A Vector Property

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

39
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
 Electrostatic Potential and Electric
Field
• Along an incremental path of length dl we
have
dV   E  d l
• Recall from the definition of directional
derivative:

dV  V  d l

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

40
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
 Electrostatic Potential and Electric
Field
• Thus:

E  V

the “del” or “nabla” operator

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

41
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential of a Point
Charge at the Origin
r r
V r     E  d l    aˆ r
Q
 aˆ r dr 
4 0 r 
2
 

Q dr  Q
 
4 0 r r 2

4 0 r
P

r
spherically symmetric

Q
Course: EEE 3131, Engineering
42
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential Resulting from
Multiple Point Charges

R2
Q2 P(R,q,f)

r 2 r R1
Q1
r 1
n
V r   
Qk
O
k 1 4 0 Rk
No longer spherically symmetric!

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

43
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
 Electrostatic Potential Resulting from
Continuous Charge Distributions

qel r  dl 
V r  
1
4 0 L
 line charge
R
qes r  ds
V r  
1

4 0 S  R
 surface charge

qev r  dv
V r  
1

4 0 V  R
 volume charge

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

44
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
 Charge Dipole
• An electric charge dipole consists of a pair of equal
and opposite point charges separated by a small
distance (i.e., much smaller than the distance at
which we observe the resulting field).

+Q -Q

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

45
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
 Dipole Moment
• Dipole moment p is a measure of the strength
of the dipole and indicates its direction

+Q
p  Qd
d
p is in the direction from
the negative point charge
to the positive point
-Q charge

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

46
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge
Dipole
P
observation
z point
R
+Q
r R
d/2 p  aˆ z Qd
d/2
q
-Q
Course: EEE 3131, Engineering
47
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge
Dipole (Cont’d)

V r   V r , q  
Q Q

4 0 R 4 0 R

cylindrical symmetry

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

48
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge
Dipole (Cont’d)
P
R
r
d/2 q
R

d/2 R  r  (d / 2)  rd cos q
2 2

R  r  (d / 2)  rd cos q
2 2

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

49
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge
Dipole in the Far-Field

• assume R>>d

• zeroth order approximation:

not good
R  R enough!
V 0
R  R

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

50
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
 Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge Dipole
in the Far-Field (Cont’d)
• first order approximation from geometry:
R d
R  r  cos q
2
q r d
d/2 R  r  cos q
R
2
d/2 lines approximately
parallel
Course: EEE 3131, Engineering
51
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge Dipole
in the Far-Field (Cont’d)
• Taylor series approximation:
1 1
1  d  1 d 
 r  cos q   1  cos q 
R  2  r  2r 
1 d 
 1  cos q 
r  2r  Recall :
1  x n  1  nx, x  1
1 1 d 
 1  cos q 
R r  2r 
Course: EEE 3131, Engineering
52
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
 Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge Dipole in
the Far-Field (Cont’d)

 d cos q   d cos q 
V r , q  
Q
 1    1  
4 0 r  2r   2r  
Qd cos q

4 0 r 2

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

53
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electrostatic Potential Due to Charge Dipole in
the Far-Field (Cont’d)

• In terms of the dipole moment:

1 p  aˆ r
V
4 0 r 2

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

54
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman
Electric Field of Charge Dipole in the
Far-Field

 V 1 V 
E  V   aˆ r  aˆq 
 r r q 


Qd
aˆ 2 cos q  ˆ
a q sin q 
4 0 r 3 r

Course: EEE 3131, Engineering

55
Electromagnetics By: S M Rahman