7/30/2018

Concrete Technology-
Fundamentals

Presented by San Nwe, B.E (Civil), P.E (Construction) 1

Contents
Part-1 : Fundamentals
1) Introduction
2) Cements and Hydration
3) Aggregates
4) Admixtures (Chemical & Mineral)
5) Factors Effecting Properties of Concrete
6) Shrinkage & Creep
7) Poisson’s Ratio
8) Stress & Strain, Modulus

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1) Introduction

 The most used man-made material

 The 2nd most used material
 Total value of concrete infrastructure > 17 trillion
US dollars
 Annual consumption of concrete in the world
18 billion ton/year (as of 2006)
 About 3 tons per person
 More than 10x that of steel
 Why is concrete widely used as a construction
material?

1) Introduction
Concrete as A Construction Material -
Advantages
 Ease of production from local materials and
experience (cost benefit)
 Mouldability to achieve any shape and size
 A durable material in principle
 Excellent material for fire resistance
 Requires less energy to produce than other
construction materials
 Aesthetic possibilities through the use of color,
texture, and shape
 A material with tailorable properties

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1) Introduction

Energy Consumption for Production of

Several Construction Materials

1) Introduction
What is Concrete?

 Artificial stone produced from sand and

stone together with cement paste (cement
+ water)
 Cement paste fills the space between stone
and sand particles
 Concretus (a Latin word)
◦ Compact
◦ Condensed
◦ To grow together

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1-Introduction
Paste, Mortar, or Concrete?

1-Introduction
Mix Proportion

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Ingredients of Modern Concrete

 Binder materials
◦ Portland cements (various
types)
◦ Cement + supplementary
cementitious materials (SCM)
 Aggregates
◦ Fine aggregates <5mm
◦ Coarse aggregates >5mm
 Water
 Admixtures
 Fiber

Typical Properties of Structural Concrete

Compressive Strength 35 Mpa (5,000 psi)

Flexural Strength 6 MPa ( 800 psi)

Tensile Strength 3 Mpa (400 psi)
Modulus of Electicity 28 Gpa ( 4x 106 psi)

Poisson’s ratio 0.18

Tensile Strain at failure 0.001

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10x10-6/C (5.5 x 10-6/F)

Ultimate shrinkage strain 0.05-.0.1%

Density (Normal Weight) 2,300 kg/m3 (145 lb/ft3)

Density (Light Weight) 1,800 kg/m3 (110 lb/ft3)

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Historical Note on Cement

 Ancient cementing materials
◦ Ancient Egyptians: Calcined impure gypsum
(Non-hydraulic)
◦ Greeks and Romans: Calcined limestone/lime
mortars (Non-hydraulic)

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THE PANTHEON
❖ Almost 2000 years after its construction
❖ The best preserved Ancient Roman monument.
❖ Turning into a church in 609 AD has a lot to do with it in
later time, but also the structure itself is way ahead of its
time.
❖ In fact, the exact composition of the material is still
unknown and appears to be structurally similar to modern
day concrete!,

Most historians claim

that Emperor Augustus
right hand, Agrippa, built
the first Pantheon in 27
BC.
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THE PANTHEON
Ancient cementing materials
◦ Romans: Lime, volcanic ash or burnt clay tile
ground together (hydraulic cement)

44m
Pantheon (126 AD)

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Historical Note on Cement

 Portland cement (hydraulic cement)
 John Smeaton [1756]
◦ Hydraulic lime: burning a mixture of lime and clay
◦ The first to understand the chemical properties of hydraulic lime and
the role of clay
◦ Eddystone lighthouse: hydraulic lime mixed with pozzolan
 James Parker [1796]
◦ Roman cement: calcining nodules of argillaceous limestone (impure
limestone containing clay)
 Joseph Aspdin [1824]
◦ Portland cement: Heating a mixture of finely-divided clay and limestone
in a furnace until carbon dioxide had been driven out
 Isaac Johnson [1845]
 Heating a mixture of finely-divided clay and limestone until clinkering
Note: The name ‘Portland cement’, given originally due to the resemblance of
the color and quality of the hardened cement to Portland stone – a limestone
quarried in Dorset, UK. 14

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High Performance Concrete (HPC)

• Concrete Strength > 80 Mpa (Malaysia Twin Tower 1996)

80 Mpa Concrete Mix Design

OPC 184
Masscrete (20% Fly ash) 345
Silica Fume 35
Water 152
Coarse Aggregate (20/25mm) 1006
Fine Aggregate 728
Retarder 0.8
Superplasticizer 8.48
Slump 220
W/Cm 0.27

San Nwe 15

Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)

• Concrete Strength > 20000 psi (150 MPa)
• Ministry of Public Works, 2015

San Nwe 16

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Future Development
• What is the maximum possibility strength?
Cement compacts
 Manufactured by application of very high pressure with
simultaneous high temperature.

 They do not, therefore, come under the heading of

concrete, but are of interest in elucidating the role of
porosity in strength because a porosity as low as 1 per
cent can be achieved.

 One of the strongest cement-based materials reported to

have been produced had a water/cement ratio of 0.08:
when compacted, it had a strength of 345 MPa (50 000 psi).

San Nwe 17

Future Development
• What is the maximum possibility strength?
 Application of pressure of 340 MPa (49 500 psi) and
temperature of 250 °C (480 °F) has resulted in compacts
with a compressive strength of about 660 MPa (95 000 psi)

 Extrapolation of an experimental relation between

porosity and compressive strength of specimens of the
individual compounds in Portland cement, at a water/solid
ratio of 0.45, suggests that, at zero porosity, the strength is
about 500 MPa.

 This can be compared with the value calculated by Nielsen

who estimates the strength of hydrated cement paste at
zero porosity to be 450 Mpa.
San Nwe 18

Ref. Properties of Concrete Chap. 6

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Raw Materials of Portland Cement

 Limestone, Chalk [CaCO3 = CaO (lime) + CO2]
◦ Calcareous materials
 Clay, Shale – silica (SiO2) & alumina (Al2O3)
◦ Argillaceous materials
 Iron Ore – Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
◦ Flux to lower the clinkering temperature
 Gypsum – Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4·2H2O)
◦ Control the rate of setting of cement

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Major Chemical Compounds of

Ordinary Portland Cement

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Minor Chemical Compounds of

Ordinary Portland Cement

Alkalis react with silica

causing disintegration &
expansion of concrete

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Composition Limits of
Ordinary Portland Cement

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1- Properties of Major Compounds

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1-Fineness on Surface Area

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1-Fineness on Surface Area

Smaller cement particles have more surface
area to react with water

 Fineness controls the

rate of hydration (heat
& strength gain)
 Required more gypsm
for proper set control
(more C3A for reaction)
 Increased shrinkage &
greater proness to
cracking

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2-Types of Cements
ASTM Portland Cements
 Type I General Purpose
 Type II Moderate heat of hydration and sulfate resistance (C3A
< 8%) : general construction, sea water, mass concrete

 Type III High early strength (C3A < 15%) : emergency

repairs, precast, winter construction.
 Type IV Low heat ( C3S < 35%, C3A < 7%, C2S > 40%)
:mass concrete
 Type V - sulfate resistant ( C3A < 5%) : sulfate in soil, sewers

• C3 : Tri-Calcium, C2 : Di-Calcium, A : Aluminate, S : Sulphate

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2-Hydration of Cement

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2- Hydration of Cement
When Water Is Added to Cement, What Happens?
 Dissolution of cement grains

 Growing ionic concentration in “water” (now a solution)

 Formation of compounds in solution

 After reaching a saturation concentration, compounds precipitate out as

solids (“hydration products”)

 In later stages, products form on or very near the surface of the anhydrous
cement

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2- Hydration of Cement
Hydration of Calcium Silicates
(75% of Cement)
Durability concern

• 2C3S + 6H → C3S2H3 + 3CH H = 500 J/g

• 2C2S + 4H → C3S2H3 + CH H = 250 J/g

C-S-H

• C3S hydration is more rapid and evolving more heat

• C3S is responsible for the setting of cement (or concrete) and
contributes to early age strength (2~3 hrs to 14 days)
• C2S hydration occurs more slowly and contributes to later
age strength after 7~14 days
•C3S produces more CH (source for sulfate attack, a durability
concern)

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2- Hydration of Cement Paste

Structure of Cement Paste

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2- Structure of Cement Paste

HCP : Hydraulic Cement Paste

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2- Strength Development of Major Chemical

Compounds

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Dimensional Range of Solids and Pores in Hydrated

Cement Paste

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Microstructure of Hydration Products

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Microstructure of Hydration Products

Simplified model of paste structure.

• Solid dots represent gel particles;

• Interstitial spaces are gel pores;
• spaces such as those marked C are capillary pores.
• Size of gel pores is exaggerated.
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Microstructure of Hydration Products

Relation between the

water/cement ratio and the
degree of hydration at which
the capillaries cease to be
continuous

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Microstructure of Hydration Products

Volume of hydration product = 2.14x volume of cement

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Hydrated Cement Paste

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Voids in Hydrated Cement Paste

❑ Gel pores (0.5 – 10 nm): Interlayer hydration space
◦ Space between C-S-H gel atomic layers
◦ Gel porosity = 26% (independent of w/c ratio and age)
◦ Water held by strong hydrogen bonds
◦ Loss of water leads to high shrinkage
◦ High temperature & low humidity (<11%RH) removes gel water
❑ Capillary voids (10 nm to 10 m)
◦ Reduces strength/stiffness and increases permeability
◦ Depends on initial porosity (w/c ratio) and degree of hydration
❑ Entrained air (10 m to 1 mm)
◦ Microscopic bubbles caused by admixtures
◦ No effect on permeability; improved durability
❑ Entrapped air (> 1 mm)
◦ Large pockets caused by handling
◦ Decrease strength and increase permeability

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2- Water to Cement Ratio

❑ The most important property of hydrating cement

❑ Water is essential for hydration; however, extra water
beyond hydration needs causes capillary voids
▪ Increases porosity and permeability
▪ Decreases strength
▪ Decreases durability
 Water to cement ratio (W/C) is expended to water to
cementitious material ratio (W/CM) or water to binder ratio
(W/B) when supplementary cementitious materials are used
as the binder system.

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2-Abram’s Law on W/C Ratio and Concrete Compressive

Strength

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2-W/C Ratio and Concrete Compressive Strength

Ref. Design of Concrete

Structures, 14th Ed.
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2-Setting of Portland Cement

Setting: stiffening of the cement paste from a fluid to a rigid

stage
• Initial set: paste is beginning to stiffen considerably and can no
longer be molded. Generally occurs in 2 to 4 hrs.
• Final set: paste has hardened to the point at which it can
sustain some load. Generally occurs in 5 to 8 hrs.

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2-Remarks on Setting

•Handling, placing, & vibrating must be completed before

initial set

•Finishing between initial and final

•Curing after final set

•False/Plaster Set: premature stiffening within a few

minutes
•Due to crystallization of gypsum and/or formation of
ettringite
•Remix vigorously without adding water to resolve this
problem
•False set is different than a flash set – cannot be fixed

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3-Aggregates

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3-Aggregates
 Aggregate was originally viewed as an inert
material.
 In fact, aggregate is not truly inert
 Aggregate is cheaper than cement
 Aggregate has higher volume stability and better
durability than cement paste alone

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3-Classification of Aggregate: Density

 Heavyweight aggregate
◦ 4,000 – 8,500 kg/m3
◦ Provides effective and economical use of
concrete for radiation shielding
 Normal
◦ 2,300 – 2,500 kg/m3
◦ Suitable for normal concrete
 Lightweight aggregate
◦ 350 – 1,100 kg/m3
◦ Concretes made with lightweight aggregates have
good thermal insulation and fire resistance
properties

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Failure Mode of Concrete in Compression

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Gradation

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Aggregates sizes

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Aggregates sizes
Effect of Maximum
Aggregate Size on
Compressive Strength

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Aggregates sizes
above the 38.1 mm maximum
size the gain in strength due to
the reduced water
requirement is offset by the
detrimental effects of lower
bond area (so that volume
changes in the paste cause
larger stresses at interfaces)
and of discontinuities
introduced by the very large
particles, particularly in rich
mixes.

Concrete becomes grossly

heterogeneous and the
resultant lowering of strength
may possibly be similar to that
caused by a rise in the crystal
size and coarseness of texture
in rocks.
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Aggregates sizes
From the point of view of
strength;
• there is no advantage in
using aggregate with a
maximum size greater
than about 25 or 40
mm.

- the best maximum size

of aggregate from the
standpoint of strength is
a function of the
richness of the mix.

- In lean concrete (165 kg

of cement per cubic
metre (280 lb/yd3)), the
use of 150 mm (or 6
in.) aggregate is
advantageous.

Recommended aggregate size against cement content 53

Aggregate Grading
 Continuous aggregate grading reduces the void content and
improves workability
 Under-sanded (Harsh) and over-sanded(fat) mixes difficult
to compact
 Amount of water necessary to wet the aggregate particles
depends on the total surface area of the aggregates
particles
 Increases in the fine aggregate proportion reduces the
workability
 Increase in the fineness of sand decreases the workability

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Shape and Size

 For a given mix, low Angularity No. (rounded and
smooth aggregates) produce more workable
concrete
 Decrease in the maximum aggregate size of coarse
aggregate reduces the workability

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4- Admixtures

Concrete Admixtures

Chemical Admixtures
Mineral Admixtures
(ASTM C 494)

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4-Chemical Admixtures

Concrete Admixtures according to ASTM C494

1- Type A • Water-reducing admixtures

2- Type B • Retarding admixtures

3- Type C • Accelerating admixtures

4- Type D • Water-reducing and retarding admixtures

5- Type E • Water-reducing and accelerating admixtures

6-Type F • Water-reducing, high range admixtures

• Water-reducing, high range, and retarding admixtures

7-Type G
8-Type S • Specific performance admixtures

4-Mineral Admixtures
Mineral Admixtures (or) Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM)

Blast Furnace
Fly Ash (ASTM C
Slag (ASTM C
618)
989)

Silica Fume Pozzolans (ASTM

(ASTM C 1240) C 618)

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5-Factors affecting Quality of Concrete

Chemical
Composition
Curing Aggregate

Vibrating Water

Quality of
Concrete
Placing Depends on Admixture

Hydration Proportions

Transportation Mixing

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5-Factors Affecting Concrete Strength

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5-Factors affecting Workability of Concrete

Free
Water
Content

Aggregate Cement
Grading Content

Workability
of Concrete

Water-
Aggregate
Reducing
Shape & Size
Admixture

Temperature
& Time

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6- Shrinkage & Creep

 These two time-dependent deformations are
caused by the same internal process, which
involves movement of water.
 Shrinkage: the driving force for water
movement is environmental conditions causing
diffusion of water outward (i.e. water is being
lost)
 Creep: the driving force is stress, which causes
water to move from one location to the other
within the concrete (i.e. no water is being lost)

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6- Shrinkage & Creep

 Shrinkage
 Volume changes accompany loss of moisture (by
evaporation or by hydration) from either fresh
or hardened concrete

 The term ‘drying shrinkage’ refers to hardened

concrete while ‘plastic shrinkage’ is used for
fresh concrete

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6- Shrinkage & Creep

 Moisture Movement in Concrete

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8 - Stress & Strain

❑ Stress = Force/ Area (တယူနစ္ မွာ ဘယ္ေလွာာ္္ခစွာား ရလဲ

ဆိုတဲဲ့ ဒဏ္)
❑ Strain = change in length/ original length
(အွာားသာ္ေရွာာ္လိုာ္လိုု႕မူလ႕အေနအအွာားာေန႕deform
ျ စ္္ၿပား႕ေျၿွာျ္ားသွာားတဲဲ့႕အရ ္႕နဲု႕မူလ႕အရ ္႕ရဲု႕အ္အခား)
❑ Stress/ Strain = a constant (this constant is called modulus
of elasticity)
❑ When stress is applied on a body, strain develops, and the
material passes through different stages of deformation as
shown in the picture at right.

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8 - Stress & Strain

❑ အရွာဝတခ တ္ိုာို ျၿျ္ၿ အွာားတ္ို သာ္ေရွာာ္မႈ ေ ာွာျ္ဲ့ ရလွာတဲဲ့ stress

နဲု strain တန္ ိုား တိုာ္ရိုာ္အ္အခားာအေနသမအ elastic limit အတျ္ားရ

❑ တိုာ္ရိုာ္အ္အခား မာအေတွာဲ့ဘူား ဆိုရျ္ plastic limit အဲ ေရွာာ္သွာား္ၿပ

❑ Elastic limit အတျ္ားမွာ႕အွာားသာ္ေရွာာ္မႈ႕မအွာားေလေလ… stress

မအွာားေလေလ႕

❑ stress မအွာားေလေလ.. strain မအွာားေလေလ

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8 - Stress & Strain

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE
 The stress-strain curve for hardened cement paste is
almost linear as shown in the figure. The aggregate is
more rigid than the cement paste and will therefore
deform less (i.e. have a lower strain) under the same
applied stress.

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8 - Stress & Strain

 The stress strain curve of concrete lies between
those of the aggregate and the cement paste.
 However this relationship is non-linear over the
most of the range.
 The reason for this non-linear behavior is that
micro-cracks are formed- At the interface
between aggregate particles and cement paste as
a result of the differential movement between the
two phases, and Within the cement paste itself.
 These cracks are formed as a result of changes in
temperature and moisture and the application of
load.

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8 - Stress & Strain

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8- Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Elastic modulus is a fundamental
parameter in designing concrete
structures
❑ In the simplest terms, modulus of
elasticity (MOE) measures the
stiffness of the material and is a good
overall indicator of its strength.
❑ It is the ratio of stress to strain.
❑ Stress is the deforming force acting
per unit area (F/A), and strain is the
deformation (change in shape) caused
by stress (∆L/L).

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8- Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Young’s Modulus (E) - ratio of linear stress to linear
strain
❑ E= Stress / Strain
❑ Young’s modulus enables the calculation of the
change in the dimension of concrete members under
tensile or compressive loads
❑ It predicts how much a concrete column can shorten
under compression

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8- Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does
not have a fixed value of modulus of elasticity.

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7- Poisson’s Ratio
Poisson’s Ratio
❑ When a material is compressed in one direction, it
usually tends to expand in the other two directions
perpendicular to the direction of compression.
❑ This phenomenon is called the Poisson effect.

❑ https://youtu.be/73vk5B94bT8
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7- Poisson’s Ratio

❑ Poisson’s ratio varies between 0.1 for high strength

concrete and 0.2 for weak mixes.
❑ It is normally taken as 0.15 for strength design and 0.2
for serviceability criteria.

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Thank you for attention.

Any Question?

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