+

ANATOMI
FISIOLOGI
SISTEM
ENDOKRIN

Ns. Retno Setyawati, M.Kep., SpKMB

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The Endocrine System
• Consists of glands and tissues that
secrete hormones. Like the nervous
system, the endocrine system is intimately
involved in homeostasis.

• Influences metabolic activity by means of

hormones (hormone = to excite), which are
chemical messengers released into the
blood to be transported throughout the
body.
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n Hormones are chemical signals that
affect the behavior of other glands or
tissues. Hormones influence the
metabolisme of cells, the growth and
development of body parts, and
homeostasis.
n Endocrine glands are “ductless”; they
secrete their hormones directly into
tissue fluid. From there, the hormones
diffuse into the bloodstream for
distribution throughout the body.
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General Characteristics

n Glands
that secrete chemical signals
(hormones) into circulatory system
n Hormone characteristics
n Produced in small quantities
n Secreted into intercellular space
n Transported some distance in
circulatory system
n Acts on target tissues elsewhere in body

n Regulate activities of body structures

Endocrine
Organs
The Anatomy and Orientation of the
Pituitary Gland
 Endocrine  System  Func1ons  
• Metabolism  and  /ssue  matura/on  
• Ion  regula/on  
• Water  balance  
• Immune  system  regula/on  
• Heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  regula/on  
• Control  of  blood  glucose  and  other  nutrients  
• Control  of  reproduc/ve  func/ons  
• Uterine  contrac/ons  and  milk  release  

8  
NEUROENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Three Methods of Hypothalamic Control over
the Endocrine System
 Types of hormones
• Hormones  are  categorized  into  four  
structural  groups,  with  members  of  each  
group  having  many  proper1es  in  common:    
– Pep/des  and  proteins    
– Amino  acid  deriva/ves    
– Steroids    
– FaCy  acid  deriva/ves  -­‐  Eicosanoids    
 
 TABLE 1. Principal Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Endocrine   Hormone  released   Chemical   Target  /ssues/ Chief  
Gland     class   organs   Func/on(s)  of  
hormone  
Hypothalamus   Hypothalamic-­‐ Pep/de   Anterior  pituitary   Regulate  anterior  
  releasing  and       pituitary  hormones  
  inhibi/ng  hormones        
         
Produced  by   An/diure/c  (ADH)   Pep/de   Kidneys   S/mulates  water  
hypothalamus,         reabsorp/on  by  
released  from   Oxytocin       kidneys  
posterior     Pep/de   Uterus,mammary   S/mulates  uterine  
pituitary       Glands   muscle  
        contrac/on,  
        release  of  milk  by  
        mammary  glands  
Anterior   Thyroid-­‐s/mula/ng   Glycoprotein   Thyroid   S/mulates  thyroid  
pituitary   (TSH)        
Adrenocor/cotropic   Pep/de   Adrenal  cortex   S/mulates  adrenal  
(ACTH)   cortex  
Endocrine  Gland     Hormone   Chemical   Target  /ssues/ Chief  
released   class   organs   Func/on(s)  of  
hormone  
Anterior  pituitary   Gonadotropic   Glycoprotein   Gonads   Egg  and  sperm  
  Follicle-­‐     produc/on;  sex  
  s/mula/ng       hormone  
  (FSH)       produc/on  
  Luteinizing  (LH)        
  Prolac/n  (PRL)   Protein   Mammary  glands   Milk  produc/on  
         
  Growth  (GH)   Protein   SoV  /ssues,   Cell  division,  protein  
      bones   synthesis,  and  bone  
        growth    
  Melanocyte-­‐ Pep/de   Melanocytes  in   Unknown  func/on  
  s/mula/ng     skin   in  humans;  
  (MSH)       regulates  
        skin  color  in  lower  
        vertebrates  
Thyroid   Thyroxine  (T4)   Iodinated   All  /ssues   Increases  metabolic  
and   amino  acid   rate;  regulates  
triiodothyronine   growth  and  
(T3)   development  
Endocrine  Gland     Hormone  released   Chemical   Target  /ssues/ Chief  
class   organs   Func/on(s)  of  
hormone  
Thyroid   Calcitonin   Pep/de   Bones,  kidneys,   Lowers  blood  calcium  
      Intes/ne   level  
Parathyroids   Parathyroid  (PTH)   Pep/de   Bones,  kidneys,   Raises  blood  calcium  
      intes/ne   level  
Adrenal  gland          
Adrenal  cortex   Glucocor/coids   Steroid   All  /ssues   Raise  blood  glucose  
  (cor/sol)       level;  s/mulate  
        breakdown  of  
        protein  
  Mineralocor/coids   Steroid   Kidneys   Reabsorb  sodium  and  
  (aldosterone)       excrete  potassium  
  Sex  hormones   Steroid   Gonads,  skin,   S/mulate  
      muscles,bones   reproduc/ve  organs  
        and  bring  
        about  sex  
        characteris/cs  
Adrenal  medulla   Epinephrine  and   Modified   Cardiac  and   Released  in  
norepinephrine   amino   other   emergency  
acid   muscles   situa/ons;  raise  
blood  glucose  level  
Endocrine  Gland     Hormone  released   Chemical   Target  /ssues/ Chief  
class   organs   Func/on(s)  of  
hormone  
Pancreas   Insulin   Protein   Liver,  muscles,   Lowers  blood  glucose  
      adipose  /ssue   level;  
        promotes  forma/on  
        of  glycogen  
  Glucagon   Protein   Liver,  muscles,   Raises  blood  glucose  
      adipose  /ssue   level  
Gonads          
Testes   Androgens   Steroid   Gonads,  skin,   S/mulate  male  sex  
  (testosterone)     muscles,bones   characteris/cs  
Ovaries   Estrogens  and   Steroid   Gonads,  skin,   S/mulate  female  sex  
  progesterone     muscles,bones   characteris/cs  
Thymus   Thymosins   Pep/de   T  lymphocytes   S/mulate  produc/on  
        and  matura/on  of  
        T  lymphocytes  
Pineal  gland   Melatonin   Modified   Brain   Controls  circadian  
amino   and  circannual  
acid   rhythms;  
possibly  involved  in  
matura/on  of  sexual  
organs  
Thyro
id Glan
d
Thyroid Gland
› The largest endocrine gland, located in the
anterior neck, consists of two lateral lobes
connected by a median tissue mass called
the isthmus
› Microscopically it has 2 distinct
population of cells: Folicular Cell that
produce thyroid hormone such as
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3),
and C cells of thyroid gland produce
calcitonin to helps regulate calcium
concentration in body fluids
Thyroid Hormones
¡ Functions of Thyroid hormones
include:
§ Increasing ATP production, when
bound to mitochondria.
§ Activating genes that control energy
utilization, when bound to receptors
§ Exert a calorigenic effect: ↑ heat
production with increased ATP
consumption.
Calcitonin
• Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin:
• ↓ blood Ca2+ and promotes Ca2+
deposition in bone.
• Calcitonin:
• Inhibits osteoclast activity (breaks down bone
releasing calcium from the bone matrix)
• Stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into the
bone matrix by increasing osteoblast activity.

• Antagonist to parathyroid hormone

(PTH)
Para
thyro
id Gl
and
Parathyroid Gland
› PTH increases Ca2 levels in blood by stimulating
three target organs: the skeleton (which contains
considerable amounts of calcium salts in its
matrix), the kidneys, and the intestine
› PTH release (1) stimulates osteoclasts (bone-
resorbing cells) to digest some of the bony matrix
and release ionic calcium and phosphates to the
blood; (2) enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ [and
excretion of phosphate (PO43–)] by the kidneys;
and (3) promotes activation of vitamin D, thereby
increasing absorption of Ca2+ by the intestinal
mucosal cells.
Adre
nal Glan
d
Figure 16.12a
 Adrenal Cortex

Different corticosteroids are produced

in each of the three layers
• Zona glomerulosa –
mineralocorticoids
(chiefly aldosterone)
• Zona fasciculata – glucocorticoids
(chiefly cortisol)
• Zona reticularis – gonadocorticoids
(chiefly androgens) testosterone in
males and estrogen in females
 Adrenal Medulla
• The adrenal medulla functions as an
extension of the sympathetic nervous
system.
• Under periods of stress a neuron from
the hypothalamus directly stimulates as
the adrenal medulla.
• Since this is a direct neural connection
the adrenal medulla can release the
catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine) immediately.
Panc
reas
Figure  17.17b  

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Pancreatic  Hormones    
Insulin (from β cells)
• insulin is secreted when blood sugar
levels are high as in after a meal
• insulin receptors are on most cells of
the body
• insulin stimulates cells to take up
glucose and amino acids
• insulin antagonizes glucagon
Glucagon (from α cells)
• glucagon is secreted when blood glucose
levels are low as it is between meals
• glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis
(breakdown of glycogen), fat catabolism
(release of free fatty acids) and promotes
absorption of amino acids for
gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from
amino acids)
Somatostatin (from delta δ cells)
• secreted with rise in blood glucose and
amino acids after a meal
• paracrine secretion modulates secretion of α
and β cells
Pine
al Gl
and
Pineal gland
• Contains pinealocytes
• Synthesize melatonin
• Suggested functions include inhibiting
reproductive function, protecting
against damage by free radicals,
setting circadian rhythms (biological
clock)
Thym
us
Thymus
› Location: mediastinum, superior to
heart
› Involution after puberty (converts to
fibrous connective tissue and
adipose)
› Secretes the hormones Thymosin and
Thymopoietin that regulate
development of T-lymphocytes (type
of white blood cell)