greater ‘conductance. This" is because ionic’ mobilities increases with increase in temperature. 60. Giver: a = 0.625 em’, = 50 em R=5x 10 ohm, M= 0.05 M Resist 7 «1000 Molar conductivity, A, M 2:016%1000 520 ohm! cm? mol? 0.05 1, Using form, Ag, = 2 Given «= 3.905 x 10% Sem C=0.001 mol L* ‘ag, = 3905x120" 1000 a "0.001 ‘The degree of dissociation, Molarity, Using formula, Ajy 1000 x 0.0248 030 = 124 cm? mol! Mn 124 he TEB+TES 63. Resistance of 0.1 M KCI solution R= 100.2 Conduct = 129 Sa Calconsant =i R=1.29% 100 129m" Resistance of 002M KCl solution, R= 520.2 cell constant _ 129 m7 a 248 Sm MN Conductivity, Concentration, C= 0.02 mol I = 1000 0,02 mol m* = 20 mol nr , 0.248 Sm Molar conductivity, Ay = ==" — ©" 20 mol m 0.01248 m? mol” Ati Al (SO,)5 = 22 AL + 3X°,SOF 858 = 2A%j Al" #3 X 160 De _AP* aoe = 189 5 en? mol cm, length = $0em 5.x 10° ohm, M= 005M58 Area ofthe column, 5x10 += 231.6 ohm" em*inol 66. «=1.29% 107 ohm cm 1 k= g Cellconstant = Cellconstant = «xR 29.27 mr x 85. For second solution, 1 1 x= 4 x Cell constant = 5199.65 mt z 109.65, 960 = 112.0% ¥€1000— 1.142 Q7tm™! 1000 cm® M 0,052 mol 10965 mt Mw 1,142, Q7Fem“b<10"? x1000.cm? 0052 mol 19761 § em* mol! 67. According to Koblrauschis law, a ASCH,COOH = 2°CH,COO- + 2°H* Degree of association, ot 11.7 Sem*mol" (49.9 349.1) S em?mol 68. (a) Refer answers 52, _ (©) Here, conductivity (&) = 0.146 % 10° S em, resistance (R) = 1500 8 Conductivity Conductance Call constant = (EEE CBSE Champion Chemistry Class 12 = Conductivity x Resistance aaa = 0.146 10° x 1500 = 0.219 em"! conductance asl Tesistance 69. 193000 Coulomb 70, (Renew at anode y ns ee Bwpreterred see 9e liberated but ‘on account of overpotental of oxygen reaction at anode, preferred reaction is - 1 - ag 75 lag + 4. Ch gis liberated at anode inthe electrolysis of aq, NaCl 71. The species.that get reduced at cathode is the one having higher value f standard reduction potential. Hence, the reaction that will occur at cathode is Agian + => AB. Th Inky +22” — Zn, amet “2 mol One mole of Zn requires? moles of electrons for reduction ie 2x F =2%96500 = 193000 C 73° The species that get reduced at cathode is the one which have higher value:of standard reduction potential. Hence, the reactio that will ‘occur at cathode is Cat, +2” —> Cary 74... Faraday’ frst law of electrolysis : During clectrolysis the amount ofany substance deposited orliberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte ie. w=Q_ ot ERI ‘here, Z is a constant of proportionality known, as electrochemical equivalent of the. substance deposited. 75. Yisa weak electrolyte. As the concentration of the weak electrolyte is reduced, more of it fonises. Hence a weak electrolyte shows a very large increase in’ concentration with dilution. ‘A strong electrolyte shows only small increases in conductance with dilution, because a strong electrolyte is completely dissociated in solution so the number of ions remain constant. weelxt 2 Q=1xi]Electrochemistry 76. Given:1=2.A,t=15 min=15 x60s= 900s Q=1x 1-2 900— 10006 Reaction for deposition of Ag isas follows Ag + le —> Ag 1F Amol 1x 96500C 108g ‘Thus, 1 x 96500 C of electricity is required to depasit 108 gf Ag 1800 C of electricity would deposit 1081800 196500 77. Refer to answers 74, ‘The electrode reaction is Cu®* + 2e° > Cu ‘Quantity of charge required for reduction of L mol of Gu'* = 2 = 2.x 96500 = 193000 C 78, Given : Current I= 5 As1= 20 x 60s, w = Qz=Ixt=5 x 20x 60 = 6000 C Reactian for deposition af Ni, NP + 2¢ > Ni 2mol mol 2x96500C 58.7 ‘Thue, 2 » 96500 C of electricity produces 587 gNi £6000 C of electricity would produce 58.7%6000 296500 7% (i) At the cathode the following reduction reactions compete to take place atthe cathode. Aging) + —> Agu: B= 0.80 V 014 goof Ag = 1.825 Since, Pt electrodes are inert, the anode is not attacked hy NO; ions. Therefore. OH” or NO; ‘can be oxidized at the anode. OH > OF a 401 —> 2H,0 + 0,1 4 Gi) At the cathode, the following reduction reaction occurs to produce H, g2s. 59 igre > ‘Avie anode, tse followings processes are possible 2H0)—> Ogg + AH) +46 GE” + 1.23 V fl) 250%iqy > SOK 126° 1 196V (2) For dilute sulphuric acid, reaction (1) is preferred to produce O, gas but for concentrated sulphuric acid, (2) occurs. ‘80, Reaction tor production of La from moiten cach, CaCl, —> Cat + 20 Ca 1 26° —> Ca 2F dg Electricity required to produce 40 g=2F :. Electricity required to produce 20 g =0.5x2PF=1F '81, Calculation of mass of Ag deposited “The electrode reaction is Ag’ + —> Ag “The quantity of electricity passed = Current x Time = 0.5 (amp) x 2 60 x 60 (see) = 3600.6 From the electrode reaction, it is cleat that 96500 C of electricity deposit Ag = 108 g 3600 C of electricity will deposit Ag 108 53600 = 4.03 g 36500, Calculation of thickness : Let the thickness of deposit be x cm Mass=Volumexdensity=Areaxthicknessxdensity [y volume = area x thickness) 14.03 g 900 (em?) x (em) > 10.5 (gem”) 4.03 300x105 82. The given reaction is ChOF + 14H? + 6" —> 268+ + 7,0 fone mole Cr,0} requires 6 mol of electrons for reduction. Hence, quantity of electricity required = 6 mol x 96500 C mol-!= 5.79 x 10° coulomb 83. Quantity ofclectricity passed Q=1x1=20 Ax 3 x60 x 60's = 21600 C Hg +2 —> Hg 2F imal 2 96500 C electricity provdces 1 mole He 21600 2% 96500 =0.112 mole of Hg em =426 x 104cm +. 21600 C will produce6 84. According to Faradays first law of electrolysis, nao ToabaeANCE Uepostted ce GuaRMT AE z = weazq=2xqs 28-8 x S F g 96500 a a 2BXIEOO_g655¢ 8 NowQ=lt = 1-2-9850. 49955 17 2 ‘According to Faraday’ second law of electrolysis, Mass of Fedeposited __Eqwtof Fe Mass of Zn deposited ~ Eq.wtof Za 28 28 ‘Mass of Zn deposited 32.65 = Wass 2nagated 23 3268 ers 85. Charge = 24,000 coulombs ‘dap maton este Were x set Ci eat me crsngercr Fern te maw ofr dete x0 According to Faraday’s second law of electrolysis, iQ 9, 235 _ 24,000 Is “Tasxt 24,000%1.5 125x215 7 8 86. Refer t answer 32, (b) Given, 1=05 4, Number of electron Total charge (Q) = Ix 50.5 x 2x 60 x 60 = 3600 C Total charge ‘Number felectrons = —_Totalcharge _ a Gharge of one electron ~ _ 3600 16x : =2.25x 10% electrons. 87. Secondary batteries : The batteries which BRIBERCERAIGEAAGAIRY and again are called as secondary bateres. eg, lead storage battery. {1B HSE Champion Chemisty Class 12 88. The mercury cells generally used in hearing aids, Reaction at cathode HgO + H,0 + 2° Hig + 208" Reaction at anode: Zn(lig) + 20H> —> 2n0+H,0+ 26° 89, “The cell which is generally used in inverters {s secondary cell ic, lead storage battery. Atcathode : PbOx,) + SO%, + 4H + 2° PbSOy,, +240 Atanode : Py + SO%igy—9P SO, + 26° 90, Mercury ellis generally used in transistors At cathode : HgO + H,0 + 2e°—> Hg + 20H Atanode:: Zn(Hg) + 20H" —» ZnO + H,0 + 2e- 91. () Mercury cell is used for low current devices like watches and hearing aids. i) “The hydrogen oxygen fuel cell was used in Apollo space programme, (ii) Lead storage battery is used in automobiles and inverters, (iv). Dry cell coabeuaicabae alter rhage artes se oer ee during is ane Hance i ara dete Bele beeen peter aa At anode: Pbyy + SOfiap “> PSO) + 2e~ Atcathode: PO ng) + SOF) + 4H ja + 26° PSO y+ 2HOog Overall reaction : Phy)+ PbO x +2 SO yup ~9 2PbSO yy + 2H: 01p 94. The lead storagé battery js most important secondary cel. The cll reactions when the battery Atanode: Phy + SO¥jag > PSO yy + 20 Atcathode: POs) + SO) + 4H + 26> PDSO4:) +2809 ‘The overall cell reaction is “ Pbyy + PbOsi9 + 2H,SO yap —> 2PDSO)+ 2HsOy Following reaction takes place during recharging At cathode : PbSO,,j + 22-~>Pbyy + SOFElectrochemistry Atanode: PSO ys 2H:Op > PLOx, + SO% op $a + 26- Net reaction: 2PbSOyy + 2H;09 —> Pbiy + PbOx, +20 95, Mercury cell : It isa miniature cell which finds a frequent use these days to supply energy for watches, video cameras, hearing aids and other compact devices. In mercury cell the anode is 2ine-mercury amalgam, and the cathode isa paste ‘of mercury (ID oxide and carbon, electrolyte is a ‘moist paste of KOH - Zn0. ‘The cell reactions areas follows Anode: Zn (Hg) + 20H-—> 2104) + H0y +2 (Amalgam) Cathode: Hg0,) + H,0y +2 —> Hgy + 20H" Net reaction: Zn(Hg) + Hg, —> ZnO + Hey ‘Thecell potential remains constant duringitslifeas all Yeaction does not involve any. fon i ution: whose concentration can chaage/duriog Htsuses : 96. Refer to answer 91(i). 97. Those galvanic cells which give us direct electrical energy by the combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane, methanol et. are called fuel cells. 98. The two advantages of fuel cells are @ They produce electricity with an efficiency of about 70% compared to thermal plants whose cffciency is about 4086. (ji) They are pollution free. 99. Refer to answer 97 and 98. 4100. (i) It is pollution free. (Gi) Tt has high efficiency of 70 - 75% and its rate can be controlled. 101, Fuel cells: Refer to answer 97. ‘The reactions taking place in hydrogen - oxygen fuel cll: 6 At cathode : Oxy + 2H,0gy + 4e" —> 40H ap Atanode : 2Hyg + 40H(ug > 4H,O9 + 4e~ Net reaction: 2Hag + xg > 24:09 102. Refer to answer 101. 103. Metals of lower electrode potential value when connected with iron protect it from oxidation and prevent corrosion. Hence, coating cof metal A having lower electrode potential wll be better than B which has higher EYge-q) = ~ 0.14 V. 104, According to electrochemical theory of rusting the impure iron surface behaves like small. electrochemical cell. In this any point of iron acts as anode and other iron surface acts as cathode. ‘Moisture having dissolved CO, or O, acts as an lectrolyte. The reactions are given below. ‘Atanode: Fe Fe" 26°F, 2, = OAV. artete BeBe lee 2+ 50,4267 > HO; Faron Overall reaction BV fesatteto, 9 FOI, 0Ba= 107 ‘The Fe* ions are further oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to Fe" ions, which form hydrated ferric oxide (rust) 24 10,4211,0 3 F,0,+4H* Fe,Os + xH,0 —> Fe,03-xH,0 (Rust) 105. Corrosion is the process of slowly eating away of the metal due to attack of the atmospheric ‘gases.on the surface of the metal resulting into the formation of compounds such as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, etc. The corrosion of iron is called rusting Electrochemical theory of rusting of iron : Refer to answer 104. 44M @D rv vv