ae Oo 25 DAY READING IELTS CHALLENGE ait How to Make rae Reading Lessons . Noe oa teae sons Inspire your stude St AARRANGED by SALOKHIDDIN SABIROVDay 1 Never mind aid, never mind loans: what poor nations are owed is reparations @ theguardian.comicommentstree/2021inov0Sithe climate crise = ust another fom-oFglobal- oppression by the- George Monbiot November 5, 2021 The story of the past 500 years can be crudely summarised as follows. A handful of European nations, which had mastered both the art of violence and advanced seafaring technology, used these faculties to invade other territories and seize their land, labour and resources. Competition for control of other people's lands led to repeated wars between the colonising nations. New doctrines — racial categorisation, ethnic superiority and a moral duty to “rescue” other people from their “barbarism” and “depravity” — were developed to justify the violence. These doctrines led, in turn, to genocide. The stolen labour, land and goods were used by some European nations to stoke their industrial revolutions. To handle the greatly increased scope and scale of transactions, new financial systems were established that eventually came to dominate their own economies. European elites permitted just enough of the looted wealth to trickle down to their labour forces to seck to stave off revolution — successfully in Britain, unsuccessfully elsewhere. ‘At length, the impact of repeated wars, coupled with insurrections by colonised peoples, forced the rich nations to leave most of the lands they had seized, formally at least. These territories sought to establish themselves as independent nations. But their independence was never more than partial. Using international debt, structural adjustment, coups, corruption (assisted by offshore tax havens and secrecy regimes), transfer pricing and other clever instruments, the rich nations continued to loot the poor, often through the proxy governments they installed and armed. Unwittingly at first, then with the full knowledge of the perpetrators, the industrial revolutions released waste products into the Earth’s systems. At first, the most extreme impacts were felt in the rich nations, whose urban air and rivers were poisoned, shortening the lives of the poor. The wealthy removed themselves to places they had not trashed. Later, the rich countries discovered they no longer needed smokestack industries: through finance and subsidiaries, they could harvest the wealth manufactured by dirty business overseas. Some of the pollutants were both invisible and global. Among them was carbon dioxide, which did not disperse but accumulated in the atmosphere. Partly because most rich nations are temperate, and partly because of extreme poverty in the former colonies caused by centuries of looting, the effects of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasesDay 1 are felt most by those who have benefited least from their production. If the talks in Glasgow are not to be experienced as yet another variety of oppression, climate justice ould be at their heart. The wealthy nations, always keen to position themselves as saviours, have promised to help their former colonies adjust to the chaos they have caused. Since 2009, these rich countries have pledged $100bn (£75bn) a year to poorer ones in the form of climate finance. Even if this money had materialised, it would have been a miserly token. By comparison, since 2015, the G2o nations have spent $3.3tn on subsidising their fossil fuel industries. Needless to say, they have failed to keep their wretched promise. In the latest year for which we have figures, 2019, they provided $8obn. Of this, just $20bn was earmarked for “adaptation”: helping people adjust to the chaos we have imposed on them. And only about 7% of these stingy alms went to the poorest countries that need the money most. Instead, the richest nations have poured money into keeping out the people fleeing from climate breakdown and other disasters. Between 2013 and 2018, the UK spent almost twice as much on sealing its borders as it did on climate finance. The US spent 11 times, Australia 13 times, and Canada 15 times more. Collectively, the rich nations are surrounding themselves with a climate wall, to exclude the vietims of their own waste products. But the farce of climate finance doesn’t end there. Most of the money the rich natiot claim to be providing takes the form of loans. Oxfam estimates that, as most of it will have to be repaid with interest, the true value of the money provided is around one third of the nominal sum. Highly indebted nations are being encouraged to accumulate more debt to finance their adaptation to the disasters we have caused. It is staggeringly, outrageously unfair. Never mind aid, never mind loans; what the rich nations owe the poor is reparations. Much of the harm inflicted by climate breakdown makes a mockery of the idea of adaptation: how can people adapt to temperatures higher than the human body can withstand; to repeated, devastating cyclones that trash homes as soon as they are rebuilt; to the drowning of entire archipelagos; to the desiccation of vast tracts of land, making farming impossible? But while the concept of irreparable “loss and damage” was recognised in the Paris agreement, the rich nations insisted that this “does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation”. By framing the pittance they offer as a gift, rather than as compensation, the states that have done most to cause this catastrophe can position themselves, in true colonial style, as the heroes who will swoop down and rescue the world: this was the thrust of Boris Johnson's opening speech, invoking James Bond, at Glasgow: “We have the ideas. We have the technology. We have the bankers.”Day 1 But the victims of the rich world’s exploitation don’t need James Bond, nor other white saviours. They don’t need Johnson's posturing. They don't need his skinflint charity, or the deadly embrace of the bankers who fund his party. They need to be heard. And they need justiDay 1 Day 1 - Article crude / kru:d / adjective (stMPLe) 2 simple and not skilfully done or made: a crude device/weapon crudely / ‘kru:d.li / adverb a crudely made bomb crudeness / ‘kru: d.nes / noun [ U ] ( a.so erudity ) handful / “hand.ful / noun [ S ] (A FEW) 82 a small number of people or things: She invited loads of friends to her party, but only a handful of them turned up. doctrine /'dok.trm / /‘dak-/ noun [Cor U} a belief or set of beliefs, especially political or religious ones, that are taught and accepted by a particular group: Christian doctrine The president said he would not go against sound military doctrine. elite /1 ist / noun (C, + sing/pl verb } 1 the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society: the country's educated elite a member of the elite DISAPPROVING A powerful and corrupt elite has bled this country dry. seize /si:z/ verb 82 [ T ] to take something quickly and keep or hold it: seized his arm and made him turn to look at me. He seized the chance/opportunity of a free fight with both hands (= with eagerness or enthusiasm) €2[T ] to take using sudden force: ‘The rebels have seized ten soldiers to use as hostages. Political instability helped the army to seize power Troops yesterday seized control of the broadcasting station. [| If the police or other officials seize something, they take possession of it with legal authority: Customs officers at Heathrow have seized 60 kilos of heroin. { usually passive } If a strong emotion or pain seizes you, you feel it suddenty: Iwas suddenly seized by/with a feeling of great insecurity and loneliness. loot /tu:t/ verb (1 or] (usually of large numbers of people during a violent event) to steal from shops and houses: During the riot shops were looted and cars damaged or set on fire. INDIAN ENGLISH to steal something from a place or person: Burglars looted cash and mobiles from a shop in Tagore Town. The passengers in the general compartment of Shramjivi Express were looted and robbed of their valuables. looter /‘lu:.te'/ /-tle/ noun [C] unwitting /an‘wrt.tn / /-' wrtl- / adjective [ before noun } ForMAL without knowing or plannini The two women claimed they were the unwitting victims of a drugs dealer who planted a large quantity of heroin in their luggage. unwittingly /-li / aaverb Tregret any anxiety which I may, unwittingly, have caused.Day 1 shorten /‘fo:.ten/ / So:r-/ verb [Tort] 1 to become shorter or to make something shorter As you grow older, your spine shortens by about an inch, I've asked him to shorten my grey trousers. The name ‘William’ is often shortened to ‘Bil’ disperse /ar'sps:s/ /-sps's/ verb [1orT] to spread across or move away over a large area, or to make something do this: When the rain came down the crowds started to disperse. Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered. dispersal /~'sps..s“1/ /~ spx:.s*l/noun(U} UF (US savior )/ ser.vje'/ / -vjo/ noun [C} UKa person who saves someone from danger or harm the/our Saviour in the Christian religion, a way of referring to Jesus pledge / pleds / verb [T} to make a serious or formal promise to give or do something: We are asking people to pledge their support for our campaign. If you join the armed forces, you have to pledge allegiance to your country. So far, £50,000 has been pledged (= people have promised to pay this amount) in response to the appeal. [+ to infinitive ] Both sides have pledged to end the fighting. ve been pledged to secrecy. Pour / po: «/ / po: / verb [Tor T, usually + adv/prep ] (FLOW QUICKLY) Bi to (cause to) flow quickly and in large amounts: The bus was pouring out thick black exhaust fumes. The government has been pouring money into inefficient state-owned industries and the country can no longer afford it I felt a sharp pain and looked down to see blood pouring from my leg. Refugees have been pouring into neighbouring countries to escape the civil war. The sweat was pouring down her face by the end of the race. It looks as though it's about to pour (with rain) Twas standing in the pouring rain for an hour waiting for my bus. irreparable /1'rep.ra.bI0/ adjective impossible to repair or make right agai Uniess the oi! spill is contained, irreparable damage will be done to the coastiine irreparably / -bli / adverb The ship has been irreparably demaged. sweep / swi:p / verb ( swept , swept ) (Move) 21 + adv/prep ] to move, especially quickly and powerfully: Everyone looked up as she swept into the room. The fire swept (= spread quickly) through the house. The National Party swept into power (= easily won the election) with a majority of almost 200. [1 ] to quickly spread through and influence an area: A 1970s fashion revival is sweeping Europe. [T ] to travel across all of an area, especially when looking for something: ‘American minesweepers are sweeping the Arabian Sea.Day 1 [ L usually + adv/prep ] If a road, river, range of mountains, set of steps, etc. sweeps in a particular direction, they fllow a particular curved path The road sweeps down to the coast. posturing / ‘pos.tf *r.1n / /‘pas.t{e / noun [ U } oisarprovine behaviour or speech that is intended to attract attention and interest, or to make people believe something that is not true: is writing has been dismissed as mere intellectual posturing. posture / ‘pws.t{o"/ /‘pas.t{e/ verb [1] skinflint /“skin.fiint / noun (| rosa. otsaronovine ‘ person who is unwilling to spend money: He's a veal skinfintDiyorbek’s DaY1 IELTS READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The early history of Scott and Bowne’s cod liver oil Cod liver oil is a type of fish oil used today for general health purposes, but northern European fishing communities used cod liver for centuries before the doctors and chemists of 19th-century Europe began to take an interest. Its manufacture was simple the livers of the codfish were left for some days, then oil was taken from them. The oil grew darker according to how long the livers were left, resulting in three grades of oil: pale, light brown and dark brown. Ludovicus Josephus de Jongh of the Netherlands produced the first extensive chemical analysis of cod liver oil in 1843. His studies of the three grades of oil led him to conclude that the light-brown oil was the most healthy. He attributed this superiority to the larger quantities of iodine, phosphate of chalk and volatile acids found in it In 1846, de Jongh traveled to Norway to obtain the purest oil available. By the 1850s, ‘Dr. de Jong's Light Brown Cod Liver Oil’ was marketed throughout Europe and exported to the United States, Each bottle had de Jongh’s signature and stamped seal on it—a blue codfish on a red shield — guaranteeing that the product was ‘put to the test of chemical analysis’. Advertising emphasized de Jongh’s credentials as a doctor and chemist, and included testimonials from other men of science and medicine. However, even the most enthusiastic supporters of cod liver oil admitted that the highly disagreeable taste and smell presented a significant obstacle to its use. De Jongh believed the problem of the oil's unpleasant taste and smell could be overcome with a litle perseverance or, failing that, by following it with some fruit or biscuit, or glass of wine, But his recommendations appear not to have worked well. It was often combined with coffee, although a few people recommended taking the oil with tomato ketchup. In 1873, Alfred B. Scott came to New York and, along with partner Samuel W. Bowne, began experimenting to produce a more pleasant preparation of cod liver. Three years later they established the firm of Scott and Bowne, and began marketing their product as Scott's Emulsion. Though not a doctor or pharmacist by training, Scott had the eye for opportunity that was necessary for achievement in business. Advertising, the two men believed, would propel their product to success. And so it did: by the 1890s Scott and Bowne had factories in five European countries, and were selling their emulsion throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia Scott got his oil for Scott's Emulsion directly from the Lofoten Islands in Norway, the world center of cod fishery — located above the Arctic Circle. The codfish streamed to the islands in early January to lay their eggs, and by the end of April were gone. The Gulf Stream, the Arctic waters, and the Norwegian fjords combined to create a perfect breeding group for the codfish and an unequaled fishing industry for the fishermen. Scott and Bowne's first trademark, registered in 1879, included the initials P.P.P. and three words — ‘Perfect, Permanent, Palatable’. The mark reflected that Scott's Emulsion was a perfect formula, a permanent emulsion (that is, one in which the ingredientsDiyorbek’s DAY1 IELTS would not separate), and most importantly, that it had a pleasant taste. ‘Palatable as milk’ became a key phrase in Scott's advertising ‘A man with a fish on his back first appeared on Scott's Emulsion around 1884 and became Scott and Bowne’s trademark in 1890. As Scott told it, he saw this fisherman with his record-breaking catch while on business in Norway. A photographer was quickly found to record the scene. Later, the photo was faithfully reproduced as a drawing, and registered as the company's trademark. In the drawing, the man stoops forward, glances out from under the brim of his hat, legs tensed under the weight of his load. A thick rope, wrapped round his waist, shoulders and hands, secures the load on his back — a huge fish with gaping mouth and glassy yellow eye, its tail sweeping the floor. The common codfish is recognizable by the brown and amber spots all over its body, the light stripe down its side, and the three dorsal fins, The words ‘SCOTT'S EMULSION’ appear in the tittle of the picture. Trade cards and booklets featured the fisherman and his catch along with the words ‘Scene taken from life on the coast of Norway’ and ‘The Codfish, weighing 156 pounds, was caught off the coast of Norway’. The realistic image, a direct reference to the natural source of the medicine, served as a reassurance of quality in a market that contained some impure, unsafe products. By the 1900s, ‘the man with the fish’ was famous. His imaged appeared on countless boxes and bottles of a cod-liver-oil preparation. It was printed in full colour on advertising trade cards, booklets, and posters distributed around the globe, and in one instance painted several stories high on the side of a building. The man with the fish endures today, a testament to the persistence of an age-old tradition, even as scientific and commercial interest in cod liver oil has risen and fallen.DAY 1 PASSAGE 1 WORDLIST cod (n) —a large sea fish that can be eaten + Cod and chips, please. cod liver oil — a thick, yellow oil that contains vitamins A and D, which some people take to keep healthy attribute sth to sb/sth (ph. v.) — to say or think that something is the result or work of something or someone else: * The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to an unknown virus. + To what do you attribute this delay? * Most experts have attributed the drawing to Michelangelo. superiority (n.) — the fact that one person or thing is better, stronger, etc. than another: * The Australian team soon demonstrated their superiority over the opposition. volatile (adj.) — likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly or suddenly become violent or angry: + The situation was made more volatile by the fact that people had been drinking a lot of alcohol + He had a rather volatile temper and can't have been easy to live with. obtain (v.) — to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it, or producing it from something else: + First editions of these books are now almost impossible to obtain. + In the second experiment they obtained a very clear result + Sugar is obtained by crushing and processing sugar cane. credentials (n.) — the abilities and experience that make someone suitable for a particular job or activity, or proof of someone's abilities and experience: + All the candidates had excellent academic credentials. + She was asked to show her press credentials. testimonial (n.) — a statement about the character or qualities of someone or something have an eye for sth (idiom) — to be good at noticing a particular type of thing + She has an eye for detail propel sb into/to/towards sth — to cause someone to do an activity or be in a situation: + The film propelled him to international stardom. emulsion (n.)-a mixture that results when one liquid is added to another and is mixed with it but does not dissolve into it: + Mixing oil and vinegar together produces an emulsionDay 1 stream (v.) — to flow somewhere or produce liquid, quickly and in large amounts without stopping: + There were tears streaming down his face + One woman was carried from the scene of the accident with blood streaming from her head. unequaled (adj.) - better or more extreme than any other: + Though small, this restaurant offers a range of fish dishes unequalled anywhere else in London, palatable (adj.) — describes food or drink that has a pleasant taste: +a very palatable wine + The meal was barely palatable. stoop (v.) — to bend the top half of the body forward and down: + The doorway was so low that we had to stoop to go through it + Something fell out of her coat pocket and she stooped down and picked it up. brim (n.) — the bottom part of a hat that sticks out all round glance(v,) - to give a quick short look: + She glanced around the room to see who was there. + He glanced up from his book as | passed. + Could you glance over/through this letter and see ifit's alright? Answers and video explanation here.Just scan the QR code: io 10Diyorbek’s B DAY1 IELTS WO Questions 1-8 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1 - 8 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 Inthe manufacturing process, cod livers left for the longest time produced the lightest type of oil. 2. A Dutch scientist called de Jongh suggested why one grade of cod liver oil was particularly healthy. De Jongh was both a researcher in, and a supplier of, cod liver oil. Many scientists tried to find a solution to the bad smell of cod liver oil The experimental methods of Scott and Bowne were much better than de Jongh’s. 6 Scott was a trained chemist as well as a businessman. 7 Scott found a new location for cod fishing. 8 Cod around the Lofoten Islands could be caught during the first four months of the year. ane Questions 9 - 16 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9 — 16 on your answer sheet. Two versions of cod liver oil De Jongh’s version to deal with the taste of the oil + de Jongh suggested drinking some 9 .................. after taking it + others frequently added it to 10 Scott and Bowne’s version trademarks and advertising: + one slogan compared the product with 14 the image of the man with a fish: + contains = aman with a12 around his body - a fish whose 13 . .. is touching the ground, and which has multi-coloured 14... - onit + suggested the 15, of the product to customers + appeared in large-scale on a 16 ..... 11Day 2 Going vegan this year was one of the best decisions of my life @ theguardian.com/commentsree/202 /dec/2Wvegan-best-decsionslong-covid-health Shasta Aziz December 21, 2021 At the start of 2021, I was diagnosed with long Covid. It was a huge relief to finally know why I had been struggling so much with my health — extreme fatigue, continuous coughing and, most distressing of all, brain fog and panic attacks. The diagnosis wa: the beginning of a journey that would take me — of all places — to a life-changing decis about what I eat. ‘After further tests, I was told it was very likely that I had caught Covid a while ago, possibly at the start of the pandemic, before tests were available. I’m very fortunate to have a brilliant and caring GP who listens to me and provides me with support. He signed me off work for two months and helped me understand that I needed real rest to assist my recovery. Once I received my diagnosis I spoke to two friends who had also been instrumental in helping me with my recovery and health. One of them had become a vegan a few years ago in order to manage her own health issues. She gently suggested I should think about trying a plant-based diet to help reduce the inflammation in my body, which was causing me pain, contributing to the deep fatigue, and harming my mental health. And that’s how Thecame a vegan. ve always been curious about veganism but never really thought it was something I would embrace. I also don't know any women of colour or Muslims who are vegan. This ‘was part of the reason why I had never really explored it . You cannot be what you cannot see. these categories. There's a kind of clitism linked to veganism, which I think puts people off from exploring it. Part of this is based in economic reality: it’s often more expensive to buy fresh vegetables and fruit — and spend time cooking them — than it is to rely on fast food or processed food, especially for people and families on budgets or struggling with the cost of living. ‘There’s so much judgment heaped on people over the food they consume in the UK; inherently linked to class — as most things are here. I'm understanding and seeing this, more clearly. (Ci Shaista Aziz at the Happy Friday vegan kitchen in Oxford. Photograph: Neetu Singh 12Day 2 This is just one of the reasons why vegans are also frequently portrayed as people without humour or joy; whose entire personalities are reducible to what they eat. We're portrayed as smug people who spend time making our own yoghurt, trying out new ways to make a Sunday roast from mung beans. Oh and, of course, winding up the likes of Piers Morgan. The latter accusation I have no problem with. Forget the stereotypes. Changing my mind about veganism has radically changed my life and vastly improved my health. The inflammation has eased off hugely, I have far more energy generally, I’m sleeping better, I feel less exhausted and stressed, and the panic attacks have receded. I've resumed counselling too, which is also really helping my recovery. To be clear, I do not believe that anyone can wish away long Covid or any other illness through veganism alone or a change in lifestyle. But I do believe that we create healthier and more equal societies when everyone has the same opportunity to consciously be aware of how we eat and live. There’s a big rise in the numbers of people in the UK exploring veganism. Research by BBC Good Food shows more than 20% of children in the UK are either already vegan or ‘would like to become so in the near future. According to a recent report from the University of Illinois, food production contributes around 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions; animal-based foods are estimated to produce twice the emissions of plant-based ones. The arguments in favour of changing our diets - whether for less meat or no animal-based products — are overwhelming. I'm very much at the beginning of my vegan journey. However, I've learned that being vegan doesn’t require having to spend lots of money or shopping in fancy places. It does require being organised and planning meals and shopping visits. I've been reading up on new recipes and learning how to eat well on a budget. I’m of Pakistani heritage: a lot of the food I’ve grown up eating is vegan or can easily be adapted to be so. Changing my mind about veganism has also introduced me to a community of people, including people and women of colour, who are on the same journey as me. It’s simply one of the best decisions I've ever made. 13Day 2 - Article struggle /”strag.11/ verb (error) 62 [I ] to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something: [+ toinfintve | The dog had been strugging to get fee ofthe wire nodose {ive bean struggling to understand this article all afternoon. Fish struggle for survival when the water level drops in the lake struggle along, through, out, ete. to move somewhere with great effort: Hesstruggied along the rough road holding his son. By this time he'd managed to struggle out of bed. [1] inFormat to be in danger of failing or being defeated: After the first half, United were really struggling at 1-3 down, recovery /1'kav.*ri/ /-/noun[SorU} 82 the process of getting back something lost, especially health, ability, possessions, etc.: Mira made a full/speedy, etc. recovery from the operation. At last the economy is showing signs of recovery (= is starting to improve) . The police arranged the recovery (= the getting back) of her body from the river. fatigue / fo’ ti:g / noun (TIREDNESS/WEAKNESS) [LU ] ronal extreme tiredness She was suffering from fatigue. LU ] srecrairzeo weakness in something, such as a metal part or structure, often caused by repeated bending: The crash was caused by metal fatigue in one of the propeller blades. “+ See ‘so compassion fatigue embrace /1m’brers / verb [ T ] FonmaL (ACCEPT) c1 to accept something enthusiastically: This was an opportunity that he would embrace. indulgence /1n’aal.dgens / noun [Cor U ] an occasion when you allow someone or yourself to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you Chocolate Is my anly Indulgence. Althe pleasures and indulgences of the weekend are over, and I must get down to some serious hard work His health suffered from over- indulgence in (= too much) rich food and drink. — See aiso self-indulgence (self-indulgent) [U ] an occasion when you allow or do not mind someone's failure or bad behaviour : My inability to do needlework was treated with surprising indulgence by my teacher. envisage / i’ viz.1d5/ verb [7 ] ronwat ( US aiso envision ) ‘ci to imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good: Train fare increases of 15 percent are envisaged for the next year. [ + that ] t's envisaged that building will start at the end of this year. [ + -ing verb ] When do you envisage finish ing the project? [ + question word ] t's hard to envisage how it might happen. to form a mental picture of something or someone you have never seen: He wasn't what I'd expected - I'd envisaged someone much taller. put sth off — phrasal verb with put / put / verb ( mesenr Tense putting , past TENSE AND PAST aaricime put ) 14Day 2 81 to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date: The meeting has been put off for a week. [ + -ing verb J 1 can't put off go ing to the dentist any longer. heap /hi:p / verb [ T + adv/prep to put things into a large, untidy pile: He heaped more food onto his plate. smug / smag/ adjective ( smugger , smuggest ) pisarexovine too pleased or satisfied about something you have achieved or something you know: a smug grin She deserved her promotion, but I wish she wasn’t so damned smug about i. There was a hint of smug self-satisfaction in her voice. He's been unbearably smug since he gave up smoking. smugness / ‘smag.nes / noun [ U ] accusation /,«k.ju zerJ ¢n / noun [Cor U} Cia statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind, oF the fact of accusing someone: You can't just make wild accusations like that! He glared at me with an air of accusation. [+ that ] What do you say to the accusation that you are unfriendly and unhelpful? stereotype / ‘ster.i.c.tarp / noun [ C ] orsareaovins Cia fixed idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong: racial/sexual stereotypes He doesn't conform to/fi/fill the national stereotype of a Frenchman, The characters in the book are just stereotypes. vastly / ‘vo st.li/ /‘vest.li / adverb very much: vastly different vastly superior vastly improved overwhelming / ave welmzn //ouve- / adjective C1 difficult to fight against: She felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened. ‘ct very great or very large: SShe said how much she appreciated the overwhelming generosity of the public in responding to the appeal {An overwhelming majority have voted in favour of the proposal heritage /‘her.1.trd3/_/ -t™1d3/ noun { U} C2 features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages, or buildings, that were created in the past and stil have historical importance: These monuments are a vital part of the cultural heritage of South America, 15,Diyorbek’s BIE pay2 IELTS =O READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. A About half the world’s human population currently live in urban areas, which cover about 3% of the Earth's land surface. Both figures are increasing rapidly and, by 2050, it is estimated that two thirds of the world's population will live in an urban area, This growing trend of urbanisation represents the most extreme form of habitat loss for most plants and animals. As towns and cities grow, the natural habitats are removed and replaced with hard, impermeable structures such as roads and buildings. In a recent global study, researchers estimated that cities accommodate only 8% of the bird species and 25% of the plants that would have lived in those areas prior to urban development. B Until recently, we knew relatively little about how many of the species that do live in towns and cities were coping. With a growing human population, itis now more important than ever for scientists and the public to work together to monitor wildlife and biodiversity effectively. When data is limited, itis difficult to understand the bigger picture: we can't know if animal populations are becoming more or less abundant and why; or whether conservation is needed. C One way that hundreds of ordinary people in the UK are helping to assess biodiversity is by setting up cameras in their gardens to record and then report any animal activity they capture on film. They are taking part in a project known as the MammalWeb database. Anyone with access to a camera can register to take part and become a ‘spotter’. Using the general public in this way gives the ability to have far more cameras out in the field than any single researcher could manage, resulting in a much more comprehensive data set to analyse. The database has now amassed over 500,000 photographs of local wildlife, and recorded 34 species, ranging from the largest UK land mammal - the red deer - right down to some of the smallest, such as hedgehogs and bank voles. D Many of the participants have been surprised by what the animals were doing in their ‘own back yard. At times the cameras have revealed an animal coexisting happily with one of its known predators. Another remarkable discovery was a North American raccoon, living wild in the north-east of England. It is not known how long the raccoon was roaming free and, without the aid of the public, it may never have been spotted, which highlights just how easy it is for urban wildlife to go unnoticed. Once discovered, the authorities were able to locate the animal and transfer it to a wildlife park, where it was given a more suitable home. The raccoon is not the only American visitor to have made itself at home in the UK. In fact, another - the American grey squirrel - is the most frequent sighting on MammalWeb, far outnumbering the native red squirrel. E In many European cities, the red squirrel appears well adapted to modern urban living, and they are abundant in countries such as Finland, France and Poland. They once thrived in the UK, too. However, since the grey squirrel was introduced in the 1800s, the population has declined drastically, and they are now classed as endangered. Several studies have shown that the introduction of the grey squirrel is the main factor in the red 16Diyorbek’s BIE pay2 IELTS =O squirrel's decline, due to competition for food and shelter and the spread of the squirrelpox virus (which grey squirrels transmit to red squirrels). F However, again thanks in large part to the efforts of ordinary citizens, one area where the reds haven't disappeared is a small coastal town in the north-west of England called Formby, one of few red squirrel strongholds in England. Red squirrels can easily be spotted in gardens throughout the town, and the local residents are passionate about protecting them, with many volunteering with a local conservation group. This voluntary organisation manages the extensive woodland nearby, supplying additional food, and ‘employing dedicated "squirrel officers" who help maintain "grey squirrel-free" habitats. G Elsewhere in the UK, most research and conservation is carried out in more rural areas However, given the predicted future increases in urbanisation, managing urban sites like the one in Formby may be a better alternative, particularly as it makes the most of the benefits to animals of living alongside people, such as easy access to food and shelter. Of course, there are downsides too: road traffic poses an ever-present threat, as do pets. Even supplemental feeding can have unintended consequences, drawing animals from the safety of their nests and lairs and encouraging the spread of disease. Still, the benefits appear to outweigh the risks, and itis also worth noting that many native plant and bird species continue to exist in cities that were never designed with biodiversity protection in mind H humans rely on biological diversity, either directly for food, or indirectly, through nutrient cycling and pollination. As these community-based conservation management programmes show, with cameras offering fascinating insights into the secret lives of mammals, and local volunteers safeguarding endangered species, there are many courses of action we can take to help to counteract the damage brought by urbanisation and ensure that animals not only survive, but thrive in our towns and cities. 17DAY 2 PASSAGE 2 WORDLIST urban (adj.) of or in a city or town: + urban development impermeable (adj.) — not allowing liquid or gas to go through: + an impermeable membrane accommodate (v.) — to provide with a place to live or to be stored in + New students may be accommodated in halls of residence. prior to sth — before a particular time or event: + the weeks prior to her death cope (v.) — to deal successfully with a difficult situation: + It must be difficult to cope with three small children and a job. T + The tyres on my car don't cope very well on wet roads. conservation (n.) - the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity: * wildlife conservation + a conservation area amass (V.) — to get a large amount of something, especially money or information, by collecting it over a long period + She has amassed a huge fortune from her novels. + Some of his colleagues envy the enormous wealth that he has amassed roam (v.) - to move about or travel, especially without a clear idea of what you are going to do: + After the pubs close, gangs of youths roam the city streets, + She roamed around America for a year, working in bars and restaurants. stronghold (n.) — a place or area where a particular belief or activity is common: + Rural areas have been traditionally thought of as a stronghold of old-fashioned attitudes. pose (v.) — to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty: + Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone. + The mountain terrain poses particular problems for civil engineers. ever-present (adj.) — used to describe something that is always there: + the ever-present danger of a terrorist attack 18lair (n.) — a place where a wild animal lives, often underground and hidden, or a place where a person hides: +a fox's lair + the thieves’ lair counteract (v.) - to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect: + Drinking a lot of water counteracts the dehydrating effects of hot weather. thrive (v.) - to grow, develop, or be successful + His business thrived in the years before the war. + She seems to thrive on stress. Answers and video explanation here.Just scan the QR code: 19Diyorbek’s pay2 IELTS Questions 1-7 The reading passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 1-7. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1 the pros and cons for animals living in cities 2 an example illustrating the benefit to research of working with non-scientists 3 an explanation for the drop in numbers of one type of animal 4 the likely proportion of local wildlife remaining once a location has been urbanized 5 the activities of a programme designed to help a particular at-risk species 6 the consequences of having too little information about wildlife numbers 7 an argument for more conservation programmes in cities rather than country areas Questions 8-12 Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. The Mammalweb Database * [tis a UK wildlife programme aiming to measure 8 Members of the public can apply to be something called a 9 ... ings A total of 10 different types of animal have been recorded The most common animal recorded is a type of 11 One unusual report was of a 12... (itwas later taken to a wildlife park), Questions 13, Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Which of the following is the most suitable title for this reading passage? A The hidden world of garden animals: B It's time to limit urban development C How local residents aid conservation D Why the future looks bad for urban wildlife 20Day 3 Hollywood Can Take On Science Denial; Don’t Look Up Is a Great Example SA scientificamerican.comvartcle/hollywood-can-lake-on-sclence-denia-dontlook-up-is-a-great-example On a recent morning, in Lower Manhattan, 20 scientists, including me, gathered for a private screening of the new film Don't Look Up, followed by lunch with the film’s director, Adam McKay. The film’s plot is simple. An astronomy graduate student, Kate Dibiasky (Jennifer Lawrence), and her professor, Randall Mindy (Leonardo DiCaprio), discover a new comet and realize that it will strike the Earth in six months. It is about nine kilometers across, like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. The astronomers try to alert the president, played by Meryl Streep, to their impending doom. “Let's just sit tight and a , in which the astronomers wrangle an article in a major newspaper and are mocked on morning TV, with one giddy host asking about aliens and hoping that the comet will kill his ex-spouse. ess,” she says, and an outrageous, but believable comedy Atlast, mainstream Hollywood is taking on the gargantuan task of combatting the rampant denial of scientific research and facts. Funny, yet dead serious, Don’t Look Up is one of the most important recent contributions to popularizing science. It has the appeal, through an all fewer experienc es that have different or cast and wicked comedy, to reach audien: with net Many mainstream movies that include elements of science are ridiculous, but Don’t Look Up hits the right balance. My colleagues in astrophysics will surely nitpick a few scenes, and there are transgressions, but they have no effect on the film’s purpose and provenance, especially to anyone who understands the machinations of theater and the mechanisms of science. Any professional astrophysicist need suspend disbelief for only a few minut s, s out of the movie’s roughly 130. For science enthus s well. Those gems of science pervade the film because of McKay's insistence that a practicing scientist, Amy Mainzer, be part of the production. Mainzer was the film’s “astrotech adviser” and is the principal investigator for NASA's NEOWISE mission, which is tasked with finding and characterizing near-Earth objects (NEOs). Mainzer spent months with the cast and crew and helped write some scenes. Astronomy might be one of the first areas in academia that wrestled with what, years later, became the Me Too movement. The student-advisor relationship, critical to the growth and development of scientists, has been shaken by the problem of harassment. 21Day 3 But one touching detail that she enabled was the relationship between the female graduate student and her male adviser. It is mutually caring, sometimes personal, but unquestionably professional. In the film, Mindy and Dibiasky have a warm relationship. They even hug and comfort each other. I suspect some of my colleagues might have a visceral reaction to this, but I found it refreshing. Research is vastly more productive and fun if students and advisers, who often spend a lot of time together professionally, get to. know each other as people. That aside, the promotion by the film’s crew of another issue is misguided: they want us all to believe that the film is about climate change. Indeed, the director said, when he talked to our group of scientists after the screening, that he wanted to make a film about global warming and that the comet is the dramatic vehicle. I certainly applaud the intention, but he doesn’t deliver. Yes, there are vignettes and montages sprinkled throughout the movie showing hippos playing, a polar bear leaping, otters wriggling, bees buzzing and whales singing. These are typical tropes to appeal to nonscientists that global warming will kill everything we all ought to find beautiful. This is the most decidedly unscientific aspect of the movie, which makes no mention of climate change other than to say that the “ might not exist after a ma imate” we know now sive collision with a comet. Global warming is a different beast than a “planet-killer” comet. The timescale for a catastrophic comet impact is short, perhaps as short as six months, more likely a few years. Global warming does not provide a date six months or 600 years from now when the last human being on Earth will die. Indeed, it is unlikely to wipe out all life, given life's billion-year history spanning massive changes in temperature and atmospheric chemistry. Don't Look Up isn’t a movie about climate change, but one about planetary defense from errant rocks in space. It handles that real and serious issue effectively and accurately. The true power of this film, though, is in its ferocious, unrelenting lampooning of science deniers. After the screening, in that basement theater in SoHo, McKay said: “This film is for you, the scientists. We want you to know that some of us do hear you and do want to help fight science denialism.” ‘A few days later, I met Mainzer again, finally, the first time since the pandemic began. While we gabbed and caught up, we laughed, and we toasted, in all seriousness, her success in putting real science into a big Hollywood movie. We also drank to the rainbow- ithered, dinosaurlike “bronterocs,” who appear in the film, the ones who might be custodians of the “climate” after us. 22Day 3 - Article plot / plot / / plat / noun [ C] (story) 82 the story of a book, film, play, etc.: The film has a very simple pot. The plots of his books are basicaly al the same. impending /1m’pen.dry / adjective [ before noun } describes an event, usually something unpleasant or unwanted, that is going to happen soon: impending disaster/doom The player announced his impending retirement from international football. doom /du:m / noun [U} C2 death, destruction, or any very bad situation that cannot be avoided: A sense of doom hung over the entire country. ‘The newspapers are always full of doom and gloom (: ad news and unhappiness) these days. sit tight to stay where you are: You'd better sit tight and I'l call the doctor. maincy UK to refuse to change your mind: ‘My parents tried to persuade me not to go alone, but Isat tight: assess /2'ses / verb [T] 82 to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of somethin: The insurers will need to assess the flood damage. They assessed the cost of the flood damage at £1,500, Exams are not the only means of assessing a student's ability. It’s too early to assess the long-term consequences of the two countries’ union. [ + question word ] We need to assess wh ether the project is worth doing. outrageous / at’ ret.dzes / adjective 882 shocking and morally unacceptable: The judge criticized the "outrageous greed” of some of the bankers. [+ that ] itis outrageous that these buildings remain empty while thousands of people have no homes. ‘These prices are just outrageous (= much too high) describes something or someone that is shocking because they are unusual or strange: outrageous clothes/behaviour an outrageous character ‘outrageously / -li / adverb ‘outrageously high prices ensue /in'sju: / /~'su: / verb [1] Forma. to happen after something else, especially as a result of it: The police officer said that he had placed the man under arrest and that a scuffle had ensued. dizzy (giddy) ‘ axz.i / adjective (ree.iNs) 82 feeling as if everything is turning round and being unable to balance and about to fall down: Going without sleep for a long time makes me feel dizzy and light-headed. T felt quite dizzy with excitement as T went up to collect the award. dizziness /-nes / noun [ U } dizzily /-1.li / adverb 23Day 3 in a dizzy way or a way that makes you feel dizzy: The skyscrapers towered dizzily above us. gargantuan / ga ‘gen.tju.an // gxr- / adjective very large: 2 problem of gargantuan proportions 2 gargantuan appetite rampant / ‘rem.p nt / adjective (INCREASING) (of something bad) getting worse quickly and in an uncontrolled way: rampant corruption Rampant inflation means that our wage increases soon become worth nothing. He said that he had encountered rampant prejudice in his attempts to get a job. Disease is rampant in the overcrowded city. wicked // wrk.rd / adjective inronna. (EXCELLENT) excellent He's got some wicked trainers nitpick /‘nit.prk / verb [ 1] :nrorma o1sapprovinc. to find faults in details that are not important: Must you nitpick all the time? nitpicker /-2°/ / -e/ noun [C] abound /¢ baud / verb [1] to exist in large numbers: ‘Theories abound about how the Earth began. visceral / ‘vrs. +r. +1/ /-e / adjective urerany (EMOTIONAL) based on deep feeling and emotional reactions rather than on reason or thought: visceral hatred/excitement is approach to acting is visceral rather than intellectual. refreshing /11'fref.rn / adjective ‘ci making you feel less hot or tired: There's nothing more refreshing on a hot day than a cold beer. 1 pleasantly different and interesting: It's a refreshing change to see a losing team shaking hands and still smiling after a match. refreshingly / -li / adverb refreshingly cold water FIGURATIVE a woman with refreshingly original ideas misguided / mrs‘ gat.drd / adjective unreasonable or unsuitable because of being based on bad judgment or on wrong information or beliefs: He was shot as he made a misguided attempt to stop the robbers single-handed. The company blamed its disappointing performance on a misguided business plan. misguidedly /-li / aavero applaud /e'plo:d/ /-'plad / verb [ T] rorma: (PRAISE) €2 to say that you admire and agree with a person's action or decision: We applaud the family’s decision to remain silent over the issue. 24trope /trap/ / troup / noun [C) ‘ciatizeo something Such as an idea, phrase, or image that is often used in a particular artist's work, in a particular type of art, etc.: Human like robots are a classic trope of science fiction ferocious / fe raufes / /-'rou- / adjective frightening and viole a ferocious dog a ferocious battle She's got a ferocious (= very bad) temper. The president came in for some ferocious criticism, ferociously / -li / adverb ‘A female tion defends her young ferociously. ferocity /~ros.a.ti / /~'ra:.se.tli / noun [ U } ( a1s0 ferociousness ) The ferocity of the attack shocked a lot of people. Gab / ged / verb [1] ( -bb- ) ntonnas oistomoviN to talk continuously and eagerly, especially about things that are not important: 1 got so bored listening to him gabbing on sbout nothing. 25Diyorbek’s BB DAY3 lELTS ~ =O READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 3. The value of research into mite harvestmen Few people have heard of the mite harvestman, and fewer still would recognize it at close range, The insect is a relative of the far more familiar daddy longlegs. But its legs are stubby rather than long, and its body is only as big as a sesame seed. To find mite harvestmen, scientists go to dark, humid forests and sift through the leaf litter. The animals respond by turning motionless, making them impossible for even a trained eye to pick out.’ They look like grains of dirt.’ said Gonzalo Giribet, an invertebrate biologist at Harvard University. Dr Giribet and his colleagues have spent six years searching for mite harvestmen on five continents. The animals have an extraordinary story to tell they carry a record of hundreds of millions of years of geological history, chronicling the journeys that continents have made around the Earth. The Earth's landmasses have slowly collided and broken apart again several times, carrying animals and plants with them. These species have provided clues to the continents’ paths. The notion of continental drift originally came from such clues. In 1911, the German scientist Alfred Wegener was struck by the fact that fossils of similar animals and plants could be found on either side of the Atlantic, The ocean was too big for the species to have traveled across it on their own. Wegener speculated correctly, as it turned out that the surrounding continents had originally been welded together in a single landmass, which he called Pangea. Continental drift, or plate tectonics as it is scientifically known, helped move species around the world. Armadillos and their relatives are found in South America and Africa today because their ancestors evolved when the continents were joined. When South America and North America connected a few million years ago, armadillos spread north, too. Biogeographers can learn clues about continental drift by comparing related species. However, they must also recognize cases where species have spread for other reasons, such as by crossing great stretches of water. The island of Hawaii, for example, was home to a giant flightless goose that has become extinct. Studies on DNA extracted from its bones show that it evolved from the Canada goose. Having colonized Hawaii, it branched off from that species, losing its ability to fy. This evolution occurred half a million years ago, when geologists estimate that Hawaii emerged from the Pacific. When species jump around the planet, their histories blur. Its difficult to say much about where cockroaches evolved, for example, because they can move quickly from continent to continent. This process, known as dispersal, limits many studies. ‘Most of them tend to concentrate on particular parts of the world." Dr Giribet said. | wanted to find a new system for studying biogeography on a global scale. Dr Giribet realized that mite harvestmen might be that system. The 5,000 or so mite harvestmen species can be found on every continent except Antarctica, Unlike creatures found around the world like cockroaches, mite harvestmen cannot disperse well. The typical harvestman species has a range of fewer than 50 miles. Harvestmen are not found on young islands like Hawaii, as these types of islands emerged long after the break-up of Pangea. According to Assistant Professor Sarah Boyer, a former student of Dr Giribet. ‘I's really hard to find ‘a group of species that is distributed all over the world but that also doesn't disperse very far.’ What 26Diyorbek’s BB DAY3 IELTS BO mite harvestmen lack in mobility, they make up in age. Their ancestors were among the first land animals, and fossils of daddy longlegs have been found in 400 million-year ago rocks. Mite harvestmen evolved long before Pangea broke up and have been carried along by continental drift ever since they've managed to get themselves around the world only because they've been around for hundreds of millions of years, Dr Boyer said. Dr Boyer, Dr Giribet and their colleagues have gathered thousands of mite harvestmen from around the world, from which they extracted DNA. Variations in the genes helped the scientists build an evolutionary tree. By calculating how quickly the DNA mutated, the scientists could estimate when lineages branched off. They then compared the harvestmen's evolution to the movements of the continents. ‘The pattems are remarkably clear.’ Dr Boyer said. The scientists found that they could trace mite harvestmen from their ancestors on Pangea. One lineage includes species in Chile South Africa, Sri Lanka and other places separated by thousands of miles of ocean, But 150 million years ago, all those sites were in Gondwana which was a region of Pangea. ‘The harvestmen preserve smaller pattems of continental drift, as well as bigger ones. After analyzing the DNA of a Florida harvestman, Metasiro americanus, the scientists were surprised to find that it was not related to other North American species. Its closet relatives live in West Aftica, Dr Boyer then began investigating the geological history of Florida and found recent research to explain the mystery. Florida started out welded to West Africa near Segenal. North America than collied into them Pangea was forming. About 170 million years ago, North America ripped away from West Africa, taking Florida with it. The African ancestors of Florida's harvestmen came along the ride, Dr Giribet now hopes to study dozens or even hundreds of species, to find clues about plate tectonics that a single animal could not show 27Day 3 - Passage 3 stubby / stabi / adjective short and thick: He had rather unattractive, stubby fingers: Sift / srft / verb [ T ] (examine) to make a close examination of all the parts of something in order to find something or to separate what Is useful from what is not: The police are sifting the evidence very carefully to try and find the guilty person. After my father’s death, I had to sift through all his papers. The police are trying to sift out the genuine warnings from all the hoax calls they have received, notion / ‘neuf *n/ / ‘now / noun [ C or U} Cia belief or idea: [ + that ] The programme makers reject the notion that seeing violence on television has a harmful effect on children. T have only a vague notion of what she does for a living. chronicle /*kron.1.k10/_/ “kre nt / verb [7] to make a record or give details of something The book chronicles the writer's coming to terms with his ilness. chronicler /-kle*/ / -kle/ noun [ C] blur /bis: */ / bls: / verb [1 or] (-rr-) to (make something or someone) become difficult to see clearly: As she drifted into sleep, the doctor's face began to blur and fade. to make the difference between two things less clear, or to make it difficult to see the exact truth ‘about something: This film blurs the line/distinction/boundary between reality and fantasy. make up sth — phrasal verb with make / merk / verb (made , made ) to form a particular thing, amount, or number as a whok Road accident victims make up almost @ quarter of the hospital's patients. The book is made up of a number of different articles. branch off — phrasal verb with branch / bra nt{ // breent{ / verb [1] Tra road or path branches of, fe goes in another direction We drove down a narrow track that branched off from the main road. weld / weld / verb [1] (orn METAL) to join two pieces of metal together permanently by melting the parts that touch: Iron spikes have been welded (on) to the railings around the embassy. Answers and video explanation here.Just scan the QR code: 28Diyorbek’s AB) DAY3 IELTS 90 Questions 1-6 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, 1 Why is it difficult to find mite harvestmen? A they are too small to see with naked eye B they can easily be confused with daddy longlegs € they are hard to distinguish from their surroundings D they do not exist in large numbers in any one place. 2 Why are mile harvestmen of interest to Dr Giribet and his colleagues? A they have been studied far less than most other species. B they show the effects of climate on the evolution of animals. C they have an unusual relationship with plants and other animals. D they provide evidence relating to a field of study other than insects. 3 What factor contributed to Wegener's idea that present-day continents used to form a single landmass? A changes in the level of the ocean B the distance that species could travel C the lack of certain fossils on one side of the Atlantic D similarities in living conditions on both sides of the Atlantic 4 What point is made by the reference to armadillo? A regions have both separated and become connected. B certain animals could travel longer distances than others. C the oldest species of animals are likely to be found in Africa. D there is a tendency for animals to spread in a particular direction 5 Which of the following is stated in the fifth paragraph? A Hawaii is a habitat that cannot support large birds. B Hawaii is an attractive habitat for certain species of birds C flightless birds are more likely to become extinct than others. D the Hawaiian goose became flightless after it had reached Hawaii 6 Why is evidence from cockroached of limited value? A they spread too fast. B they multiply too quickly. C they are found in too few places. D they have divided into too many species. 29Diyorbek’s AB) DAY3 IELTS 90 Questions 7 - 10 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 7 The colonization of Hawaii by geese provides evidence of continental drift 8 The reason why mite harvestmen don’t exist on Hawaii can be explained. 9 The DNA of certain species has evolved more quickly than that of others. 10 Dr Boyer's theory conceming the origins of Florida is widely accepted Questions 11 - 14 Complete the summary using the list of words A-I below. Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. The age and evolution of mite harvestmen Some of the first creatures to live on land were the 11 of mite harvestmen. Boyer, Giribet and others study differences in the 12 .... of these insects, and trace the development of a number of 13 . .. of the species. Their evolution appears to reflect changes in the location of 14. For example, the same type of mite harvestman is found in places that are now far apart but used to form Gondwana, part of a huge landmass Abranches B fossils C drift DDNA Evolution F Pangea G dispersal H ancestors I continents 30Day 4 Is freelancing the future of employment? Q theconversation.comis-treelancing-the-uture- ‘employment-80253, ‘Anthony Hussenot ‘Today, freelancers represent 35% of the United States workforce. In the European Union, the rate is 16.1%. Both figures demonstrate the same global trend: from creative entrepreneurs to those paid by the task, freelancing is on the rise worldwide. So, too, are analyses of this phenomenon, as journalists, sociologists, human resources specialists, life coaches, even freelancers themselves try to uncover “t freelancing. That's because of the “gig economy”, as it is sometimes called, is a Janus-faced ~ and relentlessly evolving — phenomenon. Freelancing is often portrayed as liberating, empowering, and even glamorous, but the reality is far more complex. In OECD countries, studies show that these individuals work chiefly in the service sector (50% of men and 70% of women). The remainder are everything from online assistants to architects, designers and photographers. From the creative class to the precariat ‘A.2017 study found that the majority of freelancers in OECD countries are “slashers”, meaning that their contract work supplements another part-time or full-time position. ‘These additional earnings can vary considerably. Those who spend a few hours a month editing instruction manuals from home may earn a few hundred euros a month. Freelance occupational therapists may pull in ten times that working full-time in this growing industry. Perhaps the most glamorous face of freelancing is the so-called creative class, an agile, connected, highly educated and globalised category of workers that speciali: communications, media, design, art and tech, among others sector in They are architects, web designers, bloggers, consultants and the like, whose job it is to stay on top of trends. The most cutting-edge among them end up playing the role of social “influencers”. In London, this group has been partially responsible for what the economist Douglas MeWilliams has dubbed the “flat-white economy’, a flourishing, coffee-fuelled market based on creativity, which combines innovative approaches to business and lifestyle. Such hipsters, who are also referred to as “proficians”, may be relatively successful in their self-employment, with numerous gigs and a wide portfolio of clients. For McWilliams, they just might represent the future of British prosperity. 31Day 4 ‘Also working hard, though in a much less exalted fashion, are the “precarians”. These task-tacklers work long hours carrying our repetitive tasks, often for a single online platform like Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Most of their gigs do not require a high level of expertise and creativity, and are thus easily interchangeable. Job security is not assured for these online helpers, and though they likely work for a single company, as employees do, benefits are almost certainly nonexistent. Between the creative el: ind those struggling to juggle enough gigs to get by, there are plenty of in-betweeners: bloggers driven by their passion to write but struggling to earn a decent living; online assistants satisfied with their jobs who had previously faced unemployment; students earning a few extra euros by working a handful of hours a week as graphic designers. Freelancers constitute a diverse population of workers — their educational backgrounds, motivations, ambitions, needs, and willingne: and it is accordingly difficult for commentators to accurately represent their diversity without resorting to caricature. s to work differ from one worker to the next, The search for freedom...and an come Freelancing is increasingly a choice that people make in order to escape the 9-to-5 workday. Many freelancers, whatever their job, may have originally opted for this employment model because it offers (or seemed to offer) freedom — the freedom to work anytime and, in some cases, anywhere. Only 37% of current US freelancers say they resort to gig work out of necessity; in 2014, that figure was higher, at 47%. Of course, t! s is not the end of the salariat. Full-time, company-based work is still the standard for employment in most Western countri i it is in Rus Nevertheless, with the rise of telecommuting and automation and the unlimited potential of crowdsourcing, it stands to reason that more and more firms will begin running, and even growing, their businesses with considerably fewer employees. This does not n ily mean an increase in unemployment. Instead, it likely means more freelancers, who will form and reform around various projects in constant and evolving networks. The rise of freelancing may be a key visible indicator of the future of work, notably in terms of collaboration practices. Freelancers are already facilitating the co-management of projects. Soon enough, they will also be producing, communicating, and collaborating, with firms, customers, and with society at large. Given that they are not a homogeneous class of workers, managing these new managers will not be simple. Currently, there is not a single social protection system that cleanly corresponds to all freelancers, from house cleaners and taxi drivers to architects and news 32editors. How can these individuals group and work together to promote and defend their diverse employment interests? Surely, some ambitious freelancer is on the case right now. 33Day 4 - Article phenomenon /fo'nom.t.non /_/-‘no-.me.nan / noun [ C ] ( pweaL phenomena / -9/) (EXISTING THING) ‘C1 something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesting: Gravity is a natural phenomenon. Do you believe in the paranormal and other psychic phenomena? There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent phenomenon. erating / ‘ib. -r.er.try /_/ -eer.tiiy / adjective making you feel free and able to behave as you like: Taking all your clothes off can be a very liberating experience. empowering /1m’ pavariy /_/~ paur.zn / adjective ‘Something that is empowering makes you more confident and makes you feel that you are in control of your life: For me, learning to drive was an empowering experience. glamorous / ‘lem. -r.0s / / -o- / adjective ( warn.y UK 1wronwat glam ) attractive in an exciting and special way: a glamorous woman/outit a glamorous job She was looking very glam. glamorously / -li / adverb glamorousness / -nes / noun [ U ] agile /‘zdgarl/ /-*1/ adjective (pHystcaLty) ‘able to move your body quickly ang easily: Monkeys are very agile climbers You need to have agile fingers to do this kind of work ity / o' dz. Jf -@t0i / noun [U] He's got the agility of a mountain goat. This job requires considerable mental ait: flourishing /‘flarxj1y /_/'fla-/ adjective ‘growing or developing successfully: There's a flourishing trade in second-hand video machines. hipster /‘nrp.sta“/_/-ste/ noun [ C ] wroxwa. (PERSON) ‘someone who is very influenced by the most recent ideas and fashions prosperity / pros'per.t.ti / / pra’'sper.atii / noun (U] Ci the state of being successful and having alot of money: AA country’s fature prosperity depends, to an extent, upon the quality of education of its people. The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity exalted / 19 zal.trd //-' za L.titd / adjective (IMPORTANT) ‘An exalted position in an organization is a very important one: She rose to the exalted post of Foreign Secretary. 34homogeneous /, hom.s'd3i: .ni.es // ,haume-/ / ,hou.mov d3i:- / adjective consisting of parts ot people that are similar to each other or are of the same type: a homogeneous group/society The population of the village has remained remarkably homogeneous. —+ Conpane heterogeneous homogeneity / , hom.a.d3e'nez.1 cultural/racial homogeneity ti/ / ha ma.dge' ner.a.tli / noun [U] ambitious / zm’ bi}.0s / adjective 82 having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich: an ambitious young lawyer He's very ambitious for his children (= he wants them to be successful) . 82 Ifa plan or idea is ambitious, it needs a great amount of skil and effort to be successful or be achieved: She has some ambitious plans for her business. The government has announced an ambitious plan to modernize the railway network The original completion date was over- ambitious, so we have had to delay the opening. ambitiously / -li / adverb 35Diyorbek’s Daya IELTS WO READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The inventor of the periodic table — Dmitri lvanovich Mendeleev Mendeleev's wish — to find a better way of a organizing chemistry — led to the creation of his periodic table, one of the most iconic symbols in science Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Verkhnie Aremzyani, in the Russian province of Siberia. His father, a graduate of Saint Petersburg's Main Pedagogical Institute, died when Mendeleev was just 13. At age 16, Mendeleev relocated to Saint Petersburg, which was then Russia's capital city. He won a place at his father’s old college, where he initially trained as a teacher, in part because the director of the Institute had known his father. However, he went on to achieve worldwide fame as a chemist. By the time he was 20, Mendeleev was already having research papers published However, he was troubled with various health issues and was often so ill with tuberculosis that he was forced to work from his bed. His uncontrollable temper made him unpopular with some of the staff and his classmates, but he still graduated as the top student in his year. In 1855, he got a job in Simferopol, Crimea, but soon returned to Saint Petersburg, where he worked towards a Master's degree in chemistry. He gained his Master's in 1856. A few years later, he was given the opportunity to go to western Europe to pursue chemical enquiry. He spent most of 1859 and 1860 in Heidelberg, Germany. Here he had the good fortune to work briefly with renowned German chemist Robert Bunsen at Heidelberg University, before setting up a laboratory in his own apartment. In 1860, Mendeleev attended the first ever international chemistry conference, held in Karlsruhe, Germany. Much of the event was spent discussing the need to standardize chemistry, and this played a key role in Mendeleev's eventual development of his periodic table of the elements. By the time he returned to Saint Petersburg in 1861, this time to work at the Technical Institute, Mendeleev had become even more passionate about chemistry. He was concerned that Russia was trailing behind Germany in this field. He thought improved Russian-language chemistry textbooks were necessary, and was determined to do something about it. In just 61 days, the 27-year-old chemist wrote his 500-page Organic Chemistry, which put him at the forefront of Russian chemical education 36