ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 1 – 30 points max.

The cantilever beam AD of the bending stiffness EI is subjected to a concentrated moment M0 at C.
The beam is also supported by a roller at B. Using Castigliano’s theorem:
a) Determine the reaction force at the roller B.
b) Determine the rotation angle of the beam about z axis at the end A.
Ignore the shear energy due to bending. Express your answers in terms of M0, E, and I.

Md M0 MD

A (1) B (2) C (3) D

SOLUTION
By Dy

External reactions
Using FBD of entire beam: x

( )
∑ M D = M 0 − By 2L + M d + M D = 0 Md
H M1

∑ Fy = By + Dy = 0
A
Problem is INDETERMINATE. Will choose B y as the V1
redundant reaction:
x
M D = 2By L − M 0 − M d
Md M2
D y = − By K

Strain energy A B
V2
From FBD with cut through section (1):
By
∑ M H = M1 + M d = 0 ⇒ M1 = − M d
From FBD with cut through section (2): x
(
∑ M H = M 2 + M d − By x − L = 0 ⇒ ) Md M0 M3

M 2 = − M d + By ( x − L )
Q

From FBD with cut through section (3): A B C

( )
V3
∑ M H = M 3 + M d − By x − L + M 0 = 0 ⇒ By
M 3 = − M d + By ( x − L ) − M 0
 Page 2 of 12

From this, we have:

U = U1 + U 2 + U 3
L 2L 3L
1 1 ⎡ − M + B ( x − L ) ⎤ dx + 1
∫ ⎡⎣ − M d + By ( x − L) − M 0 ⎤⎦
2 2 2
= ∫
2EI 0
⎡⎣ − M d ⎤⎦ dx +
2EI ∫ ⎣ d y ⎦ 2EI
dx
L 2L

Castigliano’s theorem
Since B y is our redundant reaction, we can write:
⎡ ∂U ⎤
0=⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ∂By ⎥⎦ M =0
d
2L 3L
1 ⎡ − M + B ( x − L)⎤ 1 ⎡
⎦ M d =0 ( x − L ) dx + EI ∫ ⎣ − M d + By ( x − L ) − M 0 ⎦ M d =0 ( x − L ) dx
⎤
= 0+
EI ∫ ⎣ d y
L 2L

By ⎡ 2 L 2 ⎤ M 3L
( ) ( )
3L
1
= ⎢ ∫ x − 2Lx + L2 dx + ∫ x 2
− 2Lx + L2
dx ⎥ − 0 ∫ ( x − L ) dx
EI ⎢ L EI 2 L ⎥⎦ EI 2 L
⎣
By ⎧ 1 ⎡ 1⎡ ⎫
⎨ ⎢( 2L ) − L ⎥ − L ⎢( 2L ) − L ⎥ + L ( 2L − L ) + ⎢( 3L ) − ( 2L ) ⎥ − L ⎢( 3L ) − ( 2L ) ⎥ + L ( 3L − 2L ) ⎬
3 3⎤ ⎡ 2 2⎤ 2 3 3⎤ ⎡ 2 2⎤ 2
=
EI ⎩ 3 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 3⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
M0 ⎧ 1 ⎡ ⎫
⎨ ⎢( 3L ) − ( 2L ) ⎥ − L ⎡⎣3L − 2L ⎤⎦ ⎬
2 2⎤
−
EI ⎩ 2 ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
By L3 ⎧ 7 19
2
⎫ M0 L ⎧ 3 ⎫
= ⎨ − 3+ 1+ − 5 + 1⎬ − ⎨ ⎬
EI ⎩ 3 3 ⎭ EI ⎩ 2 ⎭
3 2
8 By L 3 M 0 L
= −
3 EI 2 EI

Therefore:
9 M0
By =
16 L
 Page 3 of 12

Also:
⎡ ∂U ⎤
θA = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ∂ M d ⎦ M d =0

1 ⎡ ⎤
L 2L 3L
1 ⎡ 1 ⎡
− M d + By ( x − L )⎦
⎤ ( −1) dx + EI ∫ ⎣ − M d + By ( x − L) − M0 ⎤⎦ M =0 ( −1) dx
EI ⎢ ∫0 d ⎥ EI ∫L ⎣
= ⎢ M dx ⎥ +
M d =0 d
⎣ ⎦ M d =0 2L

By 2 L 1 ⎡
3L
= 0−
EI ∫ ( x − L) dx − B ( x − L ) − M 0 ⎤⎦ dx
EI 2∫L ⎣ y
L
By ⎧ 1 ⎡ ⎫ By ⎧ 1 ⎡ ⎫ M0
⎨ ⎢( 2L ) − L ⎥ − L ( 2L − L ) ⎬ − ⎨ ⎢( 3L ) − ( 2L ) ⎥ − L ( 3L − 2L ) ⎬ + (3L − 2L)
2 2⎤ 2 2⎤
=−
EI ⎩ 2 ⎣ ⎦ ⎭ EI ⎩ 2 ⎣ ⎦ ⎭ EI
By L2 ⎧ 3 ⎫ By L2 ⎧ 5 ⎫ M 0 L
=− ⎨ − 1⎬ − ⎨ − 1⎬ +
EI ⎩ 2 ⎭ EI ⎩ 2 ⎭ EI
By L2 M0 L
= −2 +
EI EI
⎛ 9 M 0 ⎞ L2 M 0 L
= −2 ⎜ +
⎝ 16 L ⎟⎠ EI EI
1 M0 L
=−
8 EI
 Page 4 of 12
ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 2 – 25 points max.

At a point A above the neutral axis of the beam shown in the figure, the state of plane stress can be
described by the insert on the right-hand side of the figure. The maximum in-plane shear stress at this
point is 𝜏!"# = 13MPa, the normal stress in the x-direction is 𝜎! = 20MPa, and normal stress in the
y-direction is 𝜎! = 0MPa.
a) Determine the magnitude of the shear stress, 𝜏!" , on the x and y faces.
b) Determine the sign of the shear stress 𝜏!" . HINT: Determine first the direction of the shear
force acting on the cross-section with normal x at point A.
c) Draw Mohr’s circle corresponding to the state of stress at point A. Clearly indicate the location
of the center of the circle, the radius of the circle and point X (which represents the stress state
on the x-face) in this drawing.
d) Determine the two in-plane principal stresses at this point. Determine the rotation angle of the
stress element for each principal stress.
e) Show the locations of the principal stresses and of the in-plane maximum shear stress on your
Mohr’s circle in c) above.
y

⌧xy
A
+
x

L
State of stress at point A

SOLUTION P
V
Internal resultants M

∑ Fy = − P + V = 0 ⇒ V = P A

Stress transformation results:

σ x + σ y 20
σ ave = = = 10 MPa
2 2
2 2
⎛ σ x −σ y ⎞ 2 ⎛ 20 ⎞
R= ⎜ ⎟ + τ xy = ⎜ ⎟ + τ 2 = 100 + τ 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
 Page 5 of 12

Since:
τ = R = 13
max,in− plane
we can write:
100 + τ 2 = 13 ⇒ τ = ± 132 − 100 = ± 69
Choose the “-” sign based on the direction of the applied force P.

Mohr’s circle and principal stresses

The Mohr’s circle is centered at
x − axis
( )
σ ave ,0 = (10,0 ) MPa and has a radius of −τ max = −13
R = 13 MPa , as shown. From this, the principal
X τ xy = − 69
components of stress are:
R = 13
σ P1 = σ ave + R = 10 + 13 = 23 MPa 2θ P2
σ
σ P2 = σ ave − R = 10 − 13 = −3 MPa σ x = 20 2θ P1
The location X of the x-axis on Mohr’s circle is:
(20,− 69 ) MPa . τ max = 13
From the figure, we see that the rotation angles from
the x-axis to the above principal components of 2θ S
stress are:
σ P2 = −3 σ ave = 10 σ P1 = 23
⎛ 69 ⎞
2θ P2 = 180 − tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ = ⇒ θ P2 = 70.1°
τ
⎝ 20 − 10 ⎠
2θ P1 = 2θ P2 + 180° ⇒ θ P1 = θ P2 + 90° = 160.1°
2θ S = 2θ P2 + 90° ⇒ θ S = θ P2 + 45° = 115.1°
 Page 6 of 12
ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 3 – 25 points max.

The propped cantilever in the figure is simply supported at end A and fixed at end B. It supports a
linearly distributed load of maximum intensity 𝑤! on the span AB.
a) Draw a free body diagram of the structure. Assume the reactions forces act in the direction of
positive x and y axes, and the reaction moments act counterclockwise.
b) State the equations of equilibrium of the structure and indicate whether it is statically
determinate or indeterminate.
c) Indicate all the boundary conditions that correspond to this problem.
d) Use the second-order integration method (or the fourth-order integration method) to determine
an expression for the reaction(s) at the support A. Express the result as a sole function of L, 𝑤!
and EI.
e) Determine an expression for the deflection of the beam as a sole function of L, 𝑤! and EI.
f) Sketch the deflection curve. w0 L / 2

MB
w0
A B
A
Ay By

B
1⎛ x⎞
⎜ w0 ⎟⎠ x
L 2⎝ L

C M

SOLUTION
A B
x
Equilibrium Ay V
From FBD of entire beam:
⎛1 ⎞⎛2 ⎞ 1
∑ M A = − ⎜⎝ 2 w0 L⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 L⎟⎠ + By L + M B = 0 ⇒ By L + M B = 3 w0 L2
1 1
∑ Fy = Ay + By − 2 w0 L = 0 ⇒ Ay + By = wL
2 0

From FBD with cut through beam at location “x”:

1 ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
3
1 w0 x
∑ M C = − Ay x + 2 ⎜ w0 L ⎟ ⎜⎝ 3 x ⎟⎠ + M = 0 ⇒ M (x) = Ay x − 6 L
⎝ ⎠
 Page 7 of 12

Integrations
( )
Will need to enforce the following boundary conditions: v(0) = v(L) = θ L = 0 .

1 ⎛ 1 w0 x ⎞
x x 3
1
M ( x ) dx = θ A +
EI ∫0 EI ∫0 ⎝ y
θ (x) = θ (0) + ⎜ A x− ⎟ dx
6 L ⎠

1 ⎡1 1 w0 x ⎤
4
=θA + ⎢ Ay x 2 − ⎥
EI ⎢ 2 24 L ⎥
⎣ ⎦
x⎡
1 ⎛1 1 w0 x ⎞ ⎤
x 4
v(x) = v(0) + ∫ θ ( x ) dx = 0 + ∫ ⎢θ A + ⎜ Ay x 2
− ⎟ ⎥ dx
0 0⎣⎢ EI ⎝ 2 24 L ⎠ ⎥⎦

1 ⎡1 1 w0 x ⎤
5
3
= θ Ax + ⎢ A x − ⎥
EI ⎢ 6 y 120 L ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Enforcing the boundary conditions at B:

1 ⎡1 1 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
0 = θ (L) = θ A + ⎢ Ay L2 − w0 L3 ⎥ ⇒ θ A = ⎢ − Ay L2 + w0 L3 ⎥
EI ⎣ 2 24 ⎦ EI ⎣ 2 24 ⎦
1 ⎡1 1 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
0 = v(L) = θ A L + ⎢ Ay L3 − w0 L4 ⎥ ⇒ θ A = ⎢ − Ay L2 + w0 L3 ⎥
EI ⎣ 6 120 ⎦ EI ⎣ 6 120 ⎦
Equating the above two expressions for θ A :
1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ − Ay L2 + w0 L3 ⎥ = ⎢ − Ay L2 + w0 L3 ⎥ ⇒
EI ⎣ 2 24 ⎦ EI ⎣ 6 120 ⎦
1 1 1 1
− Ay + w0 L = − Ay + wL ⇒
2 24 6 120 0
⎡1 1⎤ ⎡1 1 ⎤ w0 L
⎢ 2 − 6 ⎥ Ay = ⎢ 24 − 120 ⎥ w0 L ⇒ Ay = 10
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
and:
3
1 ⎡ 1 2 1 3⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎛ w0 L ⎞ 2 1 3⎤ 1 w0 L
θA = − A L + w0 L ⎥ = ⎢− ⎜ ⎟ L + 24 w0 L ⎥ = − 120 EI
EI ⎢⎣ 2 y 24 ⎦ EI ⎣ 2 ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎦
Therefore:
1 ⎛ w0 L ⎞
3
1 ⎡ 1 ⎛ w0 L ⎞ 3 1 ⎤ w0
v(x) = − ⎜ ⎟ x+ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ x − w0 x 4 ⎥
120 ⎝ EI ⎠ EI ⎣ 6 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 120 ⎦ A
w0 L4 ⎡ 1 ⎛ x ⎞ 1 ⎛ x ⎞
3 4⎤
1 ⎛ x⎞
= ⎢− + − ⎥ B
EI ⎢ 120 ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ 60 ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ 120 ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ beam deflec)on
L

ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

 Page 8 of 12
November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 4 - PART A – 4 points max.

y y

P
h/4

h/4
h x z
h/4

L /2 L /2 h/4
B C D
b b b b
4 4 4 4

beam cross sec*on at C

Consider the cantilevered beam above with the concentrated load P at end D. Determine the shear stress on the
neutral surface of the beam at location C along the beam.

SOLUTION
Internal resultant shear force P

∑ Fy = − P + V = 0 ⇒ V=P
M
V

A
Shear stress
VA* y *
τ=
It
with:
⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 3h ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞ 7
A* y * = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = bh2
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 64
3
1 1 ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ h⎞ 15 3
I = bh3 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = bh
12 12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 192
⎛ b⎞ b
t = 2⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ 2
Therefore,
P ⎡7bh2 / 64 ⎤ 14 P
τ= ⎣ ⎦ =
⎡15bh3 / 192 ⎤ ⎡ b / 2 ⎤ 5 bh
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
 Page 9 of 12
ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 4 - PART B – 3 points max.

y P
a

x P

L /2 L /2 b
x
B C D beam cross sec*on at C

L /2 L /2
Consider the cantilevered beam above with the concentrated load P at end D. Consider the axial components of
stress at points “a” and “b” ( σ a and
B σ b , respectively) at locationCC along the beam. Circle the D
response below b
that most accurately describes the relative sizes of the magnitudes of these two stresses:

a) σa > σb

b) σa = σb
y
c) σa < σb

SOLUTION
a
Let O be the centroid of the cross section. Therefore,
σa Mh / I h h
= = >1 ⇒ σa > σb z
σb Md / I d O
d
b
 Page 10 of 12
ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 4 - PART C – 4 points max.

t 2r

g
b

C
W

Consider the thin-walled pressure vessel above that contains a gas under a pressure of p. The vessel is attached
to a fixed support at B and has a plate of weight W attached to it at end C. Ignore the weight of the vessel.
Determine the weight W of the plate for which the maximum in-plane shear stress in the vessel at point “b” is
zero.

SOLUTION
pr
σh =
t
pr W
σa = +
2t 2π rt
For zero maximum in-plane shear stress:
2 2
⎛ σ x −σ y ⎞ 2 ⎛ σ h −σ a ⎞ σ −σ a
R=0= ⎜ ⎟ + τ xy = ⎜ ⎟ +0 = h ⇒ σh =σa ⇒
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
pr pr W
= + ⇒ W = π pr 2
t 2t 2π rt
 Page 11 of 12
ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 4 - PART D – 4 points max.

σy =?

σx = ?
x σ

4 ksi

2 ksi 12 ksi
τ

Consider the state of plane stress shown above left where the two normal components of stress, σ x and σ y , are
unknown. The Mohr’s circle for this state of stress is provided in the figure above right. Determine numerical
values for the two normal components of stress σ x and σ y . There may be more than one set of answers; you
need only find one set.

SOLUTION
From the above Mohr’s circle, we see that:
12 + 2
σ ave = = 7 ksi
2
12 − 2
R= = 5 ksi
2
Therefore:
σ x +σ y
σ ave = ⇒ σ x + σ y = 2σ ave = 14 ksi
2
2 2
⎛ σ x −σ y ⎞ 2
⎛ σ x −σ y ⎞ 2 2
R= ⎜ ⎟ + τ xy ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ + τ xy = R ⇒
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

= ±2 52 − ( −4 ) = ± 6ksi
2
σ x − σ y = ± 2 R 2 − τ xy
2

Choosing the “+” sign and solving gives: σ x = 10 ksi and σ y = 4 ksi .
Choosing the “-” sign and solving gives: σ x = 4 ksi and σ y = 10 ksi .
 Page 12 of 12
ME 323 Examination #2 SOLUTION

November 14, 2017

PROBLEM NO. 4 - PART E – 5 points max.

L 2L 2L

2d
d d

2P P

L 2L 2L
B C D H
2d
d d
A rod is made up of three circular cross-section components: BC,CD and DH. The material for all components
have a Young’s modulus of E. Suppose you are to2Pdevelop a finite element model for the rod using
P one element
for each component. If the equilibrium equations after the enforcement of boundary conditions are to be written
as:

⎡⎣ K ⎤⎦ {u} = { F } B C D H

determine the stiffness matrix ⎡⎣ K ⎤⎦ and the load vector F . { }

Spring stiffnesses:
Eπ ( d / 2 )
2
π Ed 2
k1 = =
L 4 L FB FH

Eπ ( 2d / 2 )
2 2
π Ed 2P P
k2 = =
2L 2 L B C D H

Eπ ( d / 2 )
2 2
π Ed
k3 = =
2L 8 L

Stiffness and forcing

Therefore the global stiffness matrix and forcing vector before enforcing BCs are:
⎡ 2 −2 ⎤ ⎧ −F ⎫
⎪ B ⎪
⎢ ⎥ π Ed 2
⎡⎣ K ⎤⎦ = ⎢
⎢
−2 6
−4
−4 ⎥
5 −1 ⎥ 8L
and { F } = ⎪⎨ −2P ⎪
⎬
⎪ P ⎪
⎢ −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎪ FH ⎪
⎣ ⎩ ⎭
Eliminating the first and last row and column of [K] and the first and last row of {F}:
⎡ ⎤ π Ed 2 ⎧ −2P ⎫
⎡⎣ K ⎤⎦ = ⎢ 6 −4 ⎥ and {F} = ⎨ ⎬
⎣ −4 5 ⎦ 8L ⎪⎩ P ⎪⎭