Methods of Radiological Examination – X-Ray, CT, MRI,

Ultrasound
Shota Kuprava, MD
Radiologist
Electromagnetic Radiation
 Medical X-ray

X-ray Tube

X-ray Machine

X-ray Diagram
X-ray Densities
 Contrast Agents

Barium Contrast Media

Iodine-Based Contrast Media

CT machine

Rotation of CT gantry
 Hounsfield Units

The Hounsfield unit (HU) is a relative quantitative measurement of radio density used by
radiologists in the interpretation of computed tomography (CT) images.
Planes of Imaging
 3D Rendering on CT / 3D Printing

Printing 3D Models

3D Rendering
Contrast Agents

Iodine-Based Contrast Media

 Mechanical Wave

Mechanical waves are waves that require a medium in order to transfer energy away from their
source.
Ultrasound Interaction with Tissues
Echogenicity

The echogenicity (brightness or

darkness) of a tissue on US is
determined
by the amount of sound waves the tissue
transmits or reflects.
 Doppler/Duplex Ultrasound

Doppler Effect
Color Doppler

Spectral Doppler
 Contrast Agents

Contrast-Enhanced Heart Echo

Contrast-Enhanced Liver (Arrow

towards a lesion)

Microbubbles
MRI Principle

MRI Scanner
T1/T2 Weighted Images
Planes of Imaging
MRI Intensities
Contrast Agents

Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents