Marxism is a theory given by Karl Marx (1818-1883) in his famous duet book Communist Manifesto

(1848) and other collected works. In his works Karl Marx not only tells about the t suppressive treatment
of lower class the "Proletarial" by upper class the "Bourgeoisie" but he also gives the reasons of the
formation of class system in the society. Karl Marx, in his theory Marxism, talks about not only one
thing, but he describes the things categorically in order to make them understandable. For instance, he
talks about "Primitive Accumulation in which he explains that the Proletariat are by birth not only
talented but also as genius as normal human beings are, but according to Marx, because they are
suppressed by the Bourgeoisie and all the resources have been occupied by them, so, the Proletariat
cannot concentrate on extra curriculum activities such as: art, music, philosophy, etc. Instead, as a
matter of fact, their all concentration is to strive as hard as possible for fundamental needs of human
beings that are food, cloth and shelter (Communist Manifesto, 1848). Afterward, Karl Marx also talks
about Alienation, which is considered to be one of the important elements of Marxism. The concept of
Alienation deals with the psychological behavior of the worker that he becomes alienated not only from
his very being, but also from the miseries and plights of others as well (Marx, 1846). Furthermore, he
talks about the exploitation of lower class by upper class which he gives the name of "Exploitive" he
claims that it is the Capitalism which is responsible for all the exploitations in a society. Because, he says
that it is the Bourgeoisie who cash the wages of the Proletariat and exploit them in all means
(Communist Manifesto, 1848), Above all, the main and most fundamental element in Marxism is the
concept of "Social Classes" it is undoubtedly the kernel of Marx's whole idea. He asserts that the society
consists of several classes and social classes have been through different phases of class history
evaluation such as: primitive communism, slavery, feudalism and capitalism. However, Marx argues that
the modern human class has many shapes. For instance, the Bourgeoisie who exploit the productive
force of labors. In short, there are two main classes in the society in accordance with Marx, such as the
Bourgeoisie (elite class) and the Proletariat (working class).Similarly, there are certain things which
define ones' role and status in the society. For instance, wealth, race, occupation and education to some
extent, as a matter of fact, on the basis of these things one can be placed in the social stratification of
the society. The characters of elite social class are represented by Papachi, Mamachi, and Chacko. On
the other hand, lower social class is represented by Ammuta, Rahel and Eshta (Roy, 1997). The scholars
in their research article wonderfully analyze the impact of social class as per the caution of Marx that the
dignity of lower class would never be dignified rather ridiculed. Similarly, it happens in the novel that
Ammu is always ridiculed due to his social status by Pappachi and Mammachi (E-Journal UNESA, 2014).

Notwithstanding, the theory of this research is different from that of Tomy Utomo and Fabiola
Dharmawanti, because, they had taken the element of social class from the Marxism and in this current
research, though the researcher would follow Marxism as his theoretical framework, but in Pakistani
context and would analyze the nature of social classes in Pakistan and their impacts on Pakistani society.

Since, Marxism is a theory, many scholars have contributed to it and have elaborated the main theory of
Marxism by introducing a number of innovative Marxist concepts that come up with the requirements
of the constantly changing society. For instance: "Louis Althusserian" and "Pierre Macherey" added the
element of "Post Structuralism" and it is nowadays known as post structuralist Marxism. As it is one of
the crucial elements of Marxism in the contemporary world, therefore, scholars have been tracing the
elements of Marxism in the main leading works of modern day. Scholars have written a research paper
on the Marxist elements of the play "Waiting for the Godot". The research article focuses on the Marxist
element of Post Structuralism in the main work of Samuel Becket. Moreover, the research article
analyses the different occurrences and conflicting senses of the earlier the bourgeoisie ideologies and
their behavior. Furthermore, the research article also discusses the major issues of post structuralism:
the decentered disparate text and its sense of nothingness. To summarize, the research article also aims
to prove the idea of Karl Marx by using the conceptual framework of Marxism that if people would go
for just materialistic gains then life would certainly be farcical, flux, and full of miseries and center of
nothingness (Akhter, etal 2015).

Nevertheless, the researchers have discussed the absurdity and nothingness of the life which is due to
the some materialistic conflicts in the society which lead to wars. However, the current research is
different in the terms of the elements of Marxism.

Moreover, another Marxist element has been applied on Indo-Pak partition fiction, for instance, class
consciousness. By applying the theory of Marxism on the two famous Indian English novels; "Train to
Pakistan" Khushwant Singh and "Tamas" Gowind Nihilanani, she puts light on the class system and
consciousness of Indian society and its outcome. Furthermore, the researcher in the article traces the
roots of class system in India and comes to the conclusion that it was due to the ancient cast system
which ultimately led to the strong class system and exploitation of poor people who once belonged to
the lowest casts in India (Giri, 2015).

Notwithstanding, the researcher in the research has tried to show the class consciousness in pre-
partition India and the subjugation of poor people who were lower in cast. However, in this research as
it is the most essential part of class consciousness results in revolt, on the other hand, there is no such
evidence in this case. Nevertheless, there is a revolt but this revolt is not against the bourgeoisie but it is
in a shape of riot among the poor.

Furthermore, in a research article "Victor Hugo's Les Miserable: a Marxist consciousness" in the research
article the researchers claim that if in a society there is a balance in the economic system then there is
no need of a revolution, things will go fine on their own. The researchers, however, agree with Marx on
one point that all the so-called norms and standards are set by the bourgeoisie just to exploit the
proletariat and make them unable to stand against them in any manner. For instance, the protagonist of
the novel Valjean steals a piece of bread and in consequence, he is imprisoned for more than nineteen
years (Ahmed. Baseer, Alvi, 2013).

Nonetheless, ironically, the researchers prove that class consciousness is something which cannot lead
to a revolution in the society. As Karl Marx says that it is undoubtedly sure that the class consciousness
would someday lead to a revolt and in result there would be a class less society (Marx, 1847).

Moreover, another important element, in accordance with Marxist view is that of atmosphere and
ambience that have great influence on the behavior of human beings. Moreover, he says that it is the
conditions of human beings which form their consciousness; it is not all the human consciousness which
forms human conditions (Marx. 1847). Similarly, a group of boys crash on an island and their
circumstances and the wild atmosphere make them behave as savages. This assertion is undoubtedly,
corroborated by the one of the main characters of the novel Jack who unlike all other characters of the
novel behaves more wild in the novel (A'alaa AlMajnouni, 2011).

In this research article, the researcher has presented the very fact that undoubtedly, it is our
atmosphere which forms our behavior. However, how can writer neglect that in the same situation
there were many characters that do not seem to change at all. Undoubtedly, here the researcher is 4

being biased and political like William Golding who adopts biased approach by not changing the
democratic character of Ralf and the symbol of culture Piggy.

Furthermore, alienation is also an important element of Marxism which is also found in Marxist
feminism. Feministic Marxism in general and the concept of alienation in particular which is not only
related to economic alienation, but the alienation which is due to the male dominance in the patriarchal
capitalistic society. It is something which always expiates women. As they are double marginalized in the
male chauvinistic society, therefore, they become alienated in the society (Arain, 2016).

In this research, the researcher has pointed out that there is less work which has been done in order to
give formal motivation and awareness for women rights and above all, suffice freedom to women. She
opines that it is very much essential to eradicate the male biasness in the society.

Moreover, a novel Coolie which shows the miserable lives of poor people. He depicts that how poor
people are marginalized, enslaved and subjugated and socially neglected by the rich people and for
them life becomes nothing but a curse. In addition, the main protagonist of the novel Muno represents
that there is an immense gap between the haves and the haves not of the society which has to be
bridged (Shende, 2016).

Undoubtedly, the depiction of poor subjugated Muno shows that it is very common in the society that
people die of starvation and in this case Mr. Anand emphasizes the point that the art must not be
confined to art for the sake of art rather it must be art for the sake of life.

Moreover, "I shall not hear the nightingale "deals with one of the most appealing elements of the
Marxism is that of the social classes. This research is an attempt to analyze the form of the class system
in sub-continent during the rule of British and this social class difference transcends the subject of the
colonizers and the colonized. Buta Singh, who shows the traditional attitude of the Middle class of the
time and wants to trace royal blood in his race just to change his class in the society. Sher Singh who
though hates colonizers but wants to become rich and above all, Sharani who changes her clothes in
front of her servant and thinks as if she were alone (Pinotti, 2014).

As a matter of fact, the ways social classes in pre independent sub-continent are depicted in the
research are breath taking and give stunning image of the time. However, it is also a fact that at that
time the colonized lower class was not considered even as living creatures, therefore, Sharani changes in
front of her servant as if he were not living thing.