Geopro Studio User's Manual-2022

Geopro Studio User’s Manual
Geomative Co., Ltd.
www.geomative.com
1. Software Overview .................................................................................................. 2
2. Menus and Buttons Description ............................................................................ 3
2.1 Document Management ............................................................................... 3
2.2 Homepage menu ........................................................................................... 9
2.3 Data process ................................................................................................. 30
2.4 Project Detect ............................................................................................... 53
2.5 Slicing imaging .............................................................................................66
2.6 Convenience Tools .......................................................................................72
3. Get started quickly ................................................................................................ 74
3.1 Run the software .......................................................................................... 74
3.2 Import data ................................................................................................... 74
3.3 Display data .................................................................................................. 74
3.4 Data processing ............................................................................................76
3.5 Save image ....................................................................................................77
4. Appendix ................................................................................................................ 78
4 . 1 Common rad arterminology .....................................................................78
4.2 Common dielect ricconst ant ..................................................................... 80
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1. Software Overview
GDR ground penetrating radar data process and analysis system (data
processing software) is a comprehensive data processing software aiming at
GDR series ground penetrating products, which can carry out data display, filter
and migration regarding the ground penetrating radar data collected by GDR
series products and other international popular format of ground penetrating
radar, to help user detect abnormal information in radar data and generate
subsequent report files, it is a very important tool to analyze and process GDR
ground penetrating radar data. The overall interface of the software is as
follows:
Fig. 1 GDR software interface
The software is divided into 5 display sections, which are“Menu bar”

“Rada
,
r profile display area”,“Output bar”,“Single track view”and“Status bar”, the
comprehensive analysis is achieved by viewing contents at each section.
The basic functions of this software are as follows:
 Document management: Open, close and save, data divide and merge,
data format convert, bitmap output and batch process;
 Homepage menu: Project Setting, File Parameters, Wiggle Parameters,
profile Scaling, Profile Options and Window Setting;
 Data process: Profile Edit, Data Normalize, Zero Point and Gain, Data filter,
Advanced Process;
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 Project detect: Layer Detect, Exception Detection, Target Detect;
 Radar Slice: Combine Data, Data Process;
 Easy Tools: Easy Tools, Image Playback, Process Area.
2. Menus and Buttons Description
2.1 Document Management
2.1.1 Open File
Click the button , an open file dialog will pop up, select the radar data
file intend to open(.srd radar data, .slc slice data etc.). Select the file, after
opening, users can carry out various data processing and analysis through the
software.
2.1.2 Close File
Click the button , to close the open active file.
2.1.3 Close All
Click the button , to close all open active files, applicable when several
files are open.
2.1.4 Save As
Click the button , to save current radar data as a different radar data, or
save a report file(.tab) as Excel file or Word file.
2.1.5 Save File
Click the button , to save current open active file.
2.1.6 Save All
Click the button , to save all open data files.
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2.1.7 Divide File
Click the button , a dialog of dividing the file will pop up, by which a
big radar data file(.srd) can be divided into several small one. There are three
ways to divide:
 Even divide: divide a file into severalsub-files in the same size.
 Trace divide: divide the file based on input designated trace number.
 Flag divide: according to the number of flags in the file, generate the data
between every two flags into a file or select“Segment”to determine a file
to be generated upon data in between of how many flags.
Fig. 2 File dividing dialog
Note: When using“Flag divide”to divide, the data before the first flag and
the data after the last tag will be lost. To retain this data, it is suggested to flag
at the beginning and end when divideing through flags.
2.1.8 Merge Files
Click the button , the dialog for file emerging will pop up, which can
emerge several radar datas (.srd) into one radar data.
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Fig. 3 Files emerging dialog
2.1.9 Data Convert
Click the button ,“Data Convert Dialog”pops up. Which can convert
radar data of various formats, but sometimes the information may be lost.
Currently it is conductible to convert data formats of GSSI, IDS, MALA into GDR
format. It is also possible to convert GDR format into relevant formats such as
GSSI etc.
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Fig. 4 Data converting dialog
2.1.10 Image Export
Click the button , image export dialog pops up, which an export
current radar profile as .bmp format image. There are three ways to export
profile image:
 Export according to trace number: designate data trace numbers included
in each .bmp image, the image horizontal ruler generated is“trace number”
. Therefore, the number of. bmp images generated is related to the total
radar data trace number of current document.
 Export according to distance: designate the length of radar data distance in

each image, based on the inter-scandistance in the header file, calculate the
radar data trace number included in each image through the
inter-scandistance. The horizontal ruler of image generated is“distance”.
 Export according to pile No.: designate the distance length of radar data in
each image basing on the starting pile No. and ending pile No. in the
header file. The horizontal ruler of image generated is“ pile No.”
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Fig. 5 Image export dialog
2.1.11 Batch process
Click the button , the batch process dialog pops up,the batch process
of radar data can be achieved through setting process method queue and
process method file queue, the process result file will be saved in the
designated folder. The batch process can accomplish multiple radar data
process methods of single or batch radar data, below are usage instructions of
batch process introduced step by step:
1) Batch process of single file
Open a flie that requires batch process, follow the steps as below:
Step one: click“Home”menu, select“Batch Process” button, batch p
rocess dialog will pop up.
Step two: Among the available process methods: double click to add
“Adjust Zero Point”一”Zero Point Adjust”, input signal posiziton as zer
o location of time in the parameter values; double click to add “Data Filt
ering”一”Dewow”; double click to add“Data Filtering”一”FIR Filter”, i
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n regard of optional bandpass filter methods for 400MHz antenna frequen
cy, the low frequency is 200MHz, and the high frequency is 600MHz.
Step three: click export button, input file name, for example:“400M.btc”,
in this way this batch process can be exported as one file“400M.btc”, which is
convenient for subsequent use.
Step four: tick √on the “Active File” at lower right corner, click “OK”, the
data method batch process will be carried out upon current radar data file.
Fig. 6 Batch process of single file
2)Batch process of multi-files
If there is need to carry out batch process of multi-data methods upon

multi-files, following steps can be adopted:
Step one: click“ Home” menu, select“ Batch Process” button, the
batch process dialog will pop up.
Step two: select proper process method among “ available process

methods ” , or can import the batch process file (with suffix of btc) that was
exported initially.
Step three: select the file to be processed, several can be selected at once,
or can perform delete and clear upon selected file.
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Step four: select the antenna frequency to be processed, as follows, if
select all, it means conduct batch process upon all frequency. If select
appointed frequency such as“400MHz”, as a result, the frequency varies from
“400MHz” will not be processed.
Fig. 7 Batch process of multi-files
Step five: click “OK”, then the software will generate a“batch process
folder” under relevant radar data folder. If the antenna frequency selected is
400MHz, then a subfolder on “400MHz” will be generated under the folder, to
store the radar data after batch process. If the antenna frequency selected is“a
ll” , then a “default” subfolder will be generated under the folder, to store the
data after batch process.
2.2 Homepage menu
2.2.1 Project setting
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2.2.1.1 Project New
Create a new project folder to store raw data, process result,graphic and
image data, and report files.
Click the button , below dialog will pop up, there are total
three labels: “Project ，Path” , “File Import”and “Project Notes”.
“ Project Path” : add project path and project name.
Fig. 8 Project New-Project Path
“File Import”: import different data files, which can be the survey data of
the same time, or various survey data of several times. There is an option in “F
ile Import”: Copy or Cut. Copy means copy the data to“origin data folder”
under project path. Cut means cut the data to “ origin data folder ” under
project path. Naturally the data can be deleted through delete button if wrong
data imported.
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Fig. 9 Project New- File Import
“Project Notes”: can add description about this project, in order to

view the data later . For example: “This survey data is the raw data of the
initial lining of XX tunnel: GDR File 400-1. lte is the vault data, GDR File 400-2.
lte is the haunch data; the starting pile No. number of survey data isk6 +
100~k6 +500; the distribution of steel arch is 1.2m per each”.
Fig. 10 Project New-Project Notes
Click“OK”, below project will appear in the project bar:
Fig. 11 Project file tree
2.2.1.2 Project Import
Click the button , select the project file to open from
the popped up dialog, several different already existed project files can be
open.
Figure 12 Multi project files tree
2.2.1.3 Project Close
Select the project to be closed in the project bar, click the button to
close current selected project.
2.2.2 File Parameters
2.2.2.1 Color Palette
Pseudo color display is the most common display method. This

method divides the amplitude into relevant color through mapping.
Different people is sensitive to different color, thus the diversified color can
satisfy the needs of different people. When processing different data at the
same time, various color display can as well reflect different profile effect,
this software has provided display method of 30 types of color. Click the
button , multiple optional color display methods will appear. Select
the color palette that is suitable for you by mouse motion. Generally we
recommend gray palette (code No. 07).
Fig. 13 Various color display methods
2.2.2.2 File Parameters
Click the button , the filehead parameter dialog will pop up , from
which the basic parameter information of radar data can be read and
modified, including parameters such as: file name, creation and modification
time, sampling points, antenna frequency, recording time window etc.The
completed data processing methods are listed in the Data Processing Steps;
User can input common descriptions about this file in the Document Notes.
Fig. 14 File parameters dialog
Radar file head is the most important part of radar data, parameters of
the file head must be consistent with the acquisition host. Meanwhile during
the after processing, it is demanded to verify whether the inter-scandistance,
beginning and ending pile No. are correct. Otherwise, there will be error in
data processing.
2.2.2.3 Flag Edit
“Flag Edit” includes three menus which are“Flag Edit”,“Flag Large”

, and“Flag Small” . When collecting radar data, usually a flag is placed after
interval of certain distance. Normally we recommend a small flag to be
placed every 5m, a big flag to be placed every 10m, and make text record at
marked location, in order to perform flag normalization in the future when
processing data.
Mark information includes processions such as: flag inserting, flag

deletion, convert between big flag and small flag, delete all big flags, delete
all small flags and flag automatic generation etc. Click “Flag Edit” , below
dialog appears:
Fig. 15 Mark information dialog
Due to operational mistakes or sensitivity problems of instrument,

there may be appearance of missing flag, additional flagor wrong flag,
therefore, it is necessary to make up or delete flags during data procession.
Input the trace number need to be inserted in the“trace number index”

box, click drop-down menu“flag type”, select“big flag”or“small flag”, and
click“insert”to add flag manually.
Fig. 16 Insert Flag
You can also click the“Flag Large” or “Flag Small” on the menu bar,
to insert manually. Click “Flag Large”, when the mouse is placed on top, the
black long vertical bar will appear to position the data scan number, place at
the location requires inserting big flag, left click data to insert big mark. In
the similar way, select “small flag”, when the mouse is placed on top, the
black short vertical bar will appear to position the data trace number, place
at the location requires inserting small flag, left clicking data to insert small
flag. Select the flags to be deleted in the flags list on the left of the dialog,
click “delete” button to delete flags.
Fig. 17 Delete flags
Select the flags to be converted in the flags list on the left of the dialog,
select the type of flag to be converted to in the drop-down menu“flag type”
, click“convert” button to achieve converting of big and small flags.
Fig. 18 Big and small flags converting
Click“delete big flags”button to delete all big flags, click“delete small

flags”button to delete all small flags.
Fig. 19 Delete all big flags
Fig. 20 Delete all small flags
When conducting regular massive flags inserting, flags can be

generated automatically. As shown below:
Fig. 21 Generate flags automatically
Select the“Auto”on the right side of the dialog, fill in the“Begin Trace”
and “ End Trace ” that requires to be in inserted, select flag type in the
drop-down menu“Flag Type”, fill in“Flag Spacing”, click“Generate” button,
the automatically generated flag can be seen in the flags list on the left.
2.2.3 Wiggle Parameters
The wiggle waveform display is a two-dimensional waveform picture

formed by closely homogeneously aligned and accumulated single-scan
waveform amplitude after being compressed according to the measurement
location and measurement time. As shown in the Figure below, wiggle
waveform is helpful for identifying geological properties such as layer and
water level etc.
Fig. 22 Wiggle waveform display radar data
2.2.3.1 Show Interval
Show interval means the interval between two adjacent wiggle

waveform, the interval space is bigGDR if set value is bigGDR.
Fig. 23 Wiggle graph when show interval is 5
2.2.3.2 Fill Range
Fill range means the maximum filling pixels to adjust wiggle waveform;
The filling is more with bigGDR value set.
Fig. 23 Wiggle waveform when the filling range is 30
2.2.3.3 Fill Type
The filling methods of wiggle waveform mainly include five types

which are“Fill Positive”,“Fill Negative”,“Fill Both”,“Fill Color”and“Fill
None”, out of which, Fill Color is emerging both pseudo color display and
wiggle waveform display together. In result it is wiggle waveform display
method, meanwhile it can also reflect the amplitude variation tendency of
each waveform. It is normally used in radar data with relatively less data
amount such as advanced prediction etc.
Fig. 25 Wiggle waveform with color filling

2.2.3.4 Single-scan deletion
When there is error or abnormality in one certain scan or several

certain scans of radar data, there will be impact upon data procession, so it is
required to carry out elimination of useless scans. First click“Wiggle Param”
in the “Home Menu”, convert data into wiggle waveform display, then click
“Scan Delete”, place mouse on top of the data, right click the data scan to
be deleted,“Scan Delete”option will appear, click the menu to delete the
scan data.
Fig. 26 Delete single-scan
2.2.4 Profile Scaling
In order to view the radar profile easily, the profile scaling button was
designed to realize the scaling function of radar profile, which makes it
easier to inspect the overall radar data or partial abnormals. Profile scaling
includes five options:“Horizontal Zoom”,“Horizontal Reduce”,“Vertical
Zoom,“Vertical Reduce, and“Image Restore.
Profile scaling is overall scaling, which means all operations are carried
out upon entire radar data. All data can be viewed on one screen through
profile scaling function, to find the variation tendency of radar, and
contribute to performance of data analysis.
2.2.5 Profile Options
The content included in profile options is put some functional buttons

together during engineering inspection, to facilitate the edition and
processing of radar profile. See section 2.5 for specific.
2.2.6 Window Setting
2.2.6.1 Project bar
The button is used to display and hide the project bar.
Fig. 29 Project bar

2.2.6.2 Single-scan bar
Click button , the single-scan waveform of radar data can

be seen. Two-dimensional radar data(B-scan) is consisted of different
single-scan waveforms (A-scan). Thus viewing single-scan waveform of radar
data is very critical to radar analysis. Through single-scan, we can see
whether the data collection is normal, with or without saturation, with or
without offsetting, the exact value of each sampling point. Double click
single-scan waveform graph, the below picture will pop up: used to display
the specific data value of one certain scan. Regarding the 16 bits radar data,
the maximum value is 32767, and minimum value is-32767, the radar data
can be further analyzed through viewing the amplitude value of each point.
Meanwhile data value of the scan can be exported as txt file through“Export”
button, to facilitate importing to other data analysis software to perform
single-scan analysis (such as MATLAB).
Fig. 28 Single-scan amplitude dialog
2.2.6.3 Output bar
Click button , the main display area will be divided in two

parts, one part displays the radar profile, while the other part displays one of
the follows: amplitude curve, depth of layer curve and abnormality
distribution graph.
Fig. 29 Output view
Right click on the output view interface, there will be multiple various
curves and types for selection.
Fig. 30 Right click menu of output view
2.2.6.4 Wind ow Type
Click the button, to set the display methods of multiple documents at

major framework window.
2 .2 . 6 . 5 Gain coefficient
Click the button , to select various

displayed gain value, displayed gain value means the gain doesn’t change
original data, only multiply by a certain value when displaying. Hereby we
have provided multiple various displayed gain value from 0. 125~32.
Different displayed gain value can as well be adjusted through the up and
down keys “ ↑”and“ ↓” on the keyboard.
2.2.7 Right key short cut menu
The displaying of the software can be more easily set through right key
shortcut menu.
2.2.7.1 Ruler menu
The ruler menu will pop up when right click the ruler bar.
Fig. 31 Ruler menu
“Time ruler”: display the ruler as time window value (default).
“Depth ruler”: use the survey depth of radar as ruler, related to the
dielectric constant.
“Sampling ruler”: use the sampling point during radar collection as

ruler.
“Ruler properties”: used to adjust the scale interval and background

of the ruler. Defaulted interval uses round figure as long scale, and there are
9 short scales between two long scales. The short scale will not display value,
only short line displayed.
Fig. 32 Ruler property dialog
2.2.7.2 Radar profile menu
Right key menu of radar profile will pop up when right click the radar
profile.
Fig. 33 Right key menu of radar profile
“Show Title”: used to control the display of radar data title;
“Title property”: used to set the title properties of radar data, can be
used to set the content, font, color of title and horizontal ruler. Default title
displayed is the storage path of the data file, in this way it is easy to find
relevant data file through data screenshot when viewing report. Certainly
the title can be customized as well.
Fig. 34 Title property dialog
“Show Trace”: display trace number of radar data on the radar profile.
“ Show Distance” : display measurement distance on the radar

profile.
“ Show Peg.” : display the actual road pile No. range on the radar
profile.
“ Peg Property” : set the pile No. on radar profile. It is mainly

divided in two major sections: set the pile No. according to flag and set
the pile No. according to trace number. “Set the pile No. according to flag”
: if there is flag in radar data, it is allowed to set the pile No. based on flag.
The list box on the left will display the trace number where the flag belongs
to and the flag type, where it is required to insert flag of pile No. , input the
corresponding pile No. in the input box on the right, click button,
to input the pile No. corresponded to the flag in the file. And so on, wo can
input the pile No. corresponding to all flags. As shown in the fig. below, by
ticking can have pile No. be corresponded to the pile No. on our flags.
Note: It is better to addflags at the beginning and ending, otherwise only

pile No. in between the marks will display.
Fig. 35 Peg property dialog
“Set pile No. according to trace number”: do not tick on the

right, input actual pile No. value at beginning pile No. and ending file No. , then
radar data will be evenly displayed by trace number through beginning and
ending pile No..
Note: The pile No. displayed by the flag can be used to mark the
unevenness in the actual data collection, but the value represented by each flag
is consistent with the actual range value. For example, a tunnel is measured: 5
flags are marked, representing the values of 5 points of K0+0, K0+10, K0+30,
K0+50, and K0+100. It is possible to display the measurement data of the entire
segment by the flag to ensure that the data between K0+0 and K0+10 on the
radar profile is the data of K0+0 to K0+10 in the actual tunnel. If there is no flag
in the measurement tunnel, only knowing the starting pile K0+0 and the ending
pile K0+100, then only the data is guaranteed to be within the range of 100
meters, and K0+0 to K0+10 cannot be guaranteed. It is recommended to use
the marking method in the actual collection to improve the distance accuracy.
Fig. 36 Pile No. displayed in various methods
“Spectrum”：view the frequency spectrum value of a certain scan, as

shown in the dialog below. The spectrogram of this scan number can be
displayed by mouse motion on the radar graph, and frequency value of various
points can be displayed by mouse motion on the frequency spectrum box. It is
also practicable to zoom in and zoom out the spectrogram through and
Fig. 37 Spectrogram of Single-scan radar data
“Zooming Factor”:“Factor Horizon”and“Factor Vertical”are used as

zooming ratio each time when zooming profile in 2.2.3. Default is 1.25. When
using left and right keys of the keyboard or mouse to scroll the radar profile,
the“FactorScroll”is used to set the profile size for each scroll. The default is 0.2.
Fig. 38 Profile zooming dialog
“Display Type”: used for multiple display methods such as: the normal,
reversal, absolute value etc.
2.3 Data process
2.3.1 Profile Edit
Profile edit includes three menus which are“Profile Select”,“Profile

Intercept”, and“Profile Revers”. Profile selection and profile intercept will be
combined for usage, and profile reversal is applicable for all data.
Click“Profile Select”, following dialog will pop up:
Fig. 39 Profile selection dialog
Input the“Begin Trace”and“End Trace”of selected data, click“OK”button,
the selected data will be in inverted state.
Fig. 40 Select profile with mouse
Place the mouse on the edge of data selected, when the mouse changes
to a double-headed arrow, press left button of the mouse while moving left and
right, to change the range of selected data.
Perform profile capture upon the selected profile, click profile capture,
below dialog will pop up, the selected profile can be retained or deleted.
Fig. 41 Profile intercept dialog
In order to facilitate field work, the direction of the measuring line is

usually different. For easy comparison and interpretation of the graph and data,
the direction of the data needs to be consistent, that is, the radar data is turned
around, and the profile reverse can achieve this function.
Click“Profile Reverse” to pop up the following dialog box, you can carry
out“Profile Reverse”or“Polarity Reverse”upon the radar data.
Fig. 42 Profile reverse dialog
Fig. 43 Profile reverse demonstration
Fig. 44 Polarity reverse demonstration
2.3.2 Data Normalize
The storage space will increase if the sampling points of radar data are
too many, whats more there is impact on processing speed, thus the sampling
points can be reasonably reduced under condition of ensuring vertical
resolution; On the contrary, the interpretation of data will be impacted if the
sampling points of radar data is too small, it is recommended to increase the
sampling points.
Click“Resample Vertical”in the“Data Normalize”to pop up below dialog

box:
Fig. 45 Resample Vertical dialog
When modifying the sampling trace or the total number of scans is too
small, it is required to redo the sampling between scans of the whole radar data,
to reduce or increase number of data scans, to facilitate analysis of data more
intuitively.
Click“Resample Horizontal”in the“Data Normalize”to pop up below

dialog box:
Fig. 46 Resample horizontal dialog
“Extract ”: reduce the scan number of radar data, extract one scan after
every N scans of data .
“Insert”: increase the scan number of radar data, insert N scans in

between every two scans of data .
Fig. 47 Data at different levels of sampling interval
Sometimes large amount of measuring lines with even length require

being surveyed, by then the data normalization can be used to normalize them
into radar profiles with the same scan number for comparative analysis.
There are two ways of data normalization: first is to normalize the total
scan number of the whole radar data into designated value; Second is to
normalize the scan number marked, to make the scan number of two flags even.
In first way there is no need of marking the information, while the second way
requires two and above flags in the radar data.
Tip : Manually place marks on the first and last scandata, and then use
the “Flag” to select appropriate normalized scannumber which can make
thescan number per meter to be the same. This makes it possible to match the
flag, the scan number and the pile No. one by one.
Click “Normalize All” in the “Data Normalize” to pop up below dialog

box:
Fig. 48 Normalize all dialog
Partial normalization can normalize the partial data between designated

scans into corresponding scan number.
There are two ways of partial normalization: based on“Trace”and based

on“Flag, based on“ Trace”can normalize the data between the designated
starting and ending scan number into corresponding scan number; based on“
Flag”can normalize the scan number between the starting flag and ending flag
into corresponding scan number.
Click “Normalize Part” in the“Data Normalize” to pop up below dialog

box:
Fig. 49 Partial normalization dialog
Peg normalization can normalize the partial data between designated

pile No. into corresponding scan number, which can also be interpreted as
normalization based on distance. The detailed operation process as follows:
First of all, select a certain flag in the list box, set the pile No.
in the“Pile No. setting”, click“Insert”, to add the pile

No. information of the selected flag. Modify“Add Spacing”, to make the value
of pile No. increase a certain distance automaticlly after clicking“Insert”. Modify
“ Trace Spacing ” which is the number of data scans after pile No.
normalization, then click“OK”, the data will be normalized based on pile No.
Fig. 50 Peg normalization dialog
Fig. 5 1 Peg normalization demonstrations
2.3.3 Zero Point and Gain
In order to ensure integrity of data in origin data, it is usually not the
ground where the time window is 0, thus to calculate the depth of target, it is
required to adjust the ground location at location 0 of the time window, where
zero point adjustment is applicable. Zero point adjustment includes three
options which are: “ZeroPoint Adjust” , “ZeroPoint Find”and“ZeroPoint Flare
”.
2.3.3.1 Zero Point Adjust
Click“Zero Point Adjust”in the“Zero Point and Gain”to pop up below

dialog box:
Click ground layer or input zero location on the origin image, the red line
in the single-scan waveform will change. Click“OK”to generate the file after
zero point adjustment, then the ground will be related with zero of time
window.
Fig. 52 Zero Point Adjust dialog
Fig. 53 Zero Point Adjust demonstration
2.3.3.2 Zero Point Find
Due to the ground fluctuation, sometimes the ground and zero of time
window may not be related through zero point adjustment, therefore we can
use zero searching method to search the location of ground automatically.
Fig. 54 ZeroPoint Find dialog
The finding methods are divided into automatic finding and threshold
finding. Automatic finding means seeking zero location through selecting
positive and negative phase; manual finding is to set a threshold value, the first
peak point larGDR than the absolute value of the threshold is considered to be
zero, the positive phase peak value is to be found when the threshold is positive,
and the negative phase peak value is to be found when the threshold is
negative.
Fig. 55 Zero finding demonstration
2.3.3.3 Zero Point Flare
The other method of zero adjustment is through“Zero Point Flare”
Fig. 56 Zero Point Flare dialog
Select the ground area need to be adjusted, find the maximum value
(positive phase) or minimum value (negative phase) in the designated sampling
points. This method can be used together with zero adjustment to adjust the
data collected through air coupling antenna.
Fig. 57 Zero Point Flare demeonstration
2.3.3.4 Gain Adjust
Since the host gain is set to display gain during acquisition, the final
saved radar data is original. As the radar signal decays, the deep signal
becomes weaker and weaker. Adjusting the gain of each point can better
observe the radar data. Selecting the gain type can change the selected gain
mode. The gain adjustment is divided into four options:“Gain Manual”,“Gain
Exp”,“Gain Decay”and“Gain Auto”. The latter three types are independent
gain adjustment methods.“Manual Gain”can handle radar data gain separately,
or it can be combined with other three types of gain adjustment methods to
make the gain adjustment more suitable for users.
Fig. 58 Gain adjustment dialog
2.3.3.4.1 Gain Manual
Click the up and down arrows in the“Gain points”to adjust the number
of gain points. Corresponded number of small green circles will appear in the
single-scan waveform display area on the left of dialog box, press left button of
mouse to drag the small green circle towards left and right to adjust the gain
scale corresponding to the point. Meanwhile adjusting the value (percentage)
of“Gain Coeff”up and down, equals to adjust the straight line gain.
Click“Gain Save”button if the gain value is not big enough, re-drag the
gain curve to obtain corresponding gain value by accumulation.
Click “ Gain Reset if you feel the gain value is not set appropriatly, to
regress the gain curve to the center line, cancel previous gain adjustment value,
restart the gain adjustment.
Fig. 59 Radar profile contrast before and after Ga in Manual
2.3.3.4.2 Gain Exp
The nature of gain adjustment is to multiply the origin data with a gain
curve,the gain curve of Gain Exp is y(t)=A*x(t)*eat.
The bar is used to adjust the coefficient value of

gain.
Fig. 60 Radar profile contrast before and after Gain Exp
2.3.3.4.3 Gain Decay (Amplitude compensation)
The purpose of the Gain Decay(amplitude compensation) is to make the

amplitude of entire radar data profile to be basically consistent from up to
down, to achieve the goal of revealing the lower weak signal.
Fig. 61 Radar profile contrast before and after Gain Decay
2.3.3.4.4 Gain Auto
Obviously when adopting automatic gain, the software can obtain gain
value automatically through certain calculation without setting relevant
parameters. Thus sometimes the effect of automatic gain may not be so
significant, whereby, the user need to superimpose manual gain on the basis of
automatic gain, to get better effect from gain adjustment.
Fig. 62 Radar profile contrast before and after Gain Auto
2.3.4 Data Filter
2.3.4.1 Dewow
There is partial zero offset when collecting radar data that means the
entire data is not around the center line, for example, the single-scan waveform
on the left side of below image is data with zero offset. Performing gain
processing will cause severe color cast with zero offset (positive zero offset
leans whitish or negative zero offset leans blackish), therefore it is required to
eliminate the offset in data through zero offset elimination method.
Fig. 63 Single-scan waveform contrast before and after Dewow
Fig. 64 Dewow dialog
Note: The recorded time window and antenna frequency during data
collection must be correctly selected when performing Dewow.
Fig. 65 Radar profile contrast before and afterDewow

2 .3 . 4 . 2 Digital Filter
When collecting the radar data, to ensure no any signal loss, usually the
filter is not applicable, that means the all-pass recording, as result both
significant wave and interference wave are recorded at the same time. In order
to eliminate the interference signal in the data, it is required to eliminate the
interference wave through digital filter.
If the impulse response of the filter is a finite-length sequence, such a

system is called a"finite impulse response system" abbreviated as a FIR system.
If the impulse response of the filter is an infinitely long sequence, this

system is called an"infinite impulse response system" abbreviated as an IIR
system.
Since ground penetrating radars are dominated by ultra-wideband

radars, band pass filter is typically chosen to remove noise that is not within the
radar signal band when selecting FIR or IIR filter. When filtering, the
corresponding parameters of the filter should be set according to the
frequency range of the signal to be extracted; otherwise the opposite result will
be obtained. For detailed filter descriptions, please see the related digital signal
processing books.
Fig. 66 Digital filter dialog
The upper half of the dialog box is the frequency spectrum before filter,
and the lower half is the result of frequency spectrum after filter. In which the
green line is high cutoff frequency (low frequency), and the red line is low cutoff
frequency(high frequency). Drag the two lines to adjust the range of filter
frequency spectrum. Click the"Zoom" button to stretch the spectrum, and click
the"Reduce" button to zoom out the spectrogram.
“Filter method” is shown in the image below:
Fig. 67 Frequency response for four types of digital filter
Fig. 68 Radar profile contrast before and after band-pass filter
Fig. 69 Radar profile contrast before and after IIR band-pass filter
Note: IIRfilter is nonlinearphasefilter. The phase of the radar data

changes during filter.
Therefore, if phase analysis is required during usage, it must be cautious

to select.
2.3.4.3 Back ground Remove
Holistic method
The holistic method is to add all the lateral data and then average them
to obtain the average data of the length of the sample points, and then subtract
the average data from the origin data to obtain the processed data.
Sliding method
The sliding method is based on the holistic method, which slides and
windows the data. The parameter settings are as shown below:
Fig. 70 Background remove - Sliding method
Tip: When performing BackGround Remove, it is better to delete all

unused and mishandled data to prevent these signals from being
superimposed on the background signal.
2 . 3 . 4 . 4 Moving Average
The moving average is to average the multi-scan radar data into one
scandata by sliding the rectangular window, so as to smooth the radar data.
Fig. 71 Moving average dialog
“ Slide Wnd ” : select the size of sliding rectangular window, that is

averaging N scan data into one scan.
2 . 3 . 4 . 5 Trace Balance
The Trace Balance enhances the signal by the correlation between the
scan data. For the uncorrelated signals, the signal is weakened after being
processed. This method greatly enhances the weak signal with good
correlation.
Fig. 7 2 Trace Balance dialog
2.3.5 Advanced processing
2.3.5.1 Math Operation
Difference: y( t)= x( t)- x( t- 1)
Integration: y(t)=x(t)+x(t- 1)+x(t-2)+...
Square: y( t)= ( x( t)) 2
Rooting: y(t)=( x(t)) 1/2
Logarithm: y( t) = ln( x( t) )
Exp: y( t)= e x( t)
Fig. 73 Math Operation dialog
2.3.5.2 Predictive Convolution
Between the ground and the antenna , between the underground metal
sheet or the wet clay and the antenna, the electromagnetic wave continues to
“bounce”, resulting in multiple reflections, which will form oscillating effect.
According to the predicted point of view, the oscillating interference is
regularly occurred multiple during certain delay period after primary wave.
These lected prediction time length is equal to the delay time of multiple
occurrences, and the prediction factor is obtained for filter. The prediction
result is oscillating interference, and the prediction error is primary wave.
Predictive convolutio can suppress multiple reflected waves and improve

the vertical resolution of the signal, eliminate the influence of radar wavelet
multi-vibration peaks, and highlight the interface characteristics of engineering
and geological structures.
Click“Predictive Convolution” button to pop up below dialog box:
Fig. 74 Predictive convolution dialog
"Filter length": According to a wavelet length setting, the filter length is

generally the complete period of an antenna wavelet. The lon GDR the filter
length, the better the deconvolution effect, but the slower the speed.
"Predictive Step": Also called the delay time, this parameter should match
the repetition time of the multiple waves to achieve the purpose of suppressing
multiple waves, but not exceeding the filter length. Generally, it gradually
decreases from half of the filter length. The smaller the parameter, the more
noise introduced.
Fig. 75 Radar profile contrast before and after predictive convolution
2.3.5.3 Hilbert Transform
The instantaneous transform, that is the Hilbert transform, reveals an

equivalent exchange relationship between the time domain and the frequency
domain associated with the Fourier transform, which is closely related to the
symmetry of the Fourier transform. The subtle properties of the surface can be
shown through Hilbert transformation of the profile.
Click“Hilbert Transform”button to pop up below dialog box:
Fig. 76 Hilbert Transform dialog
2.3.5.4 Kirchhoff Migration
The Migration processing considers each point on the reflective interface

as the source of the up-going wave, and"set back" the time to the moment
when the pulse is excited on the reflective interface, thereby determining the
reflective interface.
Since the antenna has a certain angle of radiation, the target can be
detected as it approaches. As the target approaches, passes, and moves away,
the reflection of the target appears as hyperbolic shape in the radar image.
Kirchhoff processing removes the hyperbolic diffraction effect and regress the
energy at each point to its true position.
Click“Kirchhoff Migration” to pop up below dialog box:
Fig. 77 Kirchhoff Migration dialog
"Zero Pos": the position of direct wave;
"Hyper Width": the width of the hyperbola to be migrated on the radar

map; "Velocity": the speed at which the radar wave travels in the medium;
"Trace Spacing": The distance between every two data scans.
Shortcut: Shift+mousewheel to adjust the hyperbola width, themouse

wheel adjusts the wave speed.
Fig. 78 Radar profile contrast before and after Kirchhoff Migration
Fig. 7 9 Hilbert Transform- instantaneous amplitude performed after

Kirchhoff Migration
Note: Predictive convolution, instantaneous transformation, and data
migration are methods used in seismic data processing. Which respectively are
Predictive convolution, Hilbert transform, and Kirchhoff Migration.
2.3.6 Easy process(one-key process)
The software provided a more convenient process method than batch

process: one-key process. One-key process is to combine some common signal
processing methods in one dialog box; for user to conveniently select the
required processing method. This method is in the"Document management
(Home)" menu.
Fig. 80 Easy Process dialog
Fig. 81 Radar profile contrast before and after Easy Process
2.4 Project Detect
2.4.1 Layer thicknessd at a processing flow of roads and tunnels
2.4.1.1 View document parameters
Click “File Param” in the menu of “home menu” to edit the document
parameters of radar data.
Fig. 82 Document parameters
The parameters to be checked in the head file are:
“ Velocity”: adjust the propagation speed so that the dielectric constant

is the dielectric constant value determined by the core calibration or
measured by the copper plate reflection method;
“ Time Wnd” : confirm that the recording time window is the time
window value manually set when collecting data;
“ Trace Spacing”: check whether the trace spacing is the same as that at
the time of acquisition, and the trace spacing=pulse interval*mark extension;
“ Begin Mileage” : input the begin mileage to the data;
“ End Mileage” : input the end mileage to the end.
2.4.1.2 Removing wast e scans
Select the“Profile Edit”in the menu of“Data Process”to pop up below

dialog box, select the starting range of the waste scan to be removed, this
part of the data will be in the inverted state, as shown below:
Fig. 83 Remove waste scan
2.4.1.3 Save new file
Click“Profile Intercept”in the menu of“Data Process”then select“

Delete selected profile”to generate new file after removing waste scan.
Fig. 84 Profile deletion
2.4.1.4 Check flags
Click“Flag Edit”in the menu of“Home Menu”to edit the flags of data.
Fig. 85 Check flags
2.4.1.5 Data normalization
Click the“Normalize All”in the menu of“Data Process”and select“Scans

Between flag”as below:
Fig. 86 Normalize All
500 scans are selected here, which is equivalent to 500 radar data scans in
data of 50 meters, and the interval between each scan is 10cm. Click"OK"to
normalize the data. Then click on "Flag Edit", you can see that the flag has been
normalized, so that the pile No. and the flag are matched.
Fig. 87 Flag after data normalization
Fig. 88 Data after data normalization
If the flags are not uniformly placed, which means they can be possibly
marked in ways like K0+0, K0+30, K0+ 130, K0+230, where the mark
normalization can be carried out by the pile No. normalization. Click on the
"Normalize Peg" in the"Data Process" menu to pop up the following dialog:
Fig. 89 Pile No. Normalization
Insert the non-uniform pile No. recorded and enter the correct trace
spacing. Click“Confirm”as shown below:
Fig. 90 Set trace spacing
In this way the non-uniform flag and pile No. are correlated.
Fig. 91 Mark after pile No. normalization
Note: Thefirst and lastflags are marked manually.
Fig. 92 Image after pile No. normalization
2.4.1.6 Label Ground
Frame the range of the ground layer on the single-scan waveform,

right-click and select"Label Ground".
Fig. 93 Tracing ground
2.4.1.7 Track Layer
In other layers, trace the layer in the same way as tracing the ground. Please
ensure the correct size of the box and do not perform other processing during
the tracing process. The layer curve will be obtained as shown below:
Fig. 94 Tracing layer
2.4.1.8 Horizon Regulation
The tracing may be incorrect during the automatic layer tracing process. To
detect if there is any tracing error in the whole data, click the“Label Layer”
button in the“Project Detect”menu to modify the layer manually. During the
modification process, the starting point of the modification begins with the
point on the traced layer.
Fig. 95 Layer regulation
2.4.1.9 Calculate Thickness
Right click on the horizon of the first layer, select layer thickness calculation,
below dialog will pop up:
Fig. 96 Velocity setting
Click“OK”, below layer thickness curve graph will appear
Fig. 97 Layer thickness curve
You can select whether the layer thickness curve to be filled or
connected in the right- click menu and display in different ways.
2.4.1.10 Report generation
Right click on the layer curve and select“Layer Report”after the thickness
calculation is finished. The layer thickness report parameter setting dialog box
will pop up. Select the report type as“ road layer thickness report, input the
appropriate parameters and the layer thickness type to generate the layer
thickness report. There are two cases of the allowable errors which are below or
above, indicating that the allowed error can only be within this range. If there is
no above of the error, we can set the "error above" value as 1000. Click“Segmen
tally Designed Value ” to record the thicknesses values of different designed
values in the same road segment separately, and just input the corresponding
pile No. and designed value.
Fig. 98 Layer thickness report dialog
Fig. 99 Layer thickness report
2.4.1.11 Save the file
Select“Save as…”in the“Home”menu after the layer thickness report is

generated, to export Excel or Word layer thickness file.
2.4.1.12 Save single point data and evaluate
The road thickness evaluation form generated above is an average

evaluation form in a road segment. To know the situation of each point, and the
number of evaluation points of every segment, you can get them from the
single point layer thickness report. Right click on the layer curve and select“Lay
er Report ” after the thickness calculation, and select the report type “ Point
Report", the following dialog box pops up:
Fig. 100 Single point layer thickness report dialog
Fig. 101 Single point layer thickness report
2.4.2 Road and tunnel exception handling procedures
Road and tunnel detections include not only the detection of layer
thickness, but also the detection of exceptions (voids, contain water, etc.). Road
exception identification is to find out the location, size, and extent of
exceptions by semi-automatic method, and generate an exception report.
Click on the"Label Except"button in the"Project Detect"menu to mark the
problematic exceptional area on the radar profile. The mouse becomes a pencil
shape after clicking. Press the left button of the mouse and scroll down to
change the size of the exceptional frame border, as shown in the graph below.
Fig. 102 Mark exceptions
At the same time, the exception type menu in the lower right corner will
pop up, and the corresponding exception type can be selected conveniently. If
the exception type is not in the pop-up menu, click "Except Type" in the menu
to pop up the following dialog box.
Fig. 103 Exception selection
In the "Optional Type "list, select the corresponding exception name and
click">>" to add the "Selected Type", or click"<<"to cancel the exception type
in the current "Selected Type". Click the other blank space to cancel the mark of
exception. To draw the exception continuously, you can click the "Exception
marking "icon again. Do not click any other place, press the left button of
mouse to conduct continuous drawing.
Click the drawn exception border to adjust the size of the exception border.
Double-click the drawn exception border to display the following dialog:
Fig. 104 Exception properties dialog box
"Failure type": Select the appropriate failure type from the list box;
"Severity": divided into "common", "serious" and "extreme" options;
"Failure length": the failure length is calculated by pile No;
"Trustworthiness": divided into three levels: suspected, credible, and
convinced, indicating the extent of certainty;
"Starting depth": the starting depth calculated from the wave velocity;
"Ending depth": the ending depth calculated from the wave velocity;
Longitude and latitude: The latitude and longitude values collected by GPS;
"Starting position": The default starting position calculated from the input
scan number;
"Ending position": The default ending position calculated from the
input scan number. You can also "customize the failure type" if the name or
type of the exception is not in the list of exception types above.
Right-click on the red ellipse of the drawn exception to get the following
menu:
Fig. 105 Exception right click menu
“Delete exception”: can deleted selected exception;

“Exception properties”: can set the text properties of the title, color and
thickness of the frame boarder, and shape of the frame boarder.
Fig. 106 Exception properties dialog box
“ Exception information": can obtain specific properties of the
exception, same as double click;
“ Exception list": can obtain list details of all exceptions.
Fig. 107 Exception list
You can as well save the exception list as Excel or Word form.
2.5 Slicing imaging
2.5.1 Introduction
The slice imaging module of the post-processing software is designed to

create and analyze C-scan data, which compensates for the limitations of the
two-dimensional vertical profile. Here is mainly for data obtained by array radar
or 3D measuring line acquisition.
To perform detailed inspection of an area, it is necessary to detect multiple
lines. By displaying slices of different depths, the slice display allows you to view
the internal structure of the entire area at once. Small structures that are easily
missed or misjudged in a single profile can be easily displayed in the slice.
Slice display has a significant advantage in identifying linear structures. In
the slice display, the steel bars, pipes, and cables in the concrete or soil appear
as continuous lines, making it easier to identify.
2.5.1.1 Slicedata structure
A slice data is composed of a series of parallel line profiles under the XYZ
coordinate system (as shown below).
When generating a slice, the software checks each profile automatically
and fills the goaf between adjacent profiles with the existing data, which is the
interpolation process. A slice of a certain depth can then be taken for
observation.
Fig. 108 Slice data structure
2.5.1.2 Synthetic slice data format
Synthetic slice data is created by splicing each independent profile in

ascending order of the coordinate axes. After splicing, a long file will be
generated. You can drag the slider below or click the play button at the upper
right to view the entire file.
A generated slice data can be processed like a normal profile file. Some
processing is usually required before the slice is displayed, and most of the data
processing functions are identical in operation to a single profile. For example,
common de-nosing, gain adjustment, etc.,to understand the specific operation
of basic data processing, please refer to the previous chapter.
2.5.2 Data Combination
After collecting multiple single profile data, generate them into a slice file.
After the 3D scanning is finished, a large number of files will appear. The
number of files is the same as the number of lines. All these files are spliced
together by the engineering method to generate a slice file. The basic steps are
as follows:
Step 1: view the data. Open the profile data for one or more lines, review
their data quality, and determine what processing method needs to be taken
before the slice is displayed.
Step 2: Synthesize the slice data file. This file will automatically splice all the
line profiles for future use.
Specific steps are as follows:
Click on "Data Combination" in the "Slice Imaging" menu to bring up the
following dialog.
Fig. 109 Data file for synthesized slice
Parameter setting, X-direction line, Y-direction line: These three labeling
pages correspond to the slice file and input parameter switch different
definition for each direction.
Usually set the slice file parameters first, as follows.
"File Name": This is a file name in.srd format and its storage path consisted
of multiple single line profiles. Click this button to pop up the following dialog
box, you can enter or modify the slice file storage path and file name.
"Data composition": Tick the number of dimensions collected in the
selected detection area here. Collect a set of parallel line data according to the
3D line template, and tick the corresponding line direction which should be "X
direction line" or "Y direction line". The current version of the software only
supports adding data in one direction.
Import the direction corresponded line data: According to the direction of
the collected data, perform the“X direction line setting”/ “Y direction line
setting”and import the data as shown below.
Fig. 110 Import line document
"Number of lines": The number of lines in the X or Y direction.

"Add File": Click this button to bring up the following dialog box. Select the
line file to be imported; you can select one file at a time or multiple files at a
time. After the addition is completed, the corresponding line data storage path
and file name are displayed on the "X Direction Line"/"Y Direction Line" label. At
this time, the imported data is required to be arranged in ascending order of
the line coordinates. The default is to sort the file names in ascending order. In
this case, it is necessary to check whether the data arranged in the ascending
order of the file name corresponds to the ascending order of the line
coordinates. If not, click to select the file you to be moved, press the up and
down keys of the keyboard to adjust the position to the corresponding line
position or click the“file name”at the top of the list bar to sort.
Fig. 111 Add line document
Fig. 112 Import line data
View the spliced slice file and set the necessary parameters. Click the
"Confirm" button after
checking and confirming. The spliced slice file will then open automatically.
In order to make the time ruler corresponded to the depth ruler and accurate
target positioning during slice display, it is necessary to set the wave speed in
the file parameter. Select“File Parameter”in the“Home Menu”menu to open
the file parameter dialog box, where the wave speed should be entered
correctly according to the actual situation. If the calibration was performed, the
result of the calibration can be entered. If no calibration was performed, the
input is estimated based on the empirical value.
Fig. 113 Slice file after splicing
A series of specific data processing operations can also be performed after

setting the parameters. The slice display can be run after taking the necessary
processing.
2.5.3 Slice imaging
2.5.3.1 Slice imaging
The slice display allows you to view slices along either axis.
Step 1: Open a slice file. This slice file refers to the spliced profile after you
have generated the slice file. Choose a suitable palette-the slice will display
using the same palette.
Step 2: The slice will appear by selecting“Slice Imaging”in the“Slice
Imaging”menu.
Step 3: When a slice window is open, most of the processing and editing
buttons in the toolbar will be grayed out, and none of them will be available at
the moment. The functions available at this time are displaying gain and setting
palette.
2.5.3.2 Slice viewing
The slice view shows a slice view in three directions. As shown below:
Fig. 114 Slice view
The upper left corner of the slice is the X slice, the upper right corner is the
Y slice, and the lower left corner is the Z slice. By clicking a point in any slice,
you can see the slice where the scan number, line, and depth of the pointis
located. The scan number, line, and depth of the point can be obtained from
the small window in the lower right corner.
2.6 Convenience Tools
The Convenience Tools tab mainly includes calculator, notepad, drawing,

screen capture, file comparison, help documentation, and image playback. The
following mainly introduces the file comparison and image play functions.
2.6.1 File comparison
File comparison is mainly used for comparison of multiple data, such as

array data or dual-frequency data, to facilitate data comparison and viewing.
For example, to compare data collected at the same location by two different
frequency antennas. Drag the scroll bar or click the play button to view the data
simultaneously.
Fig. 115 Files comparison interface
2.6.2 Image play
In order to realize the automatic play function of radar data, a set of image
play buttons are designed. Main functions: Automatically play radar data, pause
and stop radar data processing.
For files with a large amount of data, the trouble of manual dragging is
reduced, and the overall situation of the data can be seen. The auto play
function can be used not only in pseudo color maps, but also in accumulated
wave forms and single scan. In addition, pause and stop buttons can also
control the processing of relatively lar GDR data. Click pause button to pause
processing. Click stop playing to stop the current processing activities.
3. Get started quickly
3.1 Run the software
Method 1: Double click the generated icon on the desktop.

Method 2: Double click any radar data in.srd format to run the software.
3.2 Import data

Method1: Double click to open or drag data into the open software
interface.
Method2: Click “Open file” in the“Home menu”at the upper left corner.
Fig. 116 Open file
Method 3: In the "Window Mode" group on the "Home Menu" tab, click
"Project Bar" to display "Resource mana GDR" and select the file in the
corresponding folder.
Fig. 117 Project bar
3.3 Display data

Step 1: in the“file parameters”group of the“Homepage menu”tab, click
“ file parameters”
Fig. 118 File parameters
Check whether the data information is correct in the popped up dialog box.
Fig. 119 File parameters dialog box
Step 2: In the“file parameters”group on the“Homepage menu”tab, click

“color change”to select suitable color type, generally default gray map will do.
Fig. 120 Color change
Step 3: Adjust gain, click“gain factor”in the“window mode”on the“homepa
ge menu”tab or use the up and down keys on the keyboard to adjust display
gain.
3.4 Data processing
Click one-click processing in the“Home menu”
Fig. 121 One-click dialog box
Here we put together some common processing methods, including "null

offset removal", "amplitude compensation",“null adjustment", "gain
adjustment", "FIR filtration", "background subtraction", "sliding average", etc.
There are 7 kinds of processing methods, and it is also possible to add
corresponding parameters to the process. This way data processing can be
completed in once.
3.5 Save image
Click export image option in the Home keys.
Fig. 122 Export image
Fig. 123 Export image dialog box
Save the processed data as image.
4. Appendix
4 . 1 Common rad arterminology
4.1.1 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
With the principle of space detection radar, use the instrument to emit
high-frequency electromagnetic beams toward the detected objects
(geological bodies, buildings, etc.), by observing the time lag and the strength
characteristics of the reflected electromagnetic waves, to study the
electromagnetic detection method of the geological body.
4.1.2 Impulse Radar
A radar system that acquires data in the time domain is called impulse
radar.
4.1.3 Control Unit (C/U)
The device used to control GPR data collection, mainly performs the
processing, display and storage functions of GPR data. It is also known as radar
host.
4.1.4 Antenna System
The system includes four parts which are: the transmitter, receiver,
transmitting antenna and receiving antenna. The transmitting antenna converts
the pulse signal transmitted by the transmitter into electromagnetic wave, and
the receiver converts the electromagnetic wave signal received by the receiving
antenna into voltage signal.
4.1.5 Bandwidth
The frequency range over which the antenna operates. For radar antennas,
the typical bandwidth is defined as the difference between the highest and
lowest frequencies within 3 dB of the maximum power (center frequency)
attenuation.
4.1.6 Coupling
The extent of coupling of the GPR antenna to the ground reflects the ability
of the antenna to propagate electromagnetic waves underground. Poor
coupling is called mismatch; good coupling requires the antenna to have the
same or similar impedance to the ground.
4.1.7 Nanosecond(ns)
The unit of time, 1 nanosecond is equal to 10-9seconds; one billionth of a

second.
4.1.8 Depth of Penet ration
The maximum depth range over which a radar signal can penetrate in a
given medium.
4.1.9 Relative Permittivity
It is the ratio of the dielectric constant of the medium to the dielectric

constant in vacuum. An important parameter reflecting the electrical properties
of the underground medium, the electromagnetic wave is reflected after
encountering the dielectric surface with a difference in dielectric constant.
4.1.10 Scan
The electromagnetic wave energy (amplitude value) recorded in the

selected time window range corresponding to a fixed antenna position or a
specified time point.
4.1.11 Gain
A time function that amplifies the data scan.
4.1.12 Scan Rate
The number of radar scans collected per second.
4.1.13 Symbol
εr──relative dielectric constant
C──Light speed
4.2 Common dielect ricconst ant
There have been many studies and measurements on the electromagnetic

properties of various types of rock and soil. Air is the medium with the highest
resistivity and the smallest dielectric constant in nature, with the highest
electromagnetic wave speed and the smallest attenuation. Although the
electromagnetic parameters of dry rock, soil and concrete are different, but the
difference is not significant, basically most of them belong to high-resistance
medium, and the dielectric constant is between 4-9, which belongs to the
moderate wave velocity media. However, due to the different porosity and
saturation of various types of rock and soil, large differences in electromagnetic
properties are revealed. These differences are manifested in the changes in
dielectric constant and mconductivity, which determine the different wave
speeds and different attenuations for electromagnetic waves of different
lithology.Below is table of measurement results of electromagnetic parameters
for some engineering media.
Media type Conductivity σ (S/m) relative permittivity ε
Air 0 1
Pure water 10-4—3*10-2 81
Seawater 4 81
Freshwater ice 10-3 4
Granite (dry) 10-8 5
Limestone (dry) 10-9 7
Clay 10- 1—1 8-12
(saturated water)
Hard snow 10-6—10-5 1.4
Dry sand 10-7—10-3 4-6
Saturated sand 10-4—10-2 30
Saturated mud 10-3—10-2 10
Seawater ice 10-2—10- 1 4-8
Basalt (wet) 10-2 8
Granite (wet) 10-3 7
Shale (wet) 10- 1 7
Sandstone (wet) 4*10-2 6
Limestone (wet) 2.5*10-2 8
Copper 5.8*107 1
Iron 106 1
Frozen soil 10-5—10-2 4-8

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Geopro Studio User’s Manual

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2. Menus and Buttons Description ............................................................................ 3

2.1 Document Management ............................................................................... 3

2.2 Homepage menu ........................................................................................... 9

2.3 Data process ................................................................................................. 30

2.4 Project Detect ............................................................................................... 53

2.5 Slicing imaging .............................................................................................66

2.6 Convenience Tools .......................................................................................72

3. Get started quickly ................................................................................................ 74

3.1 Run the software .......................................................................................... 74

3.2 Import data ................................................................................................... 74

3.3 Display data .................................................................................................. 74

3.4 Data processing ............................................................................................76

3.5 Save image ....................................................................................................77

4 . 1 Common rad arterminology .....................................................................78

4.2 Common dielect ricconst ant ..................................................................... 80

Fig. 1 GDR software interface

The software is divided into 5 display sections, which are“Menu bar”

2. Menus and Buttons Description

2.1 Document Management

2.1.1 Open File

2.1.2 Close File

Click the button , to close the open active file.

2.1.3 Close All

2.1.5 Save File

Click the button , to save current open active file.

2.1.6 Save All

Click the button , to save all open data files.

Fig. 2 File dividing dialog

2.1.8 Merge Files

2.1.9 Data Convert

2.1.10 Image Export

 Export according to distance: designate the length of radar data distance in

2.1.11 Batch process

Fig. 6 Batch process of single file

2)Batch process of multi-files

If there is need to carry out batch process of multi-data methods upon

Step two: select proper process method among “ available process

Fig. 7 Batch process of multi-files

2.2 Homepage menu

2.2.1 Project setting

“ Project Path” : add project path and project name.

Fig. 8 Project New-Project Path

“Project Notes”: can add description about this project, in order to

Click“OK”, below project will appear in the project bar:

Fig. 11 Project file tree

2.2.1.2 Project Import

Click the button , select the project file to open from

2.2.1.3 Project Close

close current selected project.

2.2.2 File Parameters

2.2.2.1 Color Palette

Pseudo color display is the most common display method. This

button , multiple optional color display methods will appear. Select

Fig. 13 Various color display methods

2.2.2.2 File Parameters

Fig. 14 File parameters dialog

2.2.2.3 Flag Edit

“Flag Edit” includes three menus which are“Flag Edit”,“Flag Large”

Mark information includes processions such as: flag inserting, flag

Fig. 15 Mark information dialog

Due to operational mistakes or sensitivity problems of instrument,