Session-2023-2024

Submitted To Submitted By
Mrs. Supriya Ma’am Mohd. Mustafa Ansari
 Certificate
It is to certify that Mohd. Mustafa Ansari of Class
XII ‘A’ of Maria Assumpta Convent Sr. Sec School
Kashipur. Roll no. 24 has prepared the project on
the topic Check the ions present in a
toothpaste under guidance and supervision of
Mrs. Supriya.

Date:
 Acknowledgment
I Mohd. Mustafa Ansari student of Class XII ‘A’ , Roll
no. 24 ,selected this project titled To check the ions
present in a toothpaste as a part of chemistry
studies . I whole heartedly thank to my chemistry
teacher Mrs. Supriya (p.g.t. Chemistry) for their
incomparable effects, support and cooperation
towards me in the completion of this project . They
have also been the vital source of encouragement for
me throughout this project.
 Objective
The goal of the project is to determine the quality of the
toothpaste by detecting the ions present in the toothpaste by
qualitative analysis.

Introduction

There's a wide variety of toothpastes and related products

available today in the market for oral hygiene. However, for a
common man, differentiation on the basis of quality is really
difficult with all the fancy advertisements and offers. A
toothpaste contains a mildly abrasive substance such as
calcium carbonate and a detergent or soap, some
sweetening agent other than sugar and flavoring oils to make
it pleasant to taste and smell. Some toothpastes contain
fluorides which make the enamel surface of the tooth more
resistant to bacterial activity and act against microorganisms
as a metabolic poison. Generally, any standard toothpaste
contains calcium carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate,
sodium lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some flavoring
oils are also added. This project basically deals with the
detection of various ions in toothpaste that determine its
quality, and thus, a comparison between the prominent
toothpaste brands.
 Requirements

Toothpaste: Colgate, close-up.

Chemicals: Hydrochloric acid, dilute sulphuric acid,
concentrated sulphuric acid, barium chloride, ammonium
chloride, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, acetic
acid, nitric acid, silver nitrate, calcium chloride, potassium
ferrocyanide, h2s gas.

Equipments:Test tubes, beakers, flasks, flame, spatula.

 Theory :-

Every toothpaste contains the following

ingredients:Binders,abrasives,humectants,
flavours, sweeteners, fluorides, tooth
whiteners, a preservative and water. Binders
thicken toothpaste- they prevent separation
of the solid and liquid component, especially
storage. They also effect the speed and
volume of foam production, rate of flavour
release and product dispersal, the appearance
of toothpaste ribbon on the toothbrush.
Some binders are gum solid alignat methyl
cellulose, carrageen and magnesium
aluminium silicate.
Identification of anions and
Cations present in the toothpaste:

Anions in an atom or molecule that carries an electric charge.

Cations are positively charged ions created by the loss of
electrons. Anions are negatively charged ions created by the
gain of electrons. In chemical reactions, all ions exhibit their
own unique, characteristic behaviors.
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice_used with oa
toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the
aesthetics and health of teeth.

Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: It serves as an

abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food
from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers
active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent
tooth and disease (gingivitis).Most of the cleaning is achieved
by the mechanical action of the toothbrush and not by the
toothpaste. Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are
among materials that can be subistituted for commercial
toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed due
to the flouride content, but is generally not very harmful if
accidently swallowed in small amounts. However one should
seek medical attend
Components are used in
Toothpaste:-

• Hclo4
• Hbr
• Hi
• H2so4
• Hclo3
• Hcl
• Hno3
Ingredients-
In addition to 20%-42% water, toothpastes are
derived from a variety of components, the three
main ones being abrasives, fluoride, and
detergents.

Abrasives:-
Abrasives constite at least 50% of typical
toothpaste. These insoluble particles help remove
plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque and
calculus helps minimize cavities and peridontal
disease. Represent abrasives include particles of
aluminum hydroxide (al(oh)), calcium
carbonate(caco), various calcium hydrogen
phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and
hydroxyapatite (ca(po); oh).
Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used
in dentists' offices, also cause a small of enamel
erosion which is termed “polishing” Action,
some brands contain powdered while mica,
which acts as a mild abrasive, and also addsa
cosmetically plesing glittery shimmer to the
paste. The polishing of teeth removes
Stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been
shown to improve dental health over and above
the effects of the removal of plaque.
Fluorides :-
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular
active ingredients in toothpaste to prevent
cavities. Fluorides occur in small amount in
plants, animals and some natural water sources.
The additional fluorides in toothpaste has
beneficial effects on the formation of dental
enamel and bones. Sodium fluoride (naf) is the
most common source of fluoride, but stannous
fluoride (snf), olaflurs (an organic salt of
fluoride), and sodium monoflurophosphate (na:
Po3 f) are also used. Stannous fluroide has been
shown to be more effective than sodium
fluroide in reducing the incidence of dental
careiesand controlling gingivitis. Much of the
toothpaste sold in the united states has 1000 to
1100 parts per millon fluroide. In european
countries, such as the uk or greece, the fluoride
content is often higher; a naf of 0.312% w/w
(1,450 ppm fluoride) is not uncommon.
Surfacants:-

Many, although not all, tooothpaste contain

sodium lauryl sulfate (sls) or related surfactants
(detergents). Sls is well, such as shampoo, and is
mainly afoaming agents, which enables uniform
distribution of toothpaste, improving its cleansing
power.

Antibacterial agents:-
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common
toothpaste ingredient in the united kingdom.
Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and,
according to the american dental association,
helps reduce tartar and bad breadth. A 2006
review of clinical research concluded there was
evidence for plaque and gignivitis.
Flavorants:-

Toothpaste comes in a variety of colours and

flavors intended to encourage use of the product.
Three most common flavorants are peppermint
spearmint and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored
with peppermint-anise oil is popular in
mediterranean region. These flovors are
provideed by the respective oils,
E.g. Peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include,
anethole anise, apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon,
fennnel, lavander, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon,
orange and pine. More unusual flavors have been
used, e.g. Peanut butter, iced tea, and even
whisky. Unflavored toothpastes exist.

Remineralizer-
Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and calcium
phosphate are included in some forulations for
remineralization, i.e. The reformation of enamel.
Agents are added to suppress the tendency of
toothpaste to dry into a powder. Included are
various sugar alcohols, such as glycerol, sorbitol,
or xylitol, or related derivatives,such as 1,2-
propylene glycol and polyethyleneglycol
strontium chloride or potassium nitrate is
included in some toothpastes to reduces
sensitivity. Sodium polyphosphate is added to
minimize the formation of tartar.
Colouroof the toothpaste:-
White

Experiment Observation Inference

Take apart of the Formarttion white Co32 confirmed
solution and add of ppt
mgso4 solution
Take a part solution Formation of white ppt Ca2 confmrimed
and add ammonium
hyroxide
Take apart of solution Formation of white ppt Po42- confmrimed
and add magnesium
mixture (mixture of
nh4cl and nh4oh )

Acidity a portion A yellow ppt is I-is - confmrimed

aquious solution formed which is in
with dilute hno3 soluble in nh4oh
boil and cool and
add agno3
Take small Smell like vinegar Ch3coo-
quantity of
solution and add
oxalic acid
prepared the paste
of it with drop of
water rub and
smell
Take one part of No reaction Pb absent
solution add ki

To one part of the A white ppt is Mg present

solution add solid formed
kh4oh in slide
excess and then
add amonium
phosphate
Chemical reaction-
 Co+mgso→mgco3+so42 (white ppt)
 Co3+2ch3cooh→ (ch3coo)2ca+h₂o
(chcoo)2ca +(mgcl4)2c2o4+2chcoona+ca2o2
 Nahpo4+mgcl2+nh4oh→mg(nh4)po4+2nacl+h
2o

• I+agno3→no3 + agl (yellow ppt).

 (cooh)2+2ch3coona→ no reaction
 Pb+2ki→ no reaction
 Mgcl2+ nh4oh(nh3)2hpo4 mg(nh4)po4+ 2nh4
+h₂o
 Test on colgate colour of paste
White :-

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a part of the Fomation of white ppt Co32-

solution and mgso4 confrimed
solution

Take a part of Formation of white Ca2+

solution and add ppt confrimed
ammonium
hydroxide

Take a part of Formed of white ppt Po4

solution and add confrimed
magnesia mixture
(mixture of nh4oh)
and allow to stand

Acidity a portion of A yellow ppt is I- confrimed

aqueous solution formed which is
withdilute hcl boil and insoluble in nh4oh
cool and add
Agno3
Take a small Smell like that of Ch3coo absent
quantity of solution vineger
and add oxalic acid

Take one part of No reaction Pb absent

solution add ki
To one part of the A white ppt is Mg present
solution add solid formed
kh4oh in slide
excess and then
add amonium
phosphate
 Chemical reaction

 Co3+2ch3cooh→ (ch3coo)2ca+h₂o
 (ch3coo)2 ca+(nh4)2c2o4→ 2chcoonh+caco
 Nahpo4+mgcl+nh4oh→ mg(nh4)po4+2nacl+h2o
 I+agno3→no3 + agl (yellow ppt).
 (cooh)2+2ch3coona→ no reaction
 Pb+2ki→ no reaction
 Mgcl2+ nh4oh(nh3)2hpo4 mg(nh4)po4+ 2nh4
+h₂o
Test on close up.
Colour of the paste:- red gel

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a part of the Fomation of Co32- confrimed
solution and mgso4 white ppt
solution
Take a part of Formation of Ca2+ confrimed
solution and add white ppt
ammonium oxalic
and ammonium
hydroxide
Take a part of Formed of white Po4 confrimed
solution and add ppt
magnesia mixture
(mixture of nh4oh)
and allow to stand

Acidity a portion of Formation of I- confrimed

aqueous solution white ppt
with dilute hno3 boil
and cool and add
agno3
Take a small Formation of white Ch3coo present
quantity of ppt
solution and add ki

Take one part of Formation of white Pb absent

solution add ki ppt
To one part of the A white ppt is Mg present
solution add solid formed
kh4oh in slide
excess and then
add amonium
phosphate
 Ions present.-mg. I, po, ca, co, ch3coo

Chemical reactions

 Co3+mgso4→ mgco+so4(white ppt)

 Co3+2ch3cooh→ (ch3coo)2ca+h₂o
 (ch3coo)2ca+(nh4)2c2o4→
2chcoonh4+cac2o4
 Nahpo4+mgcl2+nh4oh→mg(nh4)po4+2nacl+h
₂o
 I+agno3+no+agl (yellow ppt)
 (cooh)2+2ch3coona→no reaction
 Pb+2k1→ no reaction
 Mgcl2+nh4oh+(nh3)2hpo4
→ mg(nh4)po4+2nh4+h₂o

Conclusion-
Hence after testing different samples of toothpaste, we
find that colgate has all necessary for stronger and whiter
teeth.
Anions:- Cations:-
Oh- H-
So42- Ca2+
Co32- Cu2+
Cl- Fe3+
Br- Fe2+
I- Nh4-

Safety tips while doing this

Experiment:-

• Wear eye protection. Ammonia solution causes

burns and gives off ammonia vapours which
irritates the eyes, lungs and respiratory system.
• Sodium hydroxide can cause burns is dangerous to
the eyes.
Hydrochloric acid can cause burns.
•barium chloride is harmful by inhalation an if
swallowed. Nitric acid causes burns.
 Bibliography:-
 Pradeep chemistry
 Britannica encyclopedic
 Ncert chemistry
 Google
 Chemistry today