- _|_Sid\ 240 2022-24 i Phusics —- semestes Exo LL Chaptes - 32,6, 4,656,910, \. 1211 rofnatfon QAai Mca a | (DD) 4ro (A)_Increases 3 (A) Transiatonal motion » 4 (B) Room fs heated. = OB) MarePrum = aw, vohen Pt atrarns ex hseme positfov 6 (Cd) Low vesferance fr parallel - 2|(Q_ zero , 3 (0) Paramagnehe 4 (A) Varying magnet. fteld to, Cc) SD Q2_ Answers the folousting : 2 PorentPal qrodfent % detfned as potentfal df fteenc: pes unit length of wire 2. Ceft¥eal veloctty of the flutd, Ve = fof where Rn > Reynold number s Differential Equation -for anquiay SKM Irbe o> ai co = 0 - - 4. Gen - m=lovg, 1 = 60cm = 66x10 mM To fad! mr:=r:=?2 Solution - MZ = rox? = Wx (60x10)? _ox.3.600 x 104 a= Fr = BEG?3.) The ctare of osdilatfon wttin phase angle a 25° %s equfvajent +o 2 phose angle “of ust withfa_one full cyde fe the pscilatfon han completed three Full cydes (2x360°) plus an add tonal 45° 6. Pxfnefple of Meer > A curevent Camsyfing cof L when placed PO_an externa mnagnetf a experiences magnerte rae The an hhfch atl fs defleured due ro the eter magnenc trque fs properhona tp tne magnitude of cusrent tn the cofl. t 8] Mest cote Speed , Vs * tegtans #)_ Banting angle @: tan’ | v2) Vag 8. Defin?hoo — The extvo ens e Maeutep Oo tne surface Layer of a \% fe urface energ of the gute Units — 3 Ynsr system esq fn Cos 4: fem, Dimenetoo — [mit] SECTION ® Q 3] The moment of fnesria of a -wetaling xigtd oy fo the Sum of the product of each potnt mass and square of fs Akctance froma the axfs of mtakon Si Unit = kq m? Dimention = (M'L?T?4) A thermodynamic process T@_a Change that our na therrodynannPe systern §7om E Stare tp anothes Thi change mrouy Fovolve_ a Tevansfes OF nears, wosk or roattery belmoeen the stern and Ms Susrcundtn. Two rypes — Lsotnesm [Adfabath'e - Sow, Porenttommeke Vol\trneres -No. iil. vil. vill. Potentiometer Its resistance IS infinite. It does not draw any current from the source of known e.m.f. The potential difference measured by it is equal to actual potential difference (p.d.). It has high sensitivity. It measures e.m.f as well as p.d. It is used to measure internal resistance of a cell. It is more accurate. It does not give direct | reading. It is not portable. It is used to measure lower voltage values only. Voltmeter Its resistance is high but finite. It draws some current from the source of e.m.f. The potential difference measured by it is less than the actual potential L difference (p.d.). _Ithas low sensitivity. It measures only p.d. It cannot be used to measure the internal resistance of a cell. It is less accurate. It gives direct reading. - It is portable. It is used to measure lower as well as higher voltage values. [Any four differences]ee ee 84) IA thermodynamic process Pa _a change that od fr_a_thevmodynanate systenn §70r ane eapslttbsian ae + Stare anothes. 7 Change 1 Frvolve a _transfes OF hear, work oF matters beeen = ____systern and 15. susroundogs — _ Two types — Leothermad /AdFabahic . Qs Porenttomete y Voltmerers QC. Mechantead Baufirortin =| For a system cto be % mechanital equiliforure tnexe should not be any unloalanced force acting “whan the system and between the systert ands : urcoundings — | Also the pressuxe fn tne system showd be sam: “yeroughbur the systera and should not chan Lusttin_tfme - [Tegel EQUILIBRIUM - - fox _a system +0 be fo shermnal equfiifowura, th! untfow | of the systern Showd be ehange wien time termpughour ant Ht shoutd 9 ot € =p eyetem when fh thermal eqiltontuen fs destlls Pn tesms of State varfaloleo es Ai) pngutan roomewturmy __ mob: eve ff) pier —___— as to Gnd s4 formuiaes fT 19 x2 10% 5.3410 eee mond = 26x10 9x2 RICK EBAY — Zz a a ATE cugale BAIS 2 AEH AIO. SMELT S = =F | gi xlO7x ZAIOXQZ || So\ucon - = Yadtus of dwpplets = 01200 wm = 2410 [R= vadhus of sthgle deop Votumme o€ & droplets = Volume of a stngle drop s B= Wf AR? xo ho an _ \ S422 2? “RR = o¥ Decrease In surface axea BA = AH AD = 8 xan? —Anq Re L = a2n%> —4n2r)” | = 2n%* -6n** I BDA= 160s | = 16 xo1u2 x (2 %10°)> | DB B-= 2:01) *10°§ po?QA. Expression for excess pressure inside a drop: P, ii Free surface of drops or bubbles are spherical in shape. inside pressure of a drop or air bubble outside pressure of bubble radius of drop or bubble. ‘Ar As drop is spherical, P, > P, excess pressure inside drop = P;- P, Let the radius of drop increases from r tor + Ar so that inside pressure remains constant. Initial area of drop A, = 4nr’, Final surface area of drop Ap= 4n(r+Ar)” Increase in surface area, AA =A,— Ay = 4nl(r + Ar)? — 7] = 4nfe’ + rar + Ar’ — P| = 8arAr + 4Ar® As Aris very small, the term containing Ar’ can be neglected. dA = SrrAr Work done by force of surface tension, dW = TAA = (BrrAxT ol) This work done is also equal to the product of the force F which causes increase in the area of the bubble and the displacement Ar which is the increase in the radius of the bubble. dW=FAr The excess force is given by, (Excess pressure) x (Surface area) F = (P,—P,) 4ar’ dF = (P\-PJA dW = Far = (P,~ Ps) AAr From equation (1), (P,~ P.) AAr = (SnrAr) T SxArT 4mr‘Ar p-P,= 2 42) r Equation (2) represents excess pressure inside a drop or air bubble. It is also called Laplace's law of spherical membrane. b. A=4nr] Pi-Po= [2 Marks]Qs. vi A thermodynamic process that returns a system to its initial state isa cyclic process. In this process, the initial and the final state is the same. For a cyclic process, the total change in the internal energy of a system is zero. (AU = 0). According to the first law of thermodynamics, we have, for a y, VY cyclic process, ‘ : O=W p-V diagram of cyclic process The given figure shows the p-V diagram of a cyclic process. Working of all heat engines is a cyclic process. [2 Marks]Q.13.i. a. A parallel resonance circuit is an AC circuit in which a parallel combination of an inductor and capacitor is iy connected to a source of an alternating e.m.. b, Let the alternating emf supplied by the source be, e = eqsino t c c. In case of an inductor, the current lags behind the + applied emf by a phase angle of w/2, then the j ic ti instantaneous current through L is given by i= SEsin(ot ~ 1/2) e=esinat d. Similarly in a capacitor, as current leads the emf by a phase angle of 7/2, we can write ic = £2 sin(ot + 7/2) Ic xno nl2) . Therefore, the total current i in the circuit at this instant is, leith = £2 sin(ot — 1/2) + £2 sin(ot + 1/2) x Xe 1 i= C-— ]cosat a(o x) “ 1 f. Therefore, when (- }=0,1= minimum, a L oc= + oL 1 ate ak Lc o==2 Vic 1 nf = Wie f-—1 aaVLC Where f; is called the resonant frequency. g. For parallel resonance to occur, oC = = ie. Xe= Xi. al [2 Marks]Q6. i. iv, vi All materials possess diamagnetic property. In some, it is weaker than other properties such as paramagnetism or ferromagnetism which mask the diamagnetism wnt yss Diamagnetic substance in Uniform magnetic field ‘When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the induced magnetic field inside the material repels the magnetic lines of forces resulting in reduction in magnetic field inside the material. When a diamagnetic material is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, it moves from a stronger to weaker part of the field. If a diamagnetic liquid is filled in a U tube and one arm of the U tube is placed in an external magnetic field, the liquid is pushed in the arm which is outside the field. If a rod of diamagnetic material is suspended freely in the magnetic field it aligns itself in the direction perpendicular to the direction of external magnetic field. The magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic material is negative. {Any four properties] [2 Marks]Q5. il, When a charged particle maves through a region in which both electric and magnetic fields are present net force experienced by that charged particle is sum of electrostatic force and magnetic force and is called as Lorentz force. Equation of Lorentz Force law: a. Consider a charge q moving through electric field ( Jana magnetic field (5 |with velociy(#). b. Electric force on charge q, F-=qE c. Magnetic force on charge q, Fax a(t 3) d. Net force on charge q, F = F.+ Fn = ab +a( sx a) =4 [E( ay This is the required equation. [2 Marks}iii. Resistance box Working: A. suitable resistance Ris selected from resistance box. The jockey is brought in contact with AB at various points on the wire AB and the balance point (null point), D is obtained. The galvanometer shows no deflection when the jockey is at the balance point (point D). Let the respective lengths of the wire between A and D, and that between D and B be /, and /g - Then using the balancing conditions, X _ Rw R Roy () Where Rap and Rpg are resistance of the parts AD and DB of the wire respectively. If i, and /g are lengths of the parts AD and DB of the wire AB, p is its specific resistance of the wire, and A is its area of cross section of wire AB then = Ph Rap= z eQ2) pa = 26 GB) A From equations (1), (2) and (3), X Ry _ phlA Rea X_| Rk yeu L, lh Thus, knowing R, /, and Jy, the value of the unknown resistance X can be determined.— st, — gis] Ay Magnetization Ir —3 Ratio of nagnehe moment to tne Volume of tne maserfo0. Denoted by w @)\_mMagneHe Intensity !- — Ratin of strength of magnetising #Pevcl to the pesmeabiitty of free space. Denoied by (H). C] Magnehe SusceptfbF tty > Rabin & magnfhide of fotenotty of maqgnetfcation to that of raagnettc Prtennity denote by (2)“a3 InductWe Reackan te a opresin name of Fo duro to Co ow oF arte natn current 1S eal Paductiue Monee : Me suse = ange _ 24 Copacketve Reactonce The fundion of a cree re ONE Pe tp \Pente te arnP @rude of THe Cuneo sl = ae cic init Col 4 mpedance —> 1 fs the combination of wesfstanc, Ca ace tanee® ana en adu chon ce eyent camer cP Mean sd tn OLS C-2)Q.10. i iv, Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant angular speed w about an axis perpendicular to the plane of paper. For theoretical simplification, let us consider the object to be consisting of N particles of masses m,, mp, .....my at respective perpendicular distances r), rp, .....1y from the axis of rotation. As the object rotates, all these particles perform UCM with the same angular speed @, but with different linear speeds v, = 10, V2 = £40,....Vy = TNO ‘Translational K.E. of the first particle is, 1 1 (KE), = Smvi = MAtp dt S 3 pas es = AKIO = TOXIC TK Ceaplab) TS p1= 0M \ \aS Hy eB BL< I2 ov a Ld C TyAI2 db Poprying Kinehhofe's voltage lace tp loop ABCDEFA we gets ms Ur 4Z2)- 4420 -§1,-512-li=-4 GI\+5il2 4 —© Ppplying IKVL te BCDEB, we get ey Gg tee ee eo © Cone Geto s 72S are a —$11 —-F}I2°2 (2) WAP ly @ by > 4@ by©® ' 30r, + 2ore = 208 —4 B20, poorest — Subwacking @) Fom™@) aa =- 3 oe) oe A 7 Subsh hur e In @ 6a. 1S (= Bo 17 6r. ~40 =4 ma Cx » HO = OS yO ti - IF A 1 Reoisiance Current thigh external To: d\ti2- WAS = 8 rH «IFlegs. Ans: ii. State the law of equipartition of energy a hence calculate molar specific heat of Mong and di-atomic gases at constant volume ang constant pressure. 14 Margy) For statement Refer 0.42 / Monatomic gases: For a monatomic gas enclosed in a Container held at a constant temperature T and containjp, Nq atoms, each atom has only 3 translation) dof. Therefore, average energy per atom jg 3 kT and the total internal energy pe; mole is, E= 3 NakpT Molar specific heat at constant volume Using Mayer’s relation, Cp = R + Cy 5 Cp= I R Diatomic gases: For a gas consisting of diatomic molecules such as O>, No, CO, HCI, enclosed in a container held at a constant temperature T, if treated as a rigid rotator, each molecule will have _ three translational and two rotational dof. According to the law of equipartition of energy, the internal energy of one mole of gas is, 3 2 5 E= —NakpT + = NakgT=~ 3 NakeT + > Nal pT 5 Nake The molar specific heat at constant volume will be, 5 5 Cy = —Nakp = = vey Nake = 5 RUsing Mayer’s relation, Cp = R +c, 7 =—R Cp 2 For diatomic gas containing non Tigid vibrating molecules, internal energy per mole is 3 2 2 E= 3 NakeT + 2D NakpT + 3 NakeT = 1NgkpT 2 The molar specific heat at constant volume will be 7 7 = —Nakp=—R Cy 2 ABB 2 Ce=R+C=2Rx then, tHE two SHM’s are in phase, If two SH, M's are 90° out of ree i ide: $f. we cos 1-9)" sno From equation (8, hase, 6) —b2= then From ‘atom R= (NADIA, cos (h-#)=0 a (Nt 2M = From equation (8), \( ie Waray) Re (areal Re HAtAD TPAv= As Athen, R= 24 HAI=Ar= Athen, R= V2.4 (gst Activity Textbook page no. 20) A Tie a string horizontally tight between two vertical supports. To this string, tie three pendula, two of them (A and B) of equal Jengths, Third one (C) need not have the same fength, but not very different. Oscillate the 5 pendula A and B in a plane perpendicular to the From formula (). a horizontal string. It will be observed that pendulum C also starts oscillating in the same plane, withthe same period as those of A and B. —; Formulae i Caleulation 5) + (+25 x 3xC05| With this system and procedure, we are 25-9 30008 5 imposing two S.H.Ms of the same period. The ‘ ~ resultant energy transfers through the strings = 2549+ (30% 0.9659) into the third pendulum C and it starts oscillating. Special cases (i), (ii) and (ii) of pea changes. wmiula (ii), we {=ii| erat pana) sexton | code 10 get conceptual clarity about this activity with the aid of a linked video. Ea +Q59.Two parallel S.H.MLs represented by xy = Sin (Ant + Fem and (4at-+ ©) cm are superposed on a particle. Determine the amplitude and epoch of the resultant S.H.M. [3 Marks] Solution: = tan" [antlog {log (6.451) ~ log (4.621)}] Given Ay= Som, = % rad tan’! [antilog (0.8097 - 0.6647) 2) tan “[antitog (0.1450)} = tan! (1.396] Ay = 3am, 2 = 7 rad 54°23" Tofind” i, Resultant amplitude (R) Ans: The amplitude and epoch of the resultant ii, Resultant initial phase (8) SIM. is 7936 em and 54°23’ respectively. t nm” wr WhQ.1L. Expression for average power dissipated in LCR circuit: i. Suppose that an alternating e.m.f e = ey sinat is applied across an AC circuit containing L, C and R as shown in figure. ii, In such circuit, there is a phase difference @ between applied emf and current. Therefore, the instantaneous current is given by, i=igsin @t+4). Lc R iii. Instantaneous power in the circuit is given by, P=ei= ey sinwtx iy sin (ot+ 6) a 1 =) evin sin tx sin (at +4) bh Fo se pip sin at (sin @t cos > + cos at sind) i eoip (sin*wt cos + sin at cos cat sin >) - e= ey sinat = eq sin’at cos p + 5 ep ix 2 sin wt cos at sing P = cgi sin'wt cosp + 2 sin 2at sing el) This expression shows that P varies with t. iv. Average power dissipated in the circuit can be obtained by integrating equation (1), j Pat Work done in one cycle _ Pay= lume for one eycle T Payette i[sto9 cost) 20) sf Pa sh [jw ncontr| seas wQ) jouer? Jaintotcospat ~ Foose +B) v. Also, fsin2or dt = 0 pe singdt =0 i 2 vii. Substitute equations (3) and (4) in equation (2), we get. (4) = Cm lreX COS Pay = @nmeX lems COS) (5) Equation (5) represents required average power or true power dissipated in the AC circult. [3 Marks]uu 12. Transformer: “Trasfore is an lec device which converts low liemating volge at high curento high aerating olga ow caren and ice-esa Principle: Is bed on the principle of mutual ndcton Le, whenever the magnet Mx inked with cl changes ne.m-f is induced in the neighbouring coil. Construction: 1 Rcasfomer cons of two st of colls primary Pand secondary Sisulated fom each ahr. The CollP scale he input col an gol scaled the our co 11 The two cols ae wound separately lant sot roa cr. LSet iron core pata 5 | lige s in Load FF _—crapr sa: eremognetic ndson Working: 4. When an alternating voltage &s applied to the primary coll the current through the coll goes on changing. Hence, the magnetic ux through the core also changes. AL Asthis changing magnetic ux i inked with both the cols, an e-m.f i induced in each coll ‘il, ‘The amount of the magnetic ux linked with the coil depends upon the numberof tums ofthe coil fv, Let. “6° be the magnetic flux linked per tum with both the ents a certain instant“. Let Npand "Ns" be the number of cums of primary and secondary col. [Nab = magnetic flux inked with the primary col at certain instant" [Nob = magnetie flux inked with the secondary col at certain instant vl. Induced e-m. produced in the primary and secondary colli given by, ie yy th ope te ent w 2-H onc oe en 0) vil, Dividing equation (2) by (1), & LNs 3) & ON ‘Equation (3) represents equation of transformer. ‘Toe tio X15 called tums rato (ansformer rao) ofthe transformer, vil. Foran Weal transformer, Input power = Output power erlr= els & Co) e ‘x, From equation (3) and (), saMeh eu L (Case When Ny Ny ‘Then es>¢y (sep up transformer and {> b, Current in the primary coll s more than that in the secondary col (Case H:When NecN ‘Then e,ce, (sep down transformer) and i i. Current in primary coll Is less than that in secondary ‘4 Marks}Attempt any One ) Qu2.i. iil iv. vi vill xi Consider an unmagnetized ferromagnetic material in the form of a rod placed inside a solenoid. On passing the current through solenoid, magnetic field is generated which magnetises the rod. ; The hysteresis curve represents the relation between magnetic induction B of a ferromagnetic material with magnetic intensity H. It represents the behaviour of the material as it is taken through are cycle of magnetisation, B Flux Density Saturation in Flux Density in opposite opposite direction direction At point O in the graph the material is in non-magnetised state. As the strength of external magnetic intensity H is increased, B also increases non-linearly. Near point a, the magnetic field is at its maximum value which is the saturation magnetization condition of the rod. This represents the complete alignment and merger of the domains. If H is increased future, (by increasing the current flowing through the solenoid) there is no increase in B, At this stage if the current in the solenoid is reduced, the earlier path of the graph is not retraced L.e., the domain structure is not recovered. Thus, the process is not reversible. Next, current through the solenoid is decreased to zero. Hence magnetic intensity H reduces to zero. At point b, when H = 0, B #0. The value of magnetic induction B left in the material when the magnetizing force is reduced to zero is called retentivity or remanence. This shows that some domain alignment is retained even when H=0. The current in the solenoid Is now reversed and increased. The domain axes start getting randomly oriented w.r.t. each other till B reduces to zero at a certain value of H (represented by point ¢ in the graph). This value of magnetizing force (H) is called coercivity of the material. As the reverse current in solenoid is increased in magnitude, B increases and again reaches a saturation point (point d in graph). At this point, further increase in H does not increase B. The solenoid current is now reduced. H reduces resulting in reduction of B along the path de. This means domain structure is present but the direction of magnetization is reversed. Further increase in the current, gives the curve efa. On reaching point a, one loop is complete. This loop is called hysteresis loop and the process of taking magnetic material through the loop once is called hysteresis cycle. [4 Marks]*-Q.43.Deseribe how a potentiometer is used to iti. v. vi. compare the emfs of two cells by Pana the cells individually. [4 Marks A potentiometer circuit is set up by connecting @ battery of emf E, with a key K and a theostat such that point A is at higher potential than point B. The cells whose emfs are to be compared are connected with their positive terminals at point A and negative terminals to the extreme terminals of a two way key K, and K2. The central terminal of the two ways key is connected to a galvanometer. The other end of the galvanometer is connected to a jockey (J). p—t—e.Ki Key K is closed and then, key K, is closed and key K» is kept open. Therefore, the cell of emf E, comes into circuit. The null point is obtained by touching the jockey at Various points on the potentiometer wire AB. Let /; be the length of the wire between the null point and the point A. Here, /; corresponds to emf E; of the cell. Therefore, E,=Ki, we) where K is the potential gradient along the potentiometer wire.Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. 1!) vil. vill. Now key Kj) is kept open and key K2 is closed. The cell of emf Ey now comes in the circuit. Again, the null point is obtained with the help of the Jockey. Let /> be the length of the wire between the null point and the point A. Here / corresponds to the emt E> of the cell. 2=Kh - (2) Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), E, J Eh Thus, emfs of the two cells can be compared and if any one of the emfs is known, the other can be determined.Ed sed Fis molecules a xi pressure of eal Gas J the relation between pressure of th 4 Marks} x thre he n moles ofan ideal gas encls pea box of vote V (= lea 8 oe rralle 1th cooriat ats, ay shown A gure. The walls of the box are kept ata gant temperature T cote gas molecules are in continous random Favion, colliding With each other and hing the eof the box and bouncing back : fas per one of the assumptions, we neglect amolecular collisions and consider onl clastic collisions with the walls, ¥ |* 1 A typical molecule moving withthe velocity ¥', about to collide elastically with the shaded wall ofthe cube parallel to yz-plane, During elastic collision, the component v, of the elocity will get reversed, keeping v, and vz components unaltered. Hence the change in momentum of the particle js only in the x component of the momentum, ‘pis given by, ‘4p, = final momentum — initial momentum anv) ~ (my) = 2 mV.(1) ‘Thus, the momentum transferred tothe wall during collision is + 2m. The re-bounced molecule then g0esto the opposite wall and collides with i ‘After colliding with the shaded wall, the ‘molecule travels to the opposite wall and travels back towards the shaded wall again. ‘This means that the molecule travels a distance of 2L in between two collisions. ‘As L is the length of the cubical box, the time for the molecule to travel back and forth to the shaded wall is at= 2 Average force exerted on the shaded wall by molecule 1 is given 88, ‘Average force = Average rate of change of momentum 2mw, Fou my a, OL Q) isthe x component of the where v molecule | xii, Considering other molecu respective x components of veloeitl®S he wall i les 2.34 «the total average force on th {From (2)1 ‘The average pressure Average foree Pe age for ‘Arcaot shaded wall ware of the x com nent of will, The average ofthe 54 ia the velocities is given by where is the average over all possible values of vy. xiv. Now, Feeney a since we By symmetry, aa ove molecules have no preferred direction (0. “Therefore, average pressure p= 1 Nm iV | READING BETWEEN THE LINES a GB) Equation (3) has been obtained for ¢ cubical | ‘shaped comrainer: However, ir can be shown (0 be valid for containers of any shape ‘Also, we have assumed that there are MO ‘uermotecular collisions. The mumber of | ‘mateoules in the container is so Farge (0f "He order of 10") thar even if molecular collisions are taken into account, the above expression does NOt | change. Explanation for point (v)° ' Consider wo dimensional elastic collision of @ | particle with a wall along the y-axis as shown int | the accompanying figure. Afier collision, the \x ‘component is reversed, vyremaining unchanged.| | ° 5.9 Graphical Representation of Sty *Q.56. Draw graphs of displacement, Veloci (@ | 0 -Aw acceleration against phase angle, ine particle performing linear S.H.M, from, a the mean position the positive extreme position. Deduce your conclusions from the graph, is Marky) Particle executing S.H.M. starting from Mean position: Equations: As the particle starts from the mean position, d= 0 Phase, 0 = at + = ot + 0= ot Displacement, x = A sinat - dx Vel v= locity, @ _ d(Asinot) dt = Ao cost Acceleration, a = S _ d(Aacoseat) dt =—Ao’ sin at Table: @ 9 TA | T2 (314 T ST | 3x Se 0 S om ® 7 OR - £ | 2 @) 9 Alo -A oO A (vy) Ao 0 et ;Time () or ot @ Time () or ot (b) ‘Time (for ot © (4) Variation of displacement with time (b) Variation of velocity with time (¢) Variation of acceleration with time Particle performing S.H.M., starting from the positive extreme position: Equations: As the particle starts from the | __ positive extreme position, "5 phase, 0= ot + 6= ot +72 Displacement, x= A sin(ot + /2) = Acosat a_i Velocity. v= = { seat =-Ao sin (ot) a a = Aw’ (ot) Table: lo |r \12 [sna | TST ® an sn @)E |e |% lon |e |e | [@fa jo ao A [@)] 0 Ao 0 Aw | 0 -Aw [@ Aw? 0 Aw? 0 Aw’ 0 iv. iii, «READING BETWEEN THE LINES 1: Fort 2 > @ Displacement ° Time (1) oF ot ) Acceleration ° (a) Variation of displacement with time (b) Variation of velocity with time (¢) Variation of acceleration with time Conclusions from the graphs: Displacement, velocity and acceleration of S.HM. are periodic functions of time Displacement-time curve and acceleration-time ‘curves are sine curves and velocity-time curve is a cosine curve ‘There is phase difference of x/2 radian between displacement and velocity ‘There is phase difference of x/2 radian between velocity and acceleration. ‘There is phase difference of x radian between displacement and acceleration. Shapes of all the curves get repeated after 2x radian or after a time T. As 8= = 2Suspended type of moving coil galvanometer:- PQRS = Rectangular coil W = Thin phosphor bronze wire suspension M = Plane mirror H = Helical spring C = Soft iron cylinderSOLUTION 2 g Coil Galvanometer - Upper suspension Moving coil Iron core (Stationa 1ent magnet Lower suspensiGiven data, p =2x 10° N/m? Vi=6x 103 W=-150J Vy =? W = P(V¢- Vi) Ww VeaVit+ — Pp —150 =6x10°+4 ) (; x 10° =6 x 10° + (—75 x 107%) =6 x 10° —0.75 x 1073 V, = 5.25 x 10-3m3 Final volume of the gas is 5.25 x 10°3 m3.Q.82. What is a second’s pendulum? [2 Marks} | Ans: i. A simple pendulum whose period is two seconds is called second’s pendulum. ii. Time period of simple pendulum, T = 2x i & For a second's pendulum, 2 = 2 fe & Where, L, is the length of second’s pendulum, having period T = 2s. Le reQ.37. A particle performing linear S.H.M. has maximum velocity of 25 cm/s and maximum acceleration of 100 cm/s”. Find the amplitude and period of oscillation. (m = 3.142). {3 Marks] [Mar 18] Solution: Given: Vmax = 25 cm/S, amax = 100 cm/s? To find: Amplitude (A), Period (T) Formulae: i. Vinax = AO ii, ama = Ao” wes _ 20 iii, o= = T Calculation: From formula (i) and (ii), Amnax _ 2n mt Sw = 2 Vinax T 2nxy, T=— Bax — 2x3.142x25 100 = 1571sFrom formula (iii), = 2m _ 2x3.14 _ 4 rad/s O° te is om From formula (i), A= You o = 2 =6.25cm 4 Ans: Amplitude is 6.25 em and time period of oscillation is 1.571 s.SOLUTION The wavelength that is associated with an object in relation to its momentum and mass is known as the de-Broglie wavelength. de-Broglie equated the energy equation of Plank (wave nature) and Einstein (particle nature) such that, E=hv (Plank energy relation) E=mc? (Einsteins mass-energy relation)Ll” SOLUTION De-Broglie equated the energy equation of Plank (wave nature) and Einstein (particle nature) such that, E=hv_ (Plank energy relation) E = mc? (Einsteins mass-energy relation) Where, E = energy associated with the particle h = planks constant v = frequency associated with the particle m = moss of the particle c = speed of light After equating equations (1) and (2) we get: hv = mc2If the particle is moving with velocity 'v' then equation (3) becomes, d= mv The wavelength of the particle if energy is in electron volt is, _ 12,400 A 7 E Where E should be in eV. After substituting the value of E i.e. 4.2 eV in equation (4) we get: ha 12,400 A ee UASr. No. ii. + iil, Centripetal force Centripetal force is directed along the | radius towards the | centre of a circle. It is a real force. It is considered in inertial frame of _ reference. _ In vector form, it is given by 2 > mv . F= -——h r with usual notations. | Centrifugal force Centrifugal force is directed along the radius away from ‘the centre of a circle. | It is a pseudo force. It is considered in non-inertial frame of | reference. In vector form, it is given by mv. a with usual notations.