BEGAE-182. English Communication Skills Assignment july, 2022 & January, 2023 Sessions (Based on Blocks 1-4) ‘Max. Marks: 100 Angwer all questions Section A 1. Write short notes on any four (150 words): (4x5=20) 2) Verbal Communication bd) Essentials of a Good Group Discussion a Characteristics of a Good Communication a) Homonyms and Homophones (with suitable examples) e Preferred techniques of Reading for understanding a text. Section 2 ‘An International Conference is being organized by your institute. There are participants from different parts of the world. You happen to meet one such participant from London. Write a series of 8 (eight) dialogues exchanged between the two of you introducing yourself, your ‘country and the socio-political situation of your countries during Pandemic. (10) ‘Make 3 presentation on the topic (any one). (20) (Online Education {i) Education during Pandemic (ii) Effect of Pollution on Health (i) Global Warming ‘Section ¢ How can one be an active participant in a meeting? Discuss some of the etiquettes that must be followed while attending 2 meeting. (20) Lst three recommendations on how a meeting should end and what should happen after a meeting. (20) Distinguish between ‘Silent Reading’ and ‘Reading aloud. Also explain the two techniques of reading needed for the proper understanding ofa text. (20) Explain the importance of shared assumptions between writer and reader. (20) What is meant by efficient Reading? What are the characteristics of reading? (10) ‘A group of four students have been given the following topic for group discussion {any one) (10) (2) Climate Change (o) Health & Pandemic Write out the discussion giving atleast 3 turns to each student.Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the Assignnients. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors Meenakshi Sharma for the help and guidance of the student to get an idea of how hecshe can answer the Questions given the Assigunents. We do not cain 190% accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor Meenaksiti Sharma. Sample answers may be seen as the Guidedelp for the reference to prepare the answers af the Questions given in the assignment. Astle solutions and auswers ave prepared by the private Teacher/Tutor so the chances of error or itisiake cannot be deried Any Omission or Exvor is highly regrened though every: carBvhas Been taken virile preparing these Sample Answers! Solutions. Please consiuli yous own Teather Tutor before vou prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date and evact information, cata and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the wiiversity Section A 1. Write short notes on any four (150 words): (4 x 5 = 20) a) Verbal Communication: ANS: ’ ‘The definition of verbal communication is the exchange of information, ideas, and opinions through speech and other sounds. Face-to-face interaction is typically involved in the spoken portion. Verbal communication also refers toonmimnnication on the.radio, television, or mobile devices. The language is defined by its vocabulary aud gtammatical conventions. If two or more people are aware of their respective languages, they can comuminicate quickly. Without a mutually understood language, commnnication may be challenging: There ueeds to be a shared language that everyone in the 190m can comprehend in order For communication to be effective Good relationships at home and»at work are a) necessary component of effective verbal commmnicaticn Effective verbal comautinication has two components: knowing what to say and knowing how to express it, People who ate, skilled am verbal communication can confidently and simply ask questions or present information. They also understand how to convey their ideas effectively so that others can understand them. Types of Verbal Communication Theve are four types of verbal comnuttication, which are listed below: Publi¢ Communication ‘The public commanication is defined as the communication of a person with the public. Itinwolves fa massiye assembly of people. For example, the Prime Minister addressing the public about the mnultiple developing projects: Other examples include elections, campaigns, public speeches, ete. Small-Group Communication The small group communication is defined as communication within hwo or more people. [he number of people participating in such communication is enough to have a good interaction with each other: For example, school meetings, board meetings, press conferences, office meetings, team meetings, family gatherings, ete.Sometimes, such conversations can become chaotic due to some issues being discussed. Intrapersonal Communication Intapersoaal communication is. communication. within us| It i also, called as intemal commnication. It inchudes self thinking, analysis, thoughisyassessments, ete. associated with the inner state of mind. The person's internal thoughts o¢ feelings play a vital ole in intrapersonal communication, Tt elso includes various activities, such as Solo speaking, solo writing, solo dancing, concentiation, and selawareness Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is the communication between us and others over the channel. The communication can be online, face-to-face, video conference on mobile, ete. Interpersonal skills areessential, whether we are a manager, employee, or looking for work. Such skills are also known as soft skills that determine how well a person can communicate, behave, and relate to others. b) Essentials of a Good Group Discussion ANS j Today's professional world requires individuals. with strong communication abilities. In addition tonthese abilities, onesneeds to be well-versed in statistics. Currently, interviews and group iseussions are quite important when hiring somebody fora company. Due to stage fright or crowd phobia, the majority of people have avoided these group discussions, debates, and elocution since infuucy. As a result, thei: communication abilities become weaker aud they are further hindered. ‘One must give stich activities their entire attention because they improve communication, ‘vocabulary, English fluency, and keep one up to date with current events. Additionally, it gives someone the courage to speak abont any subject. Discussions in groups encourage ws to contribute and voice our opinions, A dispute differs greatly from a group conversation in many ways. There are two sides to any debate: one supporting the subject and the other opposing it. They nmst maintain their position. There are no such groupings in a group discussion. To reach a favourable ‘md helpful conclusion, there is a produetive conversation. Couceming the opinions of one's fellow participants, cne may concur or disagree. The following are a few things to keep in mind when taking part in a group discussion:1. Clarity of Topi When the topic of the group diseussion is announced. One must move the vehicles of hissher own memory to gather all the points one ean recollect. Tf one is totally unaware about the topic, one unust not step ahead and initiate. He nmust first listen to the views of other, then understand the topic and then put forth, his her views 2. Start where Left: Start the diseussion from where the other person has left the topic. Do notiiust Sart giving yont views, Try to synchronise your views with the views of other. Try to show cgtgement with others if you aie satisfied with the points else you can put forth your views on disagreement. 3. Active Participatios ‘One mst actively participate in the group discussion to have a/gand impression{9i the jury as well as the fellow members. but this active participation should be enuulsified with, relevant views ‘Unnecessery and irrelevant points can put you in trouble/and deduct the points, So be careful with your views 4. Healthy Tone: ‘Try to pnt forward your views in healthy and impressive tone. Do net get aggressive when anybody ‘opposes you or is against your point, It als reduves thee poinfs. Remain calm and cool. €) Characteristics of a Good Communication ANS: Characteristics of good communication: Clarity I is very important that when yott flylo communicate something it is done clearly, that is, that the person who receives the message can easily’ grasp it That the ideas are understood without requiring a great effort ofinterpretation on thé part of the interlocutor Conciseness Knowing the extentf6 which ene must devote to explain a particular topie may be the niost important point 6f.a commmnicatiou, You have to include enongh information to highlight all the Key points, but it shiould not be enough to tire or lose the attention of other people ‘Coherence A good cofiimunitation must have a basic structure that facilitates the understanding to the listeners. Topies should be treated in an orderly manner, relating ideas when necessary but avoiding thematic jumps that may hinder global understanding Simplicity In nmany occasions the easiest way to make a clear and concise communication 1s choosing coueetly the words and expressions to use. It is not necessary to denonstate our culture, but the interlocutor understands the ideas easily. For this a simple vecabulay, although rigorous, can be the key, NaturalnessMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Good communication is one in which the communicator is able to transmit his message in a natural ‘way, Without artifices orelaborate forms. It should not be noted that a talk has been prepared and rehearsed in advance, although often the only way to achieve such a degree of naturalness is by rehearsing repeatedly. Interaction The number one objective of any communication is to keep expectant and attentive to the interlocutor. For this, one of the most practical and useful ways is through interaction with him. Involve him in some way, asking questions, raising various questions or letting him express his opinion Knowledge In good communication the form is very important, but also the content, You ean have a gift for communication bat it is necessary that absolutely everything that is said is true and rigorous. It is not necessary to be an expert in absolutely everything, but if communication is made ona subject, it must be thoroughly known. Nonverbal language ‘Many times it is difficult to control, but non-verbal language can be key when transmitting a message effectively. Itcan denote insecurity, lack of knowledge or nerves, but it can also be useful to establish a link with the interlocutor or to demonstrate closeness to him. Unity Quality commnnication should treat the issnes as a unit We mnst give a global sense to the presentation and not talk about the different issues in isolation, You must follow a common thread and relate the concepts to each other Relevance Nobody likes to waste time reading a text or listening to a presentation on @ topic for which they have no interest. We must know the recipients of our message and adapt itso that the information given is relevant to them. 4d) Homonyms and Homophones (with suitable examples) ANSHomonyms are a class of terms in linguistics that have similar pronunciation and spelling but different meanings. Due to the roots of the two nouns being distinct, this typically occurs. Homonymy is the quality of being a homonym. ‘A tem that has the same pronunciation as enother word but a different meaning is called a homophone. The terms can have the same spelling, as rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise," for example), or they can have a different spelling, like carat, caret, and carrot, or to, two, and too. Homophones are alll synonyms since they have the same sound. Not all homophones are homonyms, though. Differently spelled homophones are not the same as homonyms. Homonym Homophone Examples Can as in “Can Thelp you?" and can as in "Here's a can of | Flower and beans”, hide (as in hide-and-seek, or the second meaning — Flow fourth animal Skin) and forth MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Homonym Homophone Introduction (fiom In linguistics, a homonym is one of a group of words that share Wikipedia) the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings, usually as a result of the two words having different origins Spelling Homonyms have the same spelling. Meaning Different Pronmeiation Same ¢) Preferred techniques of Reading for understanding a text. ANS: L. The SQ3R Reading Technique A homophone isaword that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning The words may be spelled the same, such as rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise"), or differently, such as carat, caret, and carrot, or to, two and too. Homophones may have the same of different spelling. Different Same ‘There are five steps in this reading strategy, each of which aims to get you one step closer to understanding the book completely. Survey the text to acquire a rapid understanding of its substance and organisation. You are prepping your thoughts by doing this. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Prepare a list of inquiries for yourself to consider while you read the content. Making the titles of paragraphs into questions is one way to make questions. For instance, the question "Who were the women in the civil war, what did they do, and when?" could be derived from a title like "Women in the Civil War." Read: Read with your questions in mind. In this step, you can combine other reading techniqmtes that may work for you such as scanning or active reading, Revite: Now it is time to go back and answer those questious you created. Make sure what you read makes sense, and that you understand how it answers your questions Review: Make mental notes or say aloud what you have learned. Try doing so without looking at your notes or the text to check what you have or have not retained. 2. Reading Technique: Skimming Skimming, also known as getting the "gist" of the text, is a reading strategy where you can quickly scan the content to locate what you're searching for. When you already understand the main idea of the material, this is best utilised, Before continuing to read, you can eltematively skim the material, Knowing where to look for important information on a second read. will be made casier if you get an initial impression of how a chapter or article is organised, for instance. Use skimming for: reading service or product reviews going over a speech last minute quick research qnick review before an exam Skimming can save you a lot of time by making you aware of the key points without fully comprehending the entire text. It will also save you time if you need to re-read the material more in-depth at a later time. 3. Reading Technique: Scanning Scanning is a reading method used when simply running your eyes over a text, usually to find what you are looking for, or to find anything that ‘pops’ out at you. This is a commonly used reading teclunique for daily, non-academic reading tasks. ‘Scan when reading: list of email subjects news articles a food or drink mem 4, Reading Method: Active Reading Active reading gives you a much more in-depth understanding of the text in front of you. This reading method should be used when you are reading something complex or something that you need to think critically about. In order fo read actively, you must ask yourself questions throughout the text, and reflect on those questions. Try to relate what you are reading to previous experience and knowledge, and take notes if it helps as well. Read actively with: new, difficult and unfamiliar material reading material you will need to know well Section B 1. An International Conference is being organized by your institute. There are participants from different parts of the world. You happen to meet one such participant from London. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.comy/MEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Write a series of 8 (eight) dialogues exchanged between the two of you introducing yourself, your country and the socio-political situation of your countries during Pandemic. (10) ‘ANS: Meenakshi: Hi Mac! How are you doing? ‘Mac: I’m doing absolutely great. Thanks! How about you? And how are you? Are you safe during, this pandemic? Meenakshi: Absolutely. I'm taking precautions, By the way, what's new these days about the ? ‘Mac: The COVID-19 pandemic is far more than a health crisis: it is affecting societies and econ- omies at their core. Meenakshi: yes, The pandemic has affected the governing and political systems of multiple countries, causing suspensions of legislative activities, isolation or deaths of multiple politicians and reschedulings of elections due to fears of spreading the virus. What's the situation there in your nation? ‘Mae: Political campeigns switched to online and virtual activities in mid-March to either avoid the spreading of coronavirus or to be in compliance with statewide social distencing rules. What's social impact are there of this pandemic? ‘Meenakshi: The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-eaching consequences beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications. ‘Mac: we are always to help you. Just tell me once you require anything for the welfare of citizens of your comty. ‘Meenakshi: I am thankful to you Mr Mac. Researchers have identified coronephobiaas a byproduct of the pandemic, where individuals have an excessive fear of contracting the virus that causes "marked impairment in daily life functioning" Mae: Let's just hope for the best. We need to support mankind by providing all the sort of help that we can provide while being precautious. The world economy is drowning drastically, and it will take years to recover fiom this state. I just hope that things get back to normal as soon as possible. ‘Meenakshi: I also hope the same, Alrighty, I gotta go. I'll call you later, Mac! Go and do your studies and best of luck for your examination. Bye! ‘Mae: Thanks, Meenakshi! Havea good day! Bye! 2. Make a presentation on the topic (any one). (10) (i) Online Education ANS: Introduction: Any learning that occurs online is inchided in the flexible method of instruction delivery known as ouline education. Online instruction helps students who need to do their work on their own time and at their own pace and gives teachers access to students who may not be able to enrol in a regular classroom course. Every subject is witnessing a rapid inctease in the amount of distant leaming and the awarding of online degrees. Schools and institutions that offer online education are also growing in number. Students pursuing degrees through online methods must be scrupulous in ensuring their coursework is completed through a valued and credentialed university. Online education is known to offer the benefit of synergy. Here, the format employed makes room for dynamic communications between students and the teachers. Through these comnmunications, sources are shared, and an open-ended synergy evolves through a leaming process. When each person bestows a view or opinion through discussions and comments on others’ work course, it MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.comy/MEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) benefits the student to lea better. This unique advantage is manifested in a student-centred virtual Jeaming environment that online learning format alone can contribute With online classes, we don’t need to travel to a different city or commute long distances. We can stay where we are and keep our current job while we work toward improving our career with an online degree. Online education also helps digital nomads—someone who espouses a technology- enzbled or location-independent lifestyle. We cau watch lectures and complete our coursework wherever we are, ‘The online education experience offers a lot more reasonable schedule, whether we are a full-time or part-time student. The low cost of online education has contributed to its popularity, Online courses are less expensive than those provided at schools or colleges because of this. While attending a miversity, we might need to pay for things like transportation, lodging, and meals, however, online education might not. One of the important aspects of online learning is its inherent flexibility, however, there is a catch, one has to be extremely self-motivated. The best online students develop various approaches forstaying up to date on their coursework. Things like setting aside time every week to study and create a workspace with minimal distractions can help immensely. Online education’s potential advantages involve increased educational access; it provides a high- quality learning opportunity, improves student outcomes and skills, and expands educational choice options. Therefore, location, time, and quality are no longer considered factors in seeking degree comrses or higher education because of online edncation Section C 1. How can one be an active participant in a meeting? Discuss some of the etiquettes that must be followed while attending a meeting. (10) ANS: How can one be an active participant in a meeting; ‘Come Prepared Everyone must be prepared in order to participate and contribute to the group. All team members should be aware of the meeting's location, date, time, and purpose if there is going to be one. Each member should arrive at the mecting prepared end with any necessary materials. When teams have to catch up with other team members, they lose significant time. A habit of being prepared can be formed at a young age. This crucial component of teamwork in the workplace is not all that unlike fiom the requirement that students arrive to class prepared. Help Teammates in Need Teammates need to remember that when working as a team, everyone is working toward the same goal, Even if the work is broken down into individual assignments, each teammate is still working toward the same end result, Teammates need to keep this in mind and offer assistance to one another. If someone is struggling to solve a problem it benefits the team to have teamunates assist them, Team building exercises and group projects are a good way to instill this mentality in your students. Share Openly ‘When team members share their knowledge and experience with the group, everyone benelits Team members should speak up during team meetings aud participate in discussions as much as possible. Individuals shouldn't have to worry about having a “bad idea”, all ideas should be shared with the group. Sharing information with the group is not limited to team meetings. Teams should MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.comy/MEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) communicate with one another with updates or new information, Keeping everyone informed helps to keep people on track and prevents unwanted surprises later on. In your classrooms, open discussion should be encouraged as it is a feature of productive teamwork. Volunteer Team members should not just wait for a task or project to be assigned to them. Volunteering shows a desire to work and sets an example for the rest of the team. There are always going to be tasks that no one wants to do, Velunteeringto take on such tasks is a great way to bea team player. Italso furthers the goals of the group and increases productivity Bea Leader Every group requires a leader in order to succeed, and everyone is capable of being a leader. Some people can find it terrifying to consider themselves to be leaders. The only way to conquer this fear is to really DO it! So what exactly does it mean to lead? The capacity to assemble a group of people in a way that inspites or encourages them to cooperate is referred to as leadership. The leader is ultimately in charge of making the organisation successful. Ensure that your pupils get the chance to mentor others. Work on helping them acquire the qualities ueeded to lead successfully. etiquettes that must be followed while attending a meeting: NEVER BE LATE Always show up on time; it creates a good impression and also is helpful for everyone. There is no exense for being late for a meeting, whatever the reason, If yon come to a situation which is unavoidable and you get delayed, make sure to apologize. ASSIGN A NOTE-TAKER fit isa business meeting, make sure you have someone who notes down the crucial points to be later sent as a summary of the meeting to the attendees. DRESS FOR THE OCCASION Ifitis a business meeting, dress up professional. If itis a casual meeting, dress casually and aptly. Oulit plays a significant role in creating a good impression and attending the conference, Don’t overdress to draw attention to yourself. WAIT FOR EVERYONE TO ARRIVE It is a must-follow meeting etiquette to wait for all the attendees to come before you start the meeting, If you are way ahead, give a couple of minntes for the rest and then proceed, However, don’t wait for late-comers, MAKE INTRODUCTIONS Everyone should be introduced so that they are acquainted with cach other and know the roles of the attendees in the meeting. STATUS OF SMART DEVICES Thougia its not necessary to switch off the mobile phones, it is essential to turn the devices into silent mode to avoid interruption. DON’T INTERRUPT If someone is giving 2 presentation or a discussionis going on, never intesrupt unless you are given your chance to speak, Forcibly intexruption in a meeting is a strict no-no. LISTEN! MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Always lend am attentive ear to the meeting. Make your presence shown by actively patticipating and giving your thoughts at the conference. Adjust the body language to show pure enthusiasm, MAKE EYE CONTACT Eye contact is a crucial factor in any good meeting. It helps in engaging the attendees into the discussion STAY FOCUSSED ON THE TOPIC It is common to stray off the subject in a business meeting, and a long business meeting can be tedious. If you stray away from the issue, try to lead the conversation back to the topic. TALK CONFIDENTLY Speak confidently, and it shows your active participation and command over the topic. Also, a confident speech ean convince people easily. However, don’t rush when you speak, be audible and clear in your address. SCHEDULE TIME FOR BREAKS Lengthy mectings should have breaks, itis crucial to make the attendees stay focussed and fresh. LEAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS Ifitis a business meeting, schedule time for questions from the attendees. It is an essential closing, point for every business meeting and ensures the meeting is more productive. 2. List three recommendations on how a meeting should end and what should happen after a meeting, (10) ANS: The keys to project progression, fiuitfnl training, and efficient workflow are effective meetings. One of the most crucial elements of effective meeting facilitation is how to couclude a meeting. Attendees are left with either a positive or bad emotion when a meeting ends, Make sure attendees, at your next meeting recognise the significance of the event by using these five tips. No. 1: Conclude on an upbeat note. Even if there has been conflict and disagreement, make an effort to adjoum the meeting amicably. Attendees are more likely to feel good about the meeting after a successful conclusion than if they leave complaining about how time was wasted No. 2: Wind down before the scheduled end time. Savvy meeting facilitation requires an eye on the clock. Wrap up discussions a few minutes before the end time, so the presenter has time for some closing comments. Nothing ruins a meeting like going way past the scheduled ending time. No. 3: Reiterate its overall objective. Closing comments, like opening comments, need to include the overall goal of the meeting. It ties all the discussions together, and reminds participants of the objective the meeting achieved. No. 4: Conneet with the participants one last time, Meeting facilitators should spend a little time at the end of the meeting recognizing exemplary participants who contributed valuable ideas. Instead of rushing back to work or another meeting, stand at the door/log off last and thank patticipants for attending. Just a few seconds of one-on-one attention creates a positive reaction in most people. 5: Schedule follow-up plans. Before the meeting adjourns, set the next step in place. Whether 's another meeting to measure progress or email follow up, enstre that every participant understands the next point of contact. Knowing how to effectively end a meeting is a key component of successful meeting facilitation. By implementing these five hacks, meetings can be closed in such a way the participants MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.comy/MEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) understand the value ofthe meeting, feel connected to the project, and begin to prepare for the next step. 3. Distinguish between ‘Silent Reading’ and ‘Reading aloud’. Also explain the two techniques of reading needed for the proper understanding of a text. (10) ANS: When reading alond, the reader can make sonnds by moving his orher lips or tongne as well as their vocal cords. Reading out loud imuproves one's reading abilities. It sharpens the reader's attention on the text and aids with fact memorization, This occurs as a result of the function of additional sensory organs, including the eyes and ears, during loud reading. Reading aloud also aids in the improvement of a reader's speaking and articulation abilities. Children read aloud a lot, sand as they become older, they gradually start fo read quietly for enjoyment. When educators make students read aloud, they mainly contime to expand their imagination and help them acquire language and vocabulary. In contrast to loud reading, silent reading is the process of reading done only intemally with the mind, without producing any sound. Therefore, in silent reading, you cannot notice any lip or tongue movement and the functioning of the vocal cords. Silent reading most significantly helps the reader enjoy what he or she reads. This is why silent reading can also be called reading for pleasure. Definition ‘Loud reading refers to the process that allows the reader to produce sounds using his or her vocal cords and lip or tongue movement. Silent reading is the process of reading where the reader only uses his eyes and mind and does not produce any sound Speed of Reading ‘Compared to silent reading, loud reading is slower as it demands more (vocal) physical effort. For instance, an average person who reads aloud 200 words per minute is capable of reading 300 words per minute if he/she is reading silently. Reader’s Focus Lond reading helps the reader to keep his focus fixed on the text, while during silent reading, his mind can get easily distracted. Focus Group Loud reading is mainly practiced by children, but they develop the habit of silent reading as they grow up, ‘Advantages Loud reading helps the reader fo maintain focus on the text, and boosts reading and pronunciation skills. It also helps to memorize facts. Silent reading, on the other hand, is ideal for reading in crowded places and helps tp improve fast reading skills. Conclusion The main differeace between loud reading and silent reading is that in lond reading the reader produces sound using his tongue, muscles, and vocal cords, whereas in silent reading, no such sound is produced as the reader only uses the mind for the process of reading. Although loud reading cannot be practically applied to many places, silent reading can be done anywhere. two techniques of reading needed for the proper understanding of a text: 1, The SQ3R Reading Technique This reading technique involves five different steps, each one with the goal to get you closer to full comprehension of the text MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Survey: First survey the piece to get a quick idea of the content and structure of the reading. By doing this, you are preparing your mind, Question: Prepare questions for yourself to go over as you read the material. One trick on how to create questions is to turn paragraph titles into questions. For example, a title such as “Women in the Civil War,” conld tura into the question: “Who were the women in the civil war, what did they do, and when?” Read: Read with your questions in mind. In this step, you can combine other reading techniques that may work for you such as scanning or active reading. Recite: Now it is fime to go back and answer those questions you ereated. Make sure what you read makes sense, and that you understand how it answers your questions Review: Make mental notes or say aloud what you have learned. Try doing so without looking at ‘your notes or the text to check what you have or have not retained. 2. Reading Technique: Skimming Also called getting the “gist” of the text, skimming is a reading technique where you can glance over the matezial to find what you are looking for. This is best used when you already know the ‘geueeral idea of the text. You can also skim material before going for further reading. Gelting a first glance of howa chapier or article is laid out, for example, will help you to know where to look for key information on the second read. Use skimming for: reading service or product reviews, going over a speech last minute ‘quick research quick review before an exam Skimming can save you a lot of time by making you aware of the key points without fully comprehending the entize text. It will also save you time if you need to re-read the material more in-depth ava later time. 4. Explain the importance of shared assumptions between writer and reader. (10) ANS: “Life is all about relationships”. Even before birth human creates a relationship with his or her mother inevitably. To human’s relationships just happen, even thought that they aren’t looking for it because humans are meant to create relationships with others suounds them. Love is an important emotion for humans and a great builder of relationships. People try really hard all the time to relate this emotion to others; however, not always it is well received or accepted or even is not sufficiently valued by others thereby causing different open forms of interpretations and prompting numerous issues and misunderstandings. This concept cau be applied not just for love but also to different relationships that can be created by humans like the reader and waiter relationship is a great example since not always isn’t easy as love. The reader and writer confront Gifferent levels of communication and expectation issues that lead it to have uncountable discrepancies that may result in advantages or disadvantages to the relationship between the two Men and women are different in so many aspects that are hard to list all the differences but if the focus remains in one of the important problems that men and women have it’s easier to point out some facts and explanations. Communication is the main problem and hardest issue that men and MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) women have. Men and women are taught in different ways to be and becoming completely different cultures. In this scenario “Louise and Jake are having an argument “It can't be simple because Louise and Jake are responding to different levels of communication” . Neither aren't paying attention nor listening to each other concentrating on their own ideas. They can’t have an agreement because meanwhile Take is focusing on what he considers is the main point of the argument Louise is on another level of communication trying to explain another part or point of the issue. This conversation shows how Louise is trying to make Jake understand the main or “real” point of why they are having this argument. Readers sometimes as well focusing another part, piece or issue presented on whet he or she is reading maybe not paying enough attention to the point that the writer is trying to make. On the other hand, the writer should be able to make his or her point of view as clear as possible and the reader should read deeply and try to interpret better what they are reading. For example, if the writer is using metamessages to hide a deeper meaning for the reader but doesn’t use the right words or enough explanation will be hard for the reader 10 identify that message. Society has design specific tasks and behaviors to separate males and females making them two completely different individuals. “These cultural differences include different expectations about the role of tall in relationships and how it fulfills that role”. Men and Women are expressed as different worlds or as different cultures as the passages convey, so they might have different expectations of every aspect of life because they are taught to think and to aspire to different things making their achievements follow a different path in life. Writers sometimes concentrate so nach in the topic aud facts that they are writing about that they forget what type of public or audience they might have and then theirmetamessage or literal message is misunderstanding because maybe the reader is not at the same level of communication as the writer is. So, fo the writer should be a ‘goal to fulfill the readers expectations or the needs they have as well as the reader who sometimes choose an author a little bit up than what hey are costumed to is basically just to know theis limits. For example, a third-grade child can’t read a calculus book from high school because is inappropriate to their intellect, experience, and age. The writer should make sure o whom he or she is referring to using appropriate vocabulary and assumptions and phrases that the future reader will agree with In life, there's so many occasion and situations and it defers how everyone reacts but the way that ‘men and women react to those moments are it is quite a huge difference. As already explained women tends to use metamessages to communicate their points and men use literal messages creating an imbalance between the two. “The men were focusing on the message the cake as food. The women were thinking of the metamessage: Serving a special cake fiames an occasion as a celebration” (Tannen128). The women were reacting to the occasion symbolizing the cake as part of her vision and expectation of the moment meanwhile the men was focusing on the fact that the cake, in this case, was useless because of the circumstances. What is meant by efficient Reading? What are the characteristics of reading? (10) ANS: Reading isa technique of understanding and decoding pre-established signs in a Ianguage and stored in a medium, either through written words, images or other types of representations. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) Reading and writing form two sides of the same coin , fundamental in the cultural and intellectual evelopment of humanity, since they constitute the possibility of recording reality and recovering it in another place and time and even by a different person Phonics Phonics is the relationship between the letters (or letter combinations) in written langnage and the individual sounds in spoken language. Phonics instruction teaches students how to use these relationships to read and spell words. The National Reading Panel indicated that systematic phonics instruction enhances children’s success in learning to read, and it is significantly more effective than instruction that teaches little or no phonies. Fluency Fluent readers are able to read orally with appropriate speed, accuracy, and proper expression. Fluency is the ability to read as well as we speak and to make sense of the text without having to stop and decode each word. The National Reading Panel's research findings concluded that guided oral reading and repeated oral reading had a significant and positive impact on word recognition, reading fluency, and comprehension in students of all ages, ‘Comprehension Comprehension is the complex cognitive process readers use to understand what they have read. Vocabulary development and instruction play a critical role in comprehension. The National Reading Panel determined that young readers develop text comprehension through a variety of techniques, inchding answering questions (quizzes) and summarization (retelling the story), Phonemic Awareness Phonemes, the smallest units making up spoken language, combine to form syllables and words. Phonemic awareness refers to the student’s ability to focus on and manipulate these phonemes in spoken syllables and words. According to the National Reading Panel, teaching phonemic awareness to children significantly improves their reading more than instruction that lacks any attention to phonemic awareness. 6. A group of four students have been given the following topic for group discussion (any ‘one) (10) Climate Change Write out the discussion giving at least 3 turns to each student ANS S1: Fossil fuels — coal, oil and gas — are by far the largest contributor to global climate change, accounting for over 75 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 per cent of all, carbon dioxide emissions. Let’s discuss causes of it. $2: Geuerating electicity and heat by buming fossil fuels causes alarge chunk of global emissions. Most electricity is still generated by buming coal, oil, or gas, which produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide — powerful greenhouse gases that blanket the Earth and trap the sun’s heat. $3: Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly frou buming fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel, electronics, plastics, clothes, and other goods. Mining and other industrial processes also release gases, as does the construction industry. Machines used in the manufacturing process ofien run on coal, oil, or gas; and some materials, like plastics, are made from chemicals sourced from fossil fuels. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.comy/MEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) S4: Producing food causes emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases in various ways, including through deforestation and clearing of land for agriculture and grazing, digestion by cows and sheep, the production and use of fertilizers and manure for growing crops, and the use of energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels. AIL this ‘makes food production a major contributor to climate change. And greenhouse gas emissions also come from packaging and distributing food. SI: Climate is sometimes mistaken for weather, But climate is different from weather because it is measured over a long period of time, whereas weather can change from day to day, or from year to year. The climate of an area includes seasonal temperature and rainfall averages, and wind patterns. Different places have different climates. A desert, for example, is referred to as an arid climate because little water falls, as rain or snow, during the year. Other types of climate inchide ‘topical climates, which are hot and humid, and temperate climates, which have warm summers and cooler winters. It affects in many ways. 82: As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the global surface temperature, The last decade, 2011-2020, is the warmest on record. Since the 1980s, each decade has been warmer than the previous one. Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot days and heat waves, Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses and make working outdoors more difficult. Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when conditions are hotter. Temperatures in the Arctic have warmed at least twice as fast as the global average. $3: Climate change is changing. water availability, making it scarcer in more regions. Global ‘wamming exacerbates water shortages in already water-stressed regions and is leading to an increased risk of agricultural droughts affecting crops, and ecological droughts increasing the vulnerability of ecosystems. Droughts can also stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having enough water on a regular basis $4: Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Exacerbated by climate change, the world is losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at any other time m recorded human history. One million species are atrisk of becoming extinet within thenext few decades. Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats related to climate change. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not. SI: How we can reduce the effect of climate change ? 2: One key element of this planis shifting to renewable energy sources, both at home and at work. “We have the necessary technology to make this reduction by shifling to renewable energy and using less energy,” the UNEP writes of our personal energy consumption (generally, fossil fuels power our homes, keeping the lights on, our rooms wan, and Netflix streaming) $3: There are a few different ways that climate change and hunger go hand-in-hand. Whether it’s kale or Kobe beef, producing food accounts for some measure of greenhouse gasses. In 2021, the Food and Agriculture Organization estimated we consumed miore meat than ever before. By 2050 this will, by some estimates, increase greenhouse gas emissions from food production by 60%. Likewise, many farmers use nitrous-based fertilizers to grow more crops, moze quickly to meet demand. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.conyMEENAKSHI STUDY PLATFORM (WHATSAPP 9816311521) ORDER IGNOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS (SOLVED PDF, HANDWRITTEN {SCANNED PDF 8HARDCOPY}) S4: So far, we've looked at solutions to climate change that can take place within our own homes and communities. However, these only go so far to mitigate the damage that the climate crisis has already inflicted on a large portion of the world. The most affected people and areas (MAPAs) are largely in the Global South. Many are located in low-income countties without the resources or infrastmcture to respond and adapt to climate disasters, even as they become more frequent and destructive. MEENAKSHI SHARMA SANKHYAN (THE NAME KNOWN FOR QUALITY CONTENT) DOWNLOAD ASSIGNMENTS ONLINE: http://ignouassignmenthelper.cony