Chapter 5

Q)describe containerization in cloud computing?

Describe containerization?
Containerization is a method of
virtualization that packages applications
and their dependencies into isolated, self-
contained containers, allowing them to run
securely and independently from each
other on the same host. It provides an
efficient way to deploy, manage, and scale
applications across different platforms.
For example, Docker is a popular form of
containerization that allows software
developers to package their applications
into standardized isolated containers.
Docker makes it easier for applications to
run on any system, regardless of its
underlying infrastructure.
##elaborate container register?(read this)
container registry is a repository—or collection of repositories—used to store and
access container images. Container registries can support container-based
application development, often as part of DevOps processes. Container registries
can connect directly to container orchestration platforms
like Docker and Kubernetes.

Container registries save developers valuable time in the creation and delivery of
cloud-native applications, acting as the intermediary for sharing container images
between systems.

Q) Q) what is Conatiner registry?(2mk)

(learn this)

A container registry is a collection of

repositories made to store container
images. A container image is a file
comprised of multiple layers which can
execute applications in a single
instance.
Q) types of registry?(4 mk)
Public vs. private registries
1 )Public container registries
are generally the faster and easier
route when initiating a container
registry.
2)Public registries are also seen to be
easier to use.
3)they may also be less secure than
private registries.
4) They are for smaller teams and
wroks for standard and open
sourced images from public registries.

1) A private container
registry is set up by the
organization using it.
2) Private registries are either
hosted or on premises and popular
with larger organization or
enterprises that are more set on
using a container registry.
3) Having complete control over
the registry in development allows
an organization more freedom in
how they choose to manage it.
 4) private registries are seen to be
the more secure .

Q)Explain elastic resources

1) Elastic resources are applications and
infrastructure that can be summoned on demand
when traffic or workloads get high.
2)Cloud computing businesses such as AWS and
Google Cloud rely on elastic resources as a
business model to bill customers on-demand like a
utility bill.
3) This supply side and demand side economic
cycle are the underpinnings of the cloud
ecosystem.
A good example of an elastic resource is an EC2
server. If a business only requires 2 servers
to run their website, but see a holiday traffic spike,
they can simply allocate additional elastic
resources by increasing the EC2 servers from 2 to
4 to handle the holiday traffic load. Once
that traffic dies down, they can deprovision the
servers back to 2. This is an elastic resource.”
Q) What is container security
Public containers are seen as less secure because
individual
container images may contain malicious or outdated
code which, if
goes unpatched, could lead to a data breach. It may
also be unknown
who has read or write access to an image.
If an organizations priority is security when it comes to
container registries,
then they should implement a private registry. Other
security approaches to
container registries include:
 Assigning role-based access control (RBAC).
 Scanning for vulnerabilities in images.
 Digitally signing images to ensure each image is
trusted.
 Using authentication methods such as access tokens
or JSON
key files, similar to how Google's container
registry works.
 Using Identity and Access Manager (IAM) settings,
like how IBM's
Cloud Container Registry does.
1) Docker is the containerization platform
that is used to package your application and
all its dependencies together in the form of
containers to make sure that your application
works seamlessly in any environment which
can be developed or tested or in production.
2) Docker is a tool designed to make it easier
to create, deploy, and run applications by
using containers.

3) Docker is the world’s leading software

container platform. It was launched in 2013
by a company called Dotcloud, Inc which was
later renamed Docker, Inc. It is written in the
Go language.
Docker Architecture
Docker architecture consists of Docker client,
Docker Daemon running on Docker Host, and
Docker Hub repository. Docker has client-
server architecture in which the client
communicates with the Docker Daemon
running on the Docker Host using a
combination of REST APIs, Socket IO, and
TCP.
Components of Docker

1. Docker Clients and Servers– Docker

has a client-server architecture. The
Docker Daemon/Server consists of all
containers. The Docker Daemon/Server
receives the request from the Docker
client through CLI or REST APIs and
thus processes the request accordingly.
Docker client and Daemon can be
present on the same host or different
host.
1) Docker Images– Docker images
are used to build docker containers by
using a read-only template.
2) Docker File– Dockerfile is a text
file that contains a series of
instructions on how to build your
Docker image.
 3) Docker Registries– Docker
Registry is a storage component for
Docker images. We can store the
images in either public/private
repositories so that multiple users can
collaborate in building the
application.
4) Docker Containers– Docker
Containers are runtime instances of
Docker images. Containers contain the
whole kit required for an application,
so the application can be run in an
isolated way.

Advantages of Docker –

1. Speed – The speed of Docker

containers compared to a virtual
machine is very fast. The time required
to build a container is very fast because
they are tiny and lightweight.
2. Portability – The applications that are
built inside docker containers are
extremely portable. These portable
applications can easily be moved
anywhere as a single element and their
performance also remains the same.

3. Scalability – Docker has the ability

that it can be deployed on several
physical servers, data servers, and cloud
platforms. It can also be run on every
Linux machine. Containers can easily be
moved from a cloud environment to a
local host and from there back to the
cloud again at a fast pace.

4 Density – Docker uses the resources

that are available more efficiently
because it does not use a hypervisor.
This is the reason that more containers
can be run on a single host as
compared to virtual machines. Docker
 Containers have higher performance
because of their high density and no
overhead wastage of resources.

What is DevOps?
The term ‘DevOps’ ,As its name implies it is a
conjunction of two different words,
‘Development’ and ‘Operations’.
The reason behind this name is that it combines
these two areas of an organization.
IN conventional organizations where these two
areas were considered separate, DevOps
believes in bridging this gap by incorporating
their operations with one another at each step.
By means of combining, DevOps helps achieve
agility, quality, and consistency at the same
time.
Q) Kubernetes, also known as K8s, is an open-source
system for automating deployment, scaling, and
management of containerized applications .

Q) What is hybrid Kubernetes?

Kubernetes enables hybrid cloud architecture
by providing a platform to manage and orchestrate
applications across multiple environments, making
it easier for DevOps teams to deploy and maintain
their workloads.

Q) What is multi-cloud Kubernetes?

Some users (an increasing number) also want
freedom to run them across multiple private and/or
public cloud platforms. That's Kubernetes multi-
cloud. This is sometimes called “hybrid cloud,”
where an organization runs one private cloud and
one public cloud estate.

What is model training pipeline?

A training pipeline typically reads training data

from a feature store, performs model-dependent
transformations, trains the model, and evaluates
the model before the model is saved to a model
registry. If model evaluation is complex, it can also
be performed after the model has been saved in a
model registry.

Q) How do you make a pipeline in Kubernetes?

Azure DevOps Pipeline
1.Build the test runner container. ...
2.Run the tests, by invoking docker run against
the test runner container. ...
3.Publish the test results. ...
4.Build the runtime container. ...
5.Push the container image to Azure Container
Registry (or other container registry). ...
6.Package the Helm chart.
7.What is Kubernetes scaling?
8.Kubernetes autoscaling is a feature that allows
a cluster to automatically increase or decrease
the number of nodes, or adjust pod resources,
in response to demand.
9.
10. What type of scaling is Kubernetes?
11. Both horizontal- and vertical
autoscaling are available within Kubernetes.
Horizontal scaling is supported on both node-
and pod level, while vertical scaling is only
supported on the latter.
12.
 Q) What is a Microservice?
a microservice is just a computer program
which runs on a server or a virtual computing
instance and responds to network requests.