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*modified after notes from KAMSIAH ABD WAHAB, NUR

AZWA MUHAMAD BASHAR and CAROLINE PETER

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Fluid as a
continuum 1.3 Density, relative density,
specific weight, specific
gravity, specific volume,
weight, viscosity,
compressibility and bulk
1.2 Units and modulus, vapour pressure,
dimensions used surface tension and
in water capillarity.
engineering

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LESSON OUTCOME – Chapter 1

At the end of this CHAPTER student should:

1)Be able to explain the continuum concept of
fluid. (CO1-PO1)
2)Be able to identify the units and dimension
used in engineering fluids.( CO1-PO1)
3)Be able to apply basic knowledge, theories and
equations of various fluid properties.
(CO1-PO1)

WHAT IS WHAT IS
HYDRAULICS FLUID
MECHANICS?

•Branch of engineering science

dealing with water ( at rest or in
•Mechanics of fluids
motion)
•Branch of engineering science
•Branch of engineering science
which deals with the behaviour of
which is based on experimental
fluid under the conditions of rest &
observation of water flow.
motion

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The study of fluid mechanics is very important to an engineer

, it provides the basic principles in application list below :
Determination of Design and The design and
flow rate, energy application of application of fluid
dissipation from flow measuring machineries such as
spillway and flow in devices in closed pumps and turbines in
open channels such conduits or open a flow system.
as rivers. channels.

The study of fluid mechanics is very important to an engineer

, it provides the basic principles in application list below :

Determination of Determination of stability of floating

flow pipes and and submerged objects – design
evaluation of losses pontoons, bouys, ship and submarines.
in pipelines which
leads to the design
of pipe sizes, Determination of
gradients and hydrostatic force-leads to
selection of pipe the evaluation of forces
material for acting on submerged
pipelines used in surfaces such as dams or
water supply gates. 6
network.

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 FLUID MECHANICS is a
study of the behavior of
fluids.
 Fluids can be either LIQUID or
GASES ~ have the ability to flow --
--------they are called “FLUIDS”
 Fluid mechanics is a study of
the behavior of fluids, either at
rest (fluid statics) or in motion  The analysis is based on the
fundamental laws of mechanics, which
(fluid dynamics). relate continuity of mass and energy
with force and momentum.
 An understanding of the properties and
behavior of fluids at rest and in motion is
of great importance in engineering.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID AND FLUID

SOLID FLUID
Have preferred shape Does not have any
preferred shape
Hard and not easily Soft and easily
deformed deformed
Cannot deformed Deformed continuously
continuously under under shear force
shear force

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FLUID STATE
•Matter which cannot stand on it own.
•It cannot resist any deforming force & flows
under its own weight.
•A substance that its constituent particles may
continuously change their position relating to one
another.
•No lasting resistance to displacement & no shear
force can exist if the fluid at rest.
•No ability to resist applied load

•LIQUID ( fluid which has a fixed

volume and a free surface)
•GASSES ( fluid which has no fixed
volume and expands unless restrained)

In fluid, the molecules can move freely but are constrained
through a traction force called cohesion. This force is
interchangeable from one molecule to another.
For gases, it is very weak which enables the gas to
disintegrate and move away from its container. A gas is a
fluid that is easily compressed and expands to fill its
container. It fills any vessel in which it is contained. There is
thus no free surface.
For liquids, it is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold
the molecule together and can withstand high compression,
which is suitable for application as hydraulic fluid such as oil.
On the surface, the cohesion forms a resultant force directed
into the liquid region and the combination of cohesion forces
between adjacent molecules from a tensioned membrane
known as free surface.
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Differences between liquid and gases

Liquid Gases
Difficult to compress and Easily to compress – changes
often regarded as of volume is large, cannot
incompressible normally be neglected and are
related to temperature
Occupies a fixed volume No fixed volume, it changes
and will take the shape of volume to expand to fill the
the container containing vessels

A free surface is formed Completely fill the vessel so

if the volume of container that no free surface is formed.
is greater than the liquid.
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Fluid Mechanics deals with 3 aspect of fluid:

• The study of • Deals with the –
incompressible fluid velocities, • Deal with the
under static conditions accelerations and
(hydrostatics) pattern of flow only
• That dealing with the • Force and energy
compressible static causing velocities and
gases- aerostatics accelerations are not
deal under this head.
STATICS KINEMATICS
relationship between
velocities and
accelerations of fluid
with the FORCES @
ENERGY causing them.
DYNAMICS

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Concept of Continuum
• In fluid mechanics when we deal with the analysis of the mechanical
behaviour of an object, the object will be modelled as a continuum.
• A continuum concept assumes that the substance of the body
(molecules) is distributed uniformly throughout, and completely fills
the space it occupies.
• However, fluid properties depend on their molecular structure, it is
hardly analysed fluids at molecular level in engineering application.
• We only consider the fluid’s bulk behavior as main concern in
engineering applications.

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CONTINUUM CONCEPTS

• Atoms are widely spaced in the gas phase.

• However, we can disregard the atomic nature of a substance.
• View it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that is, a continuum.
• This allows us to treat properties as smoothly varying quantities.
• Continuum is valid as long as size of the system is large in comparison to distance
between molecules.
• As a continuous substance where quantities such as velocity & pressure can be taken as
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constant at any section, irrespective at the individual fluid particle velocity.

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CONTINUUM EXAMPLE
• The pressure of a gas in a
container is the result of
momentum transfer between the
molecules and the walls of
container.
• However, behaviour of the gas
molecules is not important to
determine the pressure in
container
• It would be sufficient to attach a
pressure gauge to the container
to determine the pressure.

Modified slides from Ms Kamsiah 15

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WHAT IS WHAT IS
DIMENSION? UNITS?

•Measurable properties that used •Standardized system of

to describe a body/system. measurements used to
describe the magnitude
of the dimension.

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UNITS SYSTEM
• The primary dimension which are also referred to as basic dimensions are: L
length (L), time (T), mass (M) and temperature (Q)
• Various system of units used in engineering include :

Imperial units ( British

SI UNITS c.g.s system of unit
Dimension Gravitational system; English Units)

Length Meters (m) Centimeters (cm) Foot (ft)

Mass kilogram(kg) Gramme (g) Pound ( Ib)

Time Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s)
Temperature Degree Celcius (C) Degree Farenheit ( F)

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Primary Units Derived Units

Quantity SI Unit Quantity SI Unit
Length Metre, m velocity m/s -
Mass Kilogram, kg acceleration m/s2 -
force Newton (N) N = kg.m/s2
Time Seconds, s
energy (or work) Joule (J) J = N.m = kg.m2/s2
Temperature Kelvin, K
power Watt (W) W = N.m/s = kg.m2/s3
Current Ampere, A

Luminosity Candela pressure (or stress) Pascal (P) P = N/m2 = kg/m/s2

Example 1.1 density kg/m3 -

Given m = 80 kg and a=10 m/s2. Find specific weight N/m3 = kg/m2/s2 N/m3 = kg/m2/s2
the force
relative density a ratio (no units) dimensionless
Solution
 F = ma viscosity N.s/m2 N.s/m2 = kg/m/s
 F = 80 kg x 10 m/s2 = 800 kg.m/s2
surface tension N/m N/m = kg/s2
 F= 800N

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