THE INTERPRETATI ON

OF DREAM S

P R O F D R S IGM UN D FRE U D L I D
. .
, .

S
AUT HO RI ED TR ANS LATIO N O F THIRD EDIT IO N

WIT H INT RODUCTIO N

A A . . B RI LL , P IL B MD . .

mu m “ OLO C L
0? m
BI m HO
GI A AL nn n n O? 32l SPIT AND B M ARI
CL CAL A A
I NI " OLO CH A
SSIS T NT I! UR GY ARI) PS Y
am m m um u
I TRY OOLUI B I A UNIV ERSITY
m
,

A L “ A“ H OI RTR L IS I P AL
m C NC
ro r o r I. OS PIT
CH A “
ARI) I! LI I 0 7 PSY I TRY , RI O!

M fi m w . l m ¢am b
ch n w o

bflEVV IY CfliKZ

T HE MACM ILLAN COMPANY

1913
vi T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
hand inseparabl y connected wi th m m w w
w y o n drea s as th e c ir

mstan oe that I as obli ged to expose more of the intimac ies

,

cu

my p y
‘

of s c hic life than l sh o n d tha

ul d like a n generall y falls
to the task of an author who is not a poet but an investigato r
of nature This was painful but unavoidable ; I had to put
.
,

up with the inevitabl e in order not to be obliged to forego

altoget her the demonstration of the truth of my ps ycho
logic al results To be sure I could not at bes t re sist the tel np
.
,

tat ion of disguising some of my indiscretions through omissions

and substi tutions and as often as this happened it detracted
,

materially from the value of the examples which I employed .

I can only express the hope that the read er of this work ,

putting himself in my difficult position will show forbearance

, ,

any of the dreams reported will concede freedomof thought

at least to the dream life .
 I N T ROD U C T ORY REM AR KS

IN attem m
a discus sion of the Interpretation of Dream I
in g
do not bel ieve that I have overstepped the bounds of neuro
,

th e drea mp ro ves to b e t he first lin k in ac hain of abn o rmal

psychic struct ure s whose other links the hysterical phobia
the obsession and the delusion must for prac tical m ans
, ,

, , ,

fic ance ;its theoretical value as a paradigm is however all , ,

the greater and one who cannot explain the ori gin of the
,

dream pictures wil l strive in va in to understand the phobias ,

But this relation to which our subject o es its importance

, w ,

comprehensive problems of psychopathol ogy which cannot be ,

tion ii there sho uld b e sufi cien t m ad

ti e n en ergy , and if further

mai
b tw
rel ated in the literature or c oll ec te d by o t h ers had to re n

mf my pu p m m
w ; fo r exa pl es l ha
ww
us el or r os e d to c hoos e e ec
my o n drea ms m
and thos e of y pati ts ho ere un der m
the lat te r mat eri al b y t he fac t th at in it the drea mp roc es s cs

of tho in ter mix tum f o neumtic aa

c h r c ters . On t he o thc r
" “

j 5 t .
n .

‘
1

a
s c
 P REFACE T O T HE SEC OND EDI T I ON

Ir there ha s a
ris en ad e a m
n d for as ec on d edi
t ion of this rather
difiicul t book bef ore the end of the first decade I owe no ,

gratitude to the interest of the profes sional circles to whom

w
I appealed in the preceding sente nces My colleagues in .

ps ychiatry appar tl y have mad e no efiort to shake o ff the

, ,

first surprise which my new conception of the dream evoked ,

and the prof essional philosophers who are ac customed to treat

,

the problem of dream life as a part of the states of c on

sc ion s ness devoting to it a few —for the most part identical
—
,

sentences have apparently failed to observe that in this

,

field could be found all kinds of things which woul d in evit

ably lead to a thoro ugh transformation of our psychological

justify the expectation that this work of mine was destined

to be buried in oblivion and the small troop of brave pupils
who fo llow my leadership in the medical application of psycho

order to utilise these analyses in the tre atment of neurotics ,

would not have exhausted the first edition of the book I .

the invitation to take up anew after nine years the

, , difi cul t

I amgla
d to be able to s ay th at l have f o un d l itt le to

change Here and there I have inserted new material ad ded

.
,

new views from my wider experience and attempted to revise ,

certain points ; b ut everythin g essential concerning t he dream

and its interpre tation as well as the psychological proposi
,

tions d erived from it has remain ed unchan ged : at least

, ,

subjectively it has sto od the test of time Those who are

, .

ism of the psycho neuroses know that I have never

, o fiered
vll
vii
i T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREA MS

views ; b ut in t he r ea l o f t he m
drea l if e l ha m
ve been a b l e to
s tand b y my firs t de c larat ions Dur i
n g t.h e lon g y ears of y m
work on the problems of the neuroses I have been repeatedly ,

it was always m the inte rpretation of dreams that I found

my bearings My numerous scientific opponents therefore
.
, ,

show an especially sure instinc t when they refuse to follow me

rules of dream inte rpretation drawn chiefly from dreams of

my own which have hm depreciated and outstripped by
,

events have in the revision shown a persistence which re

,

sisted substantial changes For me indeed the book has

still ano ther subjective m
.
, ,

eaning which I coul d comprehend

onl y after it had hem complete d It proved to be for m e a .

part of my self analysis a reaction to the death of my father

-

—that is to the most significant am t the deepest loss in

,

t hc l ife
,

of aman . After I recognis ed

,

t his I felt po w ,

erless to
a
efi c e the traces of this influence . For the reader however
, ,

B xs c s rs s o an wS mm r of
,
u e 1908 .
 PREFACE T O T H E T H I RD ED I T ION

WHERE AS a period of nine years elapsed bet ween the first and
second editions of this hook the need for a third edition has
,

appeared after little more than a year I have reason to be .

my wk
pl eased with this change b ut just as I have not considered
,

t he earl i
er n egl ec t o f or onth e pa s a
d er a
rt o f th e rea

pro of of its unworthiness I am , unable to find in the inte rest

manifested at present a proof of its excellence .

The progress in scien tific knowledg e has shown its in fl u

m m
w
ice on the I n terp reta tion of Drea s When I wrote it in .

1 899 t he Sexual Theories a

s not yet in existence and the ,

analysis of complicated forms of psychoneuroses was still in

its in fancy The interpretation of dreams was destined to
.

aid in the psychological analysis of the neuroses b ut since ,

then the deeper understandin g of the neuroses has reacted

on our conception of the dream The st udy of dream in
m
.

terpreta t io n i a li has continued to develop in a direction

w
upon which not enough stress was laid in the first edition of
this book From my o n experience as well as from t h e
.
,

works of W S takaI and others I have since learned to attach

.
,

a greater value to the extent and the significan ce of sym

ho lism in dreams (or rat her in the unconscious thinking ) .

Thus much has ac cumulated in the cours e of this year which

w
requires con sideration I have en deavoured to do justice to
this ne m
.

ataial by numerous insertions in the text and by

thre aten to warp the original discussion or if even with their , ,

aid we have been unsuccessful in raising t he ori ginal text to the

,

nivea u of our pre sent vi ews I must b eg indulgence for th e

,

tions of the present rapid development of our knowledge . I

1: T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
demanded — w
ill differ from the present one They will have
n d to incl ude selections from the rich m
.
,

on the one h a , aterial

of poet ry myth usage of language an d folklore an d on the
, , , , ,

oth er hand to treat more profoundly the re lations of the

dream to the neuroses an d to mental dis ea s es

Mr Otto Rank has rendered m

.

. e valuab le service in the

s election of the addenda and in reading the p roof sheets I

gratefully indebted to himan d to many others for their
.

con trib utions an d corrections

e m
a Spri g of 19 1 1
, n .
 ’
T RAN SLA T O R S PREFACE

and T hree Contrib utions to

Freud s works Some of our readers have mad e an honest

’

mdeavour to test and utilise the author s theories b ut they

.

very difi c ult German for only two of Freud s works have
,
’

w
hitherto been accessible to Engl ish

w
ork will be of invaluable assistance To be sure numero us
.
,

artic l on the Fre udian psychology have of late mad e their

appearance in o ur literature rl but'

read by those unacquainte d with the original work often serve ,

to confuse rather than enlighte n For Fre ud cannot be

.

mastere d from the reading of a few pamphlets or even one or ,

two of his original works Let me repeat what I have so ofte n

.

said : No one is really qualified to use or to j udge Freud s ’

also a thorough training in

of Dream s is the author s greatest and

’

it is here that he develops his psycho

thorough knowledge of which i s ab so

re hs en
,

t Jones Jam s
, e J . Putnam , t he present writer ,
xn T HE I N T ERPRE TA T I ON OF DREAM S

are actively engaged in treating patien ts by Freud s psycho ’

the book presents much that is of intere st to the psychologist

dreams have of late years been the subject of investigation

at the hands of many competent observers only few have ,

contributed anything tangible to wards their solution it was

Fre ud who divested the dream of its mystery and sol ved its ,

riddl es H e not only showed us that th e dream is ful l of

.

meaning b ut amply demonst rated that it is intimately con

,

n ect ed with normal and abno rmal mental lif e It is in th e .

tre atment of t he abnormal mental state s that we must re

cognise the most important value of dream interpretation .

The dream does not only reveal to us the cryptic mechanisms

of hal lucinations delusions phobias obsessions and other
, , , ,

psychopathologi cal conditions but it is also the most potent

,

instrument in the removal of these ‘

.

I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedn ess to

Pro fessor F C Prescott for reading th e manuscript and for
. .

A A B RILL
. . .

F or exam p es demons t ratin g th ese fact s cf my work Psychmalp u;

E motive! App lication W B Sednders Publishing Company
.
,
’
, . .
,
Philad elphia L ondon .
 C ON T EN T S
CR AP . PAC!

I . THE S CI E N TIFIC LITERATURE ON TE E PROB LE MS OR

T HE DR E AM

II . ME T E OR or DR E AM IN TE RPR ET ATI ON TE E ANAL Y SIS

OF A SAMP LE DRE AM

III . THE DR E AM IS T HE Furr r m rEN T o r A WISE

IV . DIST O RTI ON IN D R E AMS

V . T HE MATERI AL AN D S O UR C E S OF DRE AMS

VI . TE E D RE AM -
WORK
V I I TE E PS Y CHOL OG Y
. or DR E AM ACTIV ITI E S

VII I . LIT ERAR Y IN D E X

IND E X
 T HE I N T E R PR E T A T IO N OF
D REA MS

TH E SC I ENT I F IC L ITE RATU RE O N TH E

P RO B LE MS O F T HE D R EAM “

IN the following pagmI shall prove that there exists a psycho

logical techniq ue by which dreams may b e interpre ted and ,

w
that upon the application of this method every dream will
S ho itself to be a senseful psychological structure which
may he introduced into an assignable place in the psychic
activity of th e waking state . I shall furthermore endeavour
to explain the proces ses which give rise to the strangeness
and obscurity of the dream and to discover through them
,

the nature of the psychic forces which operate whether in ,

combination or in opposition to produce the dream This

, .

accomplished my investigation will terminate as it will have

, ,

reac hed the point where the problem of the dream meets with
broader problems the solution of which must be attempted
,

thro ugh other material .

I must pres uppose that the reader is acquainted with the

wo rk done by earlier authors as well as with the present
status of the dream problem in science since in the course of
this treatise I shall not often have occasion to return to them
,

Fo r notwithstanding the efio rt of several thousand years

, ,

w
li ttle progress has been made in the scientific understanding
o f d rea ms This has b een so universally ackno ledgc d by
.

the authors that it seems unnecessary to quote individual

of this book many stimulating observations and plenty of

interesting material for our subject but little or no thing
,

T o th fi rst publ ication of this book 1900

e , .
 m
w
true ature
n of the d rea or th at so l ves

its en i
g m
S till les s of c o urs e ha
as . s be

w
transmitted to the knowledge of the ed uca ted laity
m
.

The firs t b oo k in hic h t he drea is trea ted a s a n o b jec t

of psychology seems to be that of Aristotle (Conc erning

1

drum is of demoniacal though not of divine nature which

, ,

indeed contains deep meaning if it be correctly interpreted

,
.

He was also acquainted with some of the charac teristics of

dream life e g he knew th at the dream turns slight sensa
, .
,

w
tions perceived during sleep into great ones one imagines
that one alks t hrough fire and f eels hot if t his or that part ,

O f the body becomes slightly which led him to

dreams sent to the dreamer to

,

future and vein fraudulent and

, , ,

gm a
erl viewof life which as wont to project a
,
s w
the oute r world that which possessed reality only
mind It moreover accounted for the main im
.
, ,
 L I TE RA T U RE OF T H E DREAM

pres s ion mad e upon the w

a
k in g l if e by the mm
e ory left fro m
the d re ami n t he m ng , f or in thi
o rni s mm
e o ry t he d rea , as m
m
w
compared wi th the rest of the psych ic content , seems so e
thing strange coming as it , , ere , from another world . It

supernatural orig n of dreams lacks followers in our own day

—
aut hors who are perfectly justified in adhering to the

turo us, who go so fa

r a
s to ba
s e th eir religio us b c lief in t he
existence and cc O-
peration of superhuman forces on the

philosophy ag the sc hool of Schel ling is a distinct echo of

, .
,

the undisputed divinity of dreams in antiquity nor is dis

cassion closed on the subject of the m
,

an tis or prophetic power

logical explanat ions are too inadequate to overcome the

To wa rit e his to ry of u
o r scien t i
fic w
kno ledge of drea m
Of this w
k no ledg e may have been , n o progres s in defin ite
direc t ion s has b een d isc ern ib le T here has b een n o c o n .

investigato rs could continue to build but every new author

mp m af mth m
,

takes up t he sa e ro b le s res h an d fro e very heg i ring .

Wars I to follow the authors in chronological order and give ,

w
a review of the o pinions each has held concerning the problems
of t he d rea mI
, sho uld b e preven ted fro mdra in g ac lear a
nd

complete picture of the present state of knowledge on the

subjec t I have therefore preferred to base the treatment
m
.

up on the es a
ther
r t han upon aut ho rs a
t he nd l shall ci
te
m m the material found in
,

a d rea
‘

f or e ch pro bl e of the t he

w w
B utas I have not suc ceeded in maste ring the enti re
lit erature fi ch is idely dissem
, inated and interwoven with
4 T H E I N T ERP RE TA T I O N OF DREAM S
that on other subjects I must ask my readers to rest con tent
,

provided no fundamental fact or important viewpoint be lost

Until recently most authors have been led to treat the

subjects of sleep and dream in the same connection and with ,

them they have also regularly treated analogous states of

psychopathology and other dreamlike states like hallucina
,

tions visions &c In the more re cent works on th e other

, , .
,

hand there has b een a tendency to keep more closely to the

,

theme and to take as the subject one single question of the

,,

dream life This change I believ e is an expression of th e

.
, ,

conviction that enl ightenment and agreement in cash O bscure

little occasion to study the problem of sleep as it is essentially ,

a psychological problem although the chan ge of function al

,

the charac ter of sleep . The literature Of sl eep wil l therefore

not be considered here .

leads the following in part interdependent inquiries

to
m W —
wm
a
( ) T he Rel a
t ion of the Drea to the aking S tate The naive
j udgment of a person on a ake ng as sumes that the dream

has taken the dreamer into another world The old physio .

l ogIs t Burdach to whom we are indebted for a careful and

, ,

discriminating description O f the phenomena of dreams ex ,

pressed this conviction in an often quoted passage p 4 74 -

, .

The waking life never repeats itself with its trials and joys
maims to
,

its plea sures an d pains but on t he co n trary t he d rea

, , ,

relieve us of these E ven when our whole mind Is filled with

.

one subject when profound sorrow has torn o ur hearts or

,

when a task has claimed the whole power of our mentality the ,

dream either gives us something entirely strange or it takes for

its combinations only a few elem
,

ents from reality or it only ,

”
enters into the strain of our mood and symbolises reality
m m lf am
.

L S trii ell “ ex e e hi se to th e eff ec t in his

.
p pr s s s s e

where justly held in high respect He who dreams turns

6 T HE IN TE RPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
Cicero (De D ivinat i
o ac , II ) says quite similarly as does ,

ct agitant ur de quibus vigil antes aut oogitavim

, us aut egi mu
s .

rel ation b et w een d rea m lif e an d w

a kin g lif e s ee m s in deed

3“
the description of F W Hildebrandt . who believes
.

that the peculiarities of the dream can generall y be described

only by calling them a series of contrasts which apparently
” “
shade 0 6 into contradictions (p The first of these .

contrasts is formed on the one hand by the strict isolation or

seclusion of the dream from true and actual life and on the ,

other hand by the continuous en croac hment of the on e upon

other The dream is something absolutely separated from

.

the reality experienced during the waking state ; one may call
it an existence hermetically sealed up and separated from
real life by an unsurmo untable chasm It frees us from .

reality extinguishes normal recollection of reality and places

, ,

us in another world and in a totall y different life which at ,

bottom ha s nothing in common with reality Hildebrandt .

then asserts that in falling asleep our whole being with all its ,
“
forms of existence disappears as through an invisible trap
mone is perhaps makin g a voyage to
,

In t he drea
”
door
St Helena In order to off er the imprisoned Na oleon somet hing
.

p
.

exquisite in the way of Moselle wine One is most amicably .

received by the ex emperor and feels almost sorry when the

-
,

w
interesting illusion is destroyed on awakening But let us .

now compare the situation of the dream ith reality The .

become one He has never made a sea voyage and St Hel ena
.
, .

is th e last place he woul d take as destination for such a voyage .

but on the contrary a strong patriotic hatred And finally the .

dreamer was not y et among the living when Napoleon died on

the i sland so that i t was beyond the reach of M b ility for

dream experience thus appears as something strange inserted ,

 LI T ERA T U RE OF T HE D REAM
Nevertheless , continues Hildebrandt , the opposite is

hand with this secl usion and isol ation there can still exist

my that no matt er what the dream off ers it finds its material .

its elf from reality and its most sublime as well as its most
,

outer world or from what has previously found a place some

,

where in our waking thoughts ; in other words it must be ,

taken from what we had alre ady experien ced either objectively
”
or subjectively
m m m
.

b
( ) T he M aterial of the Drea — Me ory in the D rea
That all the material composing the content of the dream in

the drea m , or recalled —this a

,t least may be t a
ken s a
a n

readily disclosed as an obvious prod uct of the instituted com

parison On the contrary the connection must be carefully
.
,

sought and in many cases it succeeds in eluding discovery for

a long time The reason for this is to b e fo und in an um
,

. b er of
peculiarities evinced by the memory in dreams which though , ,

w w
It often happ ens that matter appears in the dream content
hic h a on e c a a
nnot a a reco gn i
se l t er in the kin g st te s be

wll enough having d amed about the subject in question

longing one s knowledge and experience One remembers
to
’
.

e re ,

mw
u cannot recall the fact
b t time of the experience The or .

aw a
d amer is therefore
re a a u in the d rk s t o the so rc efro hic h
t he dream a h s b een d r ing , nd is even t ern p ted to b elieve
an in dependently productive ac tivity on the part of the
dream until often long afterwards a new episode brings back
to recollection a former exp erimce given up as lost and thus
, , ,

m One is thus foroed dm

,

re ve a
ls t he so urc e of t he drea . to a it
8 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAMS

state .

Del b ceuf narrates from his own experience an especially

courtyard of his house covered with snow and found two ,

little lizards half frozen and buried in the snow Being a

-
.

lover of anima l s he picked them up warmed them and put

, , ,

them back into a crevice in the wall which was reserved for

been growing on the wall which he k new they were fond

of In the dream he knew the name of the plant As plemum
,
'

digressi on to the lizards and to his astonishment Del bceuf

,

saw two other little animals falling upon what was left of the
ferns On turning his eyes to the open field he saw a fifth
.

the street was covered with a procession of lizards all wander

ing in the same direction 8m
,

In his waking state Delb reuf lm

,

w
.

e only a few Latin names

of plants and nothing of the Asplen ium To his great surp rise
m am
.
,

he b eca n c ed
e c o n vi t hat afern of this n e re ally exis ted

the dream had slightly disfigured An accidental coincidence .

could hardly be considered but it remained a mystery for

Delb m
,

uf whence he got his knowledge of the name Asplenium

in the dream .

The dream occurred in 1 862 Sixteen years later while .

,

at the house of on e of his friends the philosopher nonced a

'

w
small album containing dried plants resembling the albums
that are so ld a
s so uven irs to visito rs in ma y patn rs of S its er
land A sudden recollection occurred to him ; he opened
.

the herbarium an d discovered therein the Asplenium of his

,

dre am and recognised his own handwriting in the aecom

,

While on her wedding trip a sister of this frien d visited Delb ceuf
,

—
in 1 880 two years prior to the lizard dream She had with .

her at the time this album which was intended for her brother
, ,

and Delb ceuf took the trouble to write at the dictation of a ,

botanist under each of the dried plants the Latin n ame

, .
 L I T ERA T U R E OF T HE DRE AM
th is valuable example al so permitted Del b reuf to trace another
po rtion of this drea mt o its forgo t ten so urc e . On e d ay i
n

1877 he came upon an old vol ume of an illustrated journal ,

in which he found pictured the whole procession of lizards

just as he had dreamed it in 1 882 The volume bore the date
of 186 1 and Del b m
.

, uf could recall that he had subscribed to

the journal from its first appearance .

That the dream has at its disposal recollections which are

inaccessibl e to the waking state is such a remarkable and
theoretically important fact that I should like to urge more
attention to it by reporting several other Hyperm nesic

Mus sidan used to oc c ur to his mi d d u i g

n r n th e day . He kn e w
it to be the name of a French city but nothing else , . One

to ld hi mthat sh e c ame fro mMu da

ss i n and , , in ans w er t o his

principal country to wn in the Département de La Dordogne .

On waking Maury put no faith in the information received in

,

his dream ; the geographical lexicon however showed it to be , ,

perfectly correct In this case the superior knowledge of the

.

dre am is con firmed but the forgotten source of this knowledge

,

Jessen tell s (p 5 5 ) of a quite sim moccurrence

w
“ ilar drea
.
,

from more remote times Among others e may here “

men tion t he dreamof the elder Sc aliger (Hennings I c p

.

who wrote a poem in praise of celebrated men of V erona and

n
, , .

to whom a man named B rugno lu ,s appeare d in a dream , ,

did no t rec having heard of him he wrote some verses

all ever ,

in his honour and his son later discovered at V erona that a

,

B rugn ol us had formerly been famous there as a critic .

Myers is said to have published a whole collection of such

w w
P sychics } Research , which are un fortunately inaccessible to
me I believe every one ho oc cupies him
. s elf ith d reams
will recognise as a very common phenomenon the fac t that the
dream giv es proof of knowing and recollecting matters unknown

of nervo us pat ien ts , of which I sh all s peak later , I amevery

obscene expressions &c and that they make use of t hes e in
ms although they have forgotte n them in the waking
, .
,

their drea
state I shall cite here a simple case of dre am hyperm
,

. n ss ia

ledge accessible to the dre am .

w
a K on tuszé ka in a café and after reporting this inquired
,

w
what it might mean as he never heard the name before I
, .

was able to answer that K on t uszé ka was a Polish liquor

which he coul d not have invented in his dream as the name ,

had long been familiar to me in advertisements .

would not at first believe me b ut some days later after he had

realised his dreamof the café he n o t iced the nam s on asign
, ,

bon d at the street corner which he had been obliged to pas s

,

Ihave learned from my own dreams how largely the dis

c overy of the origin of some of the dream elements depends

m
on accident Thus for years before writing this book I was
.
, ,

haunted by the picture of a very sim y formed church tower

w
which I could not recall having seen I then sudden ly rs
it with absolute certainty at a small station b et em
.

and Reichenhall This was in the later nineties

mi
.
,

a
n d I had t ravelled o ver t he ro ad fo r the firs t ti e n t he year

the study of dre ams I was quite annoyed at the fre quent re
,

c urrence of the dre am picture of a certain peculiar locality .

—
I saw it in definite local relation to my person to my left a
dark space from which many grot m
,

q ue sandstone figures
stood out A glim . mer of recollection which I did not quite ,

credit told me it was the entrance to a beer cellar b ut I

,
-
,

c ould explain neither the meaning nor the origin of this dream

to this beautiful university city was unsatisfacto ry ; I was

w
unable to see Gio tt o s fre scoes in the church of the
’

dell Arena and on my ay t here t urned bec k on being in

’
,

formed that the little church was closed on the day On my .

 L I TE RA T U RE OF T HE DRE AM

Mad on nadel l m
w
Aren a On the s treet lea d ing to it on l i
’
.
y e t , ,

w mw
probably at the plac e here I had turned in 1 89 5 I d isc o vered ,

w
the lo c ality hic h I had so o ft en seen in t he d rea it h its ,

san dstone figures It as in fact t he en tranc s to ares taurant

.

One of
—
the so w
for reproduction material which in part is not recalled or
w
urc es fro m hic h the dreamdm s
ma a ts ri l

—
employed in waking thought is to be found in childhood . I

Hildebran dt “
(p . It has alread y been expressly

experiences from the earliest periods

S t riim
.

w
ll “ p The subject becomes more inter
pe ( .

esting har we remember how the dream sometimes brings

forth as it were from among the deepest and heaviest strata
, ,

m
li ited m erel y to s uc h impress ion s a
s have gai
n ed d co n
vivi

W ong p y
s c hic v alidity a
n d ths n later
, ret urn in the d rs a as m

co mp m also
r
'

such pictures of persons things places and

e , , ,

early experiences as either possessed but litt le consciousness

and no p y
s c h ic v al ue at all , a
or h ve lo n g a
g o l o s t b ot h , a
nd t here

in the a w
kin g st at e, un t il th ei r fo r m igi
er o r n is rs vs aled
m ntially
.

V olks lt 7’
( p . I t is e noteworthy how

w w
easily infantile and youthful reminiscences enter into the
dream What e havs long ceased t o think ab o ut hat has
.
,

long since lost for us all importance is constantly recalled by ,

the dre am .

umory c auses t h e origin of interesting hyperm

ww
r
-
, nest ic dreams ,

ate oi hic h I sha l l hs re report .

12 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAMS
Maury “ relates (p . 9 2) that as a child he often went from

ain night adreamtrans ported himto Trilport an d he a

c ert s w
m m
,

w
agai pl a i g i th e it t t A a a a h d hi
n n ree pp e
y n c y s s n ro c

n g so m f orm Ma s k ed himhi me
.

eari e so rt o f u ni ury a s na
.
,

and t hat he w
a a s b ridge gua rd n aking , Ma ury ,
. ho
O w w
w w w
still doubted the reality of the reminiscence , asked his old
servant ho , mhad b een it h hi in his childh ood , het her she
“ ”
remembered a man of this name Certainly , was the .

“
answer he used to be watchman on the bridge which your
,
”
father was building at that time .

Maury reports another example demonstrating just as

parture he dreamt that he had reached his destination and

that he m
,

w
et near Montbrison a man whom he did not know by ,

sight ho told him he was Mr F a friend of his father The

dream
. .
, , .

w
er remembered that as a child he had known a gen tle
ma n of t his n ams , b ut on a k in g hs co uld no lc n ger rec al l his
features . Several days later having really arrived at Mont
,

n d t hs re met am w
an homhe at on c e rec o gn ised as t he Mr F
w
a
m The real perso n as only older than the one in
. .

of his d rea .

I may here relate one of o n d reams in hic h the my w w

w w w
remembered Impression is replaced by an association In my
mI sa aperson ho mI rs oognised hile dreaming as
.

d rea , ,

and confused with the picture of one of my coll eague teachers ,

But upon question ing my mother about the physician of my

early childhood I discovered that he was a one eyed man
,
-
.

the dream was also one eyed I have not seen the physician
,
-
.

for thirty eight years and I have not to my knowledge thought

-
,
 OF DREAM S

w
depressing force . On
t he a on rt t he fors hs a
d of apassin g a
str nger ,

n ot th ink fo r a second after he was out of sight ,

”
plays its part in our dreams
S triim
.

p ell “
(p .such cases where the analysis
of a dream brings to light elements which although derived ,

w w
from events of the previ ous day or the day before th e las t
un im
,

y et p ro ve to b e so po rtan t a
n d o rthless fo r the a kin g

occurrences may be st atemmts of others

of thin gs or pers ons , or n gl e
si p hras es m
fro

Havelock E llis ” p The profound emotions of

( .

our chief voluntary mental c un gy are not those which

'

the forgotten impressions of daily

our dreams The psychic activities
.

And the n or mal drea m rais es si mila r

pres sio n s fro m th e p rec ed i

n g day ,
s i
n s t ead of goin g bac k to

perc ep t ibl e re s o na l Wh y in mdoes

a dre a c on sc i
o usn ess so

while the c ereb ra

c n c e re a
exp eri
l c ells b ea
m
in fo r ths
n g t he
ri

o s t pa
os t ss n s itive rec ord s

n ert a
rt i m
nd n u b , u n l ess
m
m a
n
of

”
them ?

to o verlo o k al to get her the dependenc e of th e drea m on

 L IT E RA T U RE OF T HE DREA M

the statist ical treatment of her own and her friend s dreams '

Miss Whiton Cal kins found 1 1 per cart of the entire number
1'
.

w
a s c ert ainl y correc t in his ass ertio n that a
ll our d ream
pictures could be genetically explained if we devoted enough
m a d mat
ti e n eri al to the tra
cing of t heir ori
g i
n . To b e sure,

wu w
he calls this “
a most tedious and thankless job ”
For it
m t l ad
.

o ld at os s us to ferret out all kin ds of q ui

te o rt hles s

ch amber and to bring to light some very indiff eren t moments

,

from the rern ote past which were perhaps buried the next
”
hour after their appearance I must however express my . , ,

regret that this discerning author refrained from following

the road whose beginning looked so unpromising ; it would

significant for every theory of memory in general I t teaches .

us that nothing which we have once psychically ossessed

p
w
is ever entirel lost (Scholz ) or as B elbreuf puts i
M'
que ‘

y
t s impression m em
,

to u e la plus ins ignifiant e laisse une tr e ,

bear in mind this extraordinary capability of the memory in

the dream in order to perc eive vividly the contradictions which
mut ain dreamtheories m
,

s be a
d va
nc ed in c ert t o be en tion ed

incoherence of dreams through a partial forgetting of what

we have known during the day .

One might even think of reducing the phenomenon of

m
drea in g to that of mm y e or , an d o f reg ard ing the d reama
s th e

manifestation of an ac tivity of reproduction which does not

rest even at night and which is an end in its elf
, V i ews like .

w
t hen expressed by Pilcz would corroborate this according ,

to which intimate relations are demonstrable bet een the t ime

of drea ing m and th e c on ten ts of the drea mf m th
ro e fact

morning are of recent origin . But such a conception is ren dered

 16 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S
improbable from the outset by the manner of the dream s ’

behaviour to wards t he m ate rial to be remembered Striim ll

justly calls o ur attention to the fact that repetitions of ex
.
m
perien c es do not occ ur in t h e dream To be sure the dream .

makes an effort in that direction b ut the next link is wanting , ,

or appears in chan ged form or it is replaced by something ,

entirely novel The dream shows only fragmen ts of repro

.

duction this is so often th e rule that it adm i ts of theoretical

w
repeats an episode as thoroughl y as our memory would in its
waking state Del b m uf tells of one of his university co ll gus s
.

who in his dream repeated with all its details a dangerous , ,

Miss Calkins mentions two dreams the contents of which

‘
3
,

mw
exactly reproduced incidents from the day before and I
shall later take occasion to report an exam e hid r came to
,

my no tice showing a childish experience which returned nu

,

changed ih a dream ‘ .

b y drs a m t imuli a d
s n drea m so urc es may be sxpl a ed b ym
referring to the popular saying Dreams come fro m the ,
“

st omach This notion conceals a theory which conceives

.

th e dream as a result of a disturbance of sleep We should .

not have dreamed if some disturbing element had n ot arisen

in sleep and the dream is the reaction from this disturbance
,
.

The discussion of the exciting causes of dre ams takes up

the most space in the descriptions of the authors That this .

problem could appear only after the dream had become an

object of biological invest igation is self evident The ancients -
.

who conceived the dre am as a divine inspiration had no need

of looking for its exciting source to them the dream resulte d
from the will of the divine or demoniacal powers and its ,

content was t he product of their knowledge or intention .

Science however soon raised the question whether the stimul us

, ,

to the dream is always the same or whether it might be ,

manifold and thus led to the question whet her the causal
,

From subsequ nt experi nce I am abl e to tate that it i not at all rar
e e s s e

w
to fin d in dreams epent
a n s
b ut in such dp
of harml ss or u r o ta t occ upation s of th
k i g ta such a ak i g trunk s p pa ri g f i
r
s x wo
c r k in
ron s
t
nh
adr am er hims lf m phasi s not th character b ut t h
e
,

e
e
re
e
n
n

ze
r n

e
e
e

e
real ity of the memory 1 hav e r ally do all this in the day time
,
“
e ne .
"
 LI T ERA T URE OF T HE DREAM

might assume the role of dream in cits rs Opinions differ greatly

msources in ranking
.

in preferring this or th at o n e of t he drea

mport ance for the origin of dreams
,

them , and indeed a

s to th eir i .

Wherever the enumeration of dream sources is compl ete

we ultimately find four forms which are also utilis ed for the ,

I External (objective ) sensory stimuli

. .

H Internal (subjective ) sensory stimuli

. .

III Internal (organic ) physical excitations

. .

I . T he Externa —
l S ens ory S ti ul i The m younger m
S trii pell ,

dy m m
w w
alrea ore t han onc e ser ved us as aguids in the pro bl e
of d reams has as is ell kn o n rep ort ed his
, , , o b s erva
tions on

w wma
skin and with paralysis of several of the higher ss nsory o rgans
ma m ged
.

This n er int o sles p hs n his fs re in ing s ens ory

paths from the outer world were shut 0 3 When we Wish to .

sleep we are wont to strive for a situation resembling the

sen sory paths the eyes and we endeavour to keep away from
, ,

the other senses every stimulus and every change of the

stimuli acting upon them We then fall asleep although we
are n evm perfectly successful in our preparations We can
.
,

'
.

neither keep the stimuli away from the sensory organs

altogether nor can we fully extinguish the irritability of the
,

“
st ronger stimuli should prove to us that the mind has re »

'

even du n g sleep
ri . The sensory stimuli which reac h us during

There are a great many stimuli of such nature ra

n ging ,

from those that are unavoidable being brought on by t he ,

to pn t an end to sleep . Thus as trong ligh t may f orc e its elf

B
18 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S
into the eyes a noise may become perceptible or some odori
, ,

w
fs ro us matter may irrit ate the mucous membran e of the nose
s m o vem e m
.

In the sponta neou en ts of sleep ay lay bare parts

cf t he b od y a
nd t hus exp os e th e mt o asn is ation o f co ld , or

t hro ugh change of position we may prod uce sensations of

press ure and to uch A fiy may bite us or a slight acc id mt at
.
,

w
night may simul taneously attack more than one sense O h
a ho le series of dream
.

w
servershave oalled atten tion to s i
n

Which the sti ul us m veri

fied on akin g an d a part of th e
,

dream content corresponded to such a degree that the stimulus

Iall here
sh ci
te a n umb er of s ms
uc h drea c o ll ec ted by
Jessen (p
3‘
. traceable to more or less accidental objective

taks s battle the cro ing o f ac ock m

us in to the thic k o f ay b e , w
transformed into human shrieks of terror and the creaking of a ,

door may conjure up dreams of burglars bre aking into the

wa w
house When one of our blankets slips off at night we may
mthat
.

drea ae re lk in g ab o ut n aked or falling in to t he

wma
wate r If we lie diagonally across the bed wi t h our feet
m
.

ext en d i
ng b s yond the s dge, e y d rea o f s t an d i
n g on

the brink of a terrifying precipice , or of falling from a steep

w
height Should our head accident ally get under the pillow
ma ma a
.

o y then i gus a
in end ab o ut t o
big ro c k hangi
ng o ver

crush us under its weight A ccum ulation of semen prod uces .

voluptuo us dreams and local pain the idea of sufiering ill

,

w
treatment of hostile attacks or of accidental bodily inj uries
m
, , .

Meier ( Versuch cine E rldd n g dcs Nad tt andd ns Halls , ,

w w
175 8, p
once dre amed of being assaulte d by several
m
.

w
p er s ons ho t hrc h i fiat on th e g ro u n d and d r o ve a st ak e

in t o ths gro un d b et een his b ig a n d s ec on d t o es While

imagining this In his dream he suddenly awoke m
.

id felt a blade

of straw sticking between his t oes The same author accord .

,

w w w mw
Weimar , 1784 , p . 25 8 ) dreamed on an other occasio n that he
a sb eing hanged hen his shirt a s
p i
n n e d so e h at tig h t
m
w
aro und his nc ck Haufibauer drea s d in his yo uth o f having
w
'

m
.

fallcn fro ahigh all and found upon aking that t he b ed

atea d ha d oo e apart , a
n d t hatmhe h ad ac tu al ly fa ll sn t o t he
 LI TERA T U RE OF THE DRE AM

bo ttle to his f eet , an d drea ed o f takin g m atrip to t he s ummit

of Mount E tna Where he found the heat , on the ground almost

hea d asecond man d rea edm a of b ein g sc a

l ped b y l n dians ;

third ,whose shirt Was damp dreamed of being dragged thro ugh ,

a stream An attack of gout caused the patient to believe

.

that he was in the hands of the Inquisition and suff ering pains ,

of torture

stimulus and dream content is reinforced if through a sys

t ematic ind uction of st imuli we succeed in producing dreams
corresponding to the stim uli According to Macn is h such .

He left his knee exp os ed an d dreamed of travelling i

n a

travellers w w ww o uld el l
kn o ho c old the knes s b ec o n a
e i m
a
co ch a t n igh t . m
Anot her t i e he ls ft the b a s hea
c k o f hi d

in the c pmair
w
. In the coun t ry where he lived it was customary
to keep the hs ad a
l a cov ered excs p t on s uc h a
oc c s ions f
’

y s

Maury “ re
ports new observations on dreams produced in

w w
himself ( A number of other attempts produced no results )
. .

w
1 He a s t ick led ith af eather on his l ips and on the tip
med of a f ul to rture viz that amask
.

of his n ose He drea .

, .

of pi t ch was stuck to his face and t hn r forcibly torn o ff ,

w
2 Sc issors were sharpened on pincers He heard bells
alarm hich m b ak
. .

ri
n i
g g
n , t h en so un ds of to o k h i c to t he

w
a w m lf
a
w w
3 Col ogne
. ter s p ut his n os e
on . He f oun d hi se

in Oairo in the sho p of Jo hn MariaFarina . This a s follo ed

w
4 His neck was ligh tly pinched He dreamed that a
m
. .

w
b lis t erin g plas t er as p ut on hi , and tho ught of a d o cto r
m
w
ho t rea ted hi in his c hildh oo d
m
.

w broke into
5 A ho t iron as b rou h t n ea his face H d rea ed

w
.
g r e .

that M e s house and forced the occupants

t he

Ch o were bands of robbers in the V endés who r so rt d to this e e

m
for of t orture .
20 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S

coals . The Duchess of Abrantes whose secretary he imagin ed,

6 . A drop of water was let fall on his forehead . He

7 . When ab urn in g c andl e was repe atedly foc uss ed on hi m

through red paper he dreamed of , t he weather of heat and of a , ,

“ ”
D Hervey Weygan dt and others have made other
’

m
, ,

attempts to produce dreams experi n it ally .

pared and initiate d catastrophe (Hildebrandt ) In 35

.

”
former years this author relates I occasionally made use
, ,

hour in the morning It probably happened hun dreds of

.

times that the sound of this instrument fitted into an ap e

its inevitable issue .

I shall cite three of these alarm clock dreams for another -

purpose .

w w
V o lks l t (p 68) relates A composer once dreamed that
mthi g
.

he a a s te c hing s ch ool , and a ju s s t exp l ainin g so e n to

his pupils He had almost finished when he turned to one
.

of the boys with t he question : Did yo u understand me i

The boy cri ed o ut like one possessed Ya An noyed at this .
’
,

he reprimanded him for shouting But now t he entire class .

was screaming Orya then E ury o and finally Feueryo

,
’ ‘
,
’ ‘
.
’

”
H e was now aroused by an actual alarm of fire in the street
Garnier (T raité deaF acul tés de Prim
.

e reported by ,

Ra d es t o c k “ relates that Napoleon I while sleeping in a

, .
,

carriage was awakened from a dream by an explosion which

,

brought back to him the crossing of the Tagliamen to and the

bo mbading r of the Au ans ,
s tri so that he st a
rte d up c ry i
ng ,

We are undermined l
The following dre am of Maury has become celebrated
‘3
.
22 T HE I N T E RPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S
(R 37) . I amt ak ing a alk w on ab eautif ul sp ring m orn i
ng .

I saunter through the green fields to a neighbouring vi llage ,

under their arms . I remember that it is Sunday and that ,

but as I am somewhat overheated I als o decide to cool o f!

in the cemetery surrounding the church While reading the .

various epitaphs I hear the sexto n ascend the tower and see the
,

small v illage bell in t he cupola which is about to give signal for

hangs motionless then it begins to swing and, , s udd ml y its

comes to an end But the sound of bel ls comes from the

.

”
alarm clock .

w w
“
A second combination It is a clear day the streets are
mi
.
,

c o vered it h deep sno . I have pro s ed to take part i

n a
sleigh ride
-

, b ut have had to wait for some time before it was

on my furs and adjust my muff and at last , I am in my place .

B ut t he depart ure i
s st ill d elay ed , un til t h e reins give t h e

impatient horses the perceptible sign They start and the .

,

sleigh bells now forcibly shaken begin their familiar janizary

, ,

dream Ag ain it is o n ly th e shrill so un d o f m m

w
.
y alar c lo c k .

“
Stil l a third example I see the kitchen maid alk alo ng
.
-

the corridor to the dining room with several dozen plates -

p i
l ed up Th e p o.rc el ai
n c o l u n i
n her m arms seems to mt e o

b e in danger of losing its equilibrium Take care I ex ‘ ’

.
,

claim you will drop the whole pile

,
‘
The usual retort is ’

—
.

naturall y not wanting that she is used to such things Mean .

while I c ontinue to follow her with my worried glance and ,

behold at the door step the fragile dishes fall tumble and
-
, ,

roll across the floor in hundreds of pieces But I soon notice .

a true ringing and with this ringing the dreamer now becomes
,
”
aware that the alarm clock has done its duty .

of the objective sen sory stimulus has been answered by

 L I T E RA T U RE OF T HE D RE AM
S trir pel l
’

m an d “
almost identically by Wundt "
to the efiec t

mi d t muli i
, ,

tha t the reac ti

on of t he t he attac ki st i n s l ep
e
n o ng

is determined by the formation of illusions A sensory im .

m
ression is recognised by us a
n d correctly interpreted is it
p ,

is class ed with the me ory group to which i t b longs according

e
wa
to all previo us experience if the impression is st rong clear
ma u
, , ,

a
nd lo n g en o ugh and i
f
, a e h ve the nec ess ry ti e t o r

we mistake the objec w

d sposal for this reflection If t ese conditi ns a not fulfilled
i . h o re ,

a w ma u a aw
hich give rise impression and
ts to t he ,

ou its b si
s e fo r a n a
ill sion .
“
If on e t k es l k in n

wa a
open field and percei ves indistinctly a distant bj ct it may o e ,

happen a t h t he a ill t firs t t ke it fo r horse . On c los er

inspection the image of a cow resting may obtrude itself and ,

a group of people sitting The impressions which t he mind .

receives during sl eep through outer st imuli are of a similar

indistinct nature ; they gi ve rise to illusions because the

pictures through which the impres sion receives its psychic

value In which of the many spheres of memory to be takm
.

into consideration the corresponding pictures are aroused ,

come into force this even according to St riim

, p ell,remains ,

ind eterminable and is left as it were to the caprice of the

, , ,

We may here take our choice We may ad mit that the .

laws of the dream formation cannot really be traced any

further and therefore refrain from asking whether or not the
,

interpretation of the ill usion evoked by the sensory impression

depm ds upon still other conditions or we may suppose that
the objective sensory stimulus encroaching upon sleep plays
only a modest part as a dream source and that other factors ,

Ind eed careft examin ing Maury s exp erim

, on artally produced
’

dreama which I have purposely reported in detail one is apt

, ,

on e of the dream elements and that the rest of the dream

con t m
,

t appears in fact to o independent too m uch determined ,

24 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
one even begins to doubt the illusion theory and , t he power of

that this mwi

i pr s on at times experiences the most peculiar

Thus B M S im
. . adreamin hich h e sa pers on s
on
“ tells of w w
of gigantic stature seated at a table and heard distinctly the ,

w w
awful rattling pro duced by the impact of their jaws while
che ing On aking he heard th e clac king o f the hoo fs o f a
.

horse gal lo ping past his window If the noise of the horse s .
’

hoofs had recalled ideas from the memory sphere of G ulliver s ’

”
Travels the sojourn with t he giants of Brobdingnag and the
,

—
virtuo us hors e creatures as I should perhaps interpret it
w
-

—
itho ut any assistance on the author s part should not th e ’

choice of a memory sphere so uncommon for the stimulus have

some further illumination from other motives

all objections to the contrary we must admit that the réle of ,

the objective sensory stimuli as a producer of dreams has been

wa m
ww
pictures e re t hen d irect ed t o loo k f or ot her drea so urc es
ma
,

a
ct i
ng in na
n a
a logo us nn er . 1 do not kn o here t h e

inner (subjective ) stimuli sh oul d also be consi d ered but as a ,

matte r of fact this is done more or less fully in all the more
e cent descriptio s of the etiol ogy of dreams An important “
r
n ” ”
.

is played in dream illusion s says Wundt (p , .

w
by those subjective sensations of seeing and hearing which
are familiar to us in t he a king st ate as alumin o us c haos in
the dark field of vision ringing buzzing , , , &c .
, of the ears and ,

able tendency of t he dream to delude the eyes with numbers of

simil ar or identical objects Thus we see spre ad bef ore o ur eyes
numberless birds butterflies fishes coloured beads flowers a
.

e r

m
, , , , , .

Here the lu ino us d us t in the dark field of si

vi on has taken on

phantastic figures and the many luminous points of which it

,

consists are embodied by the dream in as many single pictures ,

m
which are looked upon as moving objects owing to the mobility

zg
s c rr
tic pers ons in ad reamjustify the mumption that it deals ith
the d ru m sr s c hildho od.
’
w
 LI T ERA T U RE OF T HE DREA M

fondn ess of the dream for the most complex animal figures ,

The subjective sensory stimuli as a source of the dream

have the obvious advantage that unl ike the objective stimuli
they are independent of external accidents They are so to .
,

speak at the disposal of the explanati on as often as it needs

,

them They are however in so far inferior to the objective

.
, ,

sensory stimuli that the role of dre am inciter which observa ,

in t heir c ase on ly w it h difiic ul ty o r n ot at a

ll The mai n p roo f
dre am inciting power of subjective sensory excitements
.

for t he -

have been described by John Miiller as “

phantastic visual

period of falling asleep and which may remain for awhil e even
,

abl y troubled by them subjecte d them to a thorough study , ,

w it h d rea —
mpictures this ha
s alread y b een a
sserted by Jo hn

of attention (p But in any ordinary disposition a hypn o

.

g g
o ic hallucination may be produced by merging for a second
into such lethargy after which one perhaps awakens until this
,

oft repeate d process terminates in sleep According to Maury

-
.
,

if one awakens shortly thereafter it is often possible to demon ,

wa
ss hypnogogic hallucinations before falling asleep (p .

Thus it onoe happen ed to Maury ith gro up of p i

c t ures of

grotesque figures with disto rted features and strange head

,

dresses which obtruded themselves upon him with incredible

,

hand armed wa ith fork ta

k ing so mf
e ood fro mth e p lat e . In
26 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S

seeing mi c rosc 0 p i
c ally small characters which he was forced

in which there was an open book w it h very small letters which

,

Just as in the cas e of these pictures auditory hall ucinations ,

of words names &c may also appear hypnogo gioall y and

, , .
, ,

ing t he principal motive of the opera which is to foll ow .

G Trumbull Ladd
.
,
‘o
takes the same path pursued by John
Miiller and Maury . By dint of practice he succeeded in

opening his eyes two to five min utes after having grad ually
,

fallen asleep which gave him opportunity to compare the

,

sensations of the retina just vanishing with the dream p ictures

rel ation bet ween the two can always be recognised in the ,

of the retina prod uced so to speak the sketc hed outline or , ,

he read and studied corresponded to an arrangement of t he

,

l uminous dots and lines in the retina in parallel lines or to , ,

which he was reading in the dream resolved itself into an ,

actual printed sheet looked at through a little hole in a piece

”
of paper from too gre at a distance to be mad e out distinctly
, .

Without in any way under estimating the central part of the -

occ urs in u
o r mi d n s that is n ot bas ed on mat erial furn ished

in a dark room , w hile d rea m s o cc urring in the mo rnin g ne r a t he

 LI T ERA T U RE OF T HE DREAM 27

The s hi
f ting and end l es s ly vari able aa
ch r c t er of the spon

to t he fitf ul s ucc ession of pic tures presen ted to us in u

o r

w
dre ams If we att ach any importance to Ladd s observations
.
’

e cannot underrate the productiveness of this subjective

sh rea f urn ished frorn t he s p heres of the o th er sens es , b es ide

III . I nternal O
( g
r a
we are dis
n i
c ) P hys i
c a
l E rrat u m -
If
posed to seek dream sources not outside but inside the , ,

w
o rganism we must remember that almost all our internal
organs hic h in their healthy state hardly rem
,

, ind us of t hei
r

mf
us aso urc e of the m
w w
in d is ease, b ec o e or os t pain firl sensa
t ion s hic h s e pu t on amut b
n eq u al ity it h t he external
n d senso ry s tim
,

exc it ant s o f th e pa in a uli It is on th e strength

m
.

of very o ld experience that , eg .

, S trii pell “ declares that

c ons c io us of its con nection wit h the b o dy tha n th e

n i w
a king

Aris to t le ‘
dec lares it q uit e p ossib le that t he drea m s ho uld

have not c ed
n ot i at all w
ain t he king st ate (o wing to the

so m mdi al authors
e e c , ww a
ho ere c ert inly far fre mb eli
ev i
ng

in any prophetic power of the dream have admitted this

mat l at f
,

si
g n i
fi c anoe ef t he drea e s or t he foretelling of dis ea
se .

E ven in o ur times there seems to b e no lac k of aut hen t ic ated

examples of such diagnostic perfo rmanms on the part of the

dream Thus Tissié cit es from Artigues (E ssai m la V aleur

w
“

M oioyique dcs l lém) the history of a om

.

an of forty three
,
-

w
years who during several years of apparently perfect health
, , ,

as troubled with anxiety dreams and in whom medical

am
,

w
ex ination lat er d is c los ed a nci
n i p i
e n t a
fl ection of the heart

to hic h she soo n su cc u b ed m .

28 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S

d rea mis n t he d iseases of t he heart and lungs ; indeed th is

relation of the dream life is placed so conspicuously in the
foreground by many authors that I shall here content myself
with a mere referen ce to t he literature (Rades t oc k S pitta
“
.
“
, ,

a
c teri
s ti
c featu w The
s . dre ams of pers ons suffering from

Those suff ering from diseases of t he lungs dream of s ufioc at io n ,

of being crowded and of flight and a great many of them are

, ,

subject to the well known nightmare which by the way

-

, , ,

Boerner has succeeded in producing experimen tally by lying

influence of sexual exc itement on the dream content is per

c ept ib l e enough in every one s experience and lends the s trongest
’
,

Moreover as we go through the lite rature of the dream

, ,

it becomes quite obvious that some of the authors (Maury ‘8

,

Weygandt have been led to the study of dream problems

by the influence of their own pathological state on the content

The addition to dream sources from these undoubtedly

b e led to s uppos e ; f o r the dreamis a phen omenon w hich

the question is not whence particular dre ams originate but ,

what may be the exciting source for the ordinary dreams of

B ut w
e need go on l y astep further t o find adreamso urce
which is more prolific than any of those mentioned above ,
80 T H E IN TERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S

inaudible by the noise of the day . In what other way , thm ,

in to figures , filling sp wae nd mw

tihi h m e, c o ve at the b eginning
of causality ; and thus the dream originates Scherner "l

and after him V olks lt attempted to pen etrate into closer

.
,

p y
s c hi atris t K rauss a fo und t he origi
n of the drea ma s w ell

organically determined sensation . A ccording to this author

the s tarting poi

nt of adreamor of adel usio n . No wa org nic all y

( )
1 those of the total feeling (general sensations ) (2) specific ,

( )
0 the musc u lar b
( ) t h
,e pneumat ic ( )
c the gastric d
( ) ”the , ,

sexual (e) the peripheral sensations (p 33of the seco nd article )

, .

swa e t io ns is con ceived by K rauss as follows : The awakened

with some law of association and combines with this thus

, ,

u
scio s n es sdoes not maintain its normal attitude For it does .

not bestow any attention on the sensation itself b ut concerns ,

its elf entire ly with the accompanying pre entation this is

s ,

likewise the reason why the st ate of affairs rn question should

have been so long misunderstood (p 1 1 K rauss finds .
,

feeling into dream pictures (p .

acknowledged but the question as

, to the law underlying the
 LI TE RA T UR E OF T H E D REAM

o f te n in o bs c ure ter m On th e b a
s sis o f the t heo ry of b od ily

m
.

exc it ation the al tas k of drea in terpre tation is to trac e

sp ec i

w
back the content of a dream to the causative organic stimulus ,

and if e do not recognise the rules of interpre tation advanced

by Schemer we fre quently find ourselves confronted with
“
,

the awkward fact that the organic exciting source reveals

w
itself in the content of the dream only
m ma if
.

A oert ain ap ee en t , ho ev er, is n este d in the in ter

designated as typical because they recur in so many persons

kn o w n drea m s of fall ing fre mh ight e s, of th e fallin g o ut of

teeth of flying and of embarrassment because of being naked

mi mply
, ,

or barel y cl ad . This last d rea s said to b e aused

c si

c o ver and is expos ed . The drea m f th

”
o e fal lin g o ut of t eeth is
explained by dental irritation , which does not however of , ,

Acc ord in g to S trii pell m

th e fly in g drea is the adequate “ m
m m
,

pic t ure us ed b y t h e in d t o in terpre t t he s u of exc itatio n

after the cutan eous sensation of the thorax has been reduced
to insensibility It is this latt er circumstance that causes a
.

sensation re lated to the conception of flying Falling from

aheigh t in adreamis said t o have its caus e in th e fac t that
.

w
when unconsciousness of the sensation of cutaneous pressure
has set in either an armfalls a ay fro mthe body or aflexed
,

knee is suddenly stretched out causing the feeling of cutaneous ,

pressure to return to consciousness and the transition to ,

S
( ii pell
t r mp The weakness of th e plausible attempts
, .

at explanation evidently li es in the fact that without any

w
further elucidation they allow this or that group of organic
sensations to disappear from psychic perception or to obtrude

explanation has been established I shall however later .

, ,

have occasion to rec ur to typical dreams and to their origin

From comparison o f aseries of sim ms M Simon
.

ilar drea
”
, .

endeavoured to formulate certain rules for the infl uence of the

32 T HE I N T ERPRE T AT ION OF D REAMS

He says (p If any organic apparatus which during

.
,

sleep normally participates in the expression of an affect for ,

usually aroused by that afl ec t the dream thus produced wil l ,

Another rul e reads as follows ( p

. I f an organic
apparatus is in a state of activity , excitation or disturbance
,

during sleep the dream will bring

, ideas which are related to

that apparatus .

single territo ry He has made experimen ts in altering the

.

position s of the sleeper s limbs and has compared the resulting’

,

The position of a limb in a dream corresponds approxi

1 .

mate to that of reality i s we dre am of a static condition of , .

the limb which corresponds to the real condition .

2 When one dreams of a moving limb it always happens

.

The position of one s o n limb may be attributed in the

3 .
’
w
dream to another pers on .

4 One may dream further that the movement in question

.

w
5 any particular
The limb in d tion may appear in the
'

po

mas an an imal or mo nst er in

.

d re a , hich cas e ac ertain analogy

The position of a limb may incite in the dream ideas

6 .

which bear some relation or other to this limb Th us e g .

, . .
,

if we are employed with the fingers we dre am of numerals .

Such results would lead me to conclude that even the

theory of bodily sensation cannot fully extinguish the apparent
freedom in the determination of the dream picture to be
awakened ‘
.

Th fi rs t vol um of this Nor w eg ian a uthor conta

e e ining a com l te d , e e .

sc ri ption of dreams ha rec ntly appeared in German S

,
s e nd x of . ee e
Lit rature N 74 a
e , o. .
 L I T ERA T U RE OF T HE D REA M 33

—
w
IV P sych ic E xciting S ources In treating the relations of
m to the aking lif e an d the origin of the dream
.

w w
th e d rea
material e learned that the earliest as ell as the latest
,

in the day time and of what they are interested in d uring the
-

sleep m
b e d es b ein g apsychic tie join in g th e dream to lif e, als o
m
,

f urnis h us a dream source not to be under estimated , which , -

taken with th ose stimuli which become interesting and active

during sleep , sufiices to explain the origin of all dream pic tur m.

But we have also heard the opposite of the above assertion ,

w
viz that the dream takes the sleeper away from the intere sts
mt mf
.

of t h e day, an d that in os a
c ses e do n ot d rea o things
that have occupied our att ention during the day until after
they have lost for the waking life the stimulus of actuality .

ev ery step that it is inadmissible to frame gmeral rules without

” “ ” “
frequen tly , as a rule , in most cases , and without

s leep st m
i ul i , s ufi ced to co ver the etiology of the dreams we ,

o ught to b e in apo sition to give as atis fact o ry a

cc oun t of the

n of
origi all the elemen ts of adream; t he rid dl e of the d ream

ing the part played by the psychic and the somatic dream stimuli
in individual dreams B ut as a matter of fact no such com
m m
.

p let e solution of a dream has ever been o p lis h ed in any

case and what is more every one attempting such sol ution
mt mai
, , ,

wof the dream

ha
s fo un d t hat in os a
c s es there have re ned a great
many co mp on ts , the source of which he was

dreams is evidently not far reaching enough to justify the -

confident assertions to the effect that we all continue our

Other psychic sources of dreams are unknown . Hence ,

34 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
is mt os aa
c h r c teri
s t ic fo r the dream . In th is dile mma th e

as much as possible the psychic factor in the ex citations of

dre ams which is so difficult to approach To be sure they .
,

and assoc iat ion dream

th e s and a ss ert th at th e latte r ha
, s its

source excl usively in reproduction (Wt " p b ut they , .

“
cannot yet dismiss the doubt whether they do no t appear
with out being impell ed by the psychical stimulus (V olk sl t ”
,

p . The characteristic quality of the pure as sociation

wa
dream is also found wanting To q uote V olk s lt (p In
mp
. .

the a a
ss oc i t io n drea s ro per e c n no long er s peak of s uc h
m nucleus m
w
a fir Here the loose grouping p t ate r es also into
m
.

t he c en tre of the drea . The id eation hich is a lread y set

fre e frorn a
re son an d in tellec t is here no lo nger held to get her

left to its owam n i l ess shifting a

nd co mpl t e e con f usion .

pressions which are never extinguished during sleep (p

338 a
.

7“
re ) Wey gandt agrees with this view but generalises
i t He as serts that the firs t so urc e of all dreampres en tatio ns
, .
,
“
.

is a sensory stimulus to which reproductive associations are

t hm joined ( p Tissi e ‘“ goes.st i ll furt her in repres sing
the ps ychic exciting sources (p Les reves d o rigin e .
’

absolument psyehique n exis ten t pas and elsewhere (p

’
.

“
Les pens ées de nos rév es no us vi
enn en t d e d eho rs
Those authors who l ike the infl uential phi losopher Wundt
ado pt am mak that i m t
, ,

id d le cours e do no t f ail to re r n os

drea ms there is a co o peration of th e -

so mati timuli with
c s

the psychic instigators of the dream the latt er being either ,

unknown or recognised as day interests

We shall learn later that the rid dle of the dreamformation
.

w
c an b e so l ved an unsus pec ted psyoh ic
b y t he d is c los ure of

so urc e of excitement For the presen t e shall n o t be surprised

at the over estim ation of those stimuli for the form
.

-
ation of
 LI TERA T U RE OF T H E D RE A M 35

origin of dreams thoroughly corresponds to the mode of

p has iz ed ; but everything that might pro ve an independence

w wm m wb
spontaneity in its manifestations is alarming to the psychiatrist
,

no aad ys , a f a
s i n ac k no ledg en t o f the sa e ere o und to
b rin g bac k the ti es of na t ura m
l philo so phy a
nd the mtae

wma
th e ps y chiatris t has p laced the psy c he un der a guardian , so

to sp e ak and, no de nds that no ne of its feelin gs sh all

divulge any of its own faculties ; but this attitude shows slight

on inves tigatio n the psy c hic c an be rec ognis ed a

s th e pri may r

course of a phenomenon a mo re profound pm etra tion will

m day
,

so e s ucc eed in find ing acon tin uatio n of th e path to t he

mu t b e ta
s k as t he ter inu m
s fo r o ur pres m mt k
r no wa ledg it
shoul d not b e daried on tha
d
( )
m
Why tAo
t a
cco u

w
nt

Dr
nt
ie Forgd ton a
m
c M
.

kon ing —
. That the
fa
w w
drea a
“
des away ’’
in th e orn i
ng i s p ro ver b i l To be
m
.

w
apab le the d rea
w
sure it is c o f rec ollec tion For e k no

mly
.
,

( by recalling it a ft er a a ken in g ; b ut very ofte n e

wm w w
mw
du ring t h e n i
g h t t here a s or e o f it ; e c an o b s erve ho
mm
a w
the e o ry o f a drea hic h ha s b een s t ill vivid in t he
m
m w w
o rning va nis hes in th e cou ree o f t he da y l ea v in g o n l y fe
m m m
,

w ww m w w
s all frag en ts ; we o ft r kn o that e have been drea ing ,
but e d o no t kn o hat ; rd e a re so ell u sed to t he

j
re ec t as abs urd th e poss ibility that on e may have been

d ther the con ten ts or the fac t o f drea i ng On t he o t her hamnd

mm
.
,

wm
it happ e n s t hat d rea s a n ife s t an ex t raord i
n ary reten t iv e

ness in t he e ory I ha mm
ve ha d oc c a
. s ion to a na lys e ith y

ye amor m ore prev i

o usly , and I c a
n re mmb
e er adreamof my
36 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S
ow wn

seven years
hic h is aated
sep r fro mth e p res e

and yet has lost nothing of its freshness in my

n t da b
y y at least th i
rty

memory . All this is v ery remarkable and for t he presn rt ,

manner by S triim pell This forgetting is evidently a “

complex
phenomen on ; for S triim
.

p el l does not explain it by a singl e

m
reason b ut by a considerable number of reasons
, .

In the first p all those facto rs which produce forgetf ul

,

feeble and because they are connected with a slight amount

,

of emotional feeling This is also the case with many dream

.

the facto r of intensity in itself is not the only determinant

for the preservation of the dream pictures ; Strfim pell as well ,

as other authors (Calkins ) admits that dream pictures are ,

ofte n rapidly forgotte n although they are known to have been

,

vivid where as among those that are retained in memory

,

there are many that are very shadowy and hazy Besides in .
,

the waking state one is wont to forget easily what happened

on ly once and to not e more easily things of repeated occurren ce
, .

But most dream pictures are single experiences } and this

peculiarity eq ually contributes towards the forgetting of all
dreams Of greater sign ificance is a third mot i ve for fo rgetting
. .

In order that feelings presentations thoughts and t he like , , ,

should attain a certain deg re e of memory it is important that ,

they should not rema in isolated but that they sho ul d en ter ,

into co nnections and associations of a sui table kind If t he

words o f asho rt verse are tak en an d m
.

ixed t oget her it will be ,

w
very difi cult to remember them “
When well arranged in .

suitable sequence one ord wil l help another and the whole ,

remains as sense easily and firmly in the memory for a long

time Contradictions we usually retain with just as much
.

No w am dre s in mtos a
c ses lack sens e an d ord er . Dream

t he
P riod ically r current dreams hav
e
collection f Chabu ix o
e
w .
e Men observed repeatodly by
38 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
spite o f all these a
re sons for forgetting t he dxea , so
many m
dreams are retained in memory The continued eff orts
of the .

authors to formulate laws for the remembering of dreams

amounts to an admission that here too there is something

memory of dreams have been particularly noticed of late , e.g

be rec alled m t he co urse of th e day t hro ugh a perc ept ic n

( Rad es te c k ,
“ The entire memory of the dream is
Tis s ié
open to an objection calculated to depreciate its value very
markedly in critical eyes One may doubt whether our .

memory which omits so much from the dream does not falsify
, ,

w
S uch doubts relating to the exactness of the reproduction
of the drea mare cxpressed b y S triimpell hen he says It “

imagi nes on e has drea t m all

”
sorts of t hings w hich t he ac t ua
l
dream did not contain .

More

wfille up t he gaps and supplemmt the dream pictures Rarely ,

m
.

and perh aps ha s a c on n ected drea

n ever, b een as conn ect ed

mw
as i t appears to us in memory E ven the most truth lov ing .
-

p ers o n c an hardl y relate a d r ea i

t h o ut e xaggerating an d
embellishing it The tendenc y of the human mind to concei ve
.

the deficiencies of connection if the dream is recalled some hat w

words
et laseul

c onfier a
n
m
L observation des reves a see d ifi cul tés spécial es
’

oye d éviter to uts erreur en pareille mati ere est de

’

o papier sans ls moindre retard c e qu e l on vient

’

d ép ro uver et de remarquer ; sinon l o ub li vient vite o n total

’ ’

on pa l ; l o ub li to tal est sans gravité ; mais l oubli partia

rtia l
’ ’
 L I T E RA T U RE OF T H E D RE AM 89

est perfid e ; a
c r si l
’
on se mt e ensuit e aa
r c on t er c e q ue l on
’

n a pas oublié on est expose

’

, acompléter par imaginatio n Ia

n

on m artiste ason insu t l recit

devi it e s perio d i
q ue m t répété
en

im a h m f i l
, ,

s
’

p la
os e c éance de son auteur
r , qui , do o e o , s

wu
Similarly Spi tta “ who s eems to think that it is only in our
att em m that
,

pt to re p ro d uce t he d rea e p t in ord er t he

loosely associated dream elements : To make con nection out
of disconnection that is to add the process of logical con
, ,
”
nec tio n which is absent in t he dream .

mw w
for the liability of ur memory and as indeed such a control
mmibl
re o

am
,

is i ss e in ex ining t he drea hi h c is o ur o n ex

perienc eand for which our memory is t he only source it is a

, ,

question what value we may attach to our recollections of

tic n that t he drea mi s an oc c urrenc e of u

o r o wn p y
s c hic

wa j a Wa
so mething strange the authorship of which we are so little
md adream
,

fo e to reeogn i
se t hat e c n ust s e si
ly s ay “

“
hen c e t his p y
s c hi
c

am
am w
a
st r n gen ess
”
of t he dre ? Aoc ord ing to c ur d is c us sio n of

the urc es of dre s e

so y s u ma
pp o s eat h t it d o es n o t d ep md
on t he m am
w
a a
ateri l re c hin g t he dre cc n ten t ; b eca use t his is
f o r the m rt c o mmon to the dreamlif e and aking lif e
w
os t pa

On e m ay as k het her in t he dreamit is no t c han ges in t he

.

w
more tar reaching con clusions than G Th Fechner in some
-
w
bet een dre am and aking lif e and utilised this difieren ce for
“
,

obs ervations in his Elem

. .
,

ents of P s ycho pb ya
rc (p 5 20 part
‘

.
,

x
e pl f amtl rs p ec ulia
rities of t he d rea mlif e a
s co mpa d re w it h
40 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
the w
a kin g life . He rather b elieves that the sc en e of drea m s

ing itself at a lower degre e of intensity and must moreover

share with the latter its m
,

aterial and form But the state of .

”
affairs is quite diff erent .

road the clue to which he indicate d in this remark An

, .

anatomical interpretation in the sense of physiological brain

the cere m cortex , will surely have to be excl uded . The

Other anthemhave been content to render prominent one

dream life and perhaps , to take these as a starting point for

I t has b een jus t ly re mak dr e th at on e c f the mai n pec u

asleep and is to be designated as the phenomen on inducing

,

sleep According to Schleiermac her

.
"
( p the char .

activity occurs in ideas rather than in pictures . B ut t he

in the same measure as the involuntary appear the latter ,

belon ging whol ly to the class of pictures The inability for .

w
analysis we must recognise as essential characters of th e dream
life Concerning the pic t ur
.
— the hypnogogic hallucinations
 LI T ERA T U RE OF T H E DREAM

senses Much is also simply thought or im agined (probab y

.

l
w
re presented by remnants of word p esentations ) j ust as in
r ,

w
the aking state But still what is characteristic for the
.

dream is onl y those elements of the content hich act like

pictures i s which resemble more the percep t ions than
, .

tions In this respect there is no difieren c e between visual

and acoustic pmen t at ions ; it has been noticed that the
.

memory of a succession of sounds with which one falls asleep

w
becomes transformed while sinking into sleep into an hallucina
tion cf th e s ame melody , so as te mak e roc magai n on aak en

for the sof ter memory

formed in quality .
pres wa t tion s which are difieren t ly

the only deviation of the dream from a waking thought which

perhaps corresponds to it From these pictures the dream .

for ms a situation it presents somet hing in the present it

, ,

dramatises an idea as Spitta (p 1 45 ) puts it ,

‘ But the . .

w w
ch aracteristic of this side of the dream lif e becomes complete
on ly when it is rem em b ered t hat hile dreamin g e do not
—
as a rule ; the exception s require a special explanation
imagine that we are thinking but that we are living through ,

an experience i c we accept the hallucination with full

belief The oriticis mt hat t his has not been experienc ed b ut
, n
,

— —
.

on ly thought in a pecul iar man ner dreamt comes to us only

s leep i
ng drea mf mday rc m
drea ing , w hich is n ever c on f us ed

The characteristics of t he dream life thus far considered

have been summed up by Burdach (p 4 76) in the following
‘
.

sentences : As characteristic features of the dream we may

shown by nic xampl s how the stat of sleep in ess ev n
Bil b erer ha
s e e e rn e e
abstract thoughts may b changed in t ill us trati v plastic pictures which
e o e
ex press the same thing (Jak budt von B leuls r F rend vol 1 -
, . .
42 T H E I N TERPRE T A T ION OF D RE AM S

objective inasmuch as our faculty of perception perceives the

,

6
( ) sleep abrogates one s self command hen ce falling asleep
’
-

neces si tates a certain am

,

ount of passivity The s lumber .

pictures are conditioned by the relaxa tion of one s self ’

”
command .

respect correctly and in conformity with its mechanism

, .

T he dream elements are by no means mere presentations but ,

true and real experiences of the mind similar to those that ,

Wh ereas w
a kin g st a m
in d repres en ts a
w
in t he t e t he nd t hin ks

in o rd p i
c t ures a
n d lang uage, in th c drea it rep res en ts an d m
thinks in real tangible pi ctures (p Besides the dream
ma if
.
,

n es ts a cons c io us n essb y tra

of n s ferriang t he sens a
sp c e ~

ti o ns and pictures, just as in the waking state , into an outer

sp a c e (p It m
ust t herefore b e a d it ted tha t the m
ind m
m m
.

in t he drea is in the s a e re la tio n to its pict u res a n d per

c ept io ns a n t he waking state (p

s i If , however, it is
.

thereb y led a s t ray t his i

s d ue t,o t he fac t t ha t it la o ks in s le ep
the criticism which alone can distinguish between th e sen sory

cannot subject its pictures to the tests which alone can prove

between p i ctures that are arbitrarily interchanged and others

where there is no free choice It errs because it cannot apply
.

to its content the law of causality (p In brief its alien a .

,

tion from the outer world contains also the reason for its

Delb ceuf 1“
reaches the same conclusion through a some

pictures the credence of reality because in sleep we have no

other impression s to compare them wi th because we are ,

w
cut o ff from the outer world But it is not perhaps because
we are unab le to m
.

ak e tests in o ur s leep that e believe in t he ,

 L I T ERA T U RE OF T H E DRE AM
may mak wma
mt hat w w am
all t hes e t es t s , it e us b elieve that e y te uch th e

in the drea , a m
w
ro nd s t ill
e see e o nl y dre Ao
m
.

n g t o Del b
c ord i uf there is no valid c riterio n te s ho whether
so m
et hing is adrea or acon sc i ons rea — m
lity , ex c ept and t hat

I lie in my b ed un dres s ed I have c on s id ered t he

dream pictures real during sleep in c oa uen c e of the mental
habit which cannot be put to sleep of perceiving an outer
, ,

world with which I can contrast my ego ”

.

for t he mt os s t riki
ng aa
c h r c t erist ics o f t he drea m it , w ill b e

w
Burdach hich will throw light on the relation of the sleeping
‘

mind to the oute r world and at the same time serve to pret
us from over estimating the above deductions -
Sleep results .

”
only under the condition says Burdach that the mind is , ,

M mad an attempt similar to Delb uf to explain the dr am

a
r
“ e cs
’
s e
activity on the basis of an alteration which m ust result in an in
of an abnormal cond ition in th otherwise corr ct f unction of th intact e e e
psychic a paratus b ut h described this co dition in som what d ifferent e n e
states that th first distinguiab i g m ak f the dreamis the
,
words
anc pati of th presentation m the
e e n r c
b s u c f tim e m i th em
.

a en d pa ea s e e i on e
pos itio i t h ord r of time and space which is common to th in di v id ual
n n e e e .

Alli d to thi s i th s con d f un dam ntal charact r of th dr am th mis

e s e e e e e e e
taking of th hall ucinations imaginations and phantay c mb inati s for
,
e s o on
ions Th sumtotal of the higher psychic forces especially
o

, ,
objecti v e . e ,
formation of j udgm ent an d a1rgum ntation on th one han d an d t h e e e
free self determinati on on t h oth r hand conn ct themsel ves with th
, ,
-
e e , e e
s ns ory phantasy pictures and at all times hav th em as a substratum
e e .

Thes acti viti s to th er fore partici pate i the i rr gularity of the dream
e e o, e , n e
p s ntation W say th ey partici pa t for u faculti s of j udgm nt an d
re e e e, o r e e

w
.

will pow er ae in th m s l v s in way alt ed d uring sl eep I n refer nce

r e e e no er . e
to acti vity e a just as keen and j ut a f e as i th waking stat A
, re s s r e n e e.
man cannot act contrary to th laws of thought even in th dr am i h e e e s s e
is unabl e to harmonise with that which represents it lf as contrary to
, , .

mthat w
se
him&c ; he ca nl y d e irs in the d rea
, n c hic h h pr sen t te h imelf
s e e e s
a ood ( ub ratio s B ut in thi s application of th e laws of thinkin g
anf will ing th h uman mind is l ed ast ray th dr am th rough mistaking
s ns

th e
tatio fo r anoth r
e
I t th us hap s that for m and commit in
n
r am t he greates t contrad ictio s hip on the other hand
e
e
di pla
.

n w
1n

e,
en
e
w
e
e
w e s
, ,
th keene t j u
e dgm nts and th mos t cons qu ntial chains of reasoning an
s e e e e
mak th m t vi rt uous an d sa r d r olutions Lack of i tat on is
,
e e os c e es o r en r
in us
.

the whol secret of the flight by which u

e mov s in th dream o r e
lack f critical r flection an d m utual u se ta?
e ,
o i g with oth rs i s th
e n rs n n e e
main source of th rec kl xtravagance of u Jud8m n u hop s an d
e ess e ; o r
°

e ,
e ,
44 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREA M S

interest for the same ; some sensory impressions are even

n ec ess ary in so far a
s t hey serve to al mth e
c mi d ;
n t hus t he

miller can fall asleep only when he hears the rattling of his
mill and he who finds it n ec ess ary to b umalight at night as
, ,

the connection is not entirely interrupted ; if one did not hear

and feel even during sleep but only after awakening he , ,

is even more pla m

shown by the fact that we are not always
awakened by the mere sensory fome of the impression but by ,

It is for th is a
re s o n that wma e y b e aa w
k en ed b y t he lack of a

th e mill er when th e mill co m es to a stand still ; that is , the

pre supposes that it has been perceived and that it has not ,
”
disturbed the mind being indifierent or rather gratifying
,

(p. 4 60 ,

If we are willing to disregard these objections which are ,

not to be taken lightly we stil l must admit that the qualities

,

withdrawing from the outer world cannot fully explain the

n gem of the dream
,

s t ra For otherwise it would be possible

to change back the hallucinations of the dre am into pm ta
.

tions and the situations of the dream into thoughts and thus ,

to perform the task of dream interpre tation Now this is .

what we do when we reprod uce the dream from memory after

in ] in this back translation the dream still retains its mysterious

Furt hermore all the authors amo me unhesitatingly that

46 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
whar we plac e but little value on the psychic activity in the

tellec t ual activities are suspended or at least much impaired in

—
w
With unusual unanimity the excep tions will be dealt with
—
else here the authors have pronounced their j udgments on the
—
dream such judgments as lead immediately to a definite
theory or explanation of the dream lif e I t is time that I
sho uld supplement the res um
.

e which I have just given with a

—
collec tion of the utterances of different authors philosophers
—
and physicians o n the psychological character of t he dream .

w w
Maury
des réves ab wm
a gr

u
ees

en t
ith hi m; he ays (p
s .

raisonnables c t qui no contiennent quelque

Il n
’

y apas

Accord ing to Hegel quoted by Spitta the dre am lacks all

, ,
“

objective and comprehensible connection .

Dugas 1"
says : Le re ve c est l anarchie psychique ,
’ ’
,

aff ective et m entale c est le jeu des fonctions livrées s ell es

,
’

memes c t s exercan t sans co ntrdle et sans but ; dans ls revs

’

l es prit est nu automate spirit ue

’

The relaxation solution and confusion of the presenta

, ,

central ego is conceded even by V o lkelt (p according to 7’

.

whose theory the psychic activity during sleep seems in no

The absurdity of the presentation connections appearing in

the dre am can hardly be more strongly condemned than it was
by Cicero ( De Divin IL ) : Nihil tam praepos tere tam in “

cond i te tam m quod non poss im

.
,

o ns t ru ta
os e c o gi ri potest us
mia
, ,

so n re .

Fechner says (p
5‘
It is as if the psychological
.

activity were transferred from the brain of a reasonable being

”
into the brain of a fool
m
.

“
Ra d es to c k (p 1 45 )
. says I t see s indeed impossible
to re cognise in this absurd acti o n any firm law Having with .

drawn its elf from the strict police of the ration al will guiding the
waking presentation life and of the attention the dream
, ,
 L I TERA T U RE OF TH E DREA M
Hildeb randt
(p ) ays : W ha“
t c n.d e f
45
r ul um
j ps th s
e w
w
dreamer allows himself e g in his chain of reasoning ! With
what uncon cern he sees the most fam
, . .
,

iliar la s of experience

to lerat e in th e o rd ers o f n at ure a

nd so c iet y b eiore t hin gs go

t hree t i m es thre e w wa a a u
mak e t en t y ; e re n ot t ll s sed
rpri

t o his g m ve, and wa wm

hen w
a w roc k s i s on t he t er ; e go in
all earnestness by high command to the duchy of Bernburg or

w w
t he prin c ipality Lic htenstc in in ord er to o bs erve the na
of vy
-

o f th e co u n try , or e a ll o ours elves to b e rec ruit ed a

s a
”
volunteer by Ch arles X II shortly before the batt le of Poltawa
. .

moment as in a kaleidoscope the grouping changes if possible

, , ,

w w
we awaken and put our hand to our forehead and ask ourselves
l im
,

het her e rea ll y s till possess the fa cu lt y of ratio na agina

tion and th ought
Maury (p 5 0) finds for t he r lation of t he d re mpict ure
a
.

“
e
.

to the waking thought s a comparison most impress ive for the

,

physician . La production de ces images que chez l homme ’

éveillé fait ls plus souvent nattre la volonté correspond pour

l int elligen c e a
, ,

c e que con t pour la mot ilité certains mouvements

’

que nous o firen t la chorée et les aff ections paralytiques .

For the res t he cons id ers the dream toute une eerie de dégra
,
“

da tio n de lafa lté pensa nt et raiso na p

”
cu nt ( .

Ac cording to m
Strii pell , “ some logical mental operations

n aturally also at points where the nona mae is not obvious

(p . Acco rding to S pitta “
(p 1 4 8 ) the presentation s in , .
48 T HE IN T ERPRE T A TI ON OF DREA M S

and decision in the dream According to Jodl “7

(p there
mad
. .

is no cri
tiq ue in t h e drea , n no corre c ting o f a series of

The same author states that all forms of conscious activity

occur in the dream but they are imperfect inhibited and
, , ,

the dream towards our conscious knowledge are explained

by St ricker 7 7°
(and
7
many others ) on the gro und that facts ,

scutations are lost (p &c 85 0 . .

, .

The authors who in general speak thus unf avourably about

the psychic capacities in the dream nevertheless admit that ,

w
the dream ret ains a certain remnant of psychic activity
homteaching has influenced so many other workers
.

Wundt 7‘
,

in the dream problems positively admits this One migh t

s t o the kind and behaviour of t he rem
.
,

in q uire a nants of the

now quite univers ally acknowledged that the reproductive

capacity the memory in the dream seems to have been least
, ,

same function in the waking life (vid s upra p althou gh a . , .

part of the absurdities of the dream are to be explained by

just this forgetfulness of the dream lif e According to S pitta “
. ,

sleep and that then directs the dream By emotion

Gem
.

iith we understand the con stant comprehension of

the feelings as the inmost subjective ess ence of man (p .

Scholz (p 37) sees a psychic activity manifested in the

“ .

dream material is subjected Siebeck verifies also in the .

dream the supplementary interpretative activity (p 1 1 )

which the m
.

ind exerts on all that is perceived and viewed .

The j udgment of the apparently highest psychic function ,

the consciousness presents for the dream a special difficulty

, .

c an be no do ubt as to its retention ; Spitta however believ es , ,

co s n ciousness . Del b muf “ confesses that he is unabl e to

 L I TE RA T URE OF T H E DREA M

ideas ho l d true a
l so for the drea mpi tu c res ; indeed , t heir

in the dream than elsewhere . m

S trii pell "
(p . 70) says : The

it seems exclusively or organic stimuli along with such pre

rm so n , mt h ti
s e c sense and moral judgment
, . The authors

drea mi n ab o ut the f o llo ing mannerw : The su m f sensation

o

el se w here, at firs t a aken w in the mi d

n asumof presen tations

Wundt it is more correct to say as illusions because of their

, ,

origin from outer and inner stimuli ) These unite with one .

w
follo ing t he s me rul cs
a , in turn evo ke a nc w series of p re

and thinking mental faculties (of Wundt 7‘

and Weygandt
mtiv
.

But t hus far no on e has b een ucc essful in fin ding the

s o e

But it has bear repeatedly observed that the associations

of a particular kind and difieren t from those found in the

,

waking men t al activity Thus V olksl t says : In the dream

7'
. ,

t he ideas c hase an d hunt ea

c h ot her on t he st re ngt h o f acci

w
Maury attaches great value to this characteristic of connec
‘9

tion between presmtations which al lo s him to bring the ,

He reco gn i
ses t wma
o in aa
c h r ct ers of th e délire l
( ) une
action spon tan éé et comme automatique dc 1 esprit ; ’

( )
2 une
association vicieuse et irregul iére des idées (p . Ma ury

the mere similarity of sound forms the connection of the

a pilgrimage (pasna
s- g )
s to J erusalem or Mecca After many .

1)
50 T H E I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF DREA MS
ad ven tures he as it h th e c hem ww
ist Pelletier ; t he la
tter a
ma zinc shovel relle) hich b ecame his
ft er
w
som e ta lk ga ve hi u
(p . On another occasion he walk ed in a dream on the

w m m
w
to eigh Maury ; t he s p ic e You a
erc h n t t hen s aid t o hi :
”
are not in Paris but on the island G ilolo This was follo ed .

by many pictures in which he saw the flower Lobelia then

, ,

We are however quite prepared to hear that this de

, ,

witho ut contradiction from the other side To be sure com .

,

tradic tio n seems difficult here Nor is it of much significance .

“
that one of the depreciato rs of dream life Spitta (p .
,

us that the same psychological laws which govern the

m
waking state rule the dream also or that another (Dugas
states : Le réve n est pas déraison ui m e irraison pure
,
“ ’
,

solution of all functions in the dream des cribed by them .

Upon others however the possibility seems to have dawned

, ,

that the madness of the dre am is perhaps not without its

prince whose madness the intelligent j udgment here cited

to
ref m
,

s These a uthors must have refrained from judging by

.

appearances or the appearance which the dream showed to

,

With out wishing to linger at its appare nt absurdity ,

Havelock Ellis considers the dream as an archaic world of

”
vast emotions and imperfect thoughts t he study of which ,

of the psychic life A thinker like Del bcs uf asserts to

.
—
be sure without adducing proof against the contradictory
material and hence indeed un justly : Dans ls sommeil hormis
, ,

la perception toutes les facultés de l es prit intelligence imagina

,
’
, ,

essen ce ; sc ulemen t elles s a l

pp qi uen t ades
, objets imaginai
’
re s
et mobiles Le songeur est nu acteur qui joue r volonté les
. .
 LI TERA T U RE OF T H E D REAM 5 1

fo us et les s ages les bo urreaus et lcs vic tim

, es les nain s et les ,

géan ts , l es désno n s et les ang es (p T he Ma r q ui

s of .

work I could not obtain despite all efiort , seems to combat

in t he drea
Marquis d Hervey pre
m
’
. Maury sp e a
ks
a
hi a
of m
s f oll o s ( p M lo
l in tellig enc e durant ls sommeil
’
w . .

te ,

uts sa liberte d action at d a tten tion et il c c semble fa ire

’ ’
to
consister ls sommeil que dans l o c c lusion des sens , dans leur
’

ferm eture c u monde extérieur ; en sorte que l homme qui dort ’

n e se distingué gu ere selon s amaniere de voir de l homme qui

’

, ,

laiss e a g uev
r sa pe n s é e e n se b ou ch an t les s ens ; to ut e la
d ifiéren c e q ui sépa ré a lo rs la pen sée ord ina ire d u c elle d u
dormeur c est que chez celui ci l idec prend une forme visible
’
,
-
,
’

minée par les obj ets ext eri

e rs u le souvenir revet l apparen c e ’

Maury adds however ; Q u il y a une difiéren c e de plus ’

a
,

et c a i al savoir que les facultés ll uall de l h mme ’

p t s in te ec t es o

endo rmi n o firen t pas l équil ibre qu elles gardent c heml homme
’ ’ ’ ’

l eveille
’ "

mati ma
.

fl e sc a
le of the es ti on of th e drea s a psyc hic
product has a great range in the literature ; it reaches from

w
the lowest un der estimation the expression of which we have
-

mt
,

co e o kn o a a a ,
t hro ugh t he ide of v lue no t y et reve aled to
the over estima i n which places the d
to -
re am far abov e the

capacit ies of the waking life Hildebrandt who as we know

“ .
, , ,

sket ches the psychol ogical characteristics into three anti

no m ies sums up in the t hird of thes e co n tra
, dict inc tions the
ex treme point s of this series as follows (p 1 9 ) It is between .

a climax often an involution which raises itself to virtuosity

, ,

the ps yc hic lif e niveau

of t en leading b elo w t he h u ma n .

w
As for the first who could not confirm from his own
“
,

experien ce that in the creations and eavings of the genius

of the dream there sometim
,

es comes to light a profundity

at endemess of feeling acl earn ess of
,

wall
and si ty of ern ot ion
n c eri

m
, ,

ww w
view a fin ess of observation and a readiness of it
md
, , ,

w
hic h e sho uld ha ve t o den y tha
o t e posses s a
es t ly s a

constant p p
ro t y d urim
ng t he ak in g li
f e ? Th e drea has a m
52 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF D REAM S
wonderful poetry an exc ell ent allegory an incomparable
, ,

in true heavenly radiance the sublime in the highest majesty

, ,

the actually frightful in the most grues ome figure and the ,

ridiculous in the indescribably drastic comical ; and at times

wma
we are so full of one of these impressions after awakening that
e i g i
n e t hat suc h athing has n ever been o fiered to us b y
”
the real world .

One may ask is it really the same object that the de

,

p rec a
i t i
n g remarks and these inspi re d praises are meant for Q
Have the latter overlooked the stupid dreams and the form er
the thoughtful and ingenious dreams ? And if both kinds do
occur t hat is dream
— ,s t hat m erit to b e judged in this o r that

w
possible in the dream from the lowest depreciation of the
am
,

p y
s c hic lif e to araising of t he s e hic h is un us ual in t he

this against it that behind the eff orts of all dream investigato rs
, ,

it seems to be presupposed that there is such a definable

character of the dream which is universally valid in its essen
,

tial features and which must eliminate these contradictions .

It is unquestionable that the psychic capacities of the

mind from the power of oute r nature that it liberates the soul ,

from the chains of the sensual and similar opinions expressed ,

by the younger Iiich te and others who represent the dream

‘ ‘
,
l
,

as a soaring up of the psychic life to a higher stage hardly ,

seem conceivable to us to day ; they are only repeated at -

present by mystics and devotees With the advance o f the .

tion of the dream It is re ally the medical authors who are

.

most prone to underrate the psychic activity in the dream ,

cy Hafin er and Sp itta

“
'
4»
.
54 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S

that we should refrain from den ying all that is based on fact
in this subject as there is a possibility that a number of such
,

c ases may perhaps be expl ained on a natu ral psychologi c al

m —
w (f ) T he E th i
c a
l F eel ing s in h
t e D rea F or reasons which
ill b e und ersto od o n ly a fter oogn is anc e has b een ta k en of my
own investigations of the dream I have separated from the ,

psychology of the dream the partial problem whether and to

life exte nd into the dreams The same contradictions which .

we were surprised to observe in the authors descriptions of all ’

the other psychic capacities strike us again here Some .

re mai n s even in his drea life m .

to raise the correc tn ess of the firs t assertion b eyo n d do ub t

m
.

J en
“
says (p . Nor does one become bette r or more
virtuous in the dream ; on the contrary it seems that con
m i amuh m
,

scien c e is len t
si in t he drea , n s c a
s one feels no co

pas sion and can commit the worst crimes such as theft , ,

without subsequent remorse .

It is to b e n o tic ed t hat in t h e

being influenced by reflection and reason st hetic taste and , w ,

moral judgme t ; the judgment rs extremely weak and et hical

n ,

indifference reigns supreme .

w
V o lks l t (p 2 3) expresses himself as follows As every
atio ns hip in the dreamis especially
. .

on e kn o s, the sex ual re l

unbridled . Jus t as th e drea mer hims elf is shameless in t he

extreme and wholly lacking moral feeling and judgment so
, ,

also he sees ot hers even the most honoured person s engaged

, ,

in actions which even in thought he woul d blush to associate

”
with them in his waking state .

w
Utterances like those of Schopenhauer that in the dream ,

every pers on ac ts an d talks in ac c ordan ce it h his aa

c h r c t er ,

ter mthe sharpest contrast to those mentioned above . R . P .

 L I T E RA T U RE OF T H E DRE AM
Fischer maintains that the subjective feelings and desire s

of th e dre a lif e, m and that the mora

l chara s tic s of apcrs o n
c teri

are mirrored in his dream .

Hafiner (p
” .
“
With rare exceptions a virtuous

w w
temptation and show , no sympathy for hatred envy anger , , ,

w mw
and all o t her vic es ; hile the sinf ul person ill , as arule, als o
find in his dreanrs the pict ures hic h he has b efore hi hile
awake
m
.

In t he drea there is truth ; des pite a ll

maki g s n in pride or m h u rhty , we s till rec o gn is e o ur own self .

The honest man does not commit any dishonourable

m
.

o fin
e c e even in the d rea if t his d oes occ ur, he is terrified
o r,

m m m
,

o ver it as if o so et hin g f oreign t o hi s natu re The Ro a n .

m mp w w
w
he drea ed tha t he c ut the head, a
’
ofi e eror s s n ot ro n g

in ju s a
n g hi
s t ify i c tio n on t he ground t hat h e ho ha s s uc h

sign ifican tly : I ‘

w w
Pfa
“
fi 1 varying a familiar prover b says
'
Tell me for a
m m ad
, ,

r d rea s , ill tel l you hat yo u a

”
ti e y o u n re it hin .

The short work of Hildebrandt , from which I have already

“

as c o m p l ete and as ric h in tho ugh t a

s l found in the literature,

pl a
c e s t h e pro b lem o f m ality
or in t he drea ma s t he cen t r al
p mt
'

n of For Hild eb ra
its interest t is ast ric t ru
n d t , t oo , i le
m m
.

t hat th e pu rer t he l ife, the pu rer t he drea ; t he i pu rer the

fo m er , th e i pu m
rer t he latt er
m m m m
.

ww
T he o ral na tu re o f an re ains even in the drea
B ut hile e a re no t o fien d ed no r ad e sus pic io us b y an m
arithmet ical error no matter how obvious by a reversal of ,

ww w
science no matter how romantic or by an anach ronism no
mat tu
,

ho itt y , e nevert heles s do no t lose si

g ht of the

vice No matter how much of what follows us during the

m
.

” M y ria “ mrlangen 185 0

Anth p ologsa E
’

.
, (q uo ts d b y

s hu nmmmmm nmm (
1 868 cited by 8 pittap , . 192)
56 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EAM S

This can be explained however only by the fact that the

, ,

fundamental in human nature the moral essence is to o firmly

, ,

fixed to take part in the activity of the kaleidoscopic shaking up

to which phantasy reason memory and other faculties of the
, , ,

same rank succumb in the dream (p 45 Bro ) .

, .

distortion and inconsequ nce in both gro ups of authors

e
.

w
Strictly speaking interest in immoral dreams woul d cease fo r
,

all th ose ho assert that th e moral personality of the pers on

w
reject the att empt to hold the dreamer responsible for his
drea m ad ts, n dra inf eren ces fro
o t he ba m
dness o f his drea s m
as to an evil strain in his nature, a s t hey rejec te d the ap

dreams should not lead them to abandon the otherwise firmly

w w
Still it seems that no on e knows exactly about himself
ho go o d o r ho b ad he is and that no one c
,an d en y th e

of the drea mb of authors display an efiort to

o th gro ups
explain the on gin of the i mmoral dream and a new opposition

the functions of the psychic life or in the somatically deter

mi n ed injuries t o t his life . The urgen t forc e of t h e fa
c ts t hs n

of th e in es ponsib ility of t he drea mlif e, to agree in the re~

cognition of a special psychic source for the immoralit y of

All those who allow the continuance of the morality in

b ilit y for their dreams . Hafiner 3‘

says (p . 24 ) We are not
 LI T ERA T URE OF T HE DREAM 57

responsible for dreams because the basis upon which alon e our

vi
rt ue or sin Still the pers o n is res ponsible for t he si
nf ul
mi
.

w
d rea n so fa
r as he b rin gs it ab o ut in d irec t ly Just as in
m al mind
.

t he a kin g st ate , it is his d uty to c le n sea his or ,

The analysis of this mixture of rejection and m c ognitio n

of responsibilit y for the moral content of the dream is followed

toget her of the most complicated processes of deliberation in

b y hi mmut s be s ed
rec o gn i as unf avo urab le t o th e i mm al or

aspect of dreams ; he n evertheless conf esses that yielding to ,

the most earn est refl ectio n he is inclined simpl y to deny all ,

responsibility for faults and dream sins .

(P . I f we wish to reject very decisively any unjust

and c tio ns ,
con vi wa e n turally mak e us e of t he e xpression : I

to say of course that we consider the realm of the dream the

, ,

w w
and incoherently connected with our real being so that we
ma
,

s ho uld hardly der

st ill c o ns i t he u
s o r o n ; b ut as e feel

even in this realm we thus at the same time indirectly admit

,

that our justification will not be complete if it does not reach

to that point And I believe that though unconsciously we
.
, ,

w
here spea
k t he language of truth "

m magi
.

(P . No drea t ho ught c n a be i ned hos e firs t

as some wish desire or impulse Concerning this original

impul se we m
.
, ,

ust say that t he dream has not d isoo vered it

w
it has only imitated and exte nded it it has only elaborated
l matm
,

a b it of his t oric a ial hic h it has fo und in u s

'
into ,

hat es his b rother is a mud r erer . And wa

here s, aft er w e
58 T HE IN TERPRE T A T ION OF D REA MS

smile at the boldl y executed structure of the depraved dream ,

the original formative material nevertheless has no ridic u , ,

w
lous side One feels respon sible for the transgressions of the
mer not for the hole sum b ut still for ac ertain percen tage
.

w
d rea , , .

hic h is diflic ult to impugn we un d ers t a

“
I n t his s ens e , n d the ,

in t he d rea
”
mb i g rn s w ith it at least a vague mi imum
n of

guilt
Hildebrandt thus finds the source of the im
.

morality of

pass through our minds during the day as tempting thoughts

and he sees fit to add these im
,

moral el ements to the moral

the same estimation of these thoughts which as we know , , ,

have caused devout and holy men of all times to lamen t that

m
they are evil sinners .

There is certa no reason to doubt the gen eral occurre nce

—
of these contrasting presentations in most men and ev en als o

w w
in other than ethical spheres The judgment of thes e at
m
.

ti es has n o t b een very e rnest a . itta

In S p “ e fin d the fo llo
“ ”
ing relevant expression from A . Z eller (Articl e Irre in t he
Alb an ia E nc y klo pddrc der Wiscenchaflea of Ers c h and
’

n:

w
Griiber p The mind is rarely so happily organised
“

ll t im
.
,

as t o p o ss es s at a es po n en ough not to b e dis t

'
ur b ed ,

u
r n nin g co unt er to the usual clear trend of thought ; ind eed ,

like disturbing and painful rabble of ideas as it destroys their ,

profoundest reflection and their most sacred and earnest

mental work .

A clearer light is throw n o n the psychological status of

mat tim w
w
t hat the dre a es allo s usto gla n to t he deep a
nc e i nd

in mt
os rec ess es of o ur b ein g , hic h a re gen erally clos ed to us i
n

by K a n hi
nt i s An th pol ogy , m w a hen he st tes t ha t the dream

wa wa but wa wm
n order to l y b re for
exis ts i a a u u s o r hidden di t io ns
s p os i and to
reve al to us no t h t e re, h t e ight have b een i
f
 L I T ERA T U RE OF T HE DREA M
wa a wa w w
h d
e d ifieren t ed uc ation
m
.

t he drea of ten on ly revea ls to us h t e do no t ish to

it ar an d
s a li
a dec eiver . That t he appearan c e of mm
i l ses

to t he ahead y familiar dis pos ition whic h the drea mmak es o f

la
p y s on l y a n in s i
g n ifi c an t p art in t he k i
n g s t ate h as wa
b ee n

m
,

w
lled to our attention by observations like tho se of Benini , ’

ho s a ys :
“
Cert e n o s t re in c li
n a zio n e ch e si cre de v a no sufi o c ate

a spente da n u pec zo , si ridestano ; passioni vecchie e sepolte

dinanzi ( p . V o lk s lt 7’
e xpre sses himself in a similar

consciousness almost unnot iced and have never perhaps been ,

brought out from oblivion often anno unce thro ugh the ,

dream their presence in the mind (p Finally it is not .

,

out of plac e to mention here that accord ing to Schlei

accom
,

t he st ate of falling a
s leep is pan ied b y t hs app earance

w w
entire material of pre sentations the occurren ce of which
mmoral as ell as in ab surd dreams
,

t es o u
exc i r on d er in i

The on ly im
.

p o rt an t d ifieren c e consists in the fact that our

undesirable presentations in the moral sphere exhibit an

appear strange to us . Nothing has been done so far to enable

But what is the s ignificance of the appearance of un

be dra w n for the psyc ho logy of the w

a king an d d rea i
ng m
eth i
c al imp ul s es l We may here no te a ne w d iversity of

w
others who represent his fundamental view cannot be con
m m
,

w w
tin n ed in any ot her a y t ha n b y as crib in g to t h e i o r al
irn puls es a cert ain fo rc e even in the a k ing st ate hic h to
is inhibited fro ma
, ,

be sure, d va ng t o a
n ci ction a nd a s sert i
ng ,
60 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
that so mthi g fall
e n s o ff d uring sleep , which having the eff ect
m m
,

w
of in hib ition , b a
an s kep t us fro notic ing the e iM n c e of

such a
n i pu lse m Th e drea t hus
. m s ho s t he re al , if n ot t he

p y
s c hi
c lif e ac c csd ble to o ur und erstandin g . I t is o nly on

role ofmonitor who calls our attention to the moral ravages in

t he so ul just as in the o p in io n of physicians it c a
,
n ann o un ce a

hitherto unobserved physical ailm ent Spitta too cannot be

“ .
, ,

guided by any other conception when he refers to the stre am of

excitement which e g flows in upon the psyche during p uberty
, . .
, ,

ww
and consoles the dreamer by saying that he has don e every

w a w
thin g in his po er hen he ha s led a stric t ly virt uous lif e
du ng hi
ri s a kin g s t te, hen he has mad e an efiort to suppress
the s inf ul thoughts as of ten as they aris e an d has kept them
,

as those that are suppressed during t he day and must

,

If we followed other authors we would have no right to the

the drea ma i s n w at he king st ate , in fever and o t hs r d eliria,

merely have ter of a voluntary act ivity put to

the charac
rest and a somewhat mechanical process of pictures and
presentations produced by inner impulses (p An .

Another author Maury makes us question whether he to o “l

, , , ,

does not att ribute to the dream state the c apacity for dividing

qui parlent et qui nous font agir sans que la conscien ce nous ,

re tienne bien que arfoit elle nous avertisse J ar mes défauts ’

,
p
.

c t mes penchants vi c ieux s l etat de veille is tach e de lutter

’

l ma
,

c en t re eux et i rrive a ss es souvent de n y pas succomber

’ ’
.
,

Maiadans mes songes j y succombe toujours ou pour mieux ’

Evide mm
it l es visions qui se déroulent devant ma pensée st
62 T HE I N TERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AM S
wa hich t t he s a m tim d
e e et er mi
n es t he rel ation of the dreamt o

a theory of dreams . Individual theories of the dream will be

raise to prominence this or that characteristic of t he dream ,

be absolutely necessary to derive from the theory a function ,

s e a use or any such activity of the dream but our expecta

’

. .
,

tion which is usuall y adjusted to teleology will neverthel ess

, ,

the fun ct i
on of the drea m .

man was a complete theory of the dream giving information

the dream has become an object of biol ogical investigation we

have a greater number of theories of which howev er some , , ,

conception of the degree and mode of the psychic activity in

the dream
l Theor ies like those of B elbce uf
.
’
“ which allow the full
, ,

psychic activity of the waking state to co ntinue into the

dream Here the mind does not sleep ; its apparatus remains
.

intact and being placed under t he conditions diff erent from

, ,

it is a question whet her they are in position to derive the

lack aposs ib le a
c c ess to afun ction of th e dre a m; on e c an not

in stead of t he t hird , t hat of m

drea in g .
 L IT ERA T U RE O F TH E D REAM

m tions
o and an impoverishment in available material In
, .

accordance with these theories one must assume for sleep a ,

by Del bo m f .
—
Sleep extends far beyond the mind it does
not consist merely in a shutting o fi of the mind from the outer
world on the contrary i t penetrates into its m
wa
echanism causing
m mu may mpai
, ,

it at ti es to b ec o e seless . If I d ra co r so n

cons tr ct u t he d rea mlik

a para a hile the
no i e w secon d mak e

t he model o f adem men tia

,

it aft er en tiaor an a .

interpretation it may well be designated as

, t he ruling theory

mb m
w
on e of the a
con tr s t s e odied in th e drea
As t his t heory
mth
.

c on siders t he d rea e resul t o f a pa al a

rt i kin g (o r a s

B erbat t aPsycho logy of the dream says

’
a gradual partial ,
“
, ,

and at the same time very anomalous waking it succeeds in

which reveal themselves in i ts absurdities up to the full , c on

which become more and more awake until they reach full

of t he drea m xp
This state [of numbness]
e res s ed

u
in t he disc uss io n m of

however grad ally approaches

B in z ‘
. 4 3)

mat
, ,

wm
it s end in the early morning hours The acc umulated . e rial
of fatigue in th e albumen ( if the brain grad ually b o es

of

everyt hi
c ells a
d isting u
c n

ng s till re a
ish ed a
bc
ins in a st am
s

te
aa
of
ke wwtor pidity
, hil e
.
all aroun d
T he is ola
tc d
64 TH E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S
consciousness which lacks the control
, of other parts of the

, w
recent past fit ith each ot her in a ild and irreg ular m ann er w .

The number of the brain cells set free becomes constantly

”
greater the irrationality of the dream constantly less
, .

waking state or traces of its influence can surely be found

, ,

completely re presented by Maury It often seems as if this .

“

author represen ted to himself the state of being awake or

asleep in anatomical regions ; at any rate it appears to him
that an anatomical province is connected with a definite

w
psychic function I may here merely men tion that if the
.

theory of partial waking could be confirmed there ould ,

remain much to be accomplished in its elaboration .

conception of the dream life . On the contrary the criticism ,

w
ut t ered in t his st at ern en t of B inz (p All the fac ts as
mas aphysical proc es s
.
,

e see u ,rge u s to ch a ra se t h e drea

c teri

in all cases useless in many cases even morbid

, .

”
The expression ph ysical in reference to the dream ,

which owes its prominence to this author points in more than ,

one direction In the first place it refers to the et iolog of

.
,

the dream which was especially clear to Binz as he studied

, ,

of p o i
s o ns . I t is c ert ainly in k eepin g w ith this kind of drea m
theory to ascribe th e incitement of the dream exclusively to

to sleep by re m
ovi
ng the s t imuli there , w o uld b e no need an d
no occasion for dreaming until morning when the gradual ,

awakening through the incoming stimuli would be reflected in

the phen omenon of dreaming But as a matter of fact it is
m t imul i;
.
,

not po ss ible t o keep s leep free fro s j us t as Mep h i

s t o

complains about the germs of life so stim uli reach the sleeper ,

the waking state . T hus s leep is dis t urb ed ; t he mi d

n is
 LI TE RA TU RE OF T HE DRE A M
am
aw w
w
aw
used this now by that
no by litt l e thin g, and fu o na
n ct i tes
am
, ,

for hile a it h t he k ed p rt on ly t o b e gla d to fa ll

asleep ag a in . T he drea m is areac tio n to th e st i u lus ca m
us ing
—
a disturbance of sleep to be sure it is a purely superfluous ,

all that remains an activity of the mental organ has still ,

another sense It is meant to dis p ut e t he dignity of a psychic

.

process for the dream The applic ation to the dream of the
.

person running over t he keyboard of an instrument perhaps ,

best illustrates in what estimation the dream activity has been

held by th e rep res en t atives a
o f ex c t s c i
en c e . 1n this s en s e it

ten fingers of an unmusical player produce any music i

The theo ry of partial wakefulness has not passed without

wa
a
w
objection even in early times Thus B urdac h in 1 830 says
mi
. , ,
“
If e s y t hat t h e d rea s a part ial a u lref lncss , in t he

sleeping state ; secondly this expresses nothing more than ,

o t hers are at rest . B ut u

s ch i
n eg ula t ics t a
ri ke plac e t hro ug ho ut
life ( p .

Among extant dream theories which consider the dre am a

physical process there is one very interesting conceptio n
,

of the dre am first propounded by Ro bert in 1 866 which is 55

mafu
, ,

att rac tive b ec aus e it ass ig ns to t he d rea nc t i

on or aus d ul
end . As a basis for this theory , R obert takes from observa

sideration of the dream material (see p These facts are .

that on e very often dreams about the insignificant impressions

absorbing interests of the day . Robert asserts as exclusi d

dream inciters b ut only such things as are incomplete in the

,

mind or touch it fleetingl y (p We cannot us ually

ms because their causes are to be fo und in
.

w w aw
exp lain o ur drea
m m
i p reas io ns qf the p recedin g da a a a a
m
hi d h t inc d

m
s ory y c o

M ia ition by tb e The con ditions a llo in g

m
.

an un pression to rea c h the drea are t herefo re, either that

66 T HE I N T ERP RE T A T I ON OF D REA M S

being too insignificant it has no claim to such elaboration .

psychic manifestation of its reaction Dreams a mina

re el i
.

tionaof tho u u A
“
g hts n ipp ed in the b d man deprived
. of t h e

unsolved thoughts and superficial impressions woul d ac c umu

late in his brain under the pressure of which there would be
,

c rushed all that should be incorporated as a finished whole

into memory The dream acts as a safety valve for the over

w
-

burdened brain Dream

.

s p.oss ess heal ing and un burdcainq

p ro ess (p 32)
It woul d be a mistake to ask Robert how representation in
t he drea mcan bring abo ut an un burdening o f the min d The .

author apparently concl uded from those two peculiarities of

impressions is eff ected as a somatic process and that dreaming

,

is not a special psychic process but onl y the knowledge that

we receive of such elimination To be sure an elimination is
.

not the o nly thing that takes place in the mind during sleep .

Robert himself adds that the incitements of the day are also
elaborate d and what cannot be eliminated from the um
,
“

w w m m
w
nec t ed by th rea
daof th g kt borro ed f ro the p han y inlo a
M elted hol e and thus enrolled in the memory as a ha
,
r le mm
phantasy picture (p .

B ut i t is in his criticism of the dream sources that Robert

appears most bluntly opposed to t he ruling theory Whereas .

accord ing to the existing th eory th ere would be no dream if

the oute r and inner sensory stimuli did not repeate dly wake
th e m i nd a cc ordi
n g to
R m
e b ert t he i p ul s e to d reamlies i
n

the mind itself It lies in the overcharging which demands

,

discharge and Robert judges with perfect consistency when

,

he ma intains that the causes determining the dream which

depend on the physical state assume a subordinate rank and ,
 L I T ERA T U RE OF T HE D REAM

stimuli (p . Thus according

, to Robert , the dream is not

a psychic process and has no p ace among the psychic

n ot

m of the waking state it

l
is a nocturnal
,

somatic
pro c
s ;
process in the apparatus devoted to mental activity and has ,

a function to perform viz to guard this apparatus against , .

overstraining or if the comparison may be changed to cleanse

, , ,

the mind .

“
Another author Yves Delage bases his theory on the , ,

same characte ristics of the dream which become clear in the ,

how a slight turn in the conception of the same things gives

a final result of quite d ifleren t bearing .

w w
Delage after having lost through death a person very dear
tc him found fro mhis o n experien ce that e do no t d re am
,

w
of what occupies us intently during the day or that we begin
mof it only after it is overshado ed by other in teres ts
,

to drea
o f the day His investi gations among other persons corro
.

mak a nice ob s ervation o f t his kind if it turn o u

es t to b e
m
,

g rerally true about the dreaming of newly married people :

S ils ont été fortement épris presque jamais ils n ont ra
,
“ ’
ve ,
’

l un de l autre avant ls mariage ou pen dant la lune de miel ;

’ ’

et s ils ont réve d amour c est pour etre i n fid éles avec quelq ue
’ ’ ’

personne ind iflerente ou odieuse But what does on e dream

of ? Delage recognis es that the m
.

aterial occ urrin g in o ur

dreams consists of fragments and rem nants of impressions
from the days preceding and former times All that appears .

in our dreams what at first we may be inclined to consider

,

c reations of t he dream lif e prov es on more thorough i nvestiga ,

”
tion to be unrecognised reprod uctions souvenir inconsc ient
But this presentation material shows a common character ; it
.
,

originate s from impressions which have probably affected

our senses more forcibly than our mind or from which the ,

attention has been deflected soon after their appearance The

1m conscious and at the same time the stronger the impression
.

the m o re p ro s peot
,

it has of la i
n
p y g apart i
n t he n ext drea m .
,

the insignificant and the unadjusted which were emphasized ,

68 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
by Robert but Delage changes the connection by assuming
,
“

that these impressions become the subject of dreams not ,

because they are indifferent but because they are unadjusted

, .

The insignificant impressions too are in a way not fully a , d ,

justed ; they too are from their nature as new impressio ns

, ,
“ ”
autant de ressorts tendus which will be relaxed during ,

sleep Still more entitled to a role in the dream than the weak
.

and almost unnoticed impression is a strong impression which

has been accidentally detained in its elaboration or intentionally

Unfortunately Delage stops here in his train of thought

the ul in g doct rine o f apartia

r l sleep o f t he b ra in : E n co e mm
le réve es t le pro d u it de la pens ée erra n t e sa us but et sans ,

direction so fixant successivement s ur les souvenirs qui ont

, ,

ga rd é a ss ez d in te ns i
t é
’

po ur s e p lac er su r sa route et l arreta ’

actuelle d ucerveau est plus c u moins abolie par le sommeil .

In a third group we may include those dream theories

which ascribe to the dreaming mind the capacity and pro
pe n s ity for a special psychic activity wh ich i
n the waking ,

state it can accomplish either not at all or only in an imperfect

manner From the activity of these capacities th ere us ually
.

results a useful function of the dream The dignity besto we d .

upon the dream by older psychologica l authors falls chiefly

in this category I shall conte nt myself however with quoting
.
, , ,

in their place the assertions of Burdach by virtue of which

,
‘
,

the dream is the natural activity of the mind which is not

“
,

consciousness and not dire cted by self determination but is -

,

the state of life of the sensible central point indulging in free

Play (p 4 86 )

w wa a w
Burdach and others apparen tly consider this revelling in
m
w w
t he free us e of on e s o
’
n p o hic h the
ers ind s st at e in
ref reshes its elf a nd t k es o n ne a
st re ngt h fo r th e d ay o rk
m m
,

s o eth ing a f ter t hc an ner of avacation holiday Burdach, .

70 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S
flashes a rra
nd i d iates an o mi no us light of sens e, b ut the pat h
of the philosopher does not thereby become clearer S uch
is the criticism of Schemer s description from one of
.

his own
’

Schemer does not belong to those authors who allow the

w m
w
life . He in deed expl ains
ho in t he drea t he cen tral ity a nd

th e spontaneous energy of t he eg o a re en erva

w
ted ho c ogn i

tion , feeling , ill , and imagination become changed thro ugh

this decentralisation , and how no true mental character but ,

only the nature of a mechanism belongs to the remnants of ,

these psychic forces B ut instead the activity of the mind

.
,

absolute supremacy To be sure it takes the last building

.
,

sto nes from the memory of the waking st ate but it builds with ,

them constructions as diff eren t from the structures of the

to the dream life its strange character . It shows a preference

sensitive to the delicate emotional st imuli of the mind and to

the outer plastic c leamess The dre am phantasy lacks the .

language of ideas ; what it wishes to say it must clearly depict ; ,

and as the idea now acts stron gly it depicts it with t he richness , ,

however simple it may be thus becomes circumst antial , ,

cumbersome and heavy Clearness of language is rendered

, .

pressing an object by its own picture but prefers a strange ,

picture if the latter can only express that momen t of the

,

object which it wishes to describe This is the symbolising .

activity of the phantasy It is moreover of great . .

, ,

significance that the dream phantasy copies objects not in

det ail b ut only in outline and even this in t he broadest
,

manner Its paintings therefore appear ingeniously light and

.
, ,

graceful The dream phantasy however does not stop at

.
, ,
 L I T ERA T U RE OF T HE D RE AM 71

the mere representation of the object , but is impelled from

and in this way to produce an action The visual dream c g .

, . .
,

dep icts gold coins in the st reet ; the dreamer p i cks them up ,

According to Schemer , t he material upon which the dream

the org anic sensory stimuli which are so obscure during the
day (comp p . hence the phantastic theory of Scherner
.
,

and the perhaps over sober theories of Wundt and other physio
-

lo gis t s though otherwise diametrically opposed agree perfectly

, ,

in their assumpt ion of the dream sources and dream excitants .

But whereas according to the physiological theory the psychic

, ,

reaction to the inner physical stim uli becomes exhausted with

the awakening of any ideas suitable to these stimuli these ,

w
ideas then by way of association calling to their aid other ideas
and ith this stage t he cha in of ps ychic proc ess es seem
,

ing to
terminate according to Sc hern er the physical stimuli only ,

suppl y the psychic force with a material which it may render

dream in any plastic symbolism Indeed Sc hern er holds the

, .

opinion not shared by V o lks lt and others that the dream

, ,

organism this representation would be the hous e Fo rt u .

na te ly however it does not seem to limit itself in its presen ta

, ,

tion to this material ; i t may also conversel y employ a who le

series of houses to d ed gnat e a single organ e g very long rows , . .
,

particular parts of the house actually represent particular parts

w
of the body as c g in the headache dream the ceiling of the
, . .
,
-
,

room (which the dream e e cov ered with disgusting reptile

like spiders) represen ts the head .

Q uite irrespective of t h e ho use symbolism any other ,

suitab le object may be employed for the representation of

72 T HE IN TERPRE T A TI ON OF D REA M S
w m
w
thes e pa rte of t he b od y hic h excit e the drea Thus t h e
m m
.

brea thin g l un gs fin d t heir sy b o l in t he fla in g st ove it h it s

w
gaseous roaring the heart in hol low boxes and baskets the
, ,

bladder in round bag shaped or simply hollo ed objects-

mal mf m t mak m
, , .

T he e drea o sex ual exci

te en es t he drea er find
in the street the upper portion of a clarinett e next to it the
me part of ato bac co pipe and next to t hat apiec e o f fur
,

sa , .

shape of the male sexual organ while the fur represents the ,

w
pubic hair In the female sexual dream the tightness of the
.

closely approximated thighs may be symbolised by a narro

courtyard surroun ded by houses and the vagina by a very ,

yard upon which the dreamer is obliged to walk in o rder

, ,

perhaps to carry a letter to a gentleman ( V o lk s lt p It , .

is particularly noteworthy that at the end of such a physically

exciting dream the phantasy as it were unmasks by repc e
, , ,

taking a tooth out of his mouth .

tion to the shape of the exciting organ but it may also make the ,

Thus the dream of intestinal excitement , eg . .

, may lead us

the object it covets are represented symbolically or the dream

, ,

of its own st ate as eg , .

, w
hen in the case of painful stimuli we
struggle desperately with vicious dogs or raging bulls or when
, ,

mthe dreamer sees herself pursued by anaked

,

in th e sexual drea

every dream V olks l t in his finely and fervently written book

.
,
7'
,

next atte mpted to enetrate further into the charact er of this

p
phantasy and to assign to the psychical activity thus recognised ,

its position in a system of ph ilosophical ideas which ho wever , , ,

remains alto gether too d ifi cul t of comprehension for any one

comprehension of philosoph ical modes of thinking .

 LI T ERA T U RE OF T HE DREAM 78

connects no useful function with the activity of

S c herner
the symbolising phantasy in dreams In the dream the psyche .

plays with the stimuli at its disposal One might presume

that it plays in an improper m
.

anner One might also ask us .

whether our thorough study of Sc herner s dre am theory the ’

arbitrariness and deviation of which from the rules of all

in ves t igation are only to o o b vio us can lead to any usef ul results
, .

I t would then be proper for us to forest all the rejection of

w
S c hern er s theory without examination by saying that this
’

oul d be too arrogant This theory is built up on the im

pression rec eived fromhis d ream s by a m w
.

an ho paid gre at
attention to them and who would appear to be personally very
,

well fitted to trace obscure psychic occurren ces Furthermore .

it treats a subject which for thousands of years has appeared

, ,

mysterious to humanity though rich in its contents and re

la tions ; and for the el ucidation of which stern science as it ,

confesses its elf has contributed nothing beyond attempting

, ,

in entire opposition to popular sentiment to den y the substance ,

and significance of the object Finally let us frankly admit .

,

th at apparently we cannot avoid the phantastical in our

an
g g lia c ells ; t h e pas sa
g e cit ed on p . 63 fro ma so b er a
nd

exact inves tigato r like Binz which depicts how the aurora
,
‘

of awakening flows along the dormant cell masses of the

cere brum is not inferior in fancifulness and in improbability
,

to Sch ern er s attempts at interpretation I hope to be abl e

’
.

not possess the character of universality entitling it to the

claim of a dream theory For the presen t Schemer s theory
.
,
’

of the dream in its contrast to the medical theory may perhaps

, ,

lead us to realise between what extremes the explanation of

h
( ) Relatio ns be m
a the Dreamand Mental Diseas es When
—
we speak of the relation of the dream to mental disturbances ,

we may think of three difl eren t things : ( 1 ) E tiol ogical and

clinical relations as when a dream represents or initiates a
,

it .
( 2) C hanges to which the dream life is subjected in mental
74 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S

— —
periods of medical science an d again in recent times as we
learn from the literature on the subject gat hered from Spitt a “
,

Ra d es to c k “ Maury and Tissie

“
,
” Sa n t a de Sanctis
, has .

w
lately directed his attention to this r elationship For the
m
.

u
p p
r os es of o ur d is c uss io n it ill s ufiice erel y to glanc e at

In regard to the clinical and etiological relations between

th e dream and the psychoses I will report the following ,

p . that the first attack of insanity f requently originates

similar observations in paranoiacs and declares t he dream

to be in some of them the vraie cause déterminante de la
,
“
, ,
”
folie The psychosis may come to life all of a sudden with the
.

disturbances or it may slowly develop through further dreams

,

that have yet to struggle against doubt In one of de San c fis s .

’

melancholic state Féré (cited by Tissi e ) refers to a dream

.

whic h caused an hysterical paralysis Here the dre am is .

eq ua lly consider the pre vailing conditions when we declare

that the mental dist urbance shows its first man ifest ation in
drea mlif e t hat it has its first out b reak in the drmm In
other instanc es the dream lif e contained the morbid sym
.
,

p
toms or the psy chosis was limited to the dream lif e Thus
Tho m
, .

ayer calls attention to anxiety dreams which must be

7°

conceived as equivalent to epileptic attacks Allison has .

the subjects are apparently perfectly well in the day time -

while hallucinations fits of fre nzy and t he like regularly

, ,

serv atio ns (paranoiac dream equ i valent in an alcoholic voices

-
,
 LI T ERA T U RE OF T HE D REAM 75

of t he dream the physician will one day occupy himself with

,

the psychopathology of the dream .

In cases of convalescence from insanity it is often especially ,

obvious that while the functions of the day are normal the
mlif may
, ,

drea e st ill b elong to t he psy c hos is . G rego ry is s aid

first to have called attention to such cases ( cited by K rauss
Macario (reported by Tissie ) gives account of a maniac who ,

a week after his complete recovery again experienced in

dreams the flight of ideas and the passionate impulses of his

Co nc ern in g the a
c h nges to w hich the d rea mlif e is s ub

have so far been made On the other hand timely attention

.
,

has bear called to the inner relationship between the dream

Biran To be sure the comparison is still older Rad esto ck

.
, .

begins the chapter dealing with this comparison by giving a ,

is a dre amer in the waking state . According to K rauss

Hagen d esc rib es t he deliriu ma s drea mlif e w a hich h s n ot

lo gic al Pa
ych olo gy , d ec l ares As amatter of a w
f ma
ct e y i
n

t he dream ourselves live through almost all symptoms which

The specific agreements on the basis of which such an

,

identification commen ds itself to the understanding are ,

in the f o llo w
mgrouping
g : ( )
1 Suspension or at least re
76 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF D REAM S

and lack of moral consciousness ( 2) Modified perception of

.

the sensory o rgans ; that is perception is diminished in the

,

laws of association and of reproduction hence automatic ,

a res ul t of all this : ( )

4 Chan i
n
g g or t ran s f or mat i on of t he

the sphere of t he senses of sight and hearing and general

sen sation As in the dream the smallest number of elements
.
,

patient like the dreamer is assaulte d by remi niscences from

, ,

to have forgotten is recollected in sleep and in disease . The

value on ly when like a family resemblance it is extended to

, ,

To him who is tortured by physical and mental s ufl erings

the dream accords what has been den ied him by realit y to ,

see the bright pictures of happiness greatn ess sublimity and

, , ,

ful filment of wishes the denial or destruction of which have

,

just served as a psychic cause of the insanity often form the ,

early beloved child in her deliri um experien ces maternal

doys the man who has suffered reverses of fortune deems
,

j ;
himself immensely wealthy and t he jilted girl pictures herself
in the bliss of tender love .

The above passage from Radesto c k an abstract of a keen ,

discussion of Griesinger (p
3‘
rev eals with the greate st
mess the wish fulfilment as a characteristic of the imag na
.

cl ea

tion common to the dream and the psychosis ( My own

, .

investigations have taught me that here the key to a

78 T HE I N T ERPRE TA T ION OF DRE AM S
useless and disturbing process and as the expression of a reduced

final explanation of the dream from the mental disturbances ,

probably however that a modified conception of the dream

, ,

w
must also influence o ur views in regard to the inner mechanism
of mental disturbances and hence e may say that we are
,

to a up
cl e r t he my t s ery of the drea m
shall have to justify myself for not extending my summary
.

I
of the literature of the dream problema over the period b e
tween the first appearance o f this book and i ts second edition .

If this justification may not seem very satisfacto ry to the

reader I was nevertheless i nfluenced by i t The motives
, .

cost me extraordinary efiort and would have aff orded lit tle

w
to has yielded nothing new or valuable ei ther for the conception
of t he dreamin ac tual material or in points of vie In most .

of the publications that have since appeared my work has

attention has been bes wed upon it by called investi t he a

“
to o
-

”
gators of dre ams who have thus afforded a splendid example
of the aversion characteristic of scientific m
,

en to learning

something new Les savants n e sont pas curieux said

.
“
,
’

the sco fier Anatole France If there were such a thing in

.

sc ien ce as right to revenge I in turn should be jus nfied in

,
'

ignoring the literature since the appearance of this book .

The few accounts that have appeared in scientific journ als

are so full of folly and misconception that my only possible
answer to my critics would be to request them to read this
book over again Perhaps also the request shoul d be that
.

they read it as a whole .

In the works of those physicians who make use of the

Muthmann Ste kol , , R ank , and others ) an abundance of dre ams

,
 LI T E RA T U RE OF T HE D RE AM
inst ructions In so far as these orks go beyond the con w
firm
.

atio n of my assertions I have noted their results in the

context of my discussion A supplement to th e literary
index at the end of this book brings to gether the most im
.

portant of these new publications The voluminous book on .

the dream by Saute de Sanct is of which a German translation ,

appeared soon after its pub lication has so to speak crossed , , ,

with mine so that I could take as little notice of him as the

,

Italian author could of me Unfortunately I am further .

,

obliged to declare that this laborious work is exceedingly

poor in ideas so poor that one could never di vine fro m it the
,

existence of the pro blems treated by me .

I have finally to mention two publications which show a

near relation to my treatment of the dream problems A .

younger philosopher II S woboda who has undertaken to

, .
,

extend W Flies s e s discovery of biological periodicity (in

.
’

gro ups of twenty three and twenty eight days ) to the psychic
- -

field has produced an imaginative work in which among

,
‘
, ,

other things he has used this key to sol ve the riddle of the
,

dream The interpretation of dreams would herein have

.

fared badly ; t he material contained in dreams would be

explained through the coincidence of all those memories

w
for the first or the n -
th time A personal state ment from the
mt assum m lf
.

aut ho r led e o e t hat he hi se longer

no is hed to
advocate this theory earnestly But it mistaken . seems I was
in this conclusion ; I shall report in another place some o h
s erva tio n s in reference to S wobodn aassertion concerning the
’
,

conc l usions of which I am however not convinced It gave , , .

me far greate r pleasure to find acciden tally rn an unexpected

pl ace a concept ion of the dream in ment ials ful ly agreeing
,

with my own The circumstances of time preclude the possi

.

b ility that this conception was infl uenced by a reading of my

book ; I must therefore gre et this as the only demonstrable

th eory The book which contains the passage concerning the

.

dream which I have in mind was published as a second edition

H S
. wa ob o d , Dic Paiod mdaa MichmOrM m
O ,
190t
 MET HO D O F D R E AM I NTE R R ET ATI O N P
TH E AN ALY SI S OF A S AMPLE D RE AM
Trmtitle which I have given my treatise indicates the tradition
which I wish to make the starting point in my discussion of -

capable of interpretation and contributions to the solution

,

of the dream problems that have just been treated can only be
yielded as possible b y products of the settlement of my own
-

inte rpretable I at once come into contradiction with the

,

prevailing dream sc ience in fact with all dream theories except

,

that of Sc herner for to interpret a dream means to declare

,

its meaning to replace it by something which takes its place

,

in the concatenation of our psychic activities as a link of full

importance and val ue B ut as we have learnt the scientific
.
, ,

theories of the dream leave no room for a problem of dream

interpretation for in the first place according to these the
, , , ,

dream is no psychic action b ut a somatic process which makes,

i tself known to the psychic apparatus by means of signs The .

asserts its pri vilege of proceeding ill o gi cally and although it

adm
,

its the dream to be i ncomprehensible and abs urd it ,

cannot summon the resoluti o n to den y the dream all signific ance
Led by a dim intuition it seems rather to assume that the
.

dream has a meaning albeit a hidden one that it is intended

,

as a substitute for some other thought process and that it is ,

only a question of revealing this substitute correctly in order

to reach the hidden signification of th e dream .

The laity has therefore always endeavoured to rn terpret

, ,

t he dream and in do ing so has tri ed two essentially diff erent

,

methods T he first of these proced ures regards the dream

.

content as a whole and seeks to replace it by an o ther content

 ME T HOD OF I N T ERPRE T A T ION 81

is symbolic dream inte rpretation ; it naturally goes to pi es w

at the outset in the case of those dreams which appear not only
unintell igible but confused The construction which the .

an example of its procedure . The seven fat kine after which ,

symbolic subs titute for a prediction of seven years of fam ine

in the land of Eg yp t which will consume all the exces s which
artific ial dream
,

s even fruit ful years have created . Mo st of t he s

contrived by poets are intended for such symbolic interpreta

w
tion for they repro duce the thought conceived by the poet
,

w
in adisg uise fo un d to b e in acco rdan ce it h the c hara
c teri
s tics

of o ur drea ming as we kno these from experience The

,
‘
‘
.

—
whose course it surmises in advance arelic of the prophetic
sig nificance with which dreams were once credited now—
becomes the motive for transplanting the meaning of the
”
future by means of an it shall .

elevated to an art hic h seems to dep en d up on extraordi

, n w
ary
gifte t The other of the two popular methods of dre am

In a novel Gmdiv of th poet W Jensen I accidentall y d iscov r d

o, e e e
maul arti ficial dr ams which were formed with
. ,
,
s et co rrectn ess an d

w
e
which could be int rpr ted as thou h they had not n i v b ut had
b en dr amt by actual persons Tge poet d l are upon my in q ui ry that
e e n

b was unacquaint d Wi th my theo ry of dream s ?ha v mad ue f this

e e . ec
e e . e e s o

correspond nce b twe n my inv stigation an d th creati v wo rk of th

e e e e t e e e
as a p o of of the rrec tnes f my method f dr amanaly i ( D ahn
m a“ m
“
r co s o o e s s er

m N
e
o
1 ’ m e r if nfl i
since sh wn that t h dream of the hero ihGo th e s EM may b e inter
e
fi
'
fii ifi if:
e
’
.
’

as co rrectly as an actually experi enc d dream Di A nalyse von e e

t Tra um Ja k buch d it d by B l ul er Fr ud v ol ii
'
’
s s, e e e -
e
am
, , . .
,

t A fter t h com p l etion of my man usc ip t a paper by S tum pf

e r ,
c e
to my notice which g re with or work in attem pting to prov that the
en e
dream i ful l of m
s ean rng an d cap of int erpr tation B ut t h e i te p e
s e . n r r
tati is undertaken by m eans of an allegorising symbolism without warrant
on
for the u ivsml app licability of the procedure
,
n .
82 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON O F DREA M S
designated
as akind
as the
of secret c o d e,
ci
p h mmth
in
'

w
e it tr ts t he drea
od ,

hic h ev ery sign is trans la

si
n ce

ted in t o
w m

key For example I have dreamt of a letter and also of a

.
, ,

fun eral or t he like ; I co ns ul t a dream b oo k an d find that “ ”

,
“ ” ”
letter is to be translated by vexation and funeral ,

“ ”
by marriage engagement
connect ion hich I again amt o assfim
w
It now remains to establish a
in s to t he futum
, .

e perta

w
, ,

by means of the rigmarole which I have deciphered An .

interesting variation of this cipher procedure a variation by ,

hich its character of purely mechanical transferen ce is to a

certain extent corrected is pmen ted in the work on dream ,

dream content but also the personality and station in life of

,

the dreamer are taken into consideration so that the same

, ,

dream content has a significance for the rich man the married ,

man or the orator which is different from that for the poor
, ,

man the unmarried man or say the merchant The es sential

, , , , .

is no t direc ted to t he ret y of

en t i the drea m b ut t
, o e ch a port i
o n

of the dream content by its elf as though the dream were a ,

m
conglomeration in which each fragment demands a particular ,

disposal Incoherent and confused dreams are c erta l y the

.

ones responsible for the invention of the cipher method }

Dr Alfred
bitsch calls m attention t th fact that O ri ental dream
Ro
l plagia am un d rtak t h interpr tation of
. o e
b k of which ours a re p itifu
'

oo s, n e, e e e e
dr am l m nts mos tly accord ing t t h assonance and s imilarity of th
e e e e ,
o e e
words Since th s r lationshi ps m ust b lost by translation i n t u
. e e e e o o r

1 th incom pr h n sibility of t he substitution s in u pop u

e lar dr am
e e o r e
may hav it origin in th is fact I nformation as t th xtraord inary
e s o e e
significanc of puns and punning in ancient O riental systems of cultur may
.

e e
b found in th w ritings of H
e
int rpr tation which has com
e
u uwords Art m
e
id
Winckl r Th nicest exam pl of a dr am
e
to u from anti quity is“bas d on a p lay
r lat s th foll owing (p
. e I t s ems to m
c ro s e
’
e
e
o
e
w n
e
e
s
. e

.
e
e
e
e

t A i tand rcs gi ves a hap y interp tation to Alexan d r of Maced on

r s re e .

Wh n th latte r h l d Tyros at in and in a stat of si g and was angry

a
e e e e e e,
and d pr ssed o ver t h t loss of tim h dr am d that h saw a fl a
dancing on hi shi l d t happen d that A i tand o was n ar Tyros g in
e e e e, e e e e r
s e . e rs r s e
th con v oy of t h king who was waging war
e th S yrian s
e By d isj oining
,
on e .

th wo d Sa into and 69 h indu ed the king to b com mo e

a
ty 0: e c e e r

m
e r ros on 7

re i v in th s i ge an d th u
e s h b came mast er of th citye ( 2 ep e e e c r os
g ss

gm is Tyros ) Th dr am ind d is so intima con cted with v e bal

e ,
.

e e e , ee ,
ne r

w
.

e x p ess on that P rcu i may j ustly r mark that ev ry tongu has it

r i e ot
"
e e e s
o d rea
n mls nguage D ream ae arul t traa la tab l in to other
. s r , ss e, no n e
 ME T H OD OF I N T ERPRE T A T ION 88

procedures for the scientific treatment of the subject cannot be

in its application and is capable of no gen eral demonstration .

In the cipher method everyt hing depends upon whether the

key the dream book is reliable and for that all guarantees
, , ,

are lacking One might be tempte d to grant t he conten tion

.

w
pro blem of dream in terpret at io n as afan c if ul one
m
.

I have co e, ho ever, to thin k difierent ly . I have b een

p p
o ular b elief see mt s o have co m e ne rer a t o the trut h of t he
matter than the judgmen t of the which prevails to day science -
.

I must insist that the dream actually has significance a nd that ,

of certain psychopathological structures in hysterical pho bias ,

M p ulsive ideas and the like for therapeutic p urposes

, I , .

ant report of Joseph Breuer to the that in those strue efiec t

tures regarded as morbid symptoms solution and treatment

, ,

go hand in hand ‘ Whe re it has been possible to trace such

.

a pathological idea back to the elements in the psychic life of

the pati ent to which it owes its origin this idea has crumbled ,

away and the patient has been relieved of it In view of the

, .

failure of our o ther therapeu tic eff orts and in the face of the ,

myste riou sn ess of these conditions it seems to me tempting in , ,

spite of all diffic ulties to press forward on the path taken by

B reu muntil the subject has been fully understood
,

'
We shall .

have elsewhere to make a detailed report upon t he form which

the technique of this pro cedure has finally assumed and the ,

of these psychoanalytical studies I happened upon dream ,

w
inter pretation My pati ents after I had o bliged them to
mm am mi
.
,

infor e of a
ll the id eas a
nd t ho ugh t s hic h c e to th e n

connect ion with the given theme related their dreams and , ,

Br as t and F reud Studies a

e bet Hy te iaV ienna 189 6 ; 2nd ed 1909
,
s r , , . .
84 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S
thus taught me that a dream may be linked into the psychic
concatenation which must be followed backwards into the

w
memory from the pathological idea as a starting point The -

ma a ympt m a d t
.

next s t ep a s t o treat t he drea s s o , n o app ly

for such sympt oms .

his attenti on for his psychic percept ions and to eliminate the
critique with which he is ordinarily i n t he habit of viewing
the thoughts which come to the surface in him For the pur .

pos e o f self observation with concentrated attention it is

-
,

cl os e his ey es ; he mut s be c it ly
expl i co mma d n ed to res ig n

the critique of the thought formations which he perceives -

.

He m ust be to ld further that the success of the psychoanalysis

through his mind and that he must not allow himself to

,

irrel evant to t he subject or another because it seems non

,

for it wo uld M o ing w to t his c ritique if he vvero uns uc c e ful m

in finding the desired solu tion of the dream the chan son or , ,

I have noticed in the course of my psychoanalytic work

tha te of m
t th e st a ind o f a man in
diff erent from that of a man who is observing his psychic

action than in the most att entive self observation ; this is -

also shown by the tense attitude and wrinkled brow of

contemplation in contrast with the restful features of self
,

observation In both cases there must be concentration of

.
,

att ention but besides this in contempl at i on o n e exerc ises a

, , ,

critique in consequence of which he rejects some of the ideas

,

which he has perce ived and cuts short others so that he does
, ,

not follow the trains of thought which they would O pen ;

toward st ill other thoughts he may a
c t i n such a manner that
—
they do not become conscious at all that is to say they are ,

suppressed before they are perceived In self observatio n .

-
,

on the other hand one has only }he task of suppressing the
,
86 T HE I N T E RPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
clo s ely t he ideas al ready pouring in a s it ere a t the ga tes w
d eam
.
, ,

Regard ed b y its elf a

, n i ay b e very trifiin g an d very ad

others which may seem equally abs urd it is capable of forming

, ,

a very useful construction The intelligence c annot j udge all

m
.

st ea

w
th ese t hin g s if it d oes n ot ho l d t he d ily lon g en o ug h to
s ee t he mi n c o nn eot ion it h t he o thers I n the ca
. se o f a

creative mind however , , t he intelligence has with drawn its

watc hers from t he gates the ideas rush in poll mall and i t is
,
-

yourselves yo u are ashamed or afraid of the momentary and

,

transito ry madness which is found in all creato rs and whose ,

fro m the drmm er Hen ce your complaints about ha m

minate too severely (Letter
.

for y o u reject t oo s oon a

”
n d discri

of December 1
And yet such a withdrawal of the watchers from the
,

gates of intelligence as Schiller calls it such a shift ing into

”
, ,

Most of my patients accompl ish it afte r the first inst ructions

I myself can do it v ery perfectly if I assist the O peration by ,

writing down my notions The amount in terms of psy chic .

,

energy by which the crit ical activity is in this manner reduced

, ,

and by which the intensity of the self observation may b e -

increas ed varies widely according to the subject matter upo n

,

which the att enti on is to be fixed .

w
The first step in the application of this procedure now
t eac h es us that n ot th e drea ma as hole, b ut on ly t he parts

of its contents separately may be made the object of our ,

attention If I ask a patient who is as yet unpractised :

.

“ ”
What occurs to you in connection with this dream ? as
arul ehe is unab l e to fix upon an yt hi n hi
ng i s ps y c hic field od

vision I must present the dream to him piece by piece , then

.

for every fragment he gi ves me a series of no tions , which

“ ”
may be designated as the background thoughts of this
pa
w
rt of the dream In this first and important condition th a
n

mth mi t mpl
.
, ,

the e od of drea n erpret atio n hich I e oy avo ids

 ME T H OD OF IN T ERPRE T A T I ON 87

famu o s in the legen ds ,

”
and approac hes the second the cipher ,

method Like this one it is an interpretation in detail not

ma mf mth
.
,

en cse ; l ik e this it treats t he drea ro e b egin nin g as

ww
indeed already subjected many thousand dre ams to inter '

p re t ation but I do , not no is h to us e thi

s mat e ri al in t he

tion Q uite apart from the consideration that I should expose

.

w
myself to the objection that these are dreams of neuropathic
subjects the con clusions drawn from which ould not admit
,

a
re son forc es mt e o re ec t j t he m . T he t he mw
e hic h is n aturally
always the subject of these dre ams is the history of the disease ,

which is responsible for the neurosis For this purpose there .

would be re quired a very long introduc tion and an investiga

hig hest d egre e, and hic h ww ould t h us dis tract att en tio n fro m
t he drea problem My m . purpose lies m uch more in the

solution of dreams B ut if I eliminate t he dre ams of neurotics

.
,

I must not treat the re mainder too discriminatingly Only .

in all th es e d reams th e analysis is la

c kin g itho ut hic h I , w w
cannot find the meaning of the dre am My procedure is of .
,

course no t as easy as that of the popular cipher method which

, ,

key ; I ammuc h m o re e
p p
r ared to find th at the s ame dream
an d in adifiere n t oo nn ec t i
on I mu t s th m resort to my o wn

w
dre ams as an abundant and convenient material furnished
abo ut norm ah and having referen c e t o m
, ,

w
b y aperson ho is any

w
inc id en ts of every day lrf e I s hall
. c ertai
n ly b e it h d o ub te

w
”
as to the trust nes s o f
o rt hi these “
self analyses
-
Arbitrari
m my
.

is here in a a
no y d ed
voi . 1n o pi
nion , c ond itions are
88 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
m lik ely to b e fa
ore vo urabl e in self -
o b s er v ation than in the
observation of o thers in any case , it
is permissible to see how
muc h can be accomplished by means of self anal ysis I must -
.

a readily understood aversion to exposing so many intimate

things from one s own psychic life and one does not feel safe
’
,

from the misinterpret ation of strangers B ut one must be .

“ ”
able to put one s self beyond this '
To ute ps y c hologis te
writes Del bm
.
,

“ “
uf est o b lige de faire l aveu m eme de ces ’

fa i blesses s i] croit par lajeter d u jour sur quel que pro blém
,
’
e

obscure And I m
. ay ass um e t hat in t he cas e of t he rea d er ,

the immediate in taes t in the indiscretions which I must

I shall therefore select one of my own dreams and use it to

, ,

necessitates a prel iminary state ment I must now beg the .

wm a wm
reader to make my interests his own for a considerable time
m
,

an d to b o e b so rb ed it h e in t he os t trifiing d et ails
of my lif e, fo r an in terest in t he hidden signific an ce of dre a s m
Preli inary m st atemen t : In the s ummer of 189 5 1 had

friends hip to m a d th
e n os e n e r a to m e . It is to be un ders t o od
that such a compl icati on of relation s may be the source of

therapist The personal interest of the physician is greater

.
,

his authority is less A failure threatens to undermine the

.

w
th partial success
i the patient got rid of her hyste rical fear
, ,

b ut not of all her somatic symptoms I was at that time .

hysterical case and expecte d her to accept a solution which did

,

not seem acceptable to her In this disagre ement we cut .

,

short the treatment on account of the summer season One .

day a younger colleague one of my best friends who ha d

visit d t e patient Irma—and ha family in their country
—
, ,

w
e h
resort came to see me
, I asked himho he found her and
.
,

w
”
received the answer Sh e is better but not alto gether well
my f i
.
,

I re alise t hat th os e ords of r en d Ott o , or t he t on e of

 T HE IN T ERPRE T AT I ON OF D RE AM S
w
90

mmdiat
i e e kno ledgew o f thc ofi mj
’

n o tb e infc i m My /ric n d

lanfine Uw
I
/ m a /
o w ul o hich l sce p fin tc d bef m m ia h ay c o v

This dream has an advantage over m any ot hers I t is .

at on ce clear with what events of the pre ceding day it is con

nec t ed and what subject it treats
, The prelim inary state ment .

health w
hich I have received from Otto the history of the ,

w
all this no on e who has read the prelim inary report and has
, ,

kno ledge of the conten t of the dre am has been able to guess ,

what t he dream signifies Nor do I myself know I wonder . .

about t he morbid symptoms of which Irma complains in the ,

dream for they are not the same ones for which I have tre ated
,

her I smile about the consul tation with Dr M I smil e at

. . .

the consolation attempted by Dr M Towards the end the

m mm m
. .

drea s ee s o re o bs o ure and o re ters e t han at t he b e

ginning In o rder to learn the signific ance
. of all this , 1 am
compelled to undertake a th orough analysis
w
.

An s ers

This house was once inten ded as a place of amusement and ,

o n this account has unusually high hall like rooms The ,

-
.

th e expectation that several friends among them Irma woul d

m m
, ,

co e to us as guest s for her b irthday . My d rea , then ,

anticipates this situation It is the birthday of my wife and ,

many people among them Irma are received by us as guest s

, ,
 M E T H O D OF IN T ERPRE T A T I ON
might ha
I ve s aid t his also or did s ay it hile a a ke At w w
t tim I ha the o p in ion (mo guis ed la
, , .

th a d e ter t o b e in co rrect )

meaning of their symptoms . Whether they then accepted or

that I was no t responsible I am thankful to this error which.

,

f ortunately has now been overcome for making life easier for ,

w
w
a s to p ro d uc e s uc cessful c ures B ut I see in t he s p eec h

mak ma i t h m t hat ab
.

w w
hic h I e to I r n e drea ov e al] t hings I
mf
,

do no t a nt to b e t bla
o e or t he pain s hic h feels
s he stil] .

I f it is Irma s own fault it cannot be mine

’
Shoul d the
m
, .

u
p p
r os e o f t h e drea b e lo o ked f o r i
n t his q uarter ?
m ck abdom mach ;
w ; pa
Ir a ’
s conv fl aints ins in the ne , en and , sto

s he is dra n together .

Pa ins i n the stomach belonged to the symptom complex of -

pl ained rather of sensations of nausea and disgust Pains in .

w w
the neck and abdomen and cons triction of t he throat hardly
h
p y e d a part in h er c as e I on d er hy I dec ided upon this
mm
.

c hoic e o f sympto ms nor ean I fo r t h e, o en t find the reason .

S hc looks pa lc and blo a ted .

My patient was always ruddy I suspect that another .

w
person is here being substituted for her
amfiightcv d at thc thought that l mut hav m
.

I '
s c overlooked eo c

and who is accust omed to ascribe so many manifestati o ns ,

which other physicians treat as organic to hyste ria On t he , .

—
other hand I am haunted by a faint doubt I know not whence
it carnes —
,

as to whether my fear is alto gether honest If

amno t bound
.

In as pains are o f org n i a 1

’
n in d eed c ori i
g ,n to

pains . It s eemt m s o e, in fac t , that ish to fin d an erro r i n

wu
t he diag n o s i
s ; i
n t h at c ase the reproa ng u
c h o f b ei ns ucc es s ful
m
ww
o ld b e re o ved
m
.

wm w
I tab e hcr to the indo in order to look iuto ha th a t She .

M o litfl e fl c a o n bo ha s lal oc tc b I think shc do ca a .

92 T HE IN T E RPRE T A TI ON OF D RE AM S
I had n ever had occ asion to in sp ec t Ir ma ’
s aural c avit y .

impression of youthful beauty but who upon op en ing her ,

are discovered by them unpleasantly for both examiner and

,

”
need them anyway is at first perhaps a compliment for
Irma ; b ut I sus pect adifieren t m
,

eani
ng In c aref ul anal ys is .

one feels whether or not the backgro und thoughts which

I fo un d her i
n t he p os it i on a t t he ind o rep ro d uc ed iww
n th e

dream , and her physician , the same Dr M , declared that she . .

w
had a diphtheritic membrane The person of Dr M and the
mm m
. . .

e b rane ret urn in t he oo u rs e of the d rea No it oc c urs .

to me that during the last few months , I have been given every
reason t o supp o s e t hat t h i
s lad y is als o h y s t eric al Y es I r a .
, m
herself has betrayed this to me But what do I know about .

s ufiers from hysteric al c hoking in drea m s . Thus in the

this lady might like ise w eng age me to relieve her d her

for s he is of a very s hy n at ure . S he r w ists , as the drea m

it ; in fact , un til w a w
no she h s s ho n hers elf st ro ng en o ug h to

w aa
features

friend : P a
re mai
l e bloa
n,

tod fa
,
hich I
ls c cth Th e fa
,
c n

w
lse teet h lea
ssi

d m
g n

e to

the governess ; I now feel inclined to be satisfied with bad

n e

.
it her t o Ir ma nor to her

w
allude occurs to me She is not my patient and I do not
, . ,

is h her t o be my patient fo t ave n o tioed that s he is no t

,

S he is gen erally pale, and o nc e, w hen s he had a partic ula

rl y
94 T H E IN TE RPRET A T ION OF DREAM S
more experienced colleague for assistance The fact that I
mi d md an acc em
.

really had this c as e in n is oon fir e by ory

circumstance The patient who succ umbed to the intoxica

.
,

ww
tion bore the same name as my eldest daughter I had never
m t m alm t
, .

t ho ug ht of this un til no ; no it see s o e os like a

retribution of fate —as though I ought to continue the replace
ment of the persons here in another sense ; this Matild a for
that Matilda ; an ey e for an eye atoo t h for ato o th I t is as , .

wi th lack of medical conscientiousness .

Dr
mu h
.

Of t his so c is c orre c t , th at his un healt hy app earan c e

characteristics must belong to another person A bro ther

living abroad occurs to m
.

w
e who wears his chin clean shavers -

and t o ho m if I rem em m
,

b er ari
g ht M,of t h e d rea on t he , .

w
whole bears some resemblance A bout him the news arrived
m day a am
.

w w
so e s b ef ore t hat he account of an art hr it ic s l e on

dis ea se in t he hip There m us t b e area so n hy I fuse t he t o

m m m
.

w w
p ers o ns in t o one in t h e d re a I re e b er t ha t i
n f ac t l
as on bad term ith b ot h o f t hemfor sim
.

w
s ila r rea s ons Both
of themha
.

d rejec ted ac erta in prO pos a l hic h I ha d re cen t ly

wa
made to them
My fiim m mmam ad
.

w
d o st ndo ag to the s ick
’
'
is no ne s t r o

m
w
ray /f ien d Leopold a incs her and o all s a
ttention to ads l nesa
on f
the le t belo .

My friend Leopold is also a physi cian a relative of Otto

Since the two practi se the same spec ialty fate has made them
.
,

co mpetitors who are continually being compared wi th eac h

,

other Both of them assi sted me for years while I was still
.
,

directing a public dispensary for nervous children S cenes .

like the o n e reprod uced in the dream have of ten taken place
there While I was debating with Otto about the diagno sis of
.

a case Leopold had examin ed the child anew and had made
,

w
an unexpected contribution towards the decision For the e .

was a d ifieren c e o f character bet ween the t o similar to that

w
bet een Inspecto r B rassig and his friend Charles The one .

was distinguished for his brightness the other was slow

w
, .

t houghtful b ut thorough , If I contrast Otto and the c ard u] .

Leopold in the dream I do it apparently in order to s a ] , , ,

 ME T HOD OF I N TE RPRE T A T I ON
Leop old I t is acomparison sim
. ilar t o t he o n e ab ove b et een w
the disobedient patient Irma and her friend who is thought to
be more sensible I now become aware of one of the tracks
along which the thought association of the dream program ;
.

from the sick child to the children s asylum The dulness to ’

.

the left below recalls a certain case corresponding to it in

, , ,

every detail in which Leopold asto nished me by his thorough

ness Besides this I have a notion of something like a metastatic
.
,

affection but it might rather be a reference to the lady pati ent

,

whom I should like to have instead of Irma For this lady as .

,

far as I can gather resembles a woman sufiering from tuber

,

An in filb uted po m '

on o l s kin on the lcft s ho uldcr .

I see at once that this is my own rheumatism of the shoulder ,

which I always feel when I have remained awake until late at

night The turn of phrase in the dream also sounds ambiguous
.

something which I feel in spite of the dress Feel on .

my own body is inten ded Moreover I am struck wi th the .

,
”
unusual sound of the term infiltrated portion of skin An .

w
infilt ration behind on the upper left is what we are accus
to med to ; t his ou ld refer to th e lung a nd t h us again t o ,

In sp i
te o f the dres s .

This to be sure is onl y an interpolation We of course

, , .
, ,

examine the children in the clinic undress ed ; i t is som e sort

of contradic tion to the manner in which grown u p female -

pa t imrt s must be exam i ned The story used to be told . o f a

prominen t clinic ian that he always examin ed his patients
p hysi c ally only through the c l o thes The rest is obsc u re to .

me ; I have frankl y no inclination to follow th e matter

, ,

Dr . M . says I t is on inferfi o mbu i t t does no t matt er

.

T his at first see m s ridic ulo us

me ; still it must be ce re to
fully analysed like everything else Observed more closely .
,

i t seems however to have a kind of meaning What I had

found in t he pati ent was local diphth eritis I remember the
, , .

d is c us s irm about diphtheritis and diphtheria at t he time of

.

m
my daughter s ill ness The latter is the general infection
’
.

whi proceeds from local diphtheritis Leopold proves the .

96 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE A M S

w
hich thus suggests a me astatic lesion t I believe however
mtatai
. , ,

t hat jus t t his k in d of e s s s does not occ ur in the c ase o f

diphtheria It rather recalls pye mia

matta
. .

I t do es no t aco ns olation I b elieve it fits in as

is
mhas yielded aco ntent to
, .

follows : T he last part of t he drea

w
the effect that the pains of the patien t are the result of a serious
organic afiect ion I b egin to susp ect t hat it h this l amon ly
.

cannot be held responsible for the continued pres ence of

diphtheritic aff ection But now in turn I am disturbed at
.
, ,

inventing such serious suff ering for Irma for the sol e purpose
of exculpating myself It seem s cruel I need (accordingly )
. .

seem ill advised that I should put

-
t he words of consolation
into the mo uth of Dr M But here . . I con sider myself superior

But why is this consolation so nonsensical l

Some sort of far fetched theoretical notion that pathologic al

-

w
material may be removed through the intestines Am I in
mak
.

this a y t r in
y g to e fun of Dr . M .
’
s gre at s tore of far

m o n t hs ago l had in c h rge a a y oung ma n s ufierin g fm m re

co lleagues had treated as an m ia with malnutrition I w .

realised that it was a question of hysteria ; I was unwilling

to us e my p y
s c ho th er apy on him ad , n sen t hi m o fi on a sea

w
letter from him from Egypt saying that while there he had ,

suffered a n e attack whi ch the physician had declared to be

,

dysentery I suspect indeed that the diagnosis was only an

.
, ,

error of my ignorant colleague who allows hysteria to make a ,

fool of him ; but still I c annot avoid reproaching myself f or

putting the invalid in a position where he might contract an
organic affection of the bowels in addition to his hyst eria .

Furthermore dysentery sounds like diphtheria a word which

, ,

w
does not occur in the dream
mut
.

Indeed it s b e that, it h the c ons olin g r

p g
o n os i
s
98 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S

( which was a present from our frim rd Otto .

w w
For he had a habit of making presents on every possible
occasion ; I hope he ill so me day b e cured of this b y a ife ) 1 ‘

mll mthi
.

w w
S uc h as e of u
f a s el oil rc s e fro s c c rd i al that l ref us ed
t o tast e i
t . We ill give this b o tt lc t o
My if e c b s erved :
“

the servants and I still more prudent forbade it with t he

, , , ,
”
ph ilanthropic remark They mustn t be poisoned either The ’
.

in my memory the whole series propyl methyl &c whi ch has , , , .

,

furnished the prop yl preparation of the dream In this it is .

,

true I have empl oyed a substitution ; I have dreamt of

,

propyl after smelling amyl but substitutions of this kind are

, ,

perhaps permissible especially in organic chemistry , .

in the drc a m afat

probabl y gives cviden ce of a great
, c w hic h
efiort on the part of my memory and moreover the formula is , , ,

printed m heavy type as if to lay spec ial stress upon somet hing ,

of particular importance as distinguished from the context To , .

call ed to my atten tion ? I t leads to a conversation with

me of some of his ideas about sexual chemistry and had ,

substance thus leads me to sexuality to that factor which I ,

c redit with th e greatest significance for the origin of the nervous

afiect io ns which I attempt to cure My patient Irma is a .

young widow ; if I am anxious to exc use the failure of her

cure I suppose I shall best do so by referring to this condition
, ,

which her admirers would be glad to change How remarkably

to o such a dream is fashioned ! The other woman whomI
.
.

my mi ma i
, ,

take as pat ien t i

n t he d rc a n s te ad of Ir , s als o a
young widow .

I suspect why the formula of trimethylamin has made

Ann
mor ov r has a remarkabl a cna to th family nam of
a
,
”
e e , e ss n ce e e
t Irma

w
'

en .

I n this the dr am d i d n t turn ut t be p hctic B ut in an ot her

e o o o rc
o .

sense it proved co rr ct for th unsol ved a e

pain s for which I d id e
“

m l to be to blam w th forerunner: d a s r ous ill n ss caused by

, , ,

3
e i

2
. e, ere e e
1 ston s e .
 ME T HOD OF I N TERPRE T A T I ON 99

ifacH so prominent in the dream . So many important things

an allusion to the overpowering facto r of sexuality but also ,

I feel myself forsaken in my opinions Should not this friend

who plays such alarge part in m
.
,

y l f
i e occ ur a
g ain in the,chain
of thoughts of the dream ? Of course he must ; he is par ,

tic ularly acquainted with the results which proceed from

vealed to sc ience several highly remarkable relations of the

turbinated bones to t he female sexual organs (the three

w
curly formations in Irma s throat ) I have had Irma examined
’

mt m m
.

b y hi o see het h er the pains in her sto ach ight b e

of nas al origin . But he himself suffers from supp urativc

of the dream
m m m
.

Su ch injechb ns not c de a
o hly Here t he reproac h o f
.

carelessness is hurled directly at my friend Otto I am under

m m
.

the i pre ion that I had some thought of this sort in the
afternoon , when he seemed to indicate his siding against
me by word and look I t was perhaps : How easily he
.

”
can be influenced ; how carelessly he pronounces j udgment .

friend who so lightly took refuge in cocaine injection s As

, .

I have said I had not inten ded injections of the remedy at

,

all I see t hat in reproaching Otto I again touch upon the

.

story of the unfortunate Matilda from which arises the same

,

repro ach against me Obviously I am here collecting examples

.

of my own conscientiousness b ut also of the opposite

, .

happened to meet the son of a lady eighty two years of age -

At present she is in the country and I have heard that she is

,

sn fierin g from an inflammation of the veins I immed iately .

thought that it was a case of infection due to contamination

given her a singlc infection ; I am constantly concerned of ,

1 00 T HE I NTE RPRE T A T I ON OF DR E AMS

w
conscientious From the inflammation of the veins I return
to my wife ho had sufl ered fro memb o li during a period of
.
,

pregnancy and now three related situations come to the

,

behind it must have given rise Meanwhile the meaning .

,

of the dream has dawned upon me I have become conscious .

must have been the motive for dreaming . The dream fulfils

of th e prec edin g ev en ing (0 t t o s news , an d th e

’
ritin g d o n of w w
t he his t c ry of t he dis ea m
w
se) For t hc res ult o f t he d rea is
amn ot to blam fierin g hich I rm
.

th at I e for t he s u astill has

me for it Not to has made me an gry
,

an d th at Otto is to b la .

by his remark about Irma s imperfect cure ; the dream avenges

’

w wm
number of explanations . T he dream represen ts a certain

w w
con dit i aff airs as
on o f I sho uld ish it t o b c ; the nt t ol the
dreamiathus the fidfl mm t of a is h ; its otive is a ich m .

w
This much is apparent at first sight B ut many things in
mmb mi t m
.

t he det ails of the dr ec o e n elli

g ible hen re
gard ed fro

not o nly for has t ily tald ng part agains t m n th a

e i t l a
cc use ,

w m
him of a careless medical operation (the injection ) but I am
also avengc d on himfor t he bad
,

amw u
co rd i al hich s ells lik e f us el
ol an d l fln d an expres sion i
n the dre hic h nitc s b o t h

I am not satisfied but continue my reven ge by comparing

m m m m
,

hi to his ab le co pet ito r I see t o say b y th is :

ore reli

m
.

wm
”
I lik e hi b et ter than you B ut Otto is n ot the only on e
“

m
.

ho ust feel the fo rce o f y a n ger I ta k e rev enge on the .

v n if I ha ve not a may be understood ven account of verythi ng

E e s
which occ urred to me in connection with the or of interpretation
,

w , e
1 02 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S

my wife my brother of Dr M my own bodily troubles and

, , . .
, ,

concern about the absent friend who is sufiering from sup .

p urat i
v e rhinitis But if I keep all these
. things in view they ,

combine into a singl e train of thought labelled perhaps

Concern for the health of m
,

—
yself and others professional c on

as Otto brought m thee news of Irma s condition ’

. I should

w hic h is part of t he train of thought that is mi gledn in to t he

dream It is
. as tho ugh Ot t o had aid
s to m e :
“
Y o u do not

take your physician s duties seriously enough you are not

’
,
”
conscientious do not keep your promises Thereupon this
my
, .

t rain of t ho ug h t p lac c d its elf at s ervice in o rd er t hat l

corre spond rather to the blame attributed to Otto than to

t he accusation against me The material has the appearan ce
.

of being impartial but the connect ion bet ween this broader
material upon which the dream depends and the more lim
,

, ited ,

theme of the dream which gives rise to the wish to be innocent

of Irma s il lness is nevertheless unmistakable
’
, .

I co uld ll spen d
st i mu h tim up
c e on it ; I co ul d dra furtherw
bids us consider I even know the points from which further
.

thought associations might be traced but such considerations

as are connected with every dream of on c s own restrain me ’

m such reserve may himself try t be more straightforw

m t tw ith th di v y w
de n , ad o r

t ha I
n I a
. hi h ha b
cc n c n ju t c sc o er c s een s

, w
is followed it ill be found that thefdreamreally has meaning ,

and is by no means the expression of fragmen tary brain

w mpl t d mmy
w
k o f intap rcta
'
tio n kas bccn co c e tkc drea bc
recogniccd a
c tk e fulfiimerd ol a ick .
 THE D RE AM I S TH E FU L F I LMENT OF A WI SH
Wm after pam in g a defil e o n e has reac hed an eminen c e
where the ways part and where the view opens out broadly
in diff eren t directions it is permissible to stop for a moment
,

wa
and to consider where one is to turn next Something like
mat m
.

th is happen s t o us after c h ve s ered this firs t d rea

cognition The dream is not comparable to t he irregular

.

sound s of a musical instrument which instead of being touched

, ,

by the hand of the musician is struck by some outside force

,

the dream is not senseless no t absurd does not presuppose

, ,

that a part of our st ore of ideas is dormant while another part

w
begins to awaken It is a psychic phenomenon of full value
mt
.
,

an d ind c cd t he fulfil en of a kes its pla

ish ; it t a n th e
cc i

gibl e to us and it has been built up by a highly complicated

,

inclined to rejoice in this discovery a cro d of questions over

, w
w wa
w
a is h fulfilled
repres en ts h t is the ca us e o f th e pec uliar
and un fam r m m
,

ilia ann er in hic h this f ulfll en t is exprs ss ed ?

What changes have occurred in the dream thoughts before t hey

taken place ? Whence comes the material which has been

worked ov er into the dream 3 What causes the peculiarities
which we observe in the dream thoughts for example that , ,

they may contradict one another (The analogy of th e kettle ,

p. Is the dream capable of teaching us something new

about our inner psychic processes and can its content correct
,

opinions which we have held during the day ? I suggest

that for the present all these questions he laid aside and that
a sin gle path be pursued We have foun d t hat t he dream
,

108
 1 04 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EA M S
w
represents a is h as fulfilled I t ill be our n ext in terest t o . w
ascertain whether this is a universal characteristic of the
dream or only the accidental content of the dream of Irma s
,
’

w
injection with which we have begun our analysis for even
if e m
,

akc up o ur minds that every dream has a meaning an d

psychic value we must nevertheless allow for the possibility
,

w w w
that this meaning is not the same in every dream The first
m e havc co nsid ered as the ful filmcn t of a ish ; another
.

drea
may turn out to be a realised apprehension ; a third may have

a reminis c en c e . Are there t hen ot her is h drea w m rae s ; o r

wthat the wu m
there possibly nothing b ut wish dreams ?
It is a
e sy to sh o aa
c h r c ter of is h f lfil-
en t in

w
been understood There is for example, a dream which I
m
.
,

a
c n c ause as o ft en as l like , as it ere exp eri en tally If in .

the evening I eat anchovies olives or other strongly salt ed

, ,

w a wa
has the same content namely that , ,
I am drin king . I quail
a a
ter in long dr a a
ugh ts it t , s t es s s ec t s on ly c ool drin k
can taste when one s throat is parched and th n
’

, e I awake
an d have an actual desire to drink . The oc c asion for this

w
to drink originates from this sensation and the dream sho s w
me this is h as fulfilled It thereby serves a fun ction the
,

w mn ot ac cus wm
.

w
nature of hic h I soo n guess I sleep e a nd a

md
.

to e to b e aak en ed b y a bo d ily n eed . If I s ucc eed in

I n eed no t w
a k e up in o rd er to s a
tisfy it . It is t hus adr ea m
of convenience . The dream substitutes itself for action , as

in g t hirst c an n o t b c s atisfied wa it h drea m lik my thi t f

e rs or

mti is the sam

,

revenge upon Otto and Dr M but r on e . the in t .

This same dream recently appeared in modified form On .

this occasion I became thirsty before going to bed and empt ied
m
,

the glass of water which stood on the little chest ri to my

bed Several hours later in the night came a new att ack of
.

thirst accompanied by discomfort In order to obtain wat er

, .
,
1 06 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE A M S
m aroomin the ho spitah a b ed in hic h he w
w
sleeper drea t of

a lying a a c hart pinn ed o ver his hea d rea Joe

“
s nd d ing :
id to him
,

med 22 years old Hc sa

”
. n th e
s elf i .

dream : If I am already at the hospit a 1 I don t have to

“ ’
,

go there turned over and slept on He had thus frankly

, .

admitted to himself his motive for dreaming .

w
Here is another dream the stimulus for which acts during
sleep itself : One of m m
,

y o e n patients who had ho d to ,

underg o an unsuccessful operation on the jaw was to wear a ,

w w
cooling apparatus on the aff ected cheek accord ing to the ,

w
ord ers of t he phys icians . B ut s he a s in the hab it of t hro in g

w
it ofi as soo n as shc ha d gc t to sl eep On e day l s . aa sked

to repro ve her for do ing so ; for she ha d a gai

n th ro n the

w
follows This time I reall y couldn t help it ; it was ’
t he
adream hic h l had in the night In the dream I
w w
res ul t of .
,

a s in ab ox at th e o peraan d as taking alively in ters st in

toriu ma d n co mplai i g n n p itif ul ly cn ac co un t of pai

n s in h is
jaw I said to myself
.
,
‘
Since I haven t the pains I don t ’
,
’

”
need the apparat us either ’
that s why I threw it away
’

mf m
.
,

w
ufierer is si ila
ww
This drea o the poor s dea in the
r to the i

exp ress ion hic h co mes t o our lips hen e a n adisa

re i gree

able situation I know something that s a great deal m ore ’

”
fun The dream presents this great deal more fun Mr K arl
. . .

Meyer to whom the dreamer attributed her pains was th e

, ,

most indifieren t young man of her acquaintance whom s he

could recall .

It is no more difi c ult to discover the ful filment of wishes

w wm am a a ma
w a m a M wa m
A frien d ho kne y t h eo ry of dre s nd h d i p rte d it
“
to his if e, s id to e one d y y ife sk ed e to tell

w w w
you that she dreamt yes rday that she was having her me se te n s.

w am a
”
Y u ill kn o
o what that means u if the Of co rse I kn o :

m m
.

y o un g if c d re a s th t she is h vin g her ens es , the ens es

to en joy her freedom for a time longer before the discomforts

of her first pregnancy . Another friend writes that his wife

 T HE F ULFI LMEN T OF A W I S H 1 07

w m
w
her a is t This is als o an in dication of pregna nc y , b ut th is t i e
m
.

no t of t he first onc ; t h e yo ung ot her ishes to have more

no urish mt en for t he second child t han she had for the first .

A young woman who for weeks had been cut , o ff from

from an inf ectious disease dreams after its safe termination

, , ,

of a company of people in which A Daudet Bourget M .

, , .

Provost and ot hers a

, re present all of whom are very pleasant ,

w
in the dream also have the features which their pictures give
them M Provost with hose pict urc she is no t fam
. .
, iliar ,

had a
c l e n ed t he c k roo
si m ads n had en t ered t he ma th s e first

perfectly translated thus It is about time now for so mething

more entertain ing than this eternal nursing ”
.

under the most complex conditions dreams are found which

contrast to the confused and teeming dream compositions

m t impl m
drea s o f all , I supposc , a
°

m
The os s e re t o b e exp ec ted

in the case of c hildr , m

whose psychic activities are c ert a ly

c h ildren , in my
to be called upon for services similar
o pin i
on , is
to those which a study of the anatomy and development of the

The dreams of little children are simple f ulfilmen ts of wishes

and as compared therefore with the dreams of adults are
,

They presmt no problem to be solved

, , ,

no t at all interest ing .

,

in it s ess enc e signifies th e f ulfil m en t of w

a is h . I have b een

able to collect several examples of such dreams from the

1 08 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF D RE AM S
For two dreams one of my daughters at that time eight
m
, ,

and ahalf years o ld , the ot her o f ab oy five and aquarter yea

in the summer of
ww
1 89 6 I must make the preliminary statement
mm
.

th at du n g t hi
ri s s n er e ere living on ahill ne r a Aus s ee ,

vie w of the Da
c hst ein fro mth e ro of o f o ur house . The Si m o ny

on es c ft en tried to see it thro ugh t he —

t elesc ope I do not

the c hildren that Hallstatt lay at the foot of the Dachstein .

They looked forward to the day with great joy From Hall .

the children with its varying aspects One of them however .

, ,

w wu
the boy of five gradually became discontented As often as a
mu tai am
, .

a Is that the Da
“
o n n c e in vie , he o ld sk : ch
”
stein ? whereupon I would have to answer : No on ly a “
,

w
foot hill
-
After this question had been repeated several
"

tim me altogeth er silent ; an d he as quit e unwilling

.

es he b ec a
,

to come along on the flight of steps to the waterfall I thought .

wj ww
he was tired out But the next morning he approached me
m
.
,

rad ian t ith oy , and said :

“
La
st ni
g h t I drea t that e ere
”
at Simony Hut I unders to od him now ; he had expec ted
.
,

as I was speaking of the Dachstein that on the excursion to ,

Hallstatt he would ascend the mountain and would come face

,

to face with the hut about which there had been so much ,

w w w
discussion at the telescope When he learned that he was .

expected to b e regaled ith foot hills and a aterfall he as -

p en s ated himfor this . I tried t o l ea

rn so m e det ails of t he
dream ; they were scanty .
“
S teps must be climbed for six
hours as he had heard
”
, .

m m
w w
drea ha d aris en a
s, ls o in t he in d o f t he girl o f eight a nd a

ha lf yea rs We had taken it h us to Halstatt the t elv e

—
.

w
year old boy of our neighbour an accomplished cavalier,
-

ho , it see s to e, a m
lrea m
d y en joyed the f u ll sy pa t hy of t he m
mw
lit tl e woman The next morning , then , she related the follow
m m
.

in g drea : Just t hink , I d1ea t t ha t E il as o n e cfi us

mmm
,

t ha t he s a id pap aa n d a a to y o u, a n d sl e
p t a t o ur ho u s e
1 10 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EAMS
Another dream which the picturesque beauty of the Aussee
,

the lak e for the flrs t ti m e, an d t he trip had pass ed t oo quic kly
for her . She did not want to leave the boat at the landing ,

night I was sailing on the lake Let us hope that the dura .

tion of this dream ride was more satisfactory to her .

My eldest boy at that time eight years of age was already

, ,

in a chariot with Achilles with Dio m ed as charioteer He , .

ww
had of course on the previous day shown a lively interes t
d b een given t o his eld m
, ,

in t he Myths o/ Gree hich ha ,

'

belongs to the category of dreaming I may report the following ,

as one of the most recent dreams in my collection My youngest

girl at that time nineteen months old had vomited one m
.

, orn ,

ing and had theref ore been kept without food throughout
,

hunger she was heard to call excitedly in her sleep

, Anna
Feud strawberry huckleberry omel ette pap 1 S he used her
, , , ,

name in this way in order to express her idea of property ;

seem to her a desirable meal ; the fact that berries appeare d

in it t wice was a demo nstration against the domestic sanitary
regulations and was based on the circumstance by no means
, ,

w
overlooked by her that the nurse ascribed her indisposition,

to an over plentiful con sumption of stra berries ; s he thus

-

in the dream took revenge for this opinion which was distaste
ful to her ‘ .

If we call childhood happy because it does no t yet know

sexual desire we must not forget how abundant a source of
disappointm
,

ent and self denial and thus of dream stimulation -

, ,

The dream afterwards accom p lish ed th e sam e purpose i the case of n

th e rand mother who is old er than the chil d b about ve t y ea rs as it se
g , n ,

m
d id t hrn e of the g a dds u
e cs s g h te A fte r e had b
r ne n c reed to
r go
. e
h un ry for sev al days on account of the restlessn s of he floating ki dney
she gream ed a ua t l
er es r ,
with a transferen ce into th”e ha tim of her
n e
flow ering mai d ggcod t at she had been ask ed ut i v
w
,
as a for “
o n r
bo th th e im m m
, ,

p ort s n t ealg a nd ea ch ti e h s d b ee served it h mos t n

delicious mouels .
’
 T HE FU L FI L MEN T OF A W I S H 111

is a second example showing this My nephew of twenty two -

m m
.

on t hs had b een given t he ta sk o f c on gr atulating e upo n

my birthday , and of hand ing me, as a present a little basket of
,

ww
”
Cherries in it , and could not be induced to let the little
ba
s ket go o ut of his hands . B ut h e k ne ho to sec ure his
compensation . He had until now been in the habit of telling
, ,

soldier an officer of the guard in a hite oloak ho mhe w w

dm
, ,

had onc e a ired on th e s treet On th e day a

f t er t he b irt hday .
,

had its ori

g i
n only in a dream He(r) an m e at up a
ll the
cherries ! 1 ‘

m nvestigation into the psychic l if of the child

a
w
‘
A ore se rch ing i e
teach es u to b sure that sexual motiv p e s i infantil e fo m
s, e , s which e o r n r ,

have been too long overlook d play a suffici ntly great part in the e c e
acti vity of th child Thi rai es me d ubt a t th e ha ine
,

e s th e s so o s o ss
child as imai d later by t”h ad ult Qf the author s Tir
.

es
’ “
s
tion s to the ger
,
r e . .

ua l Th ory translate d by A A Brill J u a e l o rn

a d M tal D is as s Publishing Co m
. .
, ,
n en p
ea n e
t I t should not be l ef t a umenti that chil dren sometimes
p l x and mor obscure dreams whil e on the other hand ad ult
e
un der certain conditions show dr a m
e
s of an infantil e character Ho rich
in uns usp ct d material th dreams of childr n of from four to
,

e
, , s
. w

m
e e e e
might b i shown by exam pl s in my Analy d Ph b ia in s
e s e se er o e e

gU he K flik t d m
i n
e K nab n ( J ah buche d by"
B le u l er F rreu d 1 9 09 ) an de
a cbds ii voi 19 10 On
.
,
”
n “ 8
ao?
er
em t lit dmm
s r on e . .
,

ha d it
n , se sa i type ea ppe a e
pe c a ll of t n in n
’

e r r s
°

r e
ad ul ts if th ae transferred to un usual co d itions of l i f
e u Ott n
kj olzin his book A nta
r e. s o
N nl en a
o r ti writ s as follows about th cre w c c e e
who passed the winter with him haracteristic for the tr nd of ur . c e o
inmost th oughts w r u dr ams w ich w r n ver mor v i vi d an d
e e o r e , e e e e
n umero us than at pr ent Even th se of ou comrad s with whom dr am
es o r e e

w
.

ha d f l y been a n exe t io u ha d l ng t i t t ll in th u
H
i orrner e o s o r es
p o e e t
in the world of phantas ies Th E
w n e exchanged ou
e
refer ed to that oute orl hi h a no
r fa r f
r w w w
r
w
mu b ut th y often c s so ro s,
.

mw
e
e

one in w
fitt ed in to o r pres ent rel tions An espec i ll cha
u

school wh r
ra
m
c t eri
des b el reved i sel f ba
h ic h on e of o ur co ra
a
s t ic drea
a as t he
c k on th e ben ch a
t h tas k was assi gn d him of s kinning miniat ur s als which
e e e
t m
.

e e e
w r p ial l y m f im
t a ud w w
,

e e es a d f
ec th pu p t u ti e E ating a d d
or e r os es c r c on n
f md th hi h m t f u d m
f w h w
.

par ti s at ight w
or e t a l e ccn r
g u ro n c os o o r res s ere ro
Q us u a d f g i ot b ig di s on a x d
o o o n n er e n s e cee
m
,
if h ul d p t i t hat h ha d ha d ad i ‘
i gl y g
n e co re or n o e nn er con
of th r cours s Anoth dr am f t ba — f whol mo untains
ee e
’
er e o o cco o e

m
.

of t o ; til l a o th ds a d f a hi a
p ppn a hi
g sr th p a re e o s ro c n on e o en se
u d full a
n er ail Btill a the d a md t b m t nod Th l tt r r re es erves o e en rone e e e

w w
. .

a i b ught th
c rr er ro and gav al g x planation of why h had had t
e e on e e o
a a it o long for it ; he del ivered it a
t the rong h
p gc a
nd on l y a
f ter
1 12 T HE I N T E RPRE T A T ION OF DREA M S
What animals drea m of l do no t k no w . A proverb for

for it raises th e question What d oes the goose dream of l

dream is the fulfilment of a wish is contained in these sentences .

‘

We now perceive that we should have reached our theory

whad merely consul

e colloquial usage The wisdom of
te d .

proverbs it is true sometimes speaks contemptuously enough

, ,

—
of the dream it apparently tries to justify sc ience in express rng
the opinion that Dreams are m ”
ere bubbles ; but still for
colloquial usage the dream is the gracious fulfill er of wish .

“
I should never have fancied that in the wil dest dre am ,
”

r eat effo rt had been abl to geteit back T o b e sure

g .
,
no sl p with
ee im poss ible things b ut the ,
al mo t all th dr ams which I myself dreamed or
s e e
I t wo uld surely ha v b en of great psychological inte r st if
e e e

w e on
ard ently d si r d
e e
co uld hav be n not d B ut
.
ee .
e e e can r ad ily un derstan d how
l ged for sl ” p I t alone could afl rd us everything that e all m
.
'

o
o ne

os t
e
w
A Hungarian proverb referred to by
that thap ig dreams of acorns the g se of mai
“
,
”
oo ze
.
114 T HE I N T ER PRE T A TI ON OF DREAM S

terrible of all disagreeable sensation s tortures us un til we

awake and it is with just these dreams of fear that childre n
,

‘7 concerning the Pavor

are so often pers ecuted (Cf Debacker .

Noc t urn us ) though it is in the case of childre n that you have

,
”
found dreams of wishing undisguised
Indeed it is the anxiety dreams which seem to prevmt a
.

generalisation of t he thesis that the dream is a wish fulfilmen t -

,

which we have es tablished by means of the examples in the

last s ect i
on ; they s ee mv e en t o b ra
n d thi
s thes is n a
s a
a b

, w
I t is not difi cul t ho ever to escape these apparen tly
conclusive objections Pl ease observe that our doctrine d oes
.
,

not rest upon an accept ance of the manifest dream content ,

but has reference to the thought con tent which is foun d to lie
behind th e dream by the process of interpretation Let us .

that th ere are dreams whose content is of the most painful

nature B ut has anyone ever tried to interpret these dreams
. ,

to disclose their latent thought content ? If not the two ,

objections are no longer valid against us ; there always remains

the possibility that even painful and fearful dreams may be

w
tion of one problem presents difi c ulties to take up a seco nd ,

problem just as it is easier to crack t o n uts t ogether ins te ad

,

t he ful fll m wishes ? b ut e m
en ts o f ay also from o ur disc uss ion w ,

so far raise th e question : Why do not the dreams which

content b ut turn o ut to be wish Hfulfilm
,

show an in t , en ts

w
show this meaning undisguise ? Take the fully re ported
dre a
d
mof Irmas injection it is in no ay painful m its nature
’
,

and can be recognised upon inte rpretation as a striking wish

, ,

means ? As a matt er of fact , even t he drea mf

o 1r ma ’
s in

I t is qui t inc r d ibl with what stubbornnes s readers and critics

e e e
excl ud this consi d ration and l av unh d d th fu damental diff rentia
e e , e e ee e e n e
tion b twe n th manifest and th lat nt dream content
e e e e e .
 D IS T ORT I ON IN D REAM S
m w
w
j
ection fi
d oes
rs t i p not
res s atus a s re p res e n tin g a i
s h o f
m m
w
t he drea c r a s fu lfilled The rea der ill no t ha ve eived

m m
.

w
t his i pression , and ev en l ys e lf did no t k n o i
t un til I h ad
un derta ken the a naly sis If e ca ll t his pec ul ia
. rity of t he
dream of needing an explanation the fac t of the distortio n of
dream then a second questi on arises : What is the origin
,

o f this disfigurement of dreams l

‘

If one s first impression s on this subject were consulted

’
,

one might happen upon several possible solutions ; for example ,

t hat there is an inab ility d urin g sl eep to fin d an a

d eq uate
expression for the dream thoughts . The analysis of certa in

a second dream of my own which again involves numerous ,

indiscretions but which compensates for this pers onal sacrifice

,

by affording a thorough elucidation of the problem .

that two professors of our university had proposed me for

appointment as Professor ex traord (assistant professor ) . .

This news reached me unexpectedly and pleased me con

sid erab ly as an expression of appreciation on the part of two
eminent men which could not be explained by personal in
terc et B ut I immediately thought I must not permit myself
.
, ,

ahead of me in years and who ere at least my equals in merit

,
w ,

had been waiting in vain during this time for their appoin t

m
ment I had n o reason to s uppose l should fare b ette r I
. .

res olved then to comfort yself I am not so far as I know . , ,

ambitious and I engage in medical practice with satisfy ing

,

it w
a s no t aques tio n w
hether l d ered
c on s i the grapee s w
eet o r

sour for they undo ubtedly hung much to o high for me

One eveninn as visited b y afrien d of m
, .

w w
in e one of those
my
,

ag ues
c o lle hoee fate l had ta
k en as a a
rning for s elf .

/
w
of professor which in our society raises the physician to a
am
,

w
deM gO d s pa
on g hi tien ts a nd as he as less res ig ned than
as in the hab it o f m aking repres en tatio ns fro mtim
,

I he
,
e to
1 16 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S

of that kind He said that this time he had driven the exalted
.

gentleman into a corner and had asked him directly whether ,

— —
to be sure in the present state of public opinion His Ex

w
what I am at said my friend in closing his narrative which
, ,

told me nothing new but which a s calculated to confirm me

,

mmi g aft w m
w w
On t he o n er t his visit , I had t he f oll o ing dre a ,
hic h as n ot ab le on a
c coun t of its fo r m . It co ns is ted o f
two thoughts and two images so that a thought and an image
alternated B ut I here record on ly the first half of t he dream
,

.
,

m m
w mm u
II I be/ore e his fa
see oc a na ohat altered
m m
. .

w
I t se ns to be elonga ted ; aycl l o beard hic h nds it ,
m m mm m
,

is ha i d h di a di u
’

p s s e it p e r t .

Then follow the other two portion s again a thought and ,

As t h e drea m oc c urred to mi e n t he co urse of t he fo ren oon ,

”
I laughed outright and said : The dream is nonsense
m
.

But I could not get it out of y m ind and the whole day it ,

pursued me until at last in the evening I reproached myself

m
, , ,

with the words If in the course of dream in rpretation

“

o n e o f your patients had noth ing better to say than That is ‘

nonsense yo u would reprove him and would suspect that

’

behind the dream there was hidden so m

, ,

e disagreeable afiair .

dream is nonsense probably signifies merely an inner resistance

”
to its interpretation Do not let yourself be deterred
. I .

then proceeded to the interpretation .

”
R is my uncle
“
. Wh at does that mean I have had. .
1 18 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S
heard of y b eim
ng h o n o ure d , c on g rat ulate d e upon m it I .

declined emphatically , saying , You are the last man to mak e

a joke like this because you have experienced what the
, nomi

probably not in earnest You cannot be sure about that

m th
, .

Against e ere is a very partic ular o b ect i

j on . Don t you
'

as m w
w w
me ? I as su
n eedre y o u t ha
n ot t an i n quiry ad e ; it
as a mean attempt at b h c k mai an d i
t as all I c o ul d d o

t he a
fiair w ill b e press ed a
g ai
ns t m at th
e c o fiic e in ord er t hat
I may not be appointed . You however are abov e
, , re proach .
”

represents for me both colleagues who have not been appoint ed

mf as a sim
ww w
to t he p ess o rship , t hc on e
p let on t h e o t h er a,s a
criminal . I als o kno no f or ha t pu rposc I n eed t hi s re

factor in the postponem

w
en t of the appointment of my frien ds
then m
,

y o n appointment is also put in question : b ut if I

is the procedure of my dream it makes the one R a :

, .
,

simpleton the other N a criminal ; since howev er I am

, , .
, , ,

destroy ed I have a right to en joy the c xpect at ion of b eing

,

wa w
appointe d a prof es sor and have escaped the painful applica
my mati
,

tion t o o n c s e of th e inf or on hic h the high ofi c i al

m
For m
w
of t his drea y
,
feelings i
t i
s n o t y et s ufi c ien tl y cl eared

w w
up . I am still disquieted by the ease with hich I degrade
t o res pect ed c o lleagues for the p urpose of cl e ri
nga t he a y

my pro c ed ure has in deed di in i

s hed m si
n ce I have learnt to

evaluate statements made in dreams I would argue agains t .

anyone who urged that I really consider R a simpleton and .

,

that I do not credit N aaccount of the blackmail aff air I

.
’
.

an injection given her by Otto with a preparation of propyl .

 D I S T ORT I ON I N DREA M S
Heraas b cf o re i
t is , o n ly th c w is b tlrat the a
c se my b e a
s the

m
w
so un ds less absurd in t he second drea tha n in t he firs t ; it is

m m
ade here it h a ore skilful utilis ation of fac ts as po in te o f
”
there is something in it . For my friend R . had at that

m that my f ie d R
him T w
acc ount Af ter it occ urs to e r n is my uncle
h md
.
.
,

I feel grea t a ffec tion for o o s feel i

o es t hi
. ng

belong ? For my uncle Josep h of course, I have never had

m
,

w
an y feelings of afiection For years y frien d R h a s b een

m m
. .

mw w
b el o ved an d dea r to e ; but if I ere to go t o hi and ex
p re s s ym feel ing s f or hi m i
n t er s hi c h c a e an y h ere n e ar m
m
w
c orresp on d ing to t he d egree o f a ffec tion in t he drea , he
ou ld do ub t les s b e surprised My aff ection fo r hi see s
. m m

with that of my uncle ; but it is exaggerated in an o pposit e

sense B ut now a new state of afiairs becomes evident to me
. .

opposition to this content ; it is calculated to hide the informa

tion which interpretation may bring Probably this is its
very purpose I recall with what resistan ce I applied m elf
.

to the work of interpretation how long I tried to postpone it

,
.

w ,

fro m my psychoanalyt ical treatments how such condemns

little daughter do mnot like an apple which is offered her she ,

ass erts that the apple has a bitter taste without even having ,

w w
tasted it If my patients act like the little girl I know t hat
.
,

w
it is aquest ion of anot io n hic h t hey an t to s upp ress The
am m m
.

w j
s e a ppl ies to y d rea I d o n o t a nt to interpret it
ins so m
.

bec aus e it c on ta et hi
ng t o hic h l o b ect . Af ter th e
1 20 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S

w
what it as I objected to ; it was the assertion that R is a
simpl eton I may refer the afiec tion which I feel for R not
.

, .

to the hidden dream thoughts but rather to this unwillingness

of mine If my dream as compared with its hidden c on tmt
,

is disfigured at this point and is disfigured moreover into

som
, , ,

ething opposite then the apparent afiectio n in the dream

,

w
serves the purpose of disfigurement ; or in other words the
m m
, ,

disfigure en t is here sho n to b e in ten d ed : it is a ean s of

m
d iss i fl ation My dream thoughts contain an unfavourable
.

reference to R in order that I may not become aware of it

.
,

its opposite a feeling of afiec tion for him makes its way into
, ,

The fact here recognised might be of univers al app lica

ex
adis figured ate I sha
!

p res s i
o n ex c ept in st . ll try to fin a

psychic lif e Where in social life c an a similar disfig urem

. en t

of a psychic act be found Only where two persons are in

question one of whom possess es a certain power while the
, ,

seco n d pers o n will t hen dis figure his peyc hic ac t ions , or , as

practise every day is largely dissimulation of this kind If I .

interpret my dreams for the b enfi t of the reader I am forced

to make such distortions The poet also complains about such
.

Y ou may not tell t he best that youk now to t h youngsters e .

”

The political write r who has unpleasant truths to tell to

p reven t at ively if they are to be

published in print The
he there fore modifies and dis fig urm
, .

writer must fear cens ure

 1 22 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S
If I kc ep in mi d t hn e idc aof t he t w o p y
s c hic in stan c es and

avery ex cta an alogy for th c ext r o rdin a ary afiect ion w hic h I

apolit ical state in w hic h a rul cr jc alo us

, of his ri
g ht s , an d a

his dis
to respect the
miss al ; an d in
public
order not

wish
w toa sh o m
the autocrat will expressly confer
th t hc is co p elled
,

o ther w is e have b c en no occ asion . Th us thc s eco nd inst an ce

are inclined to put him down as a si m pl eto n

"I
.

p ret ation is capable of giving us hints about the structur e

vain from philosophy We shall not however follo w this

.
, ,

track but return to o ur original problem as soon as we have

,

is possible in as e
c m
drca d is fig u
re -
m en t has taken pl ace

m
disagreeable dreams as a matter of fact contain something
, ,

Such hy l dreams ae not un u

a c sual occurrences with m or
r e
with others . I am working up a certain sci ntific problem I am e ,

visited for many nights in rapi d succession b asom what conf using
which has as its content r conciliation with 3 L nd long dropped After
e
'

e
th ee or four atte m pts I finally succeeded in grasp ing i f; meaning of this
e

w
.

r
dream I t as in the nature of an encouragement to ve up th l ittle on
,
’

W
e c
uin question to drop imcom pl t l y b ut it
.

sid eration still left for e e

mef y” i the oppoait fee
, ,

disgui ed its l f sha

s e nI ha v e a e
'

c r
hostile mg and
w
.

hy pocritical oed i pus dream of a person i which ,

n
the uhes of d eath of th e dream thou hts wer e ls d by manifest tender
'

Ty pisches B isp iel in s v gappten O g u u u

e r cs

n ss Z atm lbla
g
e e e e er tt e r -
n
g ?
r
) m
.

fi n P M “ Rd 1 H ,ft l l l 1 9 10,0 A no e r d a -
h yp oc ri t i l e
d eams w ill be reported in another place
.

r .
 D IS T OR T I ON I N DREA M S

am e tim w
w
the s e fulfils a is h of t hc first inst an ce They a re

ms in th c scns c t hat evcry drcamorigin ates in th c

.

is h d rc a

w
first instance while the second inst an ce ac ts towards the
monly in a repelling n ot in a creative mann cr If e
,

d rc a , .

I f we do so all the riddles which t he authors have found in the

,

That the dream act ually has asecret m w

w
eaning hic h turns
t to be the fulfilment o f a is h must be pro ved at
,

cu or

ma
,

every c se a by e ns o f a
n analysis . I th c rc f o re sc lec t s ev er al

of them . They are partly dreams of hysterical subjects ,

hysteria . I cannot however avoid this added

, , difi cul ty in

dreams are always as I have said the subject of our dis

, ,

underst and i
ng sympt oms and herc I undergo an un
of his ,

sparing criticism which is perhaps not less keen than that I

,

w
must expect from my colleagues Con tradiction of the thesis
ma mt my
.

t hat all drc a s rc th e fulfil cn s o f ishes is r a

is ed by
pat ient s wit h perfect regularity . Here are several examples of

w m t hat mi w
w
Y o ua
l ays tell c t h c drc a a is h fulfilled
s

m
,

ba
gin s aclevcr lady patient . No I sh all tell yo u adrea
in which the content is quite the opposite in which a wish of
mine is not ful filled How do you reconc that with your
,

w
theory ? The drc amis as follo s
.

ma mawafi w
“
I a a a mfl
t to gi h i th i t h drd

m
pp v ng no g n e

mu m m m m mm
w
l a
ked h n , 1 thin k o going rbeting , b l re ber
M u a a m m
it rb S nd y
fi a m
e oo hen l l the shops d osed I
m ma
.

mw w
W u u l
h y to tel ep h re to so e c terers b t the telepho ne rls o t o
ma m
am
,

order Th e l
. a
st res ig n y is h to g i p
”
.

I answer of course, that only the analysis can decide t he

mm m m
,

nin g of thi s drea , a lthough l a d it t ha t a t firs t s igh t

1 24 T HE IN T E RPRE T AT ION OF DRE A M S
w
it seems s sible and cohcr t and looks like the opposite of w
a wish fulfilm
,

w
“
-
en t But what occurrence has given ris e to
.

”
this dream ? I ask You kno that the stimulus for a
.
“

day .

Ana l ys is —Thc husband of t he patient an upright and

.
,

conscientious wholesale butcher had tol d her the day bef ore ,

that b e re growing too fat and that he must there fore begin
treatm
, , ,

ent for obesity He was going to get up early take

.
,

exercise keep to a strict diet and above all accept no more

, ,

how her husband at an inn table had made the acquaintan ce

of an artist who insisted upon painting his portra it because
,

w w w
he the painter had never found such an expressive head
, , .

B ut her hus ban d had a

ns cred in his ro ugh a y t h
,at he a s

very thankful for t hehonour but that he was quite convinced ,

that a portion of the backside of a pretty young girl would

please the artist better than his whole face ‘ She said that .

t easc d hi mag ood dc al . S he had als o asked him n ot to s w d

As a a m
t ter of fa w
c t , s he ha
a d a m a n ted f or lo ng ti e to c t

the expense Of course she w

a caviare sandwich every forenoon but had grudged herself ,

ould at once get the caviare

mf
.
,

from her hus b an d, as soon a s s hc asked hi or it But s he

m
.

had b eggc d hi , on t he co n trary , not to send her t he ca are,

vi

explanations . We are re minded of subjects hypnotised by

b ein g asked f or th cir mti o vcs ,

”
inst c ad of ans w eri
ng I do
not know why I did that had to invent a reason that was ,

obviously inadequate Something similar is probably the

.

w
case with the caviare of my patien t I see that she is com
Hcr drc ama
.

pel l ed to cre ate an unf ulfillc d ish in lif c . ls o

shows the reproduction of the wish as accomplished But why .

does she need an unfulfilled wish

To sit for the painter Goeth e And if he ha no backside how can
. :
“
s .

t h nobl eman sit

e
1 26 T HE I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S

t his , ho wevc r, she drea m that

s on c of her o n ww
is heais not
fulfilled . T he drea mbecomes c apab le n t erpret a
of a new i non ,
'

shc has put hers elf in t hc place of her frien d , o r, as wma c y

say has identified hers elf with her
, friend .

I t hink s he has ac tually do n e t his , and a

s a si
g n of t his

ficatio n is a highly important factor in the mechanism of

hysterical sy mptoms by this means patients are mab led
,

in their symptoms to rep resent not merely their own experi

w w
en ces but the experien ces of a gre at number of other persons

and can sufier as it ere for a hole m

, ,

w
ass of e l
p p ,
o e and fill
all t he parts of adramab y m
, ,

eans o f t hcir o pe s aht ics

n
r o n

alon e It will here be objected that this is well known

.
-

hysterical imitation the abilit y of hysteric subjects to copy all

,

duct ion . But this only indicates the way in which the psychic

apt to i magi ne t he i itatio nm of hyst erical sub jects to b c : it

wit h a particular kind of twitching lodged m the company of ,

other patients rn the same room of the hospital is not surprised ,

when some morning he learns that this peculiar hysterical attack

Yes but psy chic infection proceeds in somewhat the following

,

manner : As a rule patients know more about one another

,

than the physician knows about eac h of them and they are ,

over So me of th e mhav e an att ac k to -

day : it is kn o n
soo n w
am a let t cr fro mho m
.

o ng t h c rc st t hat e , a return o f love

w
sickness or the like is the cause of it Their sympathy is aroused
, .
,

and the follo ing syllogism which does not reach conscious,
»
 DI S T ORT ION IN DREAMS
n ess , is co mpl et ed in t he m : If it is poss ible t o ha nd
ve t his k i

att ack fot, ave the same a

re sons . If t his wa ere cyele

its elf in fm of get t in g t he sam tta

e a ck ; b ut it t ak es p lao e

in another psychic sphere and , , therefore , ends in the realisa

not a simple imitation b ut a sympathy based upon the same

,
”
etiological claim ; it expresses an as though and ref ers to ,

Iden t ification is mt os of ten us ed in hysteria t o expres s

whom she has had sexual relations or who have sexual inter ,

In t he hysterical p han tasy , as wa ell s in th e drea m it, is s ufi

whet her or not they become real The patient then only .
, ,

hollows t he rules of the hysterical thought processes when she

gives expression to her jealousy of her friend (which moreover
dm
, ,

h e herself a
a it s to b e un just ified in that she puts herself in
,

—the denied wish )

w
. I might further clarify the process speci

w
fically as f oll o s : S he puts herself in t he plac e of her friend
in the dreamhec ause her friend has taken her o n plaoe in
,

relation to her husband and because she woul d like to take

,

her friend s pl ace in the esteem of her hus ban d

’
"
.
I

The contradiction to my theory of dreams in the case of

scheme that the non fulfilmen t of one wish signifies the fu

-
lfil
ment of another I had one day explained to her that the
dream is a wish fulfilm The next day she brought m
.

ent -
e a .

I myself regret the introd uction of such f rom the psycho

ol hy ste r ia which beca u se of th ei r rag me tary re rat ntation
to rn fromall connection with the subj ct cannot pave a v y
, , n
and f o e , l er
enli h tening infl u nc I f th e passages ae ca pabl of th rowing li ht upon
g e e es r e
th m tim t relations between th e drea man d th pa
w
.

e a e
y h n eu r s ey ha v e e c o o es,
a
erved the purp oa
e for hic h I have tak en th e mup .
1 28 T HE I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF D REA MS

had st r uggl ed violen t ly against sp ending t he um

s mer in th e
neighbourhood of her mother in law - -
. I also knew that she had

w m m Ce tainly it
w w
to my t heory of is h f u
~
lfil en t in th e drea i r

f mt hi d ami
,

a s on ly n eces s ry a to dra t he in feren c es ro s re n

mI
w w wa ww
order to get at its int erpretation Ac c or n
. o di g t thi d a
s re ,

w w mm w
a s in t he ron g It s tb h u fieh tha t l a hou ld be in th e
a
.

w w ww
rong , and this ish tke d sho ed her a s fu l fi ed B ut t he .

is h tha u
t I sho l d b e in t h e ro ng , hic h a s fu lfilled in the

At t hat ti me I had mad e up my mi d n , fro mth mat

e eri al

ill n ess mu t
s have oc c urred at acertain tim n her l i
e i fe . S he

am w w
w w
soon c e to see that l a s in t he ri
g ht Her is h t hat I
md into the dream
.

should b e in the ro n g , hic h is tra

ns f or e ,
thus

the time had only been suspected had never occurred at all , .

Wi thout an analysis and merely by means of an assumption

, ,

w
I to ok th e lib erty of in terpreting alit tle oc c urren c e in t he cas e
of a frien d , ho ha d b een y co llea g ue t hro ug h t hme eig h t
c lasses o f t he Gy na siu m He on c e hea m
rd alect u
. re o f in e m
delivered to a small assemblage, on the novel subject o f the

w w
dream as the fulfilment of a wish He went home dreamt .
,

that he had los t a uM

ll his a e —
as ala yer and th en com

w
plained to me about it I to ok refuge in th e evas ion
. One
can t in all one s suits but I thought to myself : If for
’ ’
,

eight years I sat as Primus on the first bench while he moved ,

naturally have had a wish from his boyhood days that I too , ,

might for once completely disgrace myself i

In the same way another dream of a more gloomy character
was offered me by a female patient as a contradiction to my
theory of the wish dream The patient a young girl began
-
.
, ,

as foll ows Y o u remember that my sister has now only one

boy Charles she lost the el der o ne Otto while I was s till at
, , ,

her house Otto was my favourite ; it was I who really

.
1 30 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE A M S
at that time the Professor returned aftma long
Certainly ; '

absence and I saw him once more beside the co fi n of litt l e

,
”
Otto It was exactly as I had expected I interpreted
. .

the dre am in the following manner : If now the other boy

were to die t he same thing would be repeated You woul d
, .

spen d the day with your sister the Professor woul d surely ,

come in order to ofier condolence an d you would see him again ,

si
g n i
fi es n o t hi
ng b ut t his w is h of y o urs to see hi magai n,

against which you are fighting inwardl y I know that you .

are carrying the ticket for to day s concert in your bag Your -
’
.

dream is a dream of impatience ; it has anticipated the

”
meeting which is to take place to day by several hours -
.

In order to disguise her wish she had obviously selected a

situation in which wishes of that sort are co mmonly sup ~

not thought of An d yet it is very easily probable that oval

.
,

in the actual situation at the bier of the second more dearl y ,

loved boy which the dream cop ied faithfully she had not
, ,

been able to suppress her feelings of aff ection for the visitor
whom she had m M ed for so long a time .

A difieren t explanation was found in the case of a similar

dream of another femal e patient who was distinguished in her ,

and who still showed these qualities at least in the notions

wa
which occurred to her in the course of treatment In con
m m
.

n ec t io n ith l o nger drea , it see ed t o this lad y th at sh e

saw her fifteen -
year o ld daughter lying dead before her in a
-

box She was strongly inclined to convert this dream image -

into an objection to the theory of wish ful fil m

.

en t but hersel f -

suspected that the detail of the box must lead to a difiermt

,

conception of the dream ‘ In the course of the analysis it

.

of the company had turned upon the E nglish word box ,

and upon the numerous translations of it into German such ,

as box theatre box chest box on the ear &c From other
, , , , .

components of the same dream it is now possible to add that

the lady had guessed the relationship between the E nglish
word box and the German B itches and had then been
”“
,

Somet hing like the s moked airn n in the dream of the deferred supper
c c .
 DI S T OR T I ON I N DREAMS
haunt ed b y the e ory t ha t Biz mm
d ls e s
us ed in vulgar s peec h to designate t he fe
mw as
mal
ell

e genit
box ) is
al o rg n . a
It was theref ore possible making a certain allowance for her
,

not ions on the subject of topographical anato my to assume ,

that the child in the box signified a child in the womb of the
mother At this s tage of the expl anation she no longer den ied
.

w
that the picture of the dre am really corresponded to one of
her wishes Like so many other young women she as by
.
,

no means happy when she became pregnant and admitted to ,

birth ; in a fit of anger following a violent scene with her

husband she had even struck her abdomen with her fists in
order to hit the child within The dead child was therefore .
, ,

really the fulfilment of a wish but a wish which had been ,

ww
put aside for fifteen years and it is not surprising that the
m
,

fulfil en t o f the a is h s no lo ng er rec og nis ed after so lo n g

The group of dreams to which the two last mentioned

belong having as content the death of beloved relatives will
, ,

be considered again under the head of Typical Dreams I “

.
”

s ha ll there be able to show by new examples that in spite of

their un desirable content all these dreams must be inte rpreted
as wish fulfil m
,

en ts
-
For the following dream which again
. ,

w
was told me in order to deter me from a hasty generalisation of
the th eory of is hing in dream s I amindeb ted no t to a
m
, ,

a
w
p t i t but to an i ntelligent jurist of my acquaintance I
m my inf orman t tells me that I am alking in frm
.

u
wa a w
drea
“

my m m
, ,

w
of house l d yith
on y a H e rs clo s ed ag o n is a
m ma m
.

wm
aitin g a genda n sk ps ap to gi h is a ut h ority as aa
m
,

a
m w m
agent ol the pd ic and dc r nds that l sho uld /ollo hi I
m
.

w m
only as k [or ti e in hich to aps y fia a irs C an you .

p o sfib ly s upp os e t h is is a s h of
i in e to b e a rres t ed i
” “
“
Of course not , I must admit Do you happen to know .

upon what charge you were arrested Yes ; I believe for

infanticide ”
Infanticide ? But you know that only a
.
“

motha can commit this crime upon her newly born child
'

‘
That is true ) “ “
And under what circumst ances did you
I t ofte happens that a dream tol d m ml ately and that a e ll e
n 18 co r co c
tion of the omitted p t i ons app ars only in t co urse of th analysi s
,

r' e e e
These portions eu fi
w
.

en t l fitted in regularly f urnish t he key to the

{
,

i te pr
n r etat i . o ut fo rgetting i n dreams .
1 32 T HE I N TERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AM S
dream ; what happen ed o n the evening b ef ore i
rather not tell you that ; it is a delicate matter
I o ul d
But I
w
must have it otherwise we must forgo the in tmpretation of
.

'

,
”
the dream Well then I will tell you I spent the night
.
, , .
,

ww
not at home but at the house of a lady who means very much
to me When e a ok e in t he m so m
,

wu
o rn i
ng et hing agai n

a m
.
,

pas sed bet een s . Th e en t to s l eep again and

, drea t

w
”
what I have to d you l . The woman is married 3 Yes .

“
And y oud o n ot is h her t o c on c ei
ve aohild ”
? No ; t hat
might betray us Then you do n ot practise normal
.

coitus 2 I take the precaution to withdraw before ciacu

lation AmI perm
. it ted to as sume that you did t his tric k
were not quite sure whet her you had succeeded ? That

w
might be the case Then your dre am is the f ulfilment of
’

ma
.

s is h . By e ns of it yo u sec ure th e a
ss urance t hat y ou
have not begotten a child or what amounts to the same thing , , ,

w ww
that you have killed a ch ild I can easily demonstrate the
mmb
.

co n n ecti
ng lin k s Do yo u re e afe days ago e ere
er,

matrimony (Ehm
.

talking about the dist ress of ro t ) and abo ut ,

as no i mpregnation takes place while every delinquency after

the ovum and the semm meet and a foetus is formed is
,

pun s hed a
i s a c ri m? e In co nn ec tion with this , wa
e ls o re

called the medie val controversy about the momart of time at

which the soul is really lodged i n the f cs t us since the con c ept ,

o f murder becomes admissible only from that point on Doubt

less you also know the gmes o m
.

e poem by Lenau which puts ,

”
infanticide and the prevention of children on the same plane .

S trangely enough I had happened to th ink of Lenau during

,

the afternoon Another echo of your dream And now

I shall demonstrate to you another subordinate wish f ulfilm
. .

w w
ent -

in y o ur dream You alk in fron t of yo ur hous e ith t he lady

.

on your arm So you take her home instead of spending t he

.
,

night at her house as y o u do in act uality The fact that the

wish fulfil m
.
,

-
en t which is t he eesenc e of th e dream disguis es
, ,

itself in such an unpleasant form has perhaps more than one ,

y o will see that I note interrupt ed coitus as o ne of the fact ors

u
which cause the devel opment of neurotic fear It would be .
1 34 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE A M S
which one has not yet been mention ed although it plays a ,

wrong Th es e dream
. s regularly oc cu n the c o u
r i me of my
treatment if the patient shows a resistance against me and I ,

can count with a large degree o f certainty upon causing such

a dream after I have once explained to the patient my theo ry
that the dream is a wish fulfilm
w
en t ) “ I may even expect this
-

a in a d reamm
w amw
to b e t he c se erely in o rd er t o fulfil the is h
t hat I may appear in t he rong . The last dre hic h I
shall tell from those occurring in the course of treatmen t

hard to continue my treatment against the will of her re ,

lat ives and the authorities whom she has consulted dreams as
follows : She is /orbidden at home to co me to m any m e
,

S he
mi d m m mad
.

w
then re n s/ the p ro i
e os e l e t ha for nofliis g
her to trea '

if neces sary , a
n d I sa y t o he r
“
I can sho d era
no cons i tioaia

It is not at all easy in this case to demonstrate the fulfilmmt

the solution of which helps also to solve t he first Where .

does s he get the words which she puts into my mouth ! Of

1

her brothers the very one ho has the greatest influence ovm
, w '

her has been kind enough to make this remark about me It

, .

is then the purpose of the dream that this brother should

remain in t he right ; and she does not try to justify this
brot her merely m
in t he drea ; it is her p urpos e in lif e an d thc
motive for her being ill .

The other motive for co unter wish dreams is so clear that -

there is danger of overlooking it as for some time happened in ,

my own case In the sexual make up of many people there is

.
-

a masochistic component which has arisai through the c on

,

version of the aggressive sadistic compon ent into its opposite

, .

Such people are called ideal ma sochists if they seek ,

pleasure not in the bodily pain which may be inflicted upon

them but in humiliation and in chastisement of the soul
, .

im lar co unt wi h dr ams ha v be n r p atedly repo rted to m

last f w
“
S i er s - e e e e e e
with n
i th e y a rs by my
e upi
el s who th us r acted to th ei r fi s t e r on

co unter with th Wish th eo ry of t dr am

e
“
e e .
”
 DI S T OR T ION I N D REAM S

and disagreeable dreams which however for them are nothing , , ,

was homosexually inclined but who has undergone a complete ,

w
change of character has the following dream which consists
, ,

t hree pa He is
”
of rts : ( )
1 ins ulted by his broths r . 2
( ) T o

w mm m
w/ u aw
His brother has sold tb c enterp ris e hos e g c ent thc you ng

m mmed
n l or his o n ut rs . Hea m lrens fro t he last

mentioned dream with the most unpleasant feelings and yet ,

it is a masochistic wish dream which might be translated -

,

I t would serve me quite right if my brother were to make that

sale against my interest as a punishment for all the torments ,

I hope that the above discussion and exampl es will sufiicc

t hat even mw
drea s
it h a pai ful n co n ten t are to b e na
a ly sed
as t he m
ful fil en t s
f wishes Nor
will it seem a matter of
o .

chance that in the course of interpretation one al ways happens

upon subjects of which one does not like to speak or think .

The disagre eable sensation which such dreams arouse is

—
simply identical with the antipathy which endeavours usually
—
with success to restrain us from the treatment or discussion
of such subject s and which must be overcome by all of us if in
, , ,

spite of its unpleasantness we find it necessary to take the ,

matter in hand But this disagreeable sensation which

.
,

occurs also in dreams does not preclude the existence of a ,

wis h ; everyone has wishes which he would not like to tell to

others which he does not want to admit even to himself We
, .

w
are on ot hn grounds justified in connecting the disagreeable
'

all th es e dream mdi fig u

, ,

aa
c h r c t er o ith t he fa d rea
f s

ment and in concl uding that these dreams are dist rted and
ct of

o
s re

that the wish fulfilm

, ,

en t i n them is disguised until recognition

-

is im p o smbl e for no other reason than that a repugnance a ,

ww
will to supp ress exists in rel ation to the subject t of
m m
,

th e drea or in rel ation to t he ish hic h t he drea crea tes

mdi figuem t
.

D rea s r en , t hen , t urns out in rea lity to b e an a ct

1 36 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
w waw m
a a
w
a
hich t he n lysis of disa g reeabl e d re s h s b ro ugh t t o

light if e re o rd o ur for u la as foll o s : The dr m a is tlie m

with painf ul conten t dreams of anxiety the , , in clusion of

m
w
the uninitiated B ut I ca n set t l e t he pro ble of an xiet y

m m
.

w
drea n very sh ort ord er ; f or
s i hat t h ey ay reveal is no t
ane aspect of t he drea pro b le ; it is aquestion in their m m
case of understandin g neurotic anxiety in general . The fear

w w
by the dream content If we subject the content of t he
mt maa mf a i
.

d rea o analys is e b ec o e re th at the drea e r s no

m am t t
,

ore jus fified b y t h e d re con en than th e fear i

n apho bia

am ww
w
ex pl e it i
s t rue t h at it i
s p os s ibl e t o fall o ut c f a i
n d o

an d that so m re m ust b e exm

, ,

e ca ci sed hen cn e is n ea r a
‘

win dow , but it is inexplicable why the anxiety in the co re r

an ext en t so mu h c gre ater than i

s w
aa rr n ted b y its ori
g in .

applies also to the drea

ases the m of a
n xiet y In b o th c

anxiet y is only superficial ly att ached to the idea which ac co m

.

On ac coun t c f the in t imate relation of drea fea m

r to u
ne ro t c i

In a lit tl e essay on The Anxiety Neurosis 1 I maintained ,

’

t hat n euro tic f ear ha t s origin in t he s exu

s i al life and corre
to a libido which has been turned away fromits object
,

sp o nds

and has not succeeded in being applied From this formula .

,

we may deduce the conclusion that the content of anxiety

ma m ntion h r th impl fi ation and mod ification of this

We e e e e
’

i c
fundam ntal y mula p opound d by Otto Bak
s
e or On th basis a d with, r e n
“
e n
t he h l p of r pr ssed i nfantil s x ual mat rial, the dream
e e e larl y r pro e e e e
s nts a fulfill e”d actual an d as a rul also rotic wish” in a i guised and
a
e s e e s

m
mde si h selbst deutet W h ich v B leul e
, ,

holic form Eiri Tra u r c r

w
.
, , , .
,

p 6 19
M M P cyd m
nd I I B

W m
, . .
, .
,

T S e S sle t d Pa“
e ce p l 33 t ra O .
,

by A A Bri ; f N u a d M al D a
i a M ono gr a ph
gat"da
e . v. n t n n o er o s en ,
 THE MATE RI A L AN D SO U RCES O F DR E AMS

An a co m
n ing to rea lis e fro mt he analys is o f the dreamo f
Irma s injection that the dream is the fulfilmen t of a wish
’
,

thus dim
w
o vered a univers al characteristic of the dream and ,

for the time being e put aside every other question which

we may turn back and select a new starting po int for our -

excursions among the problems of the dream even though we

may lose s ight for a time of the theme of wish fulfilm
,

en t -

which has been as yet by no means exhaustively treated .

Now that we are able by applying our process of inter

,

pret at ion to discover

, a latent dream content which far sur

are impelled to take up the individual dream problems afresh ,

seemed when we had only the manifest content beyond our

, ,

reach may not be solved for us satisfacto rily .

The statements of the aut hors concerning the relation of

t he dream to waking lif e as well as concerning the source of
,

t he dream material have been given at length in the intro

,

d ucto ry chapter We may recall that there are three pec u

.

liarities of recollection in the dreams which have been often ,

remarked but never explained

few days preceding (Robert ,

“ m
S t rii pell , “ Hildebrandt ,
” als o

2
. That it makes its selection according to principles other

is essential and important but what is subordinate and dis

,

regard ed (cl p . .
 T HE M AT ERIA L OF DREAM S 1 39

our childhood and brings to light details from this period of

,

life which again seem trivial to us and which in waking life ,

These peculiarities in the selection of the dream material

have of course been observed by the authors in connection
with the manifest dream content .

( )
0 Recent and I ndiflerent I mpress ion s in h
t e Dream

of the elements which appear in the dream I must at once ,

w
express the opinion that some reference to the experiences of
the do y hich has mt os recend y pass ed is t o b e foun d in every

dream . Whatever dream I take up , whether my own or

trying to learn the experience of the previous day which has

stimulated the dream ; for many cases indeed this is the , ,

quic kest way In the case of the two dreams which I have
.

subje c te d to cl ose analysis in the preceding chapter (of Irma s ’

injection and of my uncle with the yellow beard ) the reference

,

to the previous day is so obvious that it needs n o further

regularly demonstrated I shall examine a portion of my own ,

dream chronicle I shall report the dreams only so far as is

.

w w
necessary for the discovery of the dream stimul us in question
mak amadm
.

w
1 . I e avisit at aho use here l
itt ed on ly it h
difficulty , &c .
, and meanwhil e I keep a woman aiting for me .

relative to the efiec t that she would have to w

a for some aid it

2 . I have writt en a mo nogr aph about a certain (obscure )

S ource — I have seen in the show window of a book sto re a -

t is cl a r that th conc ption of Robert that the dream is inten ded to

I e e e .

ri d ou m emo ry of t he usel s impressions which it has r c i v d d uring the

r e s e e e
day is no long r t nabl if ind iff r nt m mori s of child hood ap ar in the
dr am with s m degre f fr q u ncy T h concl usion wo ul d pe
,
e e e, e e e e
e o e e o ve to b e
e e . e
drawn that t h dr am ord i arily p r fo rms v ry inad eq uat ly the d uty which
e e n e e e
is pr scribed for it
e .
1 40 T HE IN T ERP RE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
3 . I see two womai on the street , mther a d daughte
o n r, the

m what difficulties her mth

e o er puts in the way of her continu

4 . At the book store of S and . R . I subscribe to a periodical

still owe her 20 florins of her weekly allo ance w

5 I receive a com mun ication in which I am treated as a
.

member from the S ocial Democratic Co m

.
,

, mittee .

the Liberal Co mmittee on Elect i ons and from the president of

the H umanitarian Society of which I am really a member
ma mkldl
.
,

6 . A n on a stesp rock in th s c o f the oce n , a aft er

the manner of B oecklin .

from my relatives in E ngland 8m , .

The question might be raised whether the d ream is ih ,

variably connected with the events of the previous day or

whether the reference may be extended to im m
,

p re io ns from a
longer space of time in the im mediate past Probably this .

matter cannot claim primary i mportance but I should like ,

to decide in favour of the excl usive priority of the day before

w
the dream (t he dream day ) As often as I thought I had
-
.

found a s a where an impression of two or three days M o re

had been the so urc e of the dream I could convince yself , m ,

remembered the day bef ore that a demonstrable reproduction,

had been interpolate d between t he day of the event and the

time of the dream and furthermore I was able to point o ut the
recent occasion upon which the recollection of the old im
, , ,

pression might have occurred On the other hand I was .

,

unable to convince myself that a regular interval ( H S woboda .

calls the first one of this kind eighte en ho urs ) of biological

significance occ urs between the stimulating impression of the
day and its repetition in the dream ‘
.

As mentioned i the firs t cha ter p 67 H Swobod a appli es b road ly

n , .
, .

to th e chic acti vity the biologics inte rvals of twen ty th r an d

,
-
ee
eight ays d iscov r d by W Fl i ess and lays special m phasis upon
e e .
, e e
t hat th s per iods a
e e re d eter mi ant fo r t he a ppeara ce of the dream el em ents
n n
 142 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF D REAM S

of the day of the dream (one of the reo t impressions )

rmhes back to these earlier ones .
w
wu j
But why this preference for recent impressions We shall
a
re c h so m e c on ec t j ures on this point if e s h ect on e of t he
dreams already mentioned to a more exact analysis I select .

the dream about the monograph

Content of the drcam I havc r en a mmgmph up oaa
— .
.

w
m w
of the Romans Wh en had I firs t (and last ) seen this mon umnt ?
. e
in to my not s it was on th s v nteenth day of S p temb r in th veni e e
ans fromthi date to th e dmmth
e , e e e , es
s ea ll y pa ss ed 13 a nd 10 eq
23 day s—
ere r ,

acco rding to Fli ess a masculin e period ”

w
, , .

But I t to say that h re too this conn ec tion seems som what less e , , e
in vitable w
e e nter into th
en interpretation of this dream The dr am
e e . e
was oc asioned b y th information r c i v d on t h day of th dream that
c e , e e e e e ,

had been changed to som other place I took it for grant d that t he ew
t he lectur room i n th clinic in which I was in v ited to d li v r my l ctures
e-
e e e e
e e n
roomwas v m v ie tl y sit uated an d said to mys lf it is as bad as not
.

e con en n ,
e ,

an cotur room at m) d isposal My thoughts m ust hav then

m
he
n ge k to th tim wh ; I first h am adocent when I r al] had
1
,:
e e
12
-
.

e e e et ec s e
no le tue roomand when in my fl t to get I mt with li a
,

c r e or s o ne, e e )
m m
, ,

co ura g t f ro
e t h
ene v r y in fl u ntial g ntl m n coeu ncil l ors an d f s eo e e e ro e s rs .

I n my d istress at that tim e I ap ed t L who th n had th tit of dean o e e e

and whom I consi d r d kind ly is s d H promis d to h l p m b ut that
, .
, ,

e e o e e
was all I v r h ard from him fn th dream h is the Archim d s who
. e e e,
e e e e e e e
i ves me th eam and leads m into th other room That n ei ther t he
.
,

e t e e
gesire for reve g nor the consciousness of one s own im portance is absen t
w
.

’
n e

retation I must concl ud ho w

in this dr am W 11 be read ily d i v ined by th e famil iar with dream i t r
e 1 n e
ev r that without this moti v for t he
e, e e
d am Archimed s wo uld hardly hav got into th dr am that ni ght I
.
,

re , e e e e .

am not certain wh th r th and still recent impr ssion of t h statue

e e e e e
in Sy racuse di d not also come to sur face at a d itl t int rval of t im e e
'

eren e .

I I I —D a mfi mOctob r s s 1 9 10 re o e -
, .

( F rag m nt) eS m th abo u t P r of sso r O so r who

e him s'

e lf p r p a ed e e e r
m which a to restore me t great p ace of m i n d ( rest
,

th m n u f
e e or e, c n o e

a r action to th d iges ti v d ist urbances of this day wh ich

e e e
mad me consid r asking
e of my colleagu s to arrange a d i t or me
e on e e e .

T hat in the dream I s l cted for this Profes so r Osar who had di d
e e , e
in th summ r i s bas d on th r c t at ( Octob r 1 ) of another un iv it
e e e e e en e e ers

w
,

teach r whom I highly r v r d B ut wh n did Os r d ie ad wh n did

e e e e . e e , n e
h ar his d ath ? A cco rd ing t t h e p a otic h d ie d on t h
o e ne s er n
gust b ut as I was at the tim in fiolland whith r my V i n na
e e e, e

w
22 d of A u
n

p a rs w e r e re g u la r ly sent
.

m I m u s t
on the 5 th or 2oth of A us t This interval lon g r corr spo ds t
ne s ha v re a d th obit u a r y no t ice e,
e
e e
e e

p r iod I t tak s in 7 an g30 and 2 q uals 39 days or perhaps 38 days

r . no e e n o
e . e ,
e , , .

cannot recall hav ing spok n or thought of Os d uring th is int rval” e sr e .

Such int rvals a were not ava labl for th period theory without
e s i e e
“

furth r labo ation w r shown from my dr ams t b far mor f r quent

e e r ,
e e e o e e e
than the regular ones As maintain d in t he t xt th only thing constan tly
. e e ,
e
found is th e relation to an impression of the day of the dream inel f .
 wm
T HE MA T ERIAL OF DREAMS
cert ain
plan t T he book l iee bc/ore me I amj ming over
mam s bm
.

afolded coloured plate A dfied sp of the pla nd

’

. n nt i

Ana lysis — In the fo renoon I s a in the show window of a w -

book sto re a b ook entitled T he Gem Cyclam en apparently , ,

The cyclam en is the favourite flower of m y wife I t e

proach myself for so seldo mthinking to bring her flowers as

.

w
she ishes In connection with the them e brin gin g flowers ”
,

I amreminded of a story which I recen tly tol d in a circle of

.
,

p urpose of the un conscious and that in an y case it warran ts,

a concl usion as to the secret disposition of the person who

forgets A young wom an who is acc usto med to receive a
bunch of flowers fromher husband on her birthday m
.

isses ,

this token of affection on a fest ive occasion of this sort an d

thereupon bursts into tears The husban d com
,

es up and
is unable to account fo r her tears until she tells him Tod ay
.
,

is m
,

y birthd ay ”
H e st rikes his fo rehead a n d c ries Why
I had co m
.
, ,

pletely forgotten it an d wants to go o ut to get her

”

so m
,

e flowers B ut she is not to be con soled for she sees in

.
,

the forgetful ness of her husband a proof that she does not
play the same part in his thoughts as form
w w
erly This Mrs L
met my wife t o days before and told her that she as feeling
. . .

well an d asked abo ut m

, e She as under m y t re
.a t m ent ye ar
,

s w
Supple mentary facts : I once actually wrote something
l ike a m onograph on a plant nam
w
ely an essay on the coca , ,

plant which drew the atten tion of K K eller to the an st het ic

, .

w
properties of cocaine I had hinted at this use of the alkaloid
in m
.

y pu blic ation b ut I as not s,uflic ien t ly thoro ugh to

of the day after the dream(for the interpretation of which I

did not find tim e until t he evening ) I had thought of cocaine

w
in akind o f day phant asy In case I sh c uld ev er b e afllicted
with glaucom
.

aI a s going to go to Berlin a n d there ha ve

myself operated upon incognito at the house of my Berlin
, ,

friend by aphysician whomhe would recom mend to me The

, ,

surg eon who would not know upon whomhe as operating

,

w
.

w oul d boa
st a s usual how easy these operations had beco m
,

e
,
1 44 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S

c o ll e ague w
f or his o n p ers o n I s ho ul d b e able t o pa
y t h e

m
.

Be lin eye specialist who did

r n ot know e, like anyone else
allin g t his day d mam d o I realis e that t h e
, .

Onl y after rec -

recollection of a definite experience is concea led behin d it

fter K oller s discovery my father had in fact becom
.

w
Shortly a e
’

ucom a; he as operated upon by m

, ,

il l with gla y friend the ,

eye specialist Dr K oen igstein Dr K eller attended to the

, . . .

that all three of the persons who had shared in the in tro

w mw w
duction of cocaine had been brought to gether on o n e cas e .

This w
I no pro c eed to t hin k of t h e ti h e a a
en l s l st re

mi ded of this aflai

n r abo ut the cocaine . a afew days s

grateful scholars had co m memorated the ann iversary of their

teacher an d laborato ry director Am on g the hon ours .

ascribed to pers ons connected wit h the laboratory I found a ,

notice to the effect that the discovery of the an e sthetic pro

p ert i
e s of cocaine had been m ade ther e by K K oller N ow I
suddenly becom e aware that the dreamis conn ecte d wit h an
. .

experience of the previous evening I had j ust acco m panied

Dr K oenigstein to his ho m e and had spoken to himabo ut a
.

.
,

mentioned w
While I as talkin g with himin the vest ibule
ng wife cam
.
,

Prof esso r Ga
rtner an d his yo u e up I could .

appearance Now Profess or Girtn er is one of the autho rs

ve j ust spoken an d m
.

of the FM fi/t of which I ha ay well ,

disappointment I have referred to , had been mentio n ed , in

I shall now try to explain the other determinations of t he

the m on ograph as though it were aha rbo r ima A rec oll c cfion -

of the gym m (school ) is conn ected with the herbarium

.

wa
nas iu

ur gym mon ce called t he

.

The direc to r of o nasiu hcl rs of t he

1 46 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
graphs a hobby which occ urs in the dreamthoughts with
men an d artichoke ) I became abook worm
,

reference to cycla -

m
.

( f
c. he rbari u ) I have .alwa ys referred this first pauion of

im pression or rather I have recognised in this childish scen e

a concealing recoll ection fo r m
,

y su bseq uent love of books " l

Of course I also learned at an early age that o ur pam

.

w
ions are

oft en o ur sorro s Whea as sev en teen years old I had a

nd no m
.

v ery res p ec t ab le bill at the book st ore a ea ns with

,

that my inclination had n ot been fixed on so mething wors e .

friend Dr K oenigstein Fo r the talk on the evening of the

dreamd ay brought up the sam e old reproach that I amtoo
. .

path which leads to it . In the course of the interpretation ,

indeed of m ore than on e portion of it If I consider the

subjects to uched upon in this conversation the m
.

eaning of ,

on the character of aj ust ification of apleading fo r my rights

like the first analys ed dream of Irm
, ,

as in jection it even ’

con tin ues the theme which that dreamstarted an d dis c ms es

,

w
it with the n e subject matter which has accrued in the interval
,

The meaning is no w I amindeed the ma who n has written

that tim
w
I amathorough
e I a
sserted for my justifica
tion

Pand a
my m y
-mu
Cf
.

m “
Us her Dec k erinn eruugcn ,
,
1 899 .
”
in the Meo fi r
 T H E M A T ERI AL OF DREAM S 1 4-7

a
nd in d us tric us student ; in bo th a
c s es , then : I c n a afl ord

at io n of the dream because m

w
p ret y only p urpose in repo rting
it as to examin e the relation of the dreamconten t to the
,

experien ce of the previous day which arouses it As long as

I know only the m anifest co n tent of this dream b ut one
.

tion to a day impression beco m

,

rela es obvio us ; after I have

made the in terpre tation 3 secon d source of the dreambecomes
w
.

me day The first of

,

evid t in a n other experien ce of t he sa

these impressions to which the dreamre fers is an indifferen t

.

one a s ubordinate circum stance I see a book in a shop

window whose title holds m e fo r am om
, .

ent an d whose contents ,

psychic value ; I have talk ed earnestly with my frien d the

list for abo ut an ho ur I have m
,

ey e specia ade all usions in

this con versation which m
, ,

ust have to uched both of us closely

an d which awaken ed m emories revealing t he m
,

ost diverse

broken o ff unfin ished because so me frien ds j o in ed us What

now is the relation of these two impression s of the day to each
.
,

other and to the dreamwhich fo llo wed during the next n ight 2
,

I find in the m anifest con ten t merely an all usion to the

indifl eren t impression an d m ay thus reaflirmthat the dream
,

the dreamin terpretation o n the con trary everything con

w
In
m
verges upon an im rtan t event hich is j ustified in dem
, ,

w
andin g
att ention If I j udge the dream in the only co rm
. ot ay ,

the analysis I have unawares co m e upon anew and im portant

fac t I see the n o tio n that the dreamdeals only with the
,

worthless fragm ents of daily experien ce shattered I am

.

com pelled also to contradict t he assertion that o ur waking

psychic life rs not con tin ued mthe dream an d that the dream
w
instead astes psychic activity upon atriflin g subject m
,

att er
The opposite rs true ; what has occupied o ur m
.

inds during the

dreamonly of such matte s a have given u

r s s food for tho ugh t

Perhaps the most obvious explanation for the fact that I

1 48 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S

the dreamd isfigurem

wa
en t
-
which we have above traced to a
,

p y
s c hic po er c t in g as a cen sor . The rec ollection of t he

mu h c as m ti en on of t he frien d in t he drea mf o t he def erred

supper is represente d by the allusion smoked salmon .
”
The

deferred supper the relation is set forth at the outset

, smok ed

we have two separated impressions which seemat first glance

to have nothing in co mmon except that they occur on the
,

same day The monograph catches my attention in the

.

The answer supplied by the analysis is as follows : Such re

are establis hed subseq uently between the presentation content

relation in the course of record ing the analysis With the

of the m o n ograph on cyclamen I should probably
.

w
n otio n

associate the ideathat cyclam en is my wife s favourite flo er

’

further recollection of the bun ch of flo ers m issed by Mrs L w . .

I do not beh ave that these un derlying tho ughts wo uld have
been sufficien t to call forth adream .

T h er e eed o gh nt my lord co m f o mt he grave

s n os , , e r

T tell u th i
”

wa
o s s,

as e re d in mlet
Ha B ut behold ! I m reminded in
a
the analysis that the nam e of t he m
.

w
an who interrupte d o ur

w
conversatio n as G iirtn er (Gardener ) and that I found his
if e in b loo mi g
n hea
lth ; ‘ I even re mmb
,

e er no wa th t o ne o f
15 0 T HE IN T E RPRE T AT I ON OF DREA MS

the regul arly recurring experiences of dreamanalysis . B ut

mediate steps adisplacemen t let

— , us s ay of the psychic accent

with intensity by taking over the charge fromideas which

,

have a stronger initial intensity reach a degree of strength , ,

Such displacem ents do n o t at all surprise us when it is a

question of the besto wal of aff ects or of the motor ac tions in

transfers her afl ec t io n to anim als that the bachelor becom es a ,

passionate collector that the soldier defen ds ascrap of colo ured

cloth his flag with his lif e blood that in alove afiair am om
,

, ,
-
en,

tary clasping of hands brings bliss or that in Othello a

—
lost h ndkerc hief c uses bust of rage all these are examples
,

a a a r

of psychic displacem ent which seem unquestionable to us

me manner an d according to the same fund»
.

B ut if in the sa
mental principles adecision is mad e as to what is to reac h our
,

conscious ness an d wh at is to be withheld fro mit that is to

,

m
,

sa y what we are to think — this p rod uces an i pression of

morbidity an d we c all it an error of thought if it occurs in
,

waking life We m
,

ay here anticipate the result of a dis

—
ken later nam
.

cu ssion which will be u n derta ely to the effect

that the psychic process which we have recogn ised as dream
,

displacem ent proves to be n o t a process m orbidly disturbed

b ut a process diff ering fro mthe norm al m
,

erely in being of a

We th us find in the fact that the dreamcontent takes up

rem nants of trivial experien c es a m anifestatio n of dream
disfigure m ent (by m eans of displacem ent ) an d we m ay rec all
that we have recognised this dreamdisfigure m
.

w
en t as the work
of a censor which con trols the passage bet een two psychic
instances We accordingly expect that dreamanalysis will
.

regu larly reveal to us t he gen uine significant so urce of

the dreamin th e l ife of the day the recollection of which has
,

transferred its accent to so m

,

e indifferent recollection This

con ception brings us into co mplete opposition to Ro bert 8
.

theory which thus becom

w
es valueles s fo r us The fact which
mply d ass n m
.
,

a ain exi
’
Ro b ert s tryin g t o exp l si o esn t st ; it s p
 T HE MA T ERIAL OF D REAMS
tion is bas ed upon a misunderstanding upon the failure to
substitute the real meaning of the dream for its apparent
,

If it w
ere re ally t he d uty of t he drea m by ma e ns o f as pc cial
ps ychic ac ti vity to rid o ur mem
,

ory of the slag of the re

collections of the day o ur sleep would have to be m
,

ore tro ubled

and em ployed in am ore strain ed effort than we m
,

ay suppose
it to be fro mo ur waking life For the num ber of in difieren t
.

have to protect o ur m emory is obviously in finitely large ; the

night wo uld not be long eno ugh to acco m
,

plish the task It is

very m uch m
.

ore probable that the forgetting of in difieren t

part of o ur psychic powers

S nl l so m
.

ething cautions us against taking leave of Robert s ’

one fro m the previo us day in deed re gularly furnished a

—
con trib ution to the dreamcontent Relations between this -

im pression an d the real source of the dreamdo not always

.

exist fromthe beginning as we have seen they are estab

lis hed on ly subsequently in the cours e of t he dreamwork
,

, ,

as t hough in order to serve the purpose of the intended dis

placemen t There m
. ust therefore be so m e n ecessity to form
, ,

conn ections in this particular direction of the recent although

indifferen t im pression ; the latte r m
, ,

ust ha ve special fitness

f or this purpose beca use of so m e property Otherwise it
woul d be j ust as easy fo r the dreamthoughts to transfer their
.

accent to so m e inessential m e mber of their own series of

If aday ha s b ro ught two o r more experiences which are fitted

to stim te a dream then the dreamfuses the m
w w
ula en tion of
n im
,

ho t h in to as in gle ho le ; it o b ey s a p rdee to loeh i

o n a ho le

out of them; f o r insta n ce : One su mmer afternoon I entere d

unknown to each other . One of w
them as an in fluential col

a
e c h ot her ; b ut during the lo ng de
ri 1 w
a
s t he go -
between
15 2 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S
in the con versation so that I had to treat asub jeot of c on
,

versation now with the one now with the other I asked
my colleague to recommend a common friend who had j ust
.
,

begun his m edical practice He an swered that he as con

vinced of t he young m an s thoroughness b ut that his pl ain
’
. w
appearance woul d m
,

ake his entrance into ho useholds of rank

difficult I answered : That is j ust why he needs recom
.
“

un t the m
—
w
tra veller ab o ut t he healt h of his a o t her o f on e o f

my patients who as at the time prostrated by a serious

—
illness During the night after this journey I dream
w w
. t that the

w
young friend f or ho t ad asked assis t an c e as in a
splendid salon and as m
, ,

aking afuneral oration to a select

co m pany with the air of am
,

—
w
an of the world the oration being
dy (n o dead fo r the purposes of the dream)
w
upon the old la
who as the aunt of the secon d fellow traveller (I confess -
.

pression s of t he day an d by m eans of themco mposed aunified

,

w
situation
In vie of m any similar experiences I amdriven t o oon c lude
.

that a kin d of co m pulsion exists for the dream fun ct ion

,

forcing it to bring together in t he dreamall the available

,

so urces of dream stimul ation into a unified whole ‘

In a .

acq uainted with this im pulse for putting together as apart of

condensation another prim
w
ary psychic process
I shall no discuss the ques tion wheth er the source from
.

w hich the dreamoriginates and to which o ur analysis leads

must always be a recent (an d significant ) event or whether
, ,

a subjective experien ce that is to say the recol lection of a

, ,

—
psychologically valuable experience a chain of thought —c an
take the part of adreamstimul us The answer which result s
most un equivocally fro mn umero us analyses is to the following
.
,

The stimul us for t he dream m

,

eff ect ay be a s ubjectiv e

occ urrence which has been m
.

, ade recent as it were by the , ,

w v a
se er
Th e

l a
te d ncy f the d amf u c tio n to f u v yth in g f interest
uth f
n

i tanc
e o

by D luge p 4 1 Dc l h uf W
o rs , or
" ns “e,
re
h ich i prese t i t imul taeou t eatm t ha al ady b en ticed b y
s n n o s n s
e
n
r

,
en
.
,
s
s e e er

re
cs ,
e
o
no

Forc e; p 286
. .
15 4 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S

remain a psychologically valuable train of t hought . In a

pression If it be added that the sam e indiff eren t impressions

which are used for the dream as long as they are recent lose
.

this availability as soon as they beco me a day (o r at m

, ,

ost
several days ) older the assumpt ion m ust be m
, ade that the

value fo r dreamform ation which is so m ewhat equivalent to

the val ue of em otionally accentuated m em
,

ories o r trains of
thought We shall be able to see the basis of this value of
recent im pressions for dream form
.

ation on ly with the help

of certain psychological considerations which will appear
later .

o ur memo y may be brought about uncon sciously an d at

r

night The inj unction that on e should sleep for an ight upon
an y affair befo re m
.

aking afinal decision about it is obvio usly

c eed edfro mthe psychology of dream

’

ing to that of sleep a ,

step for which there will often be occasion .

con clusions we have j ust reached If in difl erent im pressions

monly in case they are recent how does
.

can get into t he drea

it happen that we find also in the dreamcontent element s

,

fro mearlier periods in o ur lives which at t he tim e when they

were recent possessed as S triim
,

pell exp resses it ,n o psychic ,

value which therefore ought to have been forgotten lo ng ago

, , , ,

an d which therefore are n either fresh no r psychologically

, ,

This objection can be full y met if we rely upon the res ult s
furnished by ps ychoanalysis of neurotics The solution is as
follows : The process of displace m
.

ent which substitutes in

different m
wa
ate rial fo r that havin g psychic sign ificance (for
m
d rea in g as ell s fo r t hin k in g ) has already tak en place in
those earlier periods of life an d has since become fixed in the
memory Those elements which were originally in diflerent
,

Of . Chap . V II u on
. p T rand eren c e .
 TH E MA T E RI AL OF D RE AM S 15 5

will be correct to suppose fro mthe foregoin g discussion

It
that I m aintain that there are no indiff erent dreamstim uli
and that accordingly there are no harm ms This I
,

, l ess drea , .

behave to be the case thoroughly and exclusively allowance

being made fo r the dream
, ,

s of children and perhaps for short

dream it is either, manife tly s r ecogn isable as psychically

after a complete interpretation when as before it may be

m
, , ,

recognised as possessing psychic significan ce T he drea .

to be disturbed in o ur sleep by matte s r of slight importance .

if on e ta m; if 1 may b p mitt d
k es pain s to in terpret t he e er e

the exp ession they all have the m

r ak of the beast As this r
”

which I m
, .

is anothe point ray expect oppositio a d a

on n, n s

I a mglad of a oppo tu ity to show d eam di figu m t

n r n r -
s re en

at wo k I shall he e subject a um
r , be of d am s f omm
r y n r re r

w
1 intelligen t and refined young lady who however
An
in conduct belongs to the clam e call reserved to the still
.
, , ,

waters relates the following dream

, ,
”
,

w
w w w
Her husband a S hou l d not the p ia no be tu
“
s ks : ned ?

S he av m : I t on t p a W a mm u
l d ha b
’

y; h ers o v c to c

bufi ed too This repe a ts a

. n actual eve n t of the p revio us
Her h usband ha d a sked such a q uest ion and she had
answered so m ething similar B ut what is the sign ificanc of
,

e
ming it ? She tells of the piano indeed that it is a
.

w
h er drea , ,

disgu s ting old bos hic h ha s abad t o n e ; it is on e o f t he things

which her husban d had before they were m arried 8m but
the key to the true solution lies in the phrase : I t on t pay
,

w ’
,

This originated in avisit m

.

w
ade the day before to alady friend .

w
Here she a s a sked to take o ff her coat b ut she declined ,

saying I t on t pay I must go in a momen t

,
”
At th is
“ ’
.
, .

point I recall that during yeste rday 3 analysis she suddenly

,
’

took hold of her coat ab utt on of which had opened It is

, .
,

Sub titution o f the oppo it as wil l beco me clea t u after i te

s s e, r o s n r
15 6 T HE I NT ERP RE T A T ION OF D RE AM S
therefore as if she had said Please d on t look in this d ire c ,
“ ’

tion ; it won t pay ”

Thus boa dev elops into chea
’” “
t
”
or

m
.
,

breast box ( bust

-
“
an d the interpretat io n of the drea

w w
if we take in to con sideration dis gusting and ba d lo ne,
and re mmb e er ho oft en in a
l l usions and in drea s t he t o m
—
substitute and as an an tithesis o f t he larg e on es

may mt i t a b i f haml
.

II I in terrupt t his drea o ns er re r es s

m f ay ma am t h m pu
.

dre a o o ung n . He dre t t ha tti g

c hi s n on s

dreamis apparently the cold weather which has recently , s et

short portions of the dre amdo not fit together well f or what ,

“
is t here terrib abo ut wearing a heavy or thick coat in
the cold ? Unfo rtunately fo r the harmlessness of this dre am ,

He now reconstructs his tho ughts in accordance with this

suggestion : A thin con do mis dangero us athick one is bad
The condo mis an ovmoat ( Uebmichc r) fo r it is put over
, .

so mething ; Ucberziehcr is also the nam e given in Germ

,

an to a
thin overcoat An experien ce like the one related by the lady
woul d indeed be terrible fo r an unm arried m
.

an We
—
may now return to o ur other harmb ss dreamer .

II I S ke p As a ca
. ndl e into a ca ndl cs tic k ; bu t thc ca ndl e ic

brola sn , so tha t it do es no t stand stra igld T he g irls a t ccho ol say

m
.

s hc is cl na y th y o ung lad y repl i

e s th az it ie n t ha fa dt '
; o c

m
.

Here too there is an actual o ccasion fo r the dre a ; the

. ,

w
da y befo re she had actually p ut a can dle in to a candlestick ;
b ut this on e as no t broken A tran sparen t symbolis mhas
been employed here The candle is an o bject which ex cites
.

the femin in e gen itals ; its being bro ken so that it does not
.

stand st raight s ign ifies impoten ce o n t he man s part ( it is

,
’ “

B ut does thi s yo ung wo m

,

not her an carefully ,

w
brought up and a stranger to all obscenity know of this
, ,

appl ication of the candl e 2 She happens to be able to tell ho

15 8 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREA M S
have cited fromall the authors (except Robert ) the fact that

n ot be at the disposal of the akin g m

to em o ry m ay appear w
in the dream It is of course d iffic ult to j udge how often o r
,

how seldo mthis occ urs because the respective elem

.
, ,

ents o f the
dreamare not recognised accordin g to their origin after wakin g
,

told by A Maury being particularly con clusive of a m

.
,
aa
‘
s an ,

who decided to visit his birthplace after twenty years absen ce ’

.

an altogether strange district and that , be there meets ast ange r

ret urned to his hom e he as able to convince him ,self that w

this strange district really existed in the neighbourhood of his
hom e town and the strange m mturned out to
w
, an in the drea
he afriend of his dea d father ho lived there Do ubtles s a
conclusive proof that he had seen both the m
.
,

an and the dis

trict in his childhood The dream m oreover is to be inter
m m
.
, ,

p rete d as a drea of i patience like that of the girl who ,

(p of the child whose father had promised himan ex

to t he Ham eau and the like The m
.

c urs ion otives explaining

, .

dreamer cannot of course be discovere d without an analysis

One of the attendants at my lectures who boasted that his
.
, ,

dreams were very rarely subject to disfigurement to ld m

,

mt im b adreamseen
,

th at he had so e e ef o re in his /
on ner tntor

w
w
a ele e s v n years old The location of this scen e does no t

mi th d am A h a m
.

oc c ur to hi n e re s e s uc h in t eres ted he
told the d eamto his elde b othe m
.
,

r who r r r, laughin gly confir ed

its reality T he brother said he remembered the afiair very
w
well for he as at the time six years old The lovers were in
.

the habit of m aking him the elder boy drun k with beer
.
,

when ever circum

, , ,

stan ces were favo urable fo r nocturnal re

lations The smal ler child a
. t that time three years old o ur
— ,
 T HE MA T ERI AL OF D RE AM S

the aid of dream interpretation that the dream con tains

elements fro mchildhood ; that is if it be a ealled peren nial ,
,

w
again an d again afte r adult age has been reached I m ay add
afew exam ples of this so rt to those already fam
.

iliar although
ve never m ade the acquain tance of s uch aperenn ial dream
,

w
I ha
in m y o n c as e A h
p y s i
c ian i
n t he th irties t ell s me th a
t a
yellow lion abo ut which he can give the most detailed ia
.

w am m w
earliest period of his childhood to the present day This lion
m
.
,

w a lo g fo got
kno n to hi fro his drea s, a s o ne day dis c overed in

h en s n object m
n -
ade of
r te porcelain and on
that occasion the young m an learned fro mhis m
,

other that
this object had been his favourite toy in early childhood afact ,

If ww e no turn fro mth ma if

e n es t drea m c o n ten t t o t he
dream thoughts which are revealed on ly upon analysis the
tion of childhood experien ces m
,

c c opera

mw wu
-
ay be found to exist
even in drea h
s have led us to su
ose c o n t en t sp ect
o ld n ot

an ything of the so rt I owe a partic ularly delightful a nd

m m m
.

instructive exa ple o f such adrea to y honoured colleague

w
of the
“
yellow lion ”
After reading Nansen e accoun t of his
’

polar expedition he dream

.

t that he as giving the bold ex

m m
,

pl o rer elect rical treat ent in an ice field f o r an ische ia of

which the latter co m plained ! In the analysis of this dream
he rem em
,

bered a story of his childhood without which the ,

versation of o lder people abo ut trips of explo ration and

presen tly asked papawheth er exploration as asevere illn ess w ,

He had apparen tly confused trips with rips an d the “ ” “ ”

,

The case is quite s im ilar when in t he anal ysis of the dream

of the mon ograph o n the gen us cyclamen I happen upo n the
,

in ed fro mchildhood that m

,

recollection reta fathe r al lowed

y
me to destroy abook embellished with coloured plates when I
, ,

w as a little boy five years old It will perhaps be doubted .

1 60 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREA M S
of t he drea m c on tent , a
nd it w ill b e int i mat d that th
e e pro c es s

—f avourite dish—artichoke ; to pick to pieces like an arti

choke leaf by leaf (aphrase which at that tim
, e rang in o ur

state further that the final meaning of the dream which I

have not given here has the m ost intim
,

ate connection with

,

In an ot her es o f
s eri d rea m wl a
s e e rn fro maaly i
n s s t hat t he

I shall now con tin ue the in terpretation of adreamwhich has

friend R is . my u cle (p
n . We have carried its in terpret a

fesso r , to s mat r itself tangibly ; and we have explained the

leagues who appear in the dreamthoughts The dream as w

w
my o n ; I may therefore con t in ue the an alysis by stating
.
,

, ,

reached . I know that my opinio n of these colleagues who are

express ed in q uite difieren t ter mi s n w

a kin g lif e ; t he pot en c y

wm mat ma d w
w
b et een y es t i e in t he drca n t hat of a kin g If
my d
.

es i
re add res s ed by ane t itle pro ves so strong it
to b e
gives proof of a morbid ambition which I did n ot kn ow to
exist in m r fro mm
,

wothe s w think they k owm

e a n d which I believ e is fa
, y tho ughts I .

do n ot know ho r , ho n e, would

this be true , my ambitio n has long since transferred its elf to

1 62 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AM S
I ta ke upon his Exoellenc y l He refus es te a ppo in t e p ro m
f esso r ext ra na
ord i us , a
ri nd i
n re t urn 1 put yaelf in his pla m
oe

in t he drea m
w
.

An other case establishes the fac t that although the wish

which ac t ua s the dreamis apm t one it nevertheless draws ,

ma e n s of d rea mf s or alon g ti mt e o co m e, b ecaus e , a

t t he ti m c

is to be avoided on account of considerations of health ‘

m
.

T hus I o nc e drea t o f s eein g t he Tib er and dge

the b ri of St
Angelo fro mthe window a railroad com partment ; then
.

of

rs t o m

w w w
the tra in st a rts a n d it o c c u e t ha t l ha v e never ent ere d

The view hic h I sa in t he dream as m

,

w
t he c it y ata ll . o d elled

aft er a en gravin g hich I had n ot ic ed in pa s sin g the da y

n
before in the parlour of one of m
w
y p atients O n anothe r

on s o m din g m m
.

o c casi e on e is lea e u p o n a h il l a nd s ho i n g e

Ro m e ha lf envel o ped in m ist a n d so fa n t he d i

r i s tanc e t h a
,
t

of mi t i h t b fully p
this drea s oo r c o e re orted here Th e mt i o v e,

to see the p omised land f omafa

.

is easily recognisable in
w w
“ ”
r r r,

it The c ity is Liib ec k , hic h I firs t sa in t he m ist ; the

athird dm am1 am
.

c ri
g in al o f t h e hill i
s t he G leic hen b erg In
m m m To my disappointmen t
.
,

w
the sc en ery w
at last in Ro e as t he drea tells e

w
hic h l see is a
w
,

n y t hing b ut urb an

ata on on e side ol hich m blac k rocks on

A litd e n
.

. w
m
'
,

w w w
ith bla ck , ,

otha la r ge
'
hite flo ers I n otrb s a certain Mr Z uc loa ( ifi1
whomI amsuperficially acquainted ) and m ake up m m
. .

w w y in d
to s ho m
,

w
to a sk e thc ay into thc city It is app aren t that
mtrying in vain t o see acity in the dream hic h l have
.

w
I a
n ev er seen in aking life If I res olve t he lands cape in t c it s
el em
.

en ts the white flowers in dicate Ravenna which is known

to m fo r a ti me at least deprived Rom
, ,

e a n d which, , e of its ,

most
w
Raven n a we had seen beautiful water lil ies in the
w
t he -

middl f b lak p l mmak

mad wlik th wu
e o c o o s of a ter ; the d rea es t hern gro
on e o s, e e n arc issi of o ur o n A ss ee, b ecause at
have
w urc s alittl e urae to fu
‘ I sin ce l es rn ed ths t it onl i l fil
y re
q co g
even -oc h bl e is hc s .
 T H E MA T ERI AL OF DREAM S 1 63

the valley of the Tep l at K arlsbad arlsbad no enabl es

K w
mt m
.

e o acc ount fo r the p ec u a

li r c i
rc u s t an c e t hat l a
s k Mr .

pos ed appear also two of those am usin g Jewish anecdotes

which conc m l so m
,

uch profoun d an d often bitter worl dly

wisdom an d which we are so fond of quoting in our conversa
,

tells how apoor Jew sneaks into the express train for K arlsbad
wit hout a ticket how he is caught and is treated m ore an d
m
,

ore unkin dly at ea c h oa

ll for tic ket s b y t he c on d uct or and

how he tells a frien d whomhe m

,

eets at o ne of the stations

during his m iserable journey an d who asks himwhere he is
,

travelling : To K arlsbad if m
,

y co n stitutio n will stand it

Associated with this in mem
, .

ory is another sto ry abo ut aJew

ma y yeas the
n r o b ect of
j my own longi g n , and I took the great

w lfilm
w w
Pa ri
s as a a
rran t t hat l sho uld als o att ain the fu en t of

ot her is hes As kin g for t he ay is again a direct all usion

to Rom ds lead to Rom
.

e, for of course all

roa e Mo reover
the nam
.
,

e Z ucker (English sugar) again points to K arls bad

, ,

w
dream as the proposal of my Be li m
w
casion fo r t his r n fri d
mt
w w
t hat e aho uld ee au a a
in Pr g e t E s ter A furt her a
llua
ion
matt
.

to sugar a ab et es
nd di a s uto b e fo nd in t he ers hich l

A fourt h drea m , occ urring sho rtly afte r t he last one m en

1 64 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE A M S

my childhood because I as born in asm w

all village of M oravia
inhabited by Slavs A Czech nursery rhym
, ,

e which I heard
in m m m
.
,

seve t e th yea bec a e witho u t eff o t on p a t so

m
y n e n r r y r

im in ted upon m m m
, , ,

y e o ry tha t I c an rep ea t it to this d ay ,

the first years of my life

w
r in g m which am
.

It a s du y last jo urney to Italy , ong other

,

what re en forcement m
w
-

y longing fo r the E tern al C ity h ad

received fro mthe impressions of m y yo uth this as afte r I
had seen the Tiber an d had t urned ba
, ck with pain ful em otions

broaching the plan o f travelling to Naples viaRo m e the next

year when this senten ce which I must have read in on e of

ssical authors occurred to m
, ,

wa w
our cla e It is aquestion which
m th m m
,

of t he t o p c ed up and d o n in his roo e ore i

my s elf had w
lk ed in Ha
a nnib a
l s foot st eps ; like hi as
'
m
m
des tin ed n ever to see Ro e and he too had gone to Ca pania m
m m
,

ww
after the whole world had expected hi in Ro e Hannibal ,
m
.

it h ho t ad reached this po int of si ilarity ha d b een ,

many boys of m m m
wy ga e I bestowed y sy pathies dur ing the
ar not on the Rom
,

Punic ans b ut on the Carthagin ians

Then when I cam
, , .

w
e finally to understand the conseq uences of
belonging to an alien race an d as forced by the anti sem
,

it ic
,
-

portions in my eyes Ha nnibal a

n d Ro me sym
. bolised f or me
as a youth the antithesis between the tenacio usn ess of the

fica nc e f o r o u r e m
o tional life which the anti se itic ove ent -
m m m
ha s since a m
ssu ed helped to fix the thoughts and i pres sions m
of tha t ea rlier ti e m
Thus t he is h to get to Ro e ha s b ec o ew m m
m m m m
.

the cover a n d sy bol in y drea life for several war ly -

cherished wishes , for the realisation of which one ight work m

1 66 T H E I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S
firs t t hree yea mw
it h a b oy a year older than my s elf mut s

We have learned (p 16 ) that the dreamvery rarely repro

duces experien ces in such am
.

an ner that they constitute the

Still so me authen tic examples showing this process have bear

repo rted a n d I ca n add som e new ones which again refer to
infantile scenes In the case of on e of m m
,

y
. patien ts adrea ,

rence which as im
,

reco llection The m em

w
mediately mognised as an accurate
ory of it in deed had never hem los t
.

in wa king life b ut it had been greatly obsc ured an d its revivi

, ,

dreamer had at the age of twelve visited a bed ridden school -

mate who had exposed himself by amovemen t in bed pro

,

bably only by chan ce At the sight of the genitals he as

,

w
mpul i m lf a d t
.
,

zed
sei by akin d of c o s o n , expo s ed hi se n o ok ho ld
of the membe r belon ging to the oth er boy who however
, , ,

became embarrassed and let go . A dreamrepeated this scene

occurrin g in it chan ging it however in this respect that the

dream
, , , ,

er took the passive part instead of t he active on e ,

As arule of course achildhood scene is represented in the

manifest dream content only by an allusion and must be
, ,

citation of exam ples of this kind cannot have a very c on

vin cing eff ect beca use every guara
, ntee that they are experi
enc es of ldho od
c hi is lac king ; if they b elon g to an a
e rli
er

time of life they are no longer recognised by our

, memo y r .

gen er a
ll y exi
st a great n um
in dreab er c f m
s is b ased upo n

factors which become appare nt fin psychoanalytical work an d

which see mreliable enough when regarded as a whole B ut
,

.
 T HE M A T ER IAL OF DREAM S

feren c es of drea m s to ch ildis h experienc es are to rn mm

f

es p ec i ally sin ce l never g ive all the mate ial r upon w the
hich
interpretation depen ds . Howev er I , shall not l et this prevent

The following dream is fro manother fem

w
I ale patient
mm m auki d f mahim
.

S ke is in ab in hicb tkere
m Sh h m
e r n s o c

ima
,

md q
per e s s
'

m t h m tm
.

tha have no ti e, a
i t md i a w
u ¢ tak th t a
w
t l nd s e s e e re tha on

B ashe res s s n ia
w
roith five others . s n n o i g t li d a e o n o

the t a —
d o r ha —
tever it is eohic h is h uended for ha S he s t nds . a
a
mmw
The t ers ,

w
hik lau g h at her sa i
y g
n it is all fool is hn es s on he r part
m m m m
.
,,

At tke sa e ti e it is a s if she ere call ed upon to b e aa y

The first part of t he con t en t of t his drea mi

an a llusio n t o
s

t he treat m en t and atran sf eren c e on me . The sec ond con ta ins

refers to one of my talks in which I co mpared the treatment

m
w
At the b egin n ing of t he trea t en t l ha d to t ell her t hat for
tbe present l ha d litt le ti e fo r her , b ut that la t er on lm ou ld

w
w
My patient as the yo ungest of six brothers an d sisters (hence ,

ith five others an d as such the favourite of her father

t she seems to have foun d that her belov ed
,

b ut in spite of tha

of her waiting for me to say I t is not tr u e h as the foll owing ,

explanation : A tailor s apprentice had brought her a dress

’

and she had given himthe m

,

oney f or it Then she asked her

h usband whether she would have to pay the m
.

on ey again if
the boy were to lose it To tease her her husban d answere d
Yes (the teasing in the dream) and she asked again an d
.
,

w
“ ”

in an d aited for himto say I t is not true

,

aga The tho ught "

of the laten t dreamcontent m

, .

ay now be construed as follows

-

Will she have to pay m e the dou ble am o un t if I devo te twice

1 68 T H E IN T E RPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S

greediness for m oney ; the word filthy here supplies the

bridge ) If all that abo ut waitin g un til I should say &c
serves as a dreamcirc um
.
, .
,
”
loc ution fo r the word filthy the ,

standing in acorner an d n ot lying down o n the bed are in

- - - - - -

w
scene of childhood in which she had soiled her bed and fo r
p unishm
, ,

ent as p ut into acorn er with the warn in g that papa ,

laughed at h er M The little sq uares refer to her young

niece who has shown her the arithmetical trick of writin g
.
,

figures in nine squares I believe it is in such a ay that , , w

H Here is t he dreamo f a a w m m
w
n : He sees t o boys s sl ing

des from
.

mm wa w w
ith each other and they are cooper s bo ys a
s he cond u
’

, ,

w w w
th e i p le ents a
hich re lying b ord ;
f a one o th e boys h s tl o n

m au / w
a a a
the other do n , the p ros tr te one e rs e r r ing s
-
ith bl ue sto nes .

w w w
He h u af
rri
es ter the un igdo
'
f ith l i ted ne in ord er to
m m
aw f m a w me
a
ch s tise a
hi a .
fu a a
T he l tter t kes ho is re g e ith o n

w
a
st nd ingaa g i n s t ooden eu e s tho gh it e r e his o th r

m
, .

m w am
f f a a a u
S he is the i e o a a
d y l b o rer nd s he tu s her b ek to th e
m
,

w
a
m aw
ho is dre ing fa a u a a a
At l s t she ces bo t nd st res t hi

w
n .

w
a
w a
ith o korrib le look , so th t he f ns y in r i
g ht ; in her eyes

the red es h o the lo er l id s

fl f a ns to st nd o

The d eam a m
.

of the p evio s a The a befo e he act ually aw

r ade ab n a t
h s of t ivial occ u ences
u d n us e r rr

r u d y d y r two boys s

the street one of whomthrew the other one down

.

on When
mi
, .

he hurried up to t he n ord er to s ett le t he q uarrel , b o th of

subsequen t dream in the an alysis of which he used the ex

T o kno ck the botto mout of th e ba
,

Ea
“
pression , rrel r rings .
"
-

worn by prostitutes Furtherm ore afam iliar doggerel rhyme

w
abo ut t o boys co m The other boy his nam w
.
,

w
es up e as “

Mary (that is he as a girl ) The wo m

,

, an standing up : .

after the scene with the two boys he took a wa ih ou t he ,

bank of th e Dan ube and took advan tage of being alone

to urin ate agains t a ooden fence A little later during
,

w .
1 70 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S
p erso n of t he fe mal e sex drea m s of fa
llin g , t his almc st re~

wo m an an d f or the purpose of the dreamun der considera

,

tion this interpretation is probably the least doubtful fo r she ,

m ore t han o ne interpretation ; in the sense of refusal (German ,

which she first gave her suitors an d which she later as she
, ,

so one w itt hel p her up , w hic h s he hers elf int erpret s as bein g

that have already appeared in the course of analysis in which ,

migh t b e in terpret ed a
s t he mak r of as ervan t . This s uggest s

b ec auseshe st ole ; s he, t oo , s nka t o her knees and b egged f or

Then th ere is a recoll ect io n of a amb er maid ho as ch -

ww
dismissed because she had an affair with the coachm
,

an of

This recollection therefore gives us a cl ue to the coachm

m(w w wa
, ,an
in t he drea h d o o h t is a
no t , c tu
in allycont r st a it h
m
w
the case take the part of the fallen wo an ) But there s till
m
.
,

re a in s to b e expla ined t he t hro ing of the bask et , an d t he

throwing of it through the window This takes her to the .

transference of baggage on the railroad, to the M a rin,

‘

m
in th e co untry , and to inor i pressions ceived at aco unt ry m m
resort of a gentleman throwin g so me bl ue pl um s to alady
thro ugh her window an d of the dream
,

er s little sister being

,
’

w
window An d n o fro mbehin d this there em erges an obscure
recollectio n fromher ten th yea rse who m
.

, r of an u ade love at ,

the co untry resort with aservant of the household of which ,

Fou
G m
ntai n i t
s t he ra f d
c tice, no
w w w f g
all in in o dis use. oun in rura l dis

ww
t ct
ri s o f t h e
s eeth b g g
er a

p ct c y j y y t m t m g
ra i a
w g
n
b c mg
ts , rin in la ers
l l en o as s e of riap tt
w d w t
h crz a
i
y
l d , of l overs oo in a
t mt th t th y
dd w th th m
l
e ,
an d e o in
t th e in o s o f heir
so in i ae a e
arriaes T he re uaion of th e oung
wm b c m t mt
.

o en never s u cc tffers o n a o un of f en -tab , u

-
nl ess she e o es in i ae
w th m y t
i to o a n su i o rs ( T ra n
. s l at or ) .
 T HE MA T ER I AL OF D REAMS 1 71

t he c hild had op port unity to mt hi g a d

see so e n n ww
aho s

d eamt h opposite
,
”
fired hrown o ut ) (in the r
(t e : thrown
a sto ry which we had also approached by severa l
t her paths The baggage m oreover o r the trunk of aservan t
o
gingly referred to in V ienna as seven pl um
.
, , ,

is dispa ra s ‘ "

ck up your seven plum

.

Pa s and get o ut
“
.

My collection of co urse contains an abundant suppl y of

, ,

pression s that are remembered obsc urel y or not at all and ,

t hat of ten date b ac k t o t he first t hree yea

rs of lif e But it is
am istake to draw conclusions fromthemwhich are to apply
.

to t he drea min general e are in every case dealing it h w w

w
d it ioned by the nature of the neuros is and not by that of the
m m m
,

drea Ho ev I a st ruc k q uite a n th e co u

s of t en i
'
rse of

my am
. ,

inte p eting
r r own d e s which I do n ot do on account of
r

m m
,

obvious s y pt o s of di sea c t t ha
se by th e fa t l un s u ngly
sp ect i

m up as cen e of childhood in the laten t dreamc on t ent

,

co e on ,

given examples of this an d shall give still more upon various

occasions Perhaps I cann ot close the whole chapter m
,

. ore

h ood appear together as so urces of dreams .

I Aftet
. ave been t ravelli
ng and have gon e to b ed

their claims in sleep an d , I dreamas follows : I go into a

m w m m m
w ma m a w
/
is c ho a u
is the hostes s a
nd is t ing so ething in her h nd
,

mu w
a u
s tho gh she ere e a
king du p lings S he ns rs th t I .

w
sta u a fi e ( distinctly a a speech )
it ntil she h s n ish d no t s

m ma a
.

w
a
I bec ne i p tient nd go o a y a
ins id ted I p ut on n overco t ;
m m
.

u
b t the r s t o
m aa
fi

a w
eroh t fi a a /ww
s to nis hed to
a

w w
fi a
hich l h y is too long
m m
w
nd th t it h s
I t ke it o , nd o
tri ing A second
.

wa fa a a m wa m w m
.

a /
one h s s e n into it lo ng s trip o d o th ith T lc h d ings .

u
A sn nger ith long ee nd sh t poin d be rd co es p
'

m
hi . w wm a m I no a w sho hi th t it is e broidered ll o in T urkis h
 wmw
1 72 T H E I N T ERP RE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
What
w
fas hio n . He as ks , bus iness a
re th e k (h
dra ing ,
s

Br a e then beoo e quite

In t h e analysis of t his d rea mt h ere occ urs to m e q uit e

w
un expectedly the n ovel which I read that is to say which I
began with the en d o f the first v o l um
, ,

e when I as perhaps
thirteen years old I have never known the nam
,

e of the novel
uthor b ut the con clusion re m ains vividly in m
.

o r of its a , y

o ne of t h es ena es m I stfll
the analysis Apropos of the three wom
.

w
en there
co m
.

no e to the surface the three Parc se who spin the fate of

man and I know that one of the three women the hostess
, ,

—so runs an anecdote —who becam e agreat admirer of wom an ly

w
beauty once when the conversation turned upon a beautiful
wet n urs e ho had n ouris hed himas ac hild expres s ed himelf
,

w
to the efiect t hat he as sorry that he had not taken bette r
,

of using the anecdot e to ill ustrate the factor of sub mq uen c e

in the m echanismof psychoneuroses One of the Parc m -

then is rubbing the palm

.
,

s of her hands togeth er as though she

were m aking dum
,

plings A strange occupation for one of .

w
a six yeas old a w a ecei ing m fi st inst ctions f om
m mothe w
I s r nd s r v
y r r u r

be eve that we a m
,

y a asked r, I s ade of eath t

!
o li re r

that th erefore we m
,

and ust return to earth B ut this did n o t

suit m bted her teaching Thereupon m m
.

e a n d I dou y othe r

bbed the palm s of her han ds toget her j ust as in m

.
,

ru — aking

a
n d showed m the
scales of epiderm
e b la
is which were
c h sh

thus rubbed 0 3 as a proof that it is earth of which we are

made My astonishment at this demonstration ad acalc e
.

later to hear expressed in words Thou owest nature a

1 74 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF D REA M S

K n oedl ) , and of apathetic scene , in which the scales of epidermis

of hunger to wit cocaine

In this m
, , .

anner I co uld follow the intricate trains of thought

still further an d could fully explain the part of the dream
which is m nalysis ; b ut I must refrain because
,

iss in g in the a ,

I sh all m erely take up one o f t he t hreads , ww

hic h ill ser ve to
lead us dire ctly to the dreamthoughts that lie at the botto m

the overcoat has the features of atrades m an at Spalato of

whomm m m
, ,

w w
y wife ade a ple purch ases of Turkish cloths H is

nam e as Popovici a suspicious nam

.

e which by the ay
given the humorist St etten heim a chance to m
, , , ,

has ake a

shook m y hand M o reov er) “there is the same ab use of

nam
,

es as
That such playing with nam es is childish nonsense can be
asserted wi thout fear of contradiction ; if I indulge in it
this indulgence am ounts to an act of re tribution for m
,

y own
nam e has n umberless tim es fallen a victim to such weak
,

sensitive aman is about his name with which as with his skin , ,

T hou ho wa rt b orn of gode of Goths , or of K ot ( mud )

k e imag es
,

re d u
a st
”
Thy godl i , t oo , .

I perceive that this digression about the abuse of names

another one at Cattaro where , I w

a too ca tio s a
s u u , nd missed

Another dreamthought occasion ed in the dream er by the

,

sensation of hunger is as follows : One should let nothing

,

Papa backs ide in Ge ma

n nu
- r ery la guage r s n .
ww
T H E MA T ERIA L OF D REAM S 1 75

mm
opp
h h
m '
o

tuni
ha e
ty should be
m mm
mi ssed ,
even

li/e is
i/ a litfle
so short,
wa
ro ng

de
m
is d re ; no
th in evita
ble .

that des ire is w

un ill ing to st o p at a w ron g , t his p hil os o phy

d amre . This now makes articulate co un ta tho ughts

-
of all

s ufi c ien t for the dreamer ; it s uggests repression s of every

I have taken acar to the West station in o rder to begin s

vacation journey to the Auss ee and I reach the station in
time for the t rain to Ischl which leaves earlier Here I see
,

Count Th un who is again going to see the Em

.
,

peror at Ischl
m
.
,

In t e of
s pi the r ain , he has co e in an op en arriage has
c ,

passed out at once through the doo r f or local trains and has,

Afte r the train to l sc hl has left , 1 a to ld to l eave t he pl atf or m m

t he peo pl e mak u f b ib t
who u a m
e p a
se o tm t ;r es o sec re co r en

I m ake up m y m ind to insist my ight —th at to de m and on r s 18 ,

the sam e p ivilege Meanwhile I si g som ething to m

w w
r yself n

m
.
,

hi h I a ad a a F i a '
cft geri t b t
r s h i f
rec o n s e g o e e r ro ro s

If my l or d C oun t wis he s to t ry adan ce,

Try adan c e ,

Let hi mb ut ay s so ,

I ll
’
play h imatu e'
”
n .

(P oss ibly another perso n woul d not have recognised the

song ) .

During the whole afternoon I have been in an insolent

com bative m
,

ood I have spoken roughly to the waiter and

the cabm an I hope witho ut hurting their feelin gs ; now all
kinds of bold and revolutionary thoughts come into m
,

a
w
y he d
mdy
,

of a kind suited t o t he ords of Figaro and the co e of

1 76 TH E I N T ERP RE T A T ION o r D RE A MS

The speech abo ut great m en who had ta mthe t ouble to be r

wants to apply in the case of S usan ; the jokes which our

of Co unt Thun (Germ an thun = doin g ) by calling himCoun t

Do Nothing I really do not en vy him; he has no adiflic ult
-
,

w
mission with the E mperor and I amthe real Count Do Noth ing
.

mtaking avacation With this all kinds of cheerful

, ,

fo r I a
plans f or the vacation A gentlem
.
,

an now arrives who is

known to m tive of the Go vernm
.

w
e as a repre senta ent at the
medical examinations an d who has on t he flattering nick
me o f Go vernmental bed fellow by his activities in this
,

na -

of afirst class co m partm ent and I hear o n e guard say to the

-

other : Where are we going to put the gentlem

,

an with the
firs t c lass half co m
o
partm ent l A pretty favouritism I
-
‘

ampaying f or a whole firs t class co m partm en t Now I get -

awhole co m part m ent fo r myself b ut n ot in athrough coac h

.

so that there is n o to ilet at m

, ,

y dispos al d ur in g the night

My co m
.

plain ts to the guard are witho ut result ; I get even

by proposing that at least there be ahole m ade in the floo r of
this co mpartm en t fo r t he possible n eeds of the travellers I '

lly awake at aquarter of three in the m

.

rea orning with adesire

to urin ate having had the fo llowin g dream:
Crowd of people m
,

eeting of st udents A rta

in w
m (Tha Ta / ) i maki g a p h Up b i g ak d
.
,

b d the G ma h d l a w
00 1 l n or o e s n s eec on en s e

ay mlh i g a t m
.

mi that th i fav u it fl wi Colt foot a d th p ut m

t
o s so e n ith
or p t u e r ns , e ec res oon e no s
’
en er o r e o er s s -
n en s so e

m
,

thi g lik a t
n l af all y th
e u p l d k
ornl t e f a l af i
re to e cr e s e e on o e n

I m ak a ta t 1 m m
, ,

hi butt h l
s on ak a ta t th
o e but 1 a
e s r e s r en ,
‘

t thi id a of m The mo e i disti ctly I t

.
,

ma though it w
up i d a
s r r se i s e ne . n r n n :

a th ugh it w w
see s e th s tibul re e ves e

s o ay t fl 1 m ak m a
ere necess r
y y th u gh a o ee e ro

uit of ha d ml y fu i h d oom app a tl y go m tal

.

w w w w
s e n so e rn s e r s, ren ver n en

mb ith fum
ha
w
c itu f
ers , a l u h i h i b t b a
re od eo o r c s e een ro n n

olet a d at lat I m t a pa ag he a h u k p “
t w
vi n s co e o ss e re o s e ee er,

oma ( F au im m ) i ated I t y t av id
,

eld ly fa
er , n r enz er , s se . r o o

h titi ha i i uat d it elf i to th t xt f th d amup

T is e re
ue g
re on s ns n e s n e e o

e t l y th
r n g my ab t mi d d ro n ll ow it to rem
ad I a in beca
a
s en -
n e n ess , n s
a
naly i h w tha t it ha it significan ce
s s s o s s s .
1 78 T HE I N TERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
correcting : Fifteen yeamago This phantas y ho ever hic h .
, ww ,

subtilely attac hes itsel f to the thoughts which the sight of the

co nn ec t ed w the
it h b uilding b eh ind it ; unlike these facades ,

however the phantasy is filled with gaps an d confused, an d

the parts from m
,

within break through at any places The

firs t situation of the dreamis con cocted fro mseveral scen es
.

into which I amable to separate it The arrogant attitude of

,

the Co unt in the dreamis copied fro mascene at the G ymnasium

.

leading spirit in which w

a a schoolm
s ate who seems to have
taken Henry V I II o f Englan d as his m o del It f ell t o m e to

m
. .

carry out the cou p d etat and a

-
disc
’
ussion of the
, i po rta nce

whomwe had he
— w
a called the
s a gir fl e on acco unt of his

the Co un t in t he d re am w w
a hil e he b eing repri a
s n ded b y m
m
,

the tyran t of the school , the Professor of the Ger an language .

The explanation of the favourite flower and the putting into

the b utto n hole of so methin g which again m ust have been a
flower (which recalls the orchids which I had brought to a
lady friend on the same day and besides that the rose of
,

Jericho ) pro m
,

inently recalls the scene in S hakespeare s his ’

Whit e m
w w mm
Ros es ; th e ention of Hen ry V III has o pen ed the
m
.

ay to t his re in is c en ce 1t is n ot very far no . fro ses

the one Germ an the other S pa

, nish insin uate t hemselves into ,

the analysis : Ros es t ulips carnations all flowers fade "

Isabelita no llores que se m

, , , ,

w
and
“
architan las flo res The
k en fro m Figa
, .

Sp anis h is ta ro Here in V ienn a hit e ca r

nations have beco m e the insignia of the An ti Sem

.

ites the -

l Dem
,

red ones of the S ocia ocrats Behin d this is the rec o llec .

ing to the formation of the first situation in the dreamtakes

 T HE MA T ERIAL OF DREA MS 1 79

pla o e in my a
udent life There a
e rly st s adisc u s sion i n the w
m
.

Ger a nstudents club about the relation of phil osophy to the

’

A green yo ut h full of t he m
w
ge n er alsc i
en ces aterialistic
I th rust m
.
,

doc trine , y se lf fo r a rd an d d ef en ded a v ery one

w
sided view Thereupon a sagacio us older school fellow who -

m
.
,

w
ha s sin ce sho n hi s ca p a c ity f or lead in g en an d org anising
the m m and ho moreover bears a name b elong ing to
nim al kingdom arose and called us do n t horoughly ;
, , ,

w
w
t he a
d oo m
,

he too he sa ,id ha d herded s in e in his yout h a

, n d ha e ,

ba c k repen tan t to the hou s e o f his fa ther I started up (as .

I kne w he had herded a ine aan ot surp ris ed a w

t the ton e of
mI amsurprised at my national
w
his discourse (In the drea
Germ an sen tim ent ) There as great co m motion ; and the
.

dem and cam e f ro ma w

.

w
ll s ides t hat l ta ke b ack hat I ha d sa id
hut I rem The m
,

w w
a in ed stea dfa st an ho had b een insul ted
as to o sen sible to take the advice which as given him to
.

nd let the m
, ,

s en d ac ha llenge a att er dro p

T he rem inin g elem mare of
, .

a en ts of t hi s sc ene o f t he d rea

proclaiming the colt s foot ’

l in e I must consult my train

discerned Gir a
-
fl e (Ger man Afic : monkey , ape) pig sow, , ,

w
by ay of aname and thus again at con tempt for an academ
, ic
—
do not know how correctly b y pisse en lit I got this - -

idea fromZ olas Germ

.

ina l in which childre n a re o rdered to

’

bring salad of this kind The dog chien has aname soun d
—
,

—
lik e the m
.

in ajor fun ot ion (chier as p is ser s tan ds for the

g
minor one ) Now we shall soon have before us the in decent
,

in all thre e of its categories for in the sam e Germ

.

inal which ,

ha s a lot to do with the fu ture revol ution there is described

a very peculiar contest depending upon the prod uction of
And now I mus t rem
,

gaseo us excretions called flatus ‘

, ark .

Not in Ga ninc i b ut LaTare—s

in mi tak s e of wh ich
I Na e a a m w
re

m
.

c al in th e I a
y call a
tt en tion s l so to the iden tity o f the let ters
in
1 80 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S
ho ww
a the y t o t his flatus has b een fo r alon g w
hile prepan ng ,
'

Henry V III English history a

to t the ti me of the expeditio
m
n

m iu t m
.
,

of t he Ar ada aga s t En glani a fter t he vi t c or oia s er n

scattere d the S panish fleet I had tho ught of taking this .

phrase for the title of a chapt er o n Therapeutics

“
to -

can not give such adetailed solution of the second scene

I
of the dream o ut of regard f or the censor For at this point
my elf mi ma
, .

I put s in t he place of a oerta

in e nen t gen tl e n of

have s uflered fromincontinen ce

w
eagle who is said
, to of the

w
b o els , an d t he li
ke ; and I b elieve I sho u ustified at
ld not be i
this point in pa ss ing the censor although it as an aulic
,

part of these stories The allusion to the suite of roo ms in

the dreamrelates to the private c ar of his E xcellency into
.

as so often in dreams a wo man (Frauen zimmer ; German ,

imply a slight amoun t of contempt ) " In t he person of the

The feature of the lam

w
have enjoyed at her ho use p goes
back to Grillparzer ho n otes a charm
.

w w
in g experience of a
mila rds m
,

si at ure hic h he a
r n f ter a ade use of in Hero an d “

Leander (the billows of the ocean an d of love the Arm

,

— ada
an d the storm )?

portion s of the dream; I shall select only those elements

ator s t
w
’
no e.
h i ig ifica t o k ( Pha tai un d M yt h c J ahrbuh j ii Psycho
t In s s n n r n s e s,
”
e r
Bd ii H S ilbe has e d avoued t h w f mthi part rer n e r o s o ro s
mthat th d reamw k i abl t prod uc not o l y th lat nt
. .
.
,

of d ea o re e n e e
d reamtho ught b ut also th ps ychic proces es i t he dreamf rmation
r e or s e
s, e s n o

Da
n func tronale Pbiin o m en
1 82 TH E I N T ERPRE T AT ION OF DREAM S

earlier dream(f
o the dreamon p . .

seven or eight years old which , I remember vay well '

. One

w
evening , bef ore goin g to b ed I ha d dis rega rded t he d i ct ates of
disc retion not t o s a t isfy y an t s i
n t he b ed roo m of y m m
p are n ts and in t heir p re eenc e a
n d i
n hi
s rep ri an d f or th i
s m
my made the rem
,

delinquen cy father ark :

“
That boy will

of my accomplishments and successes as tho ugh I wanted to

ve am ounted to so m
,

s ay : Y o u see I ha , ethin g after all ”

.

imag e of t he d rea mi n w hic h of co urse t he r61es are in t er

changed f or the sake of revenge The elderl y m
, ,

an obviously
my father for the blin dness in one eye signifies his glaucoma
.
,

on o ne side is now urinating before m

,

e as I once u rin ated befo re

him In glauco m
. aI refer to cocaine which sto od m y fa tha in ,
'

good s tead in his operation as though I had thereby fulfilled

my promises Bes ides t hat I make sport of him; since he is
,

blind I m l in front of him and I gloat over

.

ust hold the urina

allusions to m
,

y discov eries in the theory of hys te ria of which

mso proud 1
,

I a .
'

He is on e- e e y d l ik e d
O in , the fath er o f t he

m
b uy hi an e b ed
mm
w The con so l atiou iu the chil dish sc en e, t hat l

w
.

t I h ere a dd so e t p tt d g
aterial for in er re aion Hol in the urinal
m
.

c
re a t y
lls the s or o t a g f th
an t ho ries one lass ater ano er at the o i ians ,
t g pp p t c
t
but s il l ca c tc
‘ ( ea k g c tch
sa n t a her, li e p t irl a er in a o r ion o f the
w w
o

nn o
d m t tm t m g
- -

rea ) The rea en a on t he f th b

to of t he a er ho ha s e a re
w kmd d p th t c t m t th t
.

ea in e in Z o las La Terra T e a e i ao ne en
’
a in his la st
m ck t d t
.

m
d y
a f th
s t h e a er soi k ch d h c
l s his b ed li e a il , en e, a l so , I a h i s si at en a n
d m h k g m
-

in the rea xp
T in in a c nd e h erien inw are ere, a s it
.

ere ; t he sa e
gm m m
.

a hg y t y
ll s a i hl revol uion a c w c
“ ub Os a r Pa aza

m
th n c lo s e hi h
ig
ni i
m my t y gh w
r ,
n
t td t
ad is reae q ui e c onte tuonel , a
p
s yt c
‘o u he ere apa ra l i
m m m w th
ol d
m mw t gp b c t d thy h c ch w
an There occ uis a
. Wil l aud deed are the sa e th g i
f m
m
he u
b g k d G
ia a a a in o f a
ld
e reven e ‘ n l ne ls ,
e
s r n
lgl fu d
ro
a d a i a u u 1 u u u dia fi
.

g n s e r n e se e se r se s o i e t e e l ll e
m p ch g t m f th d t g f m
, .

Mak g l ans is are roa aain s y a er, ain ro a ats r erio in p d

d p
th e eve t mc t c f c t
of
y ri i al a wh
u
l b j u st as t h eg o l e re elli us v e re i n
y
o s o

mmw th
,
o fien ding rea , i its sco tl a g t
t h ig a uthori , ori in aes in arevol t a
’

g a ia s t
m f th
y a er Th g
e s oc d f th
ve re i n i
s all e d a e r t h e l a n ( L an
ds -v o t e
d, “
ch d f m
.

f th d t fi t
t h e a er is th e o l es , y th ty
rs a nd on l au o ri for the il , ro t he
b t m wh ch
asol uis of th
i c th t h
the o er so ia l a pd
u ori ies ave devel o e in t he
 T HE MAT ERI AL OF DREA MS 1 88

c losc t , n d tha
a t l had to exp ec t e mba a m t rr ss en on th e de
ri as

of a bodily need I suppose o ne m ight be inclin ed to credit

tion s with bein g the act ual stim m
.

t hese sensa ul us of the dre a

I should however prefer a d ifierent concepti on—na mely
w
that it as t he dreamthoughts which gave rise to the desire
, , ,

to u rinate It is quite un us ual for m .e to be disturbed in sleep

of four in the mo ning r I may forestall further objection by

maki g
.

re r n that I have ha
rdly ever fel t a des ire to urinate

Since I have learned further fro mexperien ce in dream , ,

proceeding from dream s whose interpre tation at first seem s

complete ( because the so urces of the dreamand the act uation
of the wish are easily dem onstrable ) trains of though t reachin g ,

w
whether this feature does n ot constitute an ess ential con dition
of drea ing m . If I ere t o generalis e t his t hesis , ac onn ec t ion

cour e of th his to y of h um
s ean civili a ti ( in fa a th mth er s ight
r s on so r s e o
’
r
does ot force aq ualificati f this th si ) The id ai th d eam think
n on o e s e n e r
“

m thi g ref t t h x pla ati f

.
,

i g a d ex p ie ci g a th e a
"
n n er n n re s e n ers o e e n on o
hysterical y mtur t which th m
.

s al u al (gla al ha a lati
n s, o Ie e rin ss so s re on .

n ede ot xp n t h p i iple f th
e G h a t a i
”
e r nc ; it on i ts i
o e
“
sc n s o en n es e c s s n
c t ucti g bject f a a d c stl y app aa c out of t ifl and p
on s r n o s o r re n o e r n e r es , re
fera b y ut f
l c m al ad
ic
o w
o th l m a
ote a —
l f x ampl maki g uite of
n or ess ri or e e, n s

amu ut o f cooking ute ils sticks a

pati I had w
r o r o nd sa
la st a g el n ( el nga t d r l l ), as
ns , n o e o s
ou ati ts l ik to d a
r r s t th eir e o l a d tha t hy t cal r es no e rn e s eri

m thi g wh at ha actuall y ccu d t th mth y

.

subj ct do t he a
e s s e n es s o rre o e e
xtravaga t fa tatic im
,

u c ns cioul y c c iv h ibl
n o s on e e a g wh
o rr ich th
e or ey n n s es , e
cons t uct f mth m t haml e and c mmon plac th i g th y h av x
r ro e os r ss o e n s e e e
i d Th m t m d p d l l u n th h a ta s i n t it n cs o
l x pe ien ce y s p i u or ham
e r n e y p o
e s p o s e en s e es e
p e c
th mm y f th i
.

ea e his s, s er o s r es s .
tio h l p d me to vercom ma y d iécul tic “a d gav m” mu h
e e or o e r r r e s

ex p la a
a re
I ha
n
I aa b le t o a
d bee told tha
n
llu w e
d t it i th d ea
s
e
melem t
t at th l as t G s hnas v ning ap i
n
”
m ale u i a l
o

e o la )
li e
n
e
e
“
n
r
c
en
e e
e n
r n
e

o so n
e

s
c
ss
ce

of LucretiaB g iaha d b e xhibited t h chi f c t itu t f wh ich had

or e n e e e o ns en o

consi ted of agla ui al f o m uch a i ued i h p itals

,

s ss r n r en , s s s s n os .
1 84 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAMS

an d I ca n actually show in the analysis of hysteriathat in a

true sen se these rem ote experiences have rem ain ed recen t up
to t he present tim e B ut this con jecture seem
. s stil l very
difi c ult to prove I shall probably have to return to the part

Of the three peculiarities of dreammemory considered at

the beginning one the preference fo r the unim
— , portan t in

itback to dreamdisfigure ment We have been able to estab

—
.

hsh the existence of t he other two the selection of recent and

explain th emby th e m ot ive of dre am Let us keep in m in d

these two characteristics which stil l rem
.

ain to be explained
luated ; a place f or themwill have to be foun d else
,

o r ev a

where either in the psychology of the sleeping state o r in the

, ,

disc ussion of the struct ure of the psychic apparatus which we

shall un dertake later after we have learn ed that the inner
nature of the apparatus m ay be observed through dream
,

w
interpretation as though thro ugh awin dow
Just here I m ay em
.

phasize ano ther result of the last fe

united in it b ut one m eanin g o r o n e wish fulfilmen t may also -

conceal another un til at the bottom one com

,

es upon the
fulfilm en t of awish fro mthe earliest period of childhood and
,

here too it m w
ay be questioned hether often in t his sentence
may mo e co
,

n ot r ectly be replaced by
rr egularly
r .

Ifthe attempt be m ym
ade to interest the c ultured la an in
the problem s of dream ing an d if with this end in view he be
asked the question fro mwhat so urce drea ms originate accord ing
, , ,

to his opinion it is genera lly found that the person thus interro
gated thin ks him self in ass ured pom io n o f a part of the
,

solution He imm ediately thinks of the in fluence which a

dist urbed o r i m Dream s co m e fro m the
.

peded dig estion

1 86 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
mv muli
mw
in c a
se of the a d en ta
c ci l and en s rn al n
'
e st i which
may
,

be s ed
reco gni in the con t en t of the d re a ith ut any o

trouble—n evertheless non e of them has been able to avoid

w ama ad
Mis s Mary Wh it o n Ca
w w
lkin s “ has te st ed her o n d rs -
s

t ho se an ot her perso n for

of a perio d o f sa
ix eeks it h t his ide
min d an d has fo und o nly f om
of ex e nal senso y pe cep io w
in r

in which the ele m

,

ent t ra r r t n s

ha
st y glanc e at o ur o w n exp eri
enc e might have led us to

The dec ision has be mmad p at dly t e re e e o disting uish t he

dream of nerve s r timulus f om the othe form
r s of the
dream as a well established sub species - -
. Spitta divided
“

B ut the sol ution c learly remained unsatisfacto ry a

s long as

ideal con tent could not be de on strated

Besides the first o bjection of the inadequate fre q uen cy of
m
,
.

external exciting so urces there arises as asecon d objection the,

m
w
of t his drea so u
so rt of
rc es The repres en ta tives of t he
m
.

t heo ry ac c ord in gl y ust exp lain t o t hin gs in t he first pla

ce

timulus in the dreamis

, ,

why the external s ne ver re cognised

ac c ord in g ature b ut is regul arly m
to its re al
ist a
k en fo r
n

s omething else (cf the alarmclock dre am

,

s p
. an d secondl y -
, .
,

As an answer to thes e questions e have heard fro mSt riim p el l w

that the m ind as ares ult of its bein g turn ed away fromthe
,

outer world during s leep is no t capable o f giving correct inter »

protation to the o bjective sen sory stim

,

ul us b ut is forced to
formillusions o n the basis of th e indefinite incitem en ts from
,

many directions As expressed mhis own words (p 108)

tion asmeational com
. .

As soon a s asensa plex afeel ing

“

aps yc hic proc ess in gen eral aris es in t he m

, , ,

or in d during sl es p
fro ma n o uter o r inner nave stim
,

ul us an d is p erc eived by the -

mind t his pmoess calls up sensory images that is to say

,

, , ,
 T HE MA T ERI AL OF DREAM S 1 87

m m w
w
values b elon gin g to the , fro t he ran ge of aking experi
m m
w
en oes , of hich t he in d ha s re a in ed in poss es sion It
m m
.

see s t o co llec t ab o ut it s elf , as it ere agrea ter or less n u b er

of such images fromwhich the im
,

, pression which originates

us ually said here as the idiomdoes of waking thought that

, ,

dream that is to say a dreamwhose co m

— position is con
ditioned by the fact that a nerve s tim
,

ul us brings about its -

M
w
in psychic life according to the laws of reproduction ”
.

The o pinion of Wun dt 7°

agrees in all a
ess ent i ls it h t his

the result , for the most part of sen sory sti m

, uli esp ecially , of
V

partly pure an d which have been raised to hallucinations

St riim m
.
,

p ell has found an excellent si ile (p I t is as if .

“

the k eyboard of an instrum en t — to illustrate the relation

m
bet ween drea conte nt and d mstimuli which follows from m ,

appea r as a psychic pheno m eno n originat ing fro mpsychic

motives b ut as the result of aphysiological stimulus which is
,

exprm s d in psychic sym ptom

, ,

olo y because the apparatus

e g
which rs afiect ed by the stimulus is not capable of an y other
,

expression Upon a sim ilar as sumption is based for example

the explanation of com
.
, ,

pulsive ideas which Meyn ert tried to

give by m eans of the fam ou s sim ile of the dial o n which in
divid ual figures are pro m inent because they are in m ore

may have becom e and however sed uctive it m ay seem it is

nevertheless ea s y to
,

show the weak point in it ay m

,

som mstimulus which provokes the psychic apparatus

.

atic drea
to interpre ation through the form
m
ation of ill usions is capable
t
of giving ris e to an incalc ulable number of s uch atte pts at
,

in te rpretation ; it can thus attain represen tat io n in the

content b y m eans of an extraordinary n umber o f
1 88 T HE IN TERP RE T A T I ON OF DREA M S

re lation bet w
m the exte rn al st imul us an d the dream idea

Li
( p ps , G mdtat ah
n s c en des S ed erdebe mp, . Other ob

s leep th e mi d i n s n ot in acon dition to reco gni

se t he al nat ure
re

proves to us that the mind is quite capabl e even during sleep

He establishes this by showing that it is possible to exempt

fro mthe neglect of sleeping (n urse and child ) and that o n e is

more surely awakened by one s own name than by an in
,
’
.

sleep (Chapt er I p B urdach infers fromthese observa

.
, .

tio ns that it is no t an incapability of in terpre tin g sensory

st im uli in the sleeping sta te which m ust be a ssumed b ut a
lack of interest in them The sam e arguments which Burdach
,

used in 1830 l a ter reappear un chan ged in t he works of Lipps

re em
,

in the yea r 1 883 where they a ployed for the purpose of

attacking the theory of so m atic stim
,

uli Accordin g to this

the m in d seem
.

s to be lik e the sleeper i n the a necdote who , ,

upon bein g a Are yo u a answers No and”

“ “
sked sleep
gain addressed with the words Then lend m
, ,

upon being a e

masleep
,

ten fio ri ns takes refuge in the excus e I a

The inad equacy of the theory of som atic dreamstim
.
,

uli

show that I amnot urged to dreamby external stim ulations

even if these stim mas soon as and
,

ulations appear in the drea

t I dream In respon se to t he tactile o r pre ssure

,

in cas e tha

stim
.
,

ul us which I get while sleeping various rea ctions are at ,

190 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAMS
uppa part of the head (V olks lt p Several diff erent
symbols are used by the dreamfor the sam
.
,

e organ thus the ,

baskets an d the bladder

,
in oun d
r , bag
-
shaped objects or

en d of adreamt he sti mulati g n a

o rg n o r its f u on b e
nc t i repre

sented undisguised an d us ually on t he dreamer s own body ’

Thus the to othache dream us ually en ds b y the dream

.

” -
er

It a
c n n ot be

Abov e all it seem

, s extravagan t there has been no inclination

revival of the dreaminterpre tati on by means of symbolism

which the an cients used except that the source fro mwhich
,

The lack of atechnique of in terpretation which is scientifically

co m prehensible m ust serio usly lim it the applicabil ity of
Sc herner s theory
’
Arbitrariness in dre am interpretation
seem s in no wise excluded especially since astim ul us m
.

ay be
m
,

ex ess ed by severa l represen tations in the con tent of the

dream; thus Sc herner s associate V olk s lt has already found
’

, ,

house Another objection is that here again dreamactivity

is attributed to the min d as a useless and a im
.

less activity
sinc e according to the theory in question the m
,

ind is con ten t

with form ing phantasies about the stim ulus with which it is

like adischarge of the stim ul us

B ut Schem er s theory of the symbolisatio n of bodily stimuli
.

w
’

by the dreamreceives a heavy blo fromanot h er objection

These bodily stim uli are presen t at all tim
.

es an d according to
gen eral assumption the m ind is m ore accessible to themdur ing
,

w
sleep than in ah n g It is thus in co m preh ensible why t he
mind does not dreamcontin ually throughout the night and
.

why it does not dreamevery nigh t and abo ut all the organs
,

that especial stimuli must proceed fromthe eye the ea

r the , ,
 T H E M A TE RI AL OF DREA M S 191

stimulation is objective which is possible only in a s a ll m

um m m
,

n b er of c ases If t he drea s a sy
o f fiyin g i b olis ation
of the upward and downward m of the pulm
.

ot ion onay lobes r ,

would be dream t much oftener o r an accentuation of the

frm thing during the dream woul d have to be
,

c t ion of bre a

pre s en t re a
a c tive , b ut t his c ase takes us b eyon d th e range of
Sc herner stheory’
.

The value of Sc herner s and V olkd t s discussions lies in

’ ’

the fact that they call attention to anumber of characteristics

of the dreamcontent which are in need of explanation an d ,

are c on tained in dream s t ha t ater in adreamoft en sign ifies w

adesire t o urin ate that t he m l m
,

ale gen ita ay of ten b e repre

ms
,

sent ed b y ast afi st andin g erect o r b y ap i

llar &c In drea , .

colours in con trast to the dimness of other dream the in ter

ation m mi d t hat th y a d am f
, ,

pret ay hardly b e dis sse e re

“
re s o

visual s timulation any

”
, mo e than it may be disputed that
r

to each other on a bridge atta

cking each other and then
,

sits down o n the bridge and pulls along toot h out o f his ja ; w
or asim ilar one of V olk s lt s in which two rows of drawers play
’
,

a pa rt an d which again en ds in t he extraction of a tooth ;

dream form
,

ation s of this sort which are related in great

n umbers by the authors prevent o ur discarding Sc hern er s
,
'
,

w
theory as an idle fabrication witho ut seekin g to find its kern el
of truth We are n o co nfronted by the task of giving the
supposed sym bolisation of t he dental stim
.

n expla
ul us a nation
of adifierent kind .

so m es of drea mal have ref mi ned fro mu gi g t h

r n e argumen t
192 T H E I N T E RPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S

c eed ed in proving by a procedure which

, ot h mautho s
'
r have

as a psychic a
ction p oss m value peculiar to itself that a ,

enc es of the previous day furnish the immediate material for

its con tent an y ot her theory of dream
, s neglecting such an

co mmen t . Otherwise there m —

ust b e which is highly m
i

only one has co me under o ur observation while only the

,

dream I t still remains to provide aplace fo r the facts which

are used to support the prevailing theory of som atic dream
.

setting up the thesis that the dreamactivity is un der ac o m

pulsion to elaborate all the dreamstim uli which are sim ul
tan eously present in to a unified whole (p We have
seen that when two o r m ore experiences capable of m
.

aking
an im pressio n have been left over fromthe previous day the ,

in difieren t exp erien c es of th e prev io us day are united in the

b et w
een t he t wo . Thus the drea mapp e rsa to b e areact ion to

dreammaterial we have disc overed

,
it to be a collection of

w
nature of this as not at the tim e determ
w
inable Now it will
mama
.

not be difi c ul t to foretell what will happen when ne t il

'

dream because t hey re a

a ct ual ; t hey are unite d wi t h the
ot her p y
s c hi
c a
c tualities in order to make up the material for
194 T HE I N TERPRE T A T ION OF DRE AM S

w
oofl a
age
ooll en s uit ;
. , w w
u
he m
ko is
s m
a y a
tten ti
ak
n

o a t
nted on

o
m s

so
and
m
is
eflliu g
w
a
ma w
a ua
s n ng ’

b bl y to fie
l cy

m w
m a
o re p ert on

m
ths hors e, w
m
kich is m¢
os in td lig m ; [ sit com
w
for bly, nd al a
l n od
noti
ce
y q uite a
tha
t t 1
ho c in tb e
F or am ddl e I hm akind o/ pa hich co m
w w
sa ddl e dd ing pld d y
m m m
.
,

fi l l e th e a
p ace bet ee n the aeck and fl p f o tke ho I n

w
w
Afl having fidd en up the for

m
s o di d a m l m un d m
m , mm ~
n

w
and ant to dis ount a l fira t ia froa t ol a l lc open cha d
p ,
m
hic h ic sitr ted d o sc to the strea T hcal a m
w
ct ually dia rt in

m
w
.

fron t a/ a chap el hich st and s n th e firs t ; th e h otd is in tk e

m m
sa e s"eet I c dd lathe horsc go tb ac by i d f brd l p refer to
-

m m
, ,

w
lcad it thc re I t see s a .s if I shou l d be a s ha cd to a fl ive there

w w mw
on ho rseba ck I n front o/ the hotel is sta nd i ng a ha ll boy ho -

m m
.

ska s

m on a
e aca rd of

ccor t of it
ins hich ha
m
OaMe rd ia ri
s been lou

.
nd nd

w wmho ridic u
do ubly undalined,
l es
,

w
Ea
“
t
m m m
w w
like Do not or ; at th e sa e ti e
”
a h oc y ide athat 1 a in a
M
w
e d ty, in hick 1 d o no ork
mm
.

It ill no t b e a pp ar en t a t onc e t hat t his dr origina t ed

under the influence or rather under the co pulsion , of, m

had gro wn to t he size of an appl e at the root of th e s cro t u m,

the ha
rdw w a
w a
ork to kepthic h l h d
y se lf d urin g
n everthel ess m
m m m
w
a a
th e d y , h d c ons pired it h the p in t o ake e los e y
tem m
w
pe r a I a a
s n ot
. lte get her in tio n t o dis c ha
co nd i rge y
aa
duties s phys ic i n , b ut in vie o f the na
a t ure a nd t he loc a tio n

I t is t his very a c tivity , of riding in to hic h 1 a pl u ng ed hy w m

m m
w
th e drea ; it is the ost energetic den i al o f the sufiering
hich is ca a
ww a
p b le of b ein g c on oeived 1n t he firs t p l c e l do

m
, .

no t kno ho to nde l do n o t u sually d rea of it , and 1

—
never sat on ahors e b ut on ce witho t saddle and th I
u a — m
m m
w
did no t feel c o f orta ble B ut in t his drea I ride a s thou h
m
.
g
I ha d no furu nd e on t he
pe ri
ne and h y i j us t be ca u s l
 T HE MA T ER IAL OF DREA MS 195

do n t a
’

t he po u
ww
nt any Acc ord in g to t he des cript ion
ltice hic h has
.
y sa ddl
m
e

ade it possible for e t o go to sleep

i
s
m
m
.

taken care of—d urin g ho urs of sleepin g Then

t he firs t f e w
m
.

wm w
the pa inf ul sens a t io ns an no un c ed the s el ves a n d tried t o

a ke e up , hereupon t he drea c a e a n d said soot hingly : m m

w
K eep on sleeping yo u won t wa ke up anyway ! Y ou have
“ ’

m
,

m
n o fu rr c le a t a ll , for yo u a re riding o n a horse, a nd it h a
fu n c le vvhere you ha
”
ru ve it ridin g is i le l And the

But t he drea mw
a s not atis fied
s w it h s uggestin g a ay w
lik e t he ha lluc ina t ory ins a
nity o f t he ot her ho hns l ost her
w
m w
c hil d , or lik e t he erch ant ho ha s be m deprived o f h m m
'

w
fortu ne b y l osses
‘ In a d ditio n the deta ils of t he denied
m
.

sens a tion and o f t he i a ge h ic h i

s u s ed t o d i
s plac e i
t a re

m m m m
w
e pl o yed by t he drea as a ea ns t o c o n nec t t he aterial
ord ina rily act u ally pres ent in t he in d ith the drea sit ua m m
—
w
on agrey ur of the hors e corres pon ds exa
horse t he co lo ct ly

to t he p epper a l t c os t u e in hic h l la
ad sa - -
st et y c omfleag u e mm

as a n etiologica l explanation to sugar which ordinarily suggests

w
furunculosis My friend P has b een pl eas ed t o ride the high “

hom rd to m m
. .

it h rega
”
e e ever s i nc e he su p ers e d ed e in t h e
tm at m ent of a fem ale patient with whomI had perform
,

ed
m —
,

w w
g re at f eat s fin t h e d rea I fir st s i
t o n t h e h o rs e sid e sa dd l e
fa ho rea lly led m
w
s hion li k e a c irc us rider ) b ut e here ver
is hs d like t he hom
, ,

s he e in t he a necdo te a b o ut t he 8 u nda y
equestrian Thus the horse carn e t o be as ymb olic repres en t a
,

m it is m
.

n t he d rea

w
tion of a la dy pa tient fi ost i n t ell i
g en t )
m
.

w
”
I feel qu it e a t ho e up here, reters to t he positio n
“
hic h l
m
w
occ u p i
e d in t h e p at ien t
’
s h o us eh ol d u n til l as re p h c ed b y y
c ol leag ue P
“
I th o u.
g h t y o u ere s ec urely s ea ted in the

the pa
ua a n d th e renia m u ua
m
rb sc ond e
"
i G i i in
—Soled ad Papers on Hy
es er
m
g e n r n g y y on
um
.

transla
”

th :
h ted by
e
c
en e- n e
.
c
py c o ns,
196 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF DRE A M S

aid t o m me w
w
of t his ci
ty e ith reierenc e t o t he s a
recen t ly s

household An d it a s a fea t to practise psy chot hn apy for '

.

ten hours a day with such pains b ut I know that I cannot ,

without co mplete physical health an d the dream is full of ,

result (the card such as neurasthen ics have and pres ent to

I s ee t hat t he drea mativity

c has s ucc eeded in fin din g th e

m a d my nephew who is now living in England a d who

e n n

m v i a y a ld tha l B id it ha tak up
, , ,

o reo er, s e r o er n es es s en

elem ent f o mm m
.

s y jo
r u neys t I taly ; the
r st eet in the d ea
o r r

is co mposed of im p essions of Ve o a a d Siena Still mo e

r r n n . r

in Italy (Itlay G erm

— an gen I ta —
l iav fl en ital ic —g enit als ) w
me time there are references to the house in which I
.

At the sa

o ca
tion of a lled nerve stim
-
uli The dreamabout drin king in
mati mt
.

f ull draugh ts is one of t his so rt ; t he so c exc i

te en in i
t

Something similar is true of the o ther simple dreams if , the

fro mh er c heek at ni
g ht is an ins fi n c e of a pec ul iar w
a y of

My dreamabout the three Pars e is obviously adreamof

hnn ger b ut it ha s fo und ea m
ns to refer t he n eed for f ood b a¢
m m
,

w
t o the longing o f the c hild for its ot h er s b reast , and to
’
she

the ha m re a cl oak for a ore serious one, m

’

r less des i hioh is

19 8 T HE IN TERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S
ac t ual atio n a s a com
sen s po nen t pa rt o f a sit uation hic h i
s w
desired and which is compatible with sleep The actual sen
w mm mder to depriee it oj its
.

sat ion is o ven i nt o t he drea

'

real ity Nap

.o leon is p m rmt t ed t o g o on s lee i
p g
'
n ; it is on l y a

w m m
w w
hic h is try g t o dis t u
m
rb hi
‘
’
'

mm
.

w w w
T he ieh to eleep by hich the consc ego ha ab
mm mm
,

wmm m m w
pen de d an d hic h a lo n g ith the dr ce or coa b ita -

m u
sMre l

w
d/r n, us a l a ys be taken ia to ac co ae a
m m m
w natrb n o/ drea , a ay s uccessfid dn a
otivc for the f nd
-

m
ie a lulfl n d of this is h The rela tion of t his gen era
.
h r e

of which w
w w
the one now the othe is ul lled will be the
no , r f fi ,

s jub aect of a a furt her expl n t ion . In the ish to s leep e

interpretat ions which are possible at all only those are ad ~

mitt ed which are agreeable to the absolute censorship of the

,

som atic wish It is so m ething lik e this : It s the nightingale

.
’

an d not the lark Fo r if it s the lark l ove s night is at an

’ '
.
,

c n a sec ure the best connectio n with the wish pos sibilities that -

determined an d nothing is left

, to caprice . The misinte r

mdifi ati
o c of the n orm
on al psychic pro cedure as in the ca se
where substitution by m eans of displacemen t is effected for
,

the pur poses of the dreamcensor

m
-

If the o utm nerve sti m uli and inner bodily stim i a

.

re
'

fi c ien t ly intense to co mpel psychic att m

aw
su rt ion they represen t

m
,

th a
-
t is , in c ase t hey res ult in drea in g and no t in a
kening
adefinit e
-
p oin t in the for mati on oi drea m s, an uc leus in t he

re p t
w
In the t o so ur es ro
c t t
or of it s on en s do not aree
i c f mwh ch
g .
I macq uain ted
a w ith thi dreamthes .
 T HE MA T ER I AL OF DREAM S 1 99

so ught in a ay sim
, w
ih m(s ee ab o ve) to t he searc h f or c onn ec ti
n g

an um mt hat t h mati wm
ww
ta
r b er of d rea s e so o det er ines ha t th eir
oon t ent is t o be . In this ext re m a e c ee a is h hic h is not

m mp aw a
w
B ut t he drea ca n do not h ing b ut res en t is h in si
t ua
tion a s fulfilled ; it is , as i
t ere, c on fron ted b y t he t a
sk of

of

M
t he si
t uationw
hic h is no
al is of p inf ul or disa
a a
ct u

ab
wa
al Even if this a
c ha ot er, st i m
ct u
. al
g ree le ll it i
s no t
m m
mw w
useless for th e purpos es of drea for afion The peyc hic
m m
.

lif e has oo trol even o is hes t he ful fil ent of hioh brin g e

w hic h b ec o m es intelligib le if one tn k es int o a m

c co u t t he p w
s en oe

ww
m w
ma w
There in t he psy c hic l if e as a a e h ve he rd , repreued
m m
,

is hes hic h bd on g to the fi t s ys t nd t o hose fulfil en t

a w
nd e do n ot ma e n this in an histo ric s ens e, t hat there have

p y
s c h on en rosis , merts
a t hat s uch rep ress ed w is hes still cxi
st ,

h ng n age has hit up on t he truth when it spe aks of t he sup

b ringing such is hes to rea

m
wlis ation re a ins p reeerved a
a
nd imn a

c o ditio n to b e us ed But if it ha
.
ppens t h t s uc h asupp nes s ed
wish is ful filled, the vanquished inhibition of the second
m
syste ( which is capable of beco in g conscious ) is then ex m

is tak m ad a a
v ntge o f b y the d reamac t ivit y to represen t the

afiairs m kes pos sib le an um

w
a
w
This con di
t ion of b er of an xi
et y

drea m s, hile amt ha se1ies of t he dreamformations hic h

200 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAMS

me ts n in which case the anxiet y corresponds to arepressed

Then this anxiety as well as the whole anxiety dream
,

l ibido
nce of aneurotic sym ptom and we are at the
.

ha s the significa ,

dis appears . But in other anxiety dreams the feeling of anxiety

-

occ a
sio nal difi cult y in get t ing b reath ) , a
nd th mit is ueed to

mten in t he f or mf o a dream the dream

,
in g of w hic h fro m

crep ant cases . Of two psychic form n em

ation s a otional ,

nect ed , the one which is presented as actual suppo rts the

, ,

which is freed fromsuppression and which proceeds with t he

impet us given by sexual emotion assists the discharge of
,

everything is of psychic origin but the content which has been

w
w
is suited to anxiety The diflic ul t ies which lie in the ay of
ndin g all this have litt le t o do it h the dream; they
.

wa
unders t a
are d ue to the fact t hat in disc ussing t hes e point s e re

m
to uching upon the proble s of t he develop ent of m anxiety

Undoubtedlythe aggregate of bodily feelings is to be

included among the commanding dreamstimuli which originate
but it forces the dreamtho ughts to make a choice fromthe

dream con tent ; it does this by putting within easy reach

that part of the material which is suited to its own character ,

which is lef t over fro mthe day is probably connected with the
psychic remnants which are sign ificant for the dream
,

.
202 T H E IN TE RP R E T A T I ON OF D RE AM S
When I ha ve fin is hed y ork d om n st w w
airs la t e at n i h
g ,t I
m m
mw
g o u p t h e s t epe i n t o y b edroo O n t he e v e n i
n g befo re the
m
.

m
drea l ha d a ct ually go ne this sho rt dist anoe in aso e hat
diso rd —
attire that is to say , I had taken 0 3 y co lla r, m
c rava t, a nd cufis ; b u t in t he d rea t his ha s c ha m
nged i nto a

m m
so ewhat ore advanced degree of undress , which as usual
is indefinite . m
Ju pin g over t he steps is y u s ua l et ho d o f m m
has been rec o gni
s ed in the drea mf , or l have a ured
re ss my s el f

accom plishm ent Moreover the m anner in which I clim b the

tion of b eing im
.

w w
st airs is a v e c o nt ra
n effec t i et t o t he sens a ped ed
hich occ urs in t he s ec o nd ha lf of t he d ream It shc s m e .

mpl m
w
and co etely ; fly in g in drea s l
t hink of

m
w
B ut the st airs hic h l go up a re n o t t hos e c t y h o us e ; at
m m
w
first l d o no t recognise the ; on ly t h e person co ing t o a rd

m m
wm wm
e revea ls to e the loca t ion hic h th ey a re in tend ed to

signify This o an is the aid of the old lady ho I

. m
too , are quite similar to t ho se whic h 1 mut mu t th
s o n w
ere t ic e

w
Ho do this fiight of et a
dream? Being asham
irs a nd t his om an get in to y w m
w
ed bec a us e on e is n ot fully dres sed is
ho ml
,

undo ub tedl y o f a s exua l c harac t er ; th e s ervan t of

d reamis older t han I sul ky and no t in the least att ract ive
, , .

These questions call up exactly the following occ urrences

seized with a desire t o clear my throat ; the p rod uct d the

wa
expectoration falls upon the steps For there is no spittoon .

on t her of
ei t hes e floc rs , and l ta
k e th e vie t h t t he et airs
sho ul d not be kep t clean at my expense , b ut by the provision

w m w
person with instincts for c leanlin ess takes another view of
matt
, ,

w
t he S he lies in
er ait fo r e t o see het her l tak e
m
.

the lib erty reterned t o a nd hen s he ha

, s a
d e s ure o f it , l

s ho wm e her c us to ary re
g m
r ad w wm hen e eet On t he day
m
.

before the d rea the pos ition of t he ho usekeeper had been

 T H E M A TE RI AL OF D RE AM S 203

m uual
w
M g th en ed b y t he s er van t girl I ha d jus t fin is hed y s

mi
.

hurried visit to t lse pa tien t hen t he s ervan t c on fron t ed e n

y uro s hoes to
The a
red c rpet is all dirty again fro myc ur fec t .
”
T his is th e

mak m m
wm
c a
n f or a
e pp e a r i
n g in y d re a
m
.

An in ti a te c onnec tion exists b et een fl

y y g in ov e r t he

sta irs a nd y psm i

t t in g on t he s h i Ph a1 y g
n m
i
t i
s a n d d i
s
-
e a
e e s

m
.

w
c i t he hea rt a re b ot h sa id to be punis h en ts for the vic e o f
m
s o ki n g , on a c co un t of hic h vic e, of c o urse, I d o not c n joy a

hous e a ny ore tha n i m

n t he ot her, b ot h of w hic h t he drea m
fus es into asing le i age m .

un til I can give a n a

c c oun t o f t he origin o f t he t ypic al d rea of m
m
inc o plet e d ress I o nly not e a
. s a prelim in ary res u lt fro m

of inhibit ed a s a
c t ion i l a
ys arw
o us ed at ap o i
n t w here ac ertain

during s leep c an not b e the cause of t his dreamc o nten t fo r a ,

as tho ugh in c c nfir mati on of t his fact .

d T
( ) yp i
c a
l Dreams

a
In genera l ea w w
re n ot in ap os ition t o int erpre t t he drea of

f he is un illing t o fu ish us it h t he unc on

n o t her pers o n i m w
m

t his re ason the practical applicability of our method of dream

characteristic peculiarit y and thereby , making it unint lligible e

an d of which we are acc usto med assum

to e that they have
th e sme significance in
a t he c ase of every dreamer A peouliar .

xc p t
An e e ion is urn is e b y f
os e h d th cases in wh ich the d amer util is s re e
xp
in the e ress io n of h is laen drea t t m thought: th y mb l which ae e s o s r
fm
a iliar to us .
204 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF D REAM S
inm belongs to these typical dream
t s for the reason that
they probably all com e fro mthe sam e sources with every
person that they are thus partic ularly suited to give us
,

Typical dream s are worthy of the most exhaustive investi

ga t io n I shall ho ever o n ly give a w
so mewh at detailed con
sideration to exam
.
, ,

ples of this species an d fo r this purpose I

shall first select the ao called em barrassm ent dreamof naked
,

ness and the dreamof the death of dear relatives

, .

at all ashamed of it the dreamof nakedness is worthy

&c B ut
of o ur interest only when sham e and embarrassment are felt
, .

in it when one wishes to flee o r to hide an d when one feels the

, ,

n d tha
a t is in capable of altering the disagr eeable situation
one

It is only in this connection that the dreamis typical ; the

.

nu cleus of its con tent m ay otherwise be brought in to all kinds

It is essen tiall y a question of a disagreeable sensation of the

nature of sham e th e wish to be able to hide one s nakedn ess ’

chiefly by m eans of locomotion without being able to aecom

, ,

will at some time have found themselves in this sit uation in a

dream .

tinct It is usually repo rt ed , b ut this

I w
a
s in my s hirt ,

m m
.

is rarel y ac lear i a e
g ; in os t c ases t he l a
c k o f c l ot hing is so

m m
w
in det er ina te t hat it is des igna t ed in t he report of t he drea
b y a s et of a ltern atives “
I as in y c he ise or in y
. m m m
petticoat ”
As arule the deficien cy in the toilet is not seri ous
m
.

enough to j ustify the feeling of sha e attached to it For a

person who has served in the arm
.

y n akedness is often replaced

by amode of adj ust m
,

ent that is contrary to regulations I

amon the street witho ut m m
.

y sa bre an d I see o fiicers co ing

mwith o ut my necktie or I amwearing checkered
,

I a
”
or ,

civilian s trousers &c

’

The persons before whomone is asham ed are almost always

, .

never occ urs in the typical dreamthat one is reproved or even

206 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF D RE AM S
impos tor is t he d rea mth , e E mp eror i
s the drea mmhim lf'
ee , and

wishes which have beco m e the victims of repremion The

connection in which such dreams appear during m
.

y a nalysis
of u lea
ne ro tic sves no roo mf or dm n g t ha
rb t i t t he dreamis
based upon a re collection fromearliest c hildhood Only in
as t here a t im w w ww
.

ou l dhoo d
r c hi e hen e ere seen b y our

relatives as well as by strange nurses servant girls and visito rs

in scanty clothing an d at that tim med of
, , ,

e we were not a
, s ha

It may be ob s er ved in t he a
c s e of children wa ho re alit tle

upon the inst ead of m making themashamed They laugh

m their bodies the m
.
, ,

j u p abo ut and st rike other o r whoever

mt
, ,

a ays Biat ha
“
is presen t , fo rb ids t he o do t his , nd s : t is

w w
hib it ional cravin gs ; it is hardl y possible to go through a
untry it ho ut m
w
lla
vi ge in o ur part of t he co eet in g a t e or

three year o ld t ot
- -
ho lift s up hi
s o r her a
h irt b ef ore t he

traveller perhaps in his honour One of m y p atients h a s

mmm y a mmt h
.
,

w
res erved in his c ons c i
or e or s c en e f e eight h y e ra

w
of his lif e in hic h he had ju st u n d res sed prev ious t o goin
g to

m
w
b ed , and as ab o ut to dan c e in to t hc roo of his lit tle sist er
in his u nd ershirt hen t he serva nt preven ted hi s doin
g it .

p r m l dren of
en c e of ch i agrea t part ; in
t he o p pos i
te sex la
p y s

p ara no ia the desi re to be observed while dre ssing and un

dressing m mong
w
ay be directly traced to these experiences ; a
t hos e rem aining p er verted t here is a class hic h has acc en

tu ated the childish im pulse to a com —

pulsion they are the

see mts ur la
ot er reco llect ions aPa
o ra dis e an d Pa ra dise it s elf
is n ot hing b ut a c o m m
,

p o s it e p han t as y fro t he ch ildh o o d o f

the in divid u al It is fo r this reas on to o that in Para d is e
m m mm
.
, ,

hu a n gs are na k ed a nd a re not a aha ed un til th e o en t

w
n b ei

arrives hen t he sense of sha e and of fear are aro used ; ex m

Th e hil c d ppears
al so a mt h e fa
i tale, f or there ach il d s uddenly
call s :
 T HE M A TE RIAL OF DR E AM S 207

pulsio n follows an d sexual life an d cultural dev elop m mt

begin In to this Paradis e t he dreamcan tak e us b aoh every
,

night
im
e ha
.

ve alrea w
dy ven tured the c onjec t ure t hat the
pressions fro m earliest childhood (from the prehistoric

and independently of everyt hing else , crave reproduction ,

the re peti
t io n of the mi s the fulfilmt f en o w
a is h Drea m s of

d eam
.

w w
nakednes s then are exhibition , , s
r ‘ .

Ono hic h is as t hat of ac hild b u

’
s o n p ers o n , seen n ot t ,

as belonging to t he preeen t , an d the ideac f scant y clothing ,

tio ns or b ecause of t he a
cen or, turns out to b e o b sc ure —thme

asim
w
is hard ly p le ec
ever
r o llection St ra n l
g y
e en ou g h those
m
.
,

pe c n s h o ar e t he o b ject s o f ou r s exu al i
n ter es t d u rin g c hild
hood a re o mit ted fro ma ll t he repro duct i n s of the drea
o
m of

hy steria and of the com

,

, pulsion neurosis ; paranoia al one

puts the spectato rs back into their places and is fanatically ,

What the dream substitutes for th e the m any stra nge w ,

people who take no notice of the spectacl e which is presented

”
, ,

w m
ho
mo eover are t
t he
u r, r
expos wa
ure
in ny other fa
Ma
s

of en fo nd in the d eam a
vourable
in ten ded . ny a
st r ng e l
p p ,
eo e

connection ; as awish Opposite they always signify asecret 1

-
” '

It m
.

ay be seen how the restoration o f the old condition of

w
affairs as it occ urs in pa
, ra noia is su b jeet to this a nt it hesis , .

One is no lon ger a lon e One is c ertainl y b eing at c hed but

the spectators are m ange curio usly indeterm m
.
,

any inate ,

people
Furtherm
.

ore , r epression ha
s a p lac e in t he exhibit ion
t t gd m mb m
m
Ferenczi ha
s re rted an u er of in eres in rea s o f na k edn e
in wo en wh ch c
i ou t cd
l b e rae to a n in a f t d
n il e es ire to exh b t
i i , b ut wh ch
i
mf t
" in so e eau f m the
“
typ c d m
ia l ”
rea kd
of na e n es s d c d
is us se
isve
res ro
,
m m
.

t For obvious reas ns the resen ce of the wh fa y d a "

p o ol e i
l in t h e re
hs s ths s me significsn ce
a .
208 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAMS
dream . For the dis agreeable sen s atio n of the drea mi s

w
has in spite of this succeeded in securing representation .

The only ay to avoid this sensation would be not to revive

t he con flict of the will the negation , . According to o ur nu

the demands of the censor it is to be sto pped

atio n o f o ur ty pic al dream
.
,

The rel s t o fairy tales an d to

other poetic m aterial is neither a sporadic n or an accidental

recogn ised the tra nsform —

ing process of which the poe t is
us ua —
lly the tool an d has followed it backwards that is to
m m
,

sa t aced it t the d ea A f ie d ha called att nti n

m
y r
, o r r n s y e o.

to the following pa ssage in G K eller s Der Gri e Heinrich ’

t yo ushould ever com

.

I do not wish dea r Lee tha , e to realise

,

her pl aymates naked a

n d covered with
, mud ! Would y o u

m m m
If you a
w
closely . re ever sepa ra ted fro your ho e, an d fro
ng t ha
ev ery t hi t is d ear t o yo u an d an der ab o ut i
n ast ran ge

m
,

country , when y ou have seen an d experien ced uch , when you

have cares an d sorrows , and are, perhaps , even iserable and m
forlorn , y o u will some night inevitably dre amthat y o uare

in the most beautiful colours ; charmin g delicate an d lovely

figures will come to meet yo u an d you will suddenly disco m
,

that youare going about in rags naked an d covered with dust , .

As long as m s will be the drea

s t th i
en exi mof the care laden -

fortune battered m an an d th us Hom

, ,

-
er has taken his situation
from the profoundest dept hs of the et ernal characta of
,

'

hum anity
This profound an d eternal character of hum
.

w
anity upon ,

the t ouc hing of hic h in his listeners the poet usually calculates ,
21 0 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AM S

of her b ad treatment of hi m .
‘

brother or sister child or the like has died T o classes of wm

these dre ams m ust im mediately be distinguished om in
,

—
.
, ,

ing an d those in which he feels profound grief on account of

,

by fervid tears
We m ay ignore the dream
.

s of the first group ; they have

no c laimto b e reck oned as typic al If they are analysed it is
foun d that they signify so m
.
,

et hing else than what they con tain ,

is with the dreamof the aunt who sees the only son of her
si
ste r ab ier b ef ore her (p
lying on T his d oes no t si
g y
nif

w w
that she wishes the death of her little nephew ; it only con

oeals as e ha
,ve learn ed a ish to see ab eloved perso n , o nc e

seen again after a s imil ar long in ter ission m at t he fun eral of

the dream gives no cause

w
f or sorrow , a
n d fo r that reason no
m m
,

sorro is f elt in the drea It ay b e seen in t his oase t hat

m m
.

the e otion which is contained in the drea does not belon g

m
to the anifest conten t of the drea b ut to the latent on e, m
m m m
,

and that the e otional content ha s re a ined free fro the

It is adifierent sto ry with th e dreams in which the death

may die may he e expect t hat the

w
person in question and as I r

m
,

feelings cf all aders

re an d of all p h h
erso nsa d a t o ve re

anyt hing s imilar will object to my inte p etation I must r r ,

We have already had one exam ple to show that the wishes
men tay in rotatio f th i d am: T pit
A a
l ed m t
n
e
la
o es r
r
p it d ali by af t an lati n
‘ ’
es c er to
n o
ree r
s
s
re
o o w o s
'

w
,
Spuck ( E g
en
n l i h p it a dsa l to
: sat l ik, a Int u t ) i a
n
so o cen c e t, o n s
patr f gh t
on o S tai it i equival t to
os s
”
r quickn at
s en ess re

m —
-
.

( G era S k la g j
n : c figW r ad i
c r cr
e u u t h i t back t t k
i ) w i th w ieh I o o s r e c
mu t eall y rep oach my el f I ” it aque tion h wev whether the urse
w
, ,

s r r s s s o er, n
,
.

a s l s c king in “
rea
d iness to hit ?
 T HE MA T ERI AL OF DREAM S 21 1

repres en t ed in t he drea ma
are nc t al ays act ual s ful filled w
wishes They m
w
ay also be dead discarded covered an d t e
pres sed wishes which e m
.
, , ,

ust nev erthel ess credit with asort

,

w
of contin uous existen ce o n accoun t of their reappearance in
t he dream They are no t dead like perso ns ho have died in
t they resem
.

ou r sense b u , ble the shades in the Odys s ey which

In t he drea mf o th e dead c hild in t he b o x (p . 1 30) ww e ere

bef ore and which had been frankl y adm itt ed fromthat t im e
ps not un im portan t fro mthe poin t of view of dream
.
,

I t is perha
theory if I add that arecollection fromearliest childhood is at
, ,

t he ba si s d rea
s even o f t hi m While the dreamer as alittle . w

birt h gro n up herself an d becom

Havin g w
e pregnant she
now follows the example of her m
.
,

w
other
m m it h ap i
.

If d ea
so e on e f g ief t ha
r t hi s e ress ons o r s

moth e his b other siste ha died I shall not

u t h d eam a a p f that h w w
fathe r or r, r or r, s

t hem d a
,

se e r ih s d u roo e s es e o

The theo y of the d eam s does t eq ui e so m

.

r uch ; it is
r no r r

satisfied with co cluding that the d eame ha wished them

n r r s

th is lim
they m
itati on wil l n ot con trib ute much to quiet the objectors
ight j ust as en ergetically con test the po
they have ever had such thoughts as they are sure that they
it
y that w
w '

do not cherish such wishes at pment I m ust therefore .

, ,

the basis of the testimon y which the presen t still furnishes .

‘

broth ers and sisters I do not know why we presuppose that

it m ust be aloving o n e sin ce exam
.

ples of brotherly an d sisterly

enm ity am ong adults force them
,

selves upon every one s ex ’

p erie n c e an d si n,ce we so often know that this estrange m ent

in th e Jahrb ch
0 1 i , 1 909 . a
. . nd
w
21 2 T HE I NT E RPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S

The older child has ill treated the younga slandered it and
- '

md
, ,

d eprived it of its t oys ; t he yo unger has b een c ons u e by

have been directe d against the oppressor The pamts s ay .

that the children do not agree and cannot find the reason f or
,

behaved child is n ot what we wish to find in agrown up person -

.

com
w
petitors other children an d in the first instance with its
, ,

brot hers an d s is ters . For d oing t his e do no t c all t he chil d

mt w
wm
deeds either in o ur judg en or in t he eyes of th e penal la .

And t his is jus t ifiab ly so ; for e ay exp ect that within

n ot develop sim ultaneously in all departments an d furt her

more the duration of the unmoral period of childhood is of
,

difieren t lengt h in different individ uals In cas es where the

development of this m
.

orality fails to appear we are pleased ,

to talk abo ut degen eration

“
they are obviously cases of
arrested developm ent Wh ere the prim ary character has
alre ady been covered up by later develop m ent it m
.

ay be at ,

least partially uncovered again by an attack of hysteria The .

an d that of a naughty chil d is strikingly evident A c o m .

pulsion neurosis o n the other hand correspo nds to asuper

, ,

asserting its elf as an in creased check

, o
.

w hic h a rc c a a b eing re a lised in t he drea m

m
p b l c of It is
m
.

pa rt i
c ularly int ere s t g t o o b s erve ll tt le chil d up to t hree
21 4 T H E I N T ERP RE T A T I ON OF DRE A M S
arrival of a female co mpetitor . I hear it is true that the
, ,

he kisses her hand an d pets her ; b ut in spiteof t his I have

convinced m yself that even before t he co m pletion of his
second year he is using his new facility in language to c riticise

conversation turns upon her he chim es in and cries angrily

During the last few months since
,

Too (l )ittle too (l )ittle

the child has outgrown this unfavourable criticism owing to
, .
,

its splendid developm ent he has found an other ay of j ustify

, w
,

On sions he rem
all suitable occ a inds us She hasn t an y ,
’

teeth ”
We have all preserved the recollection of t he eldes t
.

at that time six years old sought assurance fro mon e aunt

can t unders tand that yet can she ?

’
Lucy as the co m
, w
petitor two and ahal f years youn ger
ve never failed in an y of m m
, .

I ha y fe ale p atients to find

this dream of the death of brothers an d sisters denoting
exaggerated hostility I have m et with on ly on e exception

which could easily be reinterprete d into aconfirm

.
,

w w
ation of the
rule Onc e in t he co urse of a sitt ing hile I as exp lainin g
this con dition of affairs to alady as it seem
.

ed to have abear
ing upon the sym ptom
,

w
s under consideration she answered to
my astonishment th at she had never had such dreams Ho
, ,

ever she thought of another dre am which supposedly had

.
,

nothing to d o with the m atter a dreamwhich she had first

,

—
dream ed at the age of four when she as the youngest child , w ,

children all of themthe dream er s brothers and sisters an d ’

male and female cousins were ro mping about in a m”eadow

, ,

.
,

S uddenl y they all go t wings flew up a n d were go n e S he

nce of the dream; b ut it will not
, , .

ha d no ideaof the significa

be diflic ul t for us to rec o gnis e it as adrea o f t he d eat h of all m
the brothers and sisters , in its original for , and lit tle in m
fl uen ced by the censor I ven ture to insert the follo wing
m
.

interpretation : At the death of one out of alarge nu ber of

T he th
ree a nd a a l h fy
ea r old Ha ns e o ies h is rus in mb d
ri i is c h g c tc mf o
m that
- - -

tt d tc w d
h is li l e sis te r in t he i en i al or ( see revio u s n o es ) He a p
ssu es t .

s he is u b p k
na l e to s ea on a o u cc t
n o f her la of ee ck t th .
 T H E MA T ERI AL OF DREAM S 21 5

—
children in this case the children of two brothers were brought
up in co mmon as brothers an d sisters is it n ot probable that
—
mer at that time not yet four years old asked awise
w
our drea

Wh at beco m
, , ,

w
gro n up pers on
-
es of children when they
are dea d ? The answer probably a
”
s They get wings “

an d becom e angels ”
According to this explanation all the
brothers an d sisters an d cousins in the dreamnow have wings
.

one af ter such a multitude ! The feature that the children

to butterflies as though the child had been led by the sam

, e

as having the wings of abutterfly

so me one will now object that although the inim
.

Perhaps ical ,

well enough be adm itte d how does the childish disposition ,

arrive at such a height of wickednes s as to wish death to a

com pet itor or stronger playm ate a s thou gh all transgressions
could be ato ned for only by the death punishm
,

ent l Whoever -
“

talks in this m
w
anne r forgets that the childish idea of being
dead has little else b ut the words in co m
”
mon with our o n .

in th ecold grave of the terro r of the infinite Nothing which

the grown up person as all the m
, ,

-
yt hs concerning the G reat
,

Beyond testify finds it so hard to bear in his conception Fear

, .

of death is strange to the child ; theref ore it plays with the

horrible word and threatens another child If you do tha t
again yo u will die as Francis died whereat the poor m
”
other
shudders for perhaps she canno t forget that the great m
, ,

ajority
of m
,

ortals do not succeed in living beyond the years of child

hood It is st ill poss ib le even fc r achild eight years old c n
ma mu um
.
, ,

returnin g fro se of n at ural hist o ry

ay t o its to s

mothe Mam a I love y if yo u ever die I amgoing

,

r o u so

set yo uup here in the roo mso I can

, ,

to have yo u st ufied an d
always always see yo ul So little does the childish conception
of being dead resemble our own
,

‘ .

h ead the f l l wing

I x p essed a if ted bo of after the
x
ten,
tg
r o o e r
sudden death of hi fathe I u d rs ta d
s r : n e n end b ut I ca nn o t
see why h d oes n ot co m h o m
,

e e f uppe ”
e or s r.
21 6 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EA MS
B eing dead ma e ns fo r the c hild , hic h ha w
s b een a
sp ie d

the scen es of suff ering p revio us to d i

n
y g t he sa ,e as m “
b eing

does no t d ist inguis h t h e man ner a

nd ma e ns by w hioh this
absence is brought about whether by travel ling estrange m ent
, , ,

o r d eath If d u
. n g t he pre hi
ri , e y ea
st ori rs of ach i
ld an urse ,

af ter th e t w
aienc es as is revealed b y analysis overlap
o exp

in his m em t the child do es not m

, , ,

The fac t tha

m
ory is s very
lis ed b y m
.

w w
in t ens ely t ho s e re a
o a b sen t has b een rea an y a
mot her to her sorro after she has ret urned ho me after a
mmer joumey of several eeks an d has been told upon
,

su ,

sin gle t im
w
e B ut if she really goes to that un discovere d
un try from hose b ourn
.

co no t raveller ret urn s , the l dren

c hi

it fro mclothing this wish in the formthat the chil d may

w
die
mof ishing death proves
,

and the ps ychio rea c tio n to t he d rea

w w
that in spite of all the differenc es in con tent the wish in the
s so m me as it is it h
, ,

case of t he c hild i eho o r ot her t he s a

w w w
ad ults .

If n o t he dea th is h of t he c hild t o a ts b rot hers a

rd s i
-
nd

the chil d to reg rd a it s b ro t hers and si

s ters as co mp tit e o rs ,

b est o w lov e on th e child an d satisfy its wants and whose pre

,

In t he solution of this difi c ult y we are aided by the exp eri

to that membe r of the perm

its ] co uple which shares the sex

m ma m tly d am f th
wma of
of t he d a
re er, so that t he n os re s o e death of

his father, t he o n th d a
e eth f h mothe
o er r . I cann ot

oc c urren ce o f t his dreamin t he ma

n n er in d ic ated is dent
s o evi

that it be explained through so m

mu t s e factor that is un i
versally operative To express the m atter boldly it is a s

though asexual preference becom

.
,

es ac tive at an earl y period ,

21 8 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON O F D REA M S
still remains in the society of to day and every
'

po et s -
, po s t

in the foregro und of his fiction is sure of his effect The causes
of con flict between m
.

other and daughte r arise when the daughter

grows up and finds aguardian in her m other while she desires
sexual freedom an d when on the other han d the m
,

, , other has ,

been warned by the budding beauty of her daughter that the

tim e has come for her to renounce sexual claim s .

All these co nditions are n oto rious an d open to ev eryone s ’

death of parents found in the case of persons to whompiety

towards their parents has lon g sin ce co me to be inviolable
We are f urtherm
.

ore prepared by the precedin g disc ussion to

find that t he death wish towards parents is to be explained by
-

doubt impossible in its app lication to psychon e urotics through

awaken at avery ea rly period a n d that the first inclinations of

,

the girl are directed towards the father and the first childish
cravings of the boy towards the m
,

ot her The fath er thus

becom es an annoying competitor fo r the boy as the m
.

other
does for the girl an d we have already shown in the camof
,

brothers an d sisters how litt le it takes f or this feeling to lead

the child to the death wish Sexual selection as arule early
-

becom
.
, ,

es evident in the parents it is an atural tendency f or

the fath er to in dulge the little daughter and for the m other ,

to take the part of the sons while both wo rk earnestly for the
educat ion of the little ones when the m
,

agic of sex does not

prej udice their j udgm ent The child is very well aware of
lity and resist s that member of the parental couple
.

w
any pa rtia

ho discoura
,

ges it To find love in agrown up person is for

.
-

als o ma
e ns t ha
t t he c hild s
’
w ill is t o b e yielded to in ot her

re spects . Th us the child obeys its own sexual impulse and ,

corres pon ds to thei rs .

 T HE MA T ER I AL OF DREAM S 21 9

Most of t he signs of these infan tile inc linations are usually

overlooked ; so m e o f t hemm ay be o b ser ved even aft er the
first yea rs of c hildh oo d Ah eight yea r o ld
girl of m y ac - -

quaintance when her m other is called fro mthe table takes

.

ntage of the opport unity to proclaimherself her suc

, ,

adva
cm r Now I shall be Mam ma; Charles ”do yo uwant some
more vegetables ? Have some I beg you 8m A part icu
.
,

, , .

larly gifted a n d viva cious girl not yet four years old with, ,

says o utright Now m other can go a ay then father m

marry me and I shall be his wife Nor does this wish by an y
”
ust w
means exclude fromchild life the possibility that the child
.

may love his mother aff ection ately If the little boy is allowed
to sleep at his m
.

other s side when ever his father goes on a

’

journey and if aft er his father s ret urn he m

wm m w ma
ust go bac k to t he
’

n ursery to aperso n ho he likes far , t he ish y b e

that he m ay keep his p ace next to his dear beautiful m

l amm a;
ther 8 death is obviously am eans for the attainm
,

an d the fa
’
ent
of this wish ; for the child s experience has taught himthat
’

“
dead folks like grandpa fo r example are always abs ent
, , ,

Al though observations upon little children lend them

of ad ult neurotics obtrude upon the physician The dream s .

in question are here cited with in trod uctions of such anature

One day I fin d alad y sad a nd eepin g S he sa w

ys : I d o n ot
want to see m m m
.

y rela tives an y o re ; they ust sh udde r a t

me Thereupon almost witho ut any transition she tells
”

that she rem embers a dream whose significance of course

.
, ,

she does n ot know She dream

, , ,

w w
.ed it four years before and it ,

w
is a or alynz is ta king a a l k oathe roo] ; then
m
s foll o s : A o

m aking /al u or she /alls do n and a

, f ter tha t h er m o ¢ha,
is

m mm
w
No s oon er ha d I in for ed her th a t t h is dre a ust s ig nify a
is h fro m her c hild hood t o see her ot her dea d, a m
nd th a t it is

shudder at her than she furn ished so m

, ematerial f or explaining
220 T HE I NTE R P RE T A TK IN O F DREAM S
dream
w w w
the Lynx eye
-
is an Oppre brious epithet which s

m
.

w w
st reet b o y onc e b es t o ed on her hen she as av s all
chil d ; hen she as three years o ld abric k had fal len on her
m other s head so that she bl ed severe ly
’

m
.

I o nc e ha d o ppo rtun ity t o ake a tho ro ugh st ud y of a

of frenzied excitement with which the illnes s started the ,

w
u
st r c kan d sc c ld ed her as s oonas she approac hed the b ed
me time she rem
,

hile at t he sa ained lo ving and o bedient to a

apathetic state with very m uch disturbed sleep It a s in w

ly se her dm am
.

t his p ha se t ha t l b egan to treat her a nd t o ana s

An en orm mber of these dealt in amore o r les s abs trus e

.

w
ou s nu

manner with the death of the mother ; now she as pre sent
a t t he f un era l of an old om w w w
an no she sa her sisters sitt ing
hle dressed in m n g ; t he m ms
,

a t th e ta ourn i eanin g of t he drea

c ou l d no t b e d oub ted D urin g t he furth er pro gress of t he

con valescen ce hysteric al pho bias appeared ; the m
.

w
ost tortur
ing of t hes e as the idea that so m ething happened to her

she happ en ed t o b e i
n o rd er to co n vi
n ce herself th at her mth
o er

to the sam e exciting idea In the s tate of excitem

. ent which
I conceive as the ove rpowering of the second psychic insta
nce ,

as a motor impulse then after calm ness set in following the

suppression of the tum fter the do m
, ,

ult and a ination of the

m
,

w
c ens o r ha d b een res tored , t his feelin g o f en ity ha d ac c ess

on l y to m
t he provin ce o f drea s in order t o re a l is e t he ish t ha t

longer inexplicable why hysterical girls are so oft en extr v aa

Ou a nother oc c as ion i I had opportunity to get aprof oun d

in s ight in to t he unc onsc iou f e o f a yo ung
s psy c hic li an for m
222 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA MS
I ref er and the dra
to the legen d of maof the
K in g Oedipus
same nam e by Sophocles Oedip us the son of Laius king of
.
, ,

Thebes an d of Jocasta is exposed while a sucklin g because

, , ,

unborn wil l be his m

, urderer He is resc ued a n d grows u
.
p as ,

the king s son at aforeign co urt un til bein g uncertain about

’

, ,

his origin he also consults the oracle an d is advised to avoid

his n ative pla
,

c e f or he is d est i

his father an d the h usband of his m

n ed t o b om e th e m urderer of
other On the road leadin g
,

w
away fromhis supposed ho m e he m
.

eets K ing Laius and strikes

himdea d in a sudden quarr el Then he com es to the gates
.

w
of Thebes where he solves the riddle of the Sphynx who is
,

barring the ay and he is elected kin g by the Thebans in

,

gratitude an d is presented with the hand of Joc ast a He

ce and honour for along tim
,

w
reigns in pea e an d begets two sons
an d t o daughters upon his unknown m
,

other un til at last a ,

plague breaks o ut which causes the Thebans to consult the

sengere bring the advice that the plague will stop as soon as the
murderer of Laius is driven fromthe country B ut where is .

Wh ere are t hey to b e fo und ? Ho wa w a

sh ll e tr ce the

discovery
The action of the play now cons ists me re ly in arevelation ,

him self is the murderer of Laius an d the son of the dead man
t the m
,

an d of Jocasta Oedipus profoundly shocked a on

t rocities which he has unknowingly co m mitted blinds himself
.
,

a ,

an d lea ves his native place The oracle has been fulfilled
. .

tragic eff ect is said to be foun d in the opposition bet een the w
powerful will of the gods and the vain resistance of the hum an
beings who are threatened with destruction ; resignation to
the will of Go d an d confession of one s own helplessness is the ’

lesson which the deeply m oved spectato r is to learn fro mthe

-

tragedy Co nsequently m odern authors have tried to obtain

asim ilar tragic eff ect by embodying the sam
.

e o pposifion in a
Ac t i sc 2
. Tn ns l s ted by George BO m ers Oh rk.
 T HE MA TE RI AL OF D REAM S 228

w hile a c urse or a n ora cu lar sen ten c e ha s b een f ulfill ed on

mm m
w
b la ele hu an bein gs in spite o f all t heir struggles ; later
tra g ed ies of fat e h ave all re ain ed it h o ut efie c tm
m m m
.

If the Oedipu s T yran nu s is ca pable of oving odern en

mk t ag dy i ba d up
twa
efiect

een
of

f te
t he Gr
and huma w
r

ilh b ut i t b
n
e s

s
se

o e so
on t he
ught in t he
o p position

pec ul
be
iar

de mn the sit uations occurring in Die Al m

f au r or in other

be a facto r corresponding to this inner voice in the sto ry of

K ing Oedipus His fate moves us only for the reason that it
might have been c ure for the oracl e has put the same curse
.

pon him Perhaps we are all

,

w
upon us before o ur birth a s u

m
.

d est in ed to direct o ur first s ex ual i puls es to a rds o ur

fathers ; our dream s convince us of it K in g Oedipus who

ck his father Iaius dead and has m arried his m
. ,

ha s stru other
Joca s t a is nothing b u t the realised wish of o ur childhood
But m
, .

ore fortunate than he we have since succ eeded unless

we have becom
, ,

e psychoneurotics in withdrawing our sexual

impuls es fromo ur mothers and in forget ting our jealousy of
,

us t h e guilt of Oed ipus th e poet urges us to rec o gn i

se o ur o wn

which these impulses even if suppressed are still

,

inner self , in , ,

this Oedipus who unravelled the fam

ww w
Behold ! ous
s am an of emin ent virtue ; a m
,

ddle
ri and ho a an ho

hi m ( Ac t v . so .

havc gro w wan so is e nd so po wu erf l in o ur o wn est i mati on

224 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAMS

nature has forced upon us and after the revelation of which we

want to avert every glance fro mthe scenes of o ur childhood
,

nm
.

In t he very t ext of Sop hoc les

’
tra
-
d
g y
e t here i
s a
n u is

Oedipus— w
ho is not yet enlightened b ut who ha
worried on account of the oracle b y m
—
s beco m

entioning to him
e ,

the dreamwhich is dream t by so m any people though she ,

it hath s heedy been the lot of m

For any m en in dreams
to think themselves partners of their m other s bed B ut he ’

pas ses m ost easily through life to whomthese circum

.

stances
are trifles (Ac t iv so . .

The dreamof having sexual intercourse with one s m other ’

occurred at that time as it does tod ay to many people who

, , ,

sto od it is the key to the tragedy an d the complem ent to the

dreamof the death of th e father The story of Oedipus is
,

the reaction of the im tion to these two typical dream

.

agina s ,

with feelings of resistance so the legen d m ust contain terror

and self chastisem
,

-
ent The appearance which it further
assum is the result of an uncom
.

prehen ding secon dary elab

(f
c the d ream m a terial of exhibitionism p The at
tempt to reconcile divine omnipotence with hum
.
.
,

an responsi
b ilit y m ust of co urse fail with this m
, aterial as with every
,

is fou
Ano th er of th e grea

ych c f
th e ps w y
t crea
nd ed o n t h e sa e b a si
tions o f tra
s a m
s t he Ood
i l i e o f the t o id el s epa ra w
g ic

f c ivili a
‘ periods ti —the ag S
w .

o s on e
l g p ogre
on r f epre ion i the mtio a
ss o r l lif
ss f h um a ity —i m
n ade e o n e o n s
ma if t i t h ch ag d t atm t f th id tical mat ial I 0d “
n es n e n e re en o e en er n
ght t light a d ali d a ?
w
.

t h ba
es ic wi h ph a tasy
s f th ch ild i b u
n o e ti s ro o n re se s s
m; in Haml t it m
-

in th drea
e ai rep ued a nd
c lean of it a
re i ten ens re e r s e s c
—om
sewha t as in th cae f a n u si —o nl y by th i hibition w hich
e s o e ro s
,
e n
ul ts fromit Th e fa
c t tha mai mpl
.

res . t it is possib l e t o re n in co ete da

rk ness
226 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S
of t heir ign ifica
a nc e f or t he t heory of mi
t h e drea n gen ml .

where the dreamthought which has been created by the

rep ressed wish co m
,

pletely es capes the cen sor an d is transferred

to the dream witho ut alteration There m
, ,

ust be present
pec uliar condition s m tcom
.

akin g possible such a n ou e I find

circ um stances favourable to these dream
.

s in the two following

factors : First there is no wish which we believe further fro m
,

us ; we believe such a wish would n ever occ ur to us in a

dream the dreamcensor is therefore not prepared for this
monstrosity j ust as the legislation of Solon as in capable of
, w
pressed an d un suspected wish is in j ust this case part ic ularly
often m et by afra gm ent of the day s experience in the shape ’

of aconcern about the life of the beloved person This con

cern cannot be registered in the dreamby an y other m
.

eans
than by taking advantage of the wish that has the sam e
conten t b ut it is possible for the wish to m ask itself behind
the concern which has been awakened durin g the day If one
is inclined to thin k all this a m ore sim
.

ple process and that ,

one has been concern ed with during the day the dreamof the
death of beloved persons is removed fromall connection with
,

dreamexplanation and an easily reducible problemis uselessly

,

retained .

anxiety dream m
w
s In the drea of the death of deer persons
.

the repressed wish has found a ay of avoiding the censor ,

an d the dist o rtion which it causes In this case the inevitable

concom itant m
.

an ifestation is that disagreeable sensations are

felt in the dream Thus the dreamof fear is brought about
.

only when the censor is entirely or partially overpowere d

and o n the other hand the overpowerin g of the censor is m
,

, , ade

Thus it becom es obvious fo r what purpose the censor perform s

its office an d practises dreamdistortion ; it does t his sn order
’

to p revent tb c dccelo p mt
en o a
e r or ofl
/ f mf m
or ol disagreeabl e

and I may now resu me this subject in order to suggest that

 T HE MA T ERI AL OF D R E A MS 227

m
w
tical ; in every drea t he b eloved ego app ears even t ho ugh it
may m
,

be in adisg uis ed fo r The ishes t ha t . are alised

re in

w
I A boy not yet fo ur years old relates the following He :

m m m
.

w
rge dis h ga i a a
m
sa ala ehed nd up on i
t al r e
g p i
e ce ol ro s t eat
m m —
,

w
and the eat s all o/ asud de fl ot cut to pi ut eaten uz
p
He did not s ee the perm ho atc it
.

*
.

give us the explanation of this Fo r a few days the boy had

m
.

b een living on a diet of ilk acc o rding t o t he d oc t or s

p re
’

scription b ut on t he evening of the day before the dream he

had been na ughty and as a punishm ent he had been deprived of
,

his even ing meal He had alread y undergon e one such hunger
.

cure and had acted very bravely He kn ew that he would get

, .

nothing to eat bu t he did not dare to indicate by a word that

mung to have its in fln mce
,

he was hungry Edu cation was b egi

.

upon him ; this is ex pressed even in the dream which shows

the beginnings of dream disfigurement There is no do ubt .

that he himself is the person whose wishes are di rected toward

this ab undant meal an d a meal of roast meat at that But
, .

since he knows that this is fo rbidden him he does not dare as

ldrmdo in th e dream (of the dream about strawberries of
, ,

c hi .

my little Anna p to sit down to the meal himself The

, . .

II Once I dream that I see on the show table of a book

.
-

tion which I am in the habit of buying (art monographs mono ,

graphs on the histo ry of the world famous art centres &c

m
, , .

Like wise an yth ing large over abundan enormous a n d e xagge rated
-

w
, , , ,

may be a childish characte r stic Th e chi ld ows no more int nse wish
i e
t b eco m
.

t hs n
o e big d to rec eive as
, ue
snb oi "
ev g “ grown u pa ; th e -

child is hard to satisf y it knows no e ough an tiabl y d e mands the n ,

repe tition of whatever ha pleaed it or ts sted g od to it I t l earns to
s s o .

practise mode ration to be mod est and resigned onl y th ongh culture and r
also inclined toward im
, ,

ed ucation As is we ll known the n euron s 1s

md
.
,
o er tion a
a nd exce u .
228 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF D REAM S
T he
the first
ne w
m
n
collec

nber
aon

bea
al led a m Om
rs the na
is c tors (or
me of Dod or Leeher
w
.
Ova
ti-
m)wa ,
nd

In the co urse of analysis it appears improbable that the

Opposition sho uld occ upy my tho ughts while I am dre aming
, .

The fa s t ha
ct i t, a few days b efore I und ertook the psychic ,

fro mt en to t w elve ho urs aday . Thus I my self amthe long

III Upon another occasion I dream that a teacher of my

.

ac quaintance at the uni versity says : My son the Myop ic , .

replies A third portion of the dream follows in which I and

.

my sons appear and as fa r as the laten t dream conten t is

,

conc erned father son an d Professor M are alike only lay

, , , .

figures to represent me and my eldest son I s hall consi der .

this dream again further on because of anot her pec uliarity .

egotistical feelings which are con cealed behind afiec tionate

,

My Mend Otto looks ill J is faee is bmm nd his eyes bulge w .

Otto is my family physician to whom I owe a debt greater ,

than I c an ever hope to repay sin ce he has gnard ed t he healt h ,

of my children for years He has treated them su ccessfully .

when they were taken sick and besides that he has gi ven them ,

presents on all occ asions which gave him any excuse for d oing
so He c am
. e f or a visit on th e day of the dre am an d my ,

w
w
my dream at night and attrib utes to him a fe of the sym ptoms
my
,

Bas ed o dis ea An y disregardi for

’
of s se . one ng rnl es

dream interpret ation wo uld understand this dre am to mean

wu
that I am con cerned about the health of my friend and that
m
,

t his co n c ern is re ld t hus b e a

alis ed in t he drea . It o

contradiction not only of t he assertion that the dream is a

-
m
wish fulfil en t but also of the assertion that it is accessible
,

mw
only to egotistic im pulses B ut let th e person who interpre ts
m m
.

the drea in t his ann er exp lain to e hy l fear t hat Otto

has Basedow s disease for which diagnosis his appearance
’
,
280 T HE I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AM S

that is the point For Professor R has pursued his way

. .

indepen dently ou tside the schools somewhat as I have done , ,

and has only in later years recei ved the title which he earn ed

w
long ago I am therefore again wishing to be a professor !
mt
.

The very p hras e in later years

”
is t he f ul fil en of ish ,
for it signifies that I shall live long eno ugh to pilot my boy
through the age of pu berty myself .

I gave o nl y a brief accoun t of t he ot her for ms of ty pica

l
dreams in the first edition of this book because an in sufi c ien t ,

amo unt of good material was at my disposal My experienc e .

,

which has since been increased now makes it possible for m e

,

which really have the sam e meaning every time and secondly , ,

those which m ust be su bj ected to the most widely different

interpretations in spite of their identical or similar conten t .

Among the typical dreams of the first sort I sha ll closely

consider the examination dream and the a o called dream of -

the final college examination com plains of the ruthlessness

,

with which he is pursued by the anxiety dream that he will

fail that he m ust repeat his work 85 0 For the holder of the
, , .

university degree this typical dream is rep laced by another ,

which represents to him that he has to pass the examination

for the doctor s degree and against which he vainly raises the
’
,

obj ection in his sleep that he has already been practising for
—
years that he is already a university instru ctor or the head
of a law firm These are the ineradicable memories of the
.

—
misdeeds which we had committed memo ries which were
e dies illa of the severe exa
re vived in us on that dies ira ,
mi
nation at the two c ritical j unctures in o ur studies The .

examination phobia of neurotics is also stre ngthened by

-

this chil dish fear After we have ceased to be schoolboys it

.

is no lo nger o ur paren t s an d guardians as at first , or o ur

teachers as later on who see to o ur punishment the inexorable
,

ww
chain of ca uses and effects in life has taken over o ur further
education No . e dream of examinations for graduation
 T HE M A T ERIAL OF DREAM S 231

or for —
the docto r s degree and who has not been faint hearted
’
-

w w w
in these t ests even though he bel on ged to t he right eo us l
whenever e fear that an o utc om
,

e ill pun is h us b ec ause e

have not don e something or beca use we have not accomplished
something as we should in short whenever we feel the weight
,

remark made by a well informed col league who once asserted -

,

dream occ urs only to persons who have m m

the examinaed

w
tion never to those who have gone to p i on it T h e
mf am
, .

an xiet y drea o the ex in ation , hich occ urs as is b eing

,

forward to a responsible action on his part the next day and

w w
the possibility of disgrace has th erefore probably selected ,

an oc c s ia
on in the pasta a a here th e gre t nxiety h s s ho n

wu a
i self to have been withou t j ustification an d has been contra
t
d ic t ed b y the res ul t . am This o ld b e king ex
very s tri pl e

of a misconcep tion of the dream content on the part of the

waking instance The obj ection to the dream which is con
.
,

ceived as the indignant protest Bu t I am already a ,

”
doctor &c would be in reality a consolation which the
, .
,

dreams off er an d which woul d therefore be to the following

,

effect : Do not be afraid of the morrow ; think of the fear

“

which you had before the final examination and yet nothing ,
”
came of it Y ou are a doctor this min ute &c The fear
.
, .
,

however which we attribute to the dream originates in the

, ,

The tests of this explanation which I was able to make in

my own case an d in that of others altho ugh they were not ,

sufficiently n umero us have been altogether successful I , .

failed for example in the examinat ion for the docto r s degree
, ,
’

in legal medicine ; never once have I been concerned abo u t

examined in botany zoology or chemistry in which su bj ects

, , ,

I took the examinations with well founded anxiety b ut -

escaped pimis hm
,

en t thro ugh the clem ency of fort une or of

am In m m m m
w
t he ex in er y drea s of c ol le ge exa in at i
on l a
mined in his tory a subject hic h I paes ed
.
,

reg u larly exa

t the tim t o nly 1 m dm use m

,

b rillian t ly a e bu us t a it b eca, y , ,
28 2 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S

—
dream (of p l 2) d id not overlook the fact that on the lis t
. .

of questions I had crossed out the second of three questions

patients who withdrew before the final college examinations

an d mad e t hem up later b u t who failed in the officer s exam
,

i
’

ma m that m
,

n ation an d did n ot b eoo e n ofiicer, tell s e he drea s

abo ut the former examination often en ough b ut never about ,

the latter
The above m
.

entioned colleague (Dr S tekel of V ienna )

-
.

calls atte ntion to the double meaning of the word Mature

( Ma ture— e xamination f or co ll ege degree : mat ure ri pe ) and , ,

claims that he has observed that examination dreams occ ur

very frequently when a sexual test is set for the foll owing day ,

in which therefore the disgrace which is feared might consist

, ,

in the manifestation of slight potency A German colleague .

takes exc eption to this as it appears j ustly on the groun d

, , ,

and hence lacks this dou ble meaning .

On acco unt of their similar affecti ve im pression dreams of

miss ing a train deserve to be placed next to examination
dreams Their explanation als o j ustifies this relationship
. .

They are consolation dreams dire cted against another feeling

of fear perceived in the dream the fear of dying To , .

depart is on e of the most fre quent and one of the most easily

( kimposayo urself , yo u are

not going to die (to j ust
as the examination dream calms us by saying Fear not ,
”
no thing will happen to y o u even this time The d ifi c ul ty .

in understanding both kinds of dreams is due to the fact that

of consolation S tek el treats f ully the symbolisms of death

um
.

in his rec ently pu bl ished book Die S p rache des Tra es .

The meaning of the dreams of dental irritation which ,

"

I ha ve had to analyse often eno ugh with my patients ,

escaped me for a long tim e beca use m uch to my aston ishm ent
, , ,

resistances that were altoget her too great o bstructed their

last overwhelming evidence convinced me that in the

At
case of men nothing else than c ravings for masturbation from
,

,
28 4 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REAM S
homosex ual of his ac quaintance The dreamer who has never .
,

achieved coition bu t who has never actually so ught sex ual

,

intercourse with men conceives sexual interco urse after the

,

the time of pu berty .

person drawing the tooth from the dreamer s mon th are made ’

intelligible by means of the same explanation I t m

,

ay .
,

however be difficult to see how dental irritation can come

,

to ha ve this significance I may then call attention to a

.

transference from below to above which occ urs very fre quently .

This tra s a
n sf eren c e i t th e servic e of s exual repression and ,

in hysteriawhich ought to be enacted in the genitals can be

w
realised upon less obj ectionable pa rts of the body I t is also .

a case of such transferen ce hen the genitals are rep lac ed by

am by the fact that the butt ocks resemble the cheeks and
ted
also by the usage of language which calls the n ym m
,

w
”
p h li ps
as t emb ling those that en close the O pening of the mou th
,

The nose is compare d to t he pen is in n um ero us all usion s and

in one plac e as in th e o ther t he presen ce of hair co m
,

pl ete s t he

are beyond all possibility of being com pared with anyt hing
m
,

and it is j ust this coincidence of agreement and disa en t

which makes the teeth suitable for representation under

pressure of sexual repression .

I do not wish to claim that the interpretation of the dream

of dental irritation as a dream of masturbation the jus tifica ,

tion of which I cannot dou bt has been freed of all obsc urity
,
‘ .

I carry the ex planation as far as I am able and m ust lea ve the ,

rest unsolved But I m ust also refer to another connection

.

revea led by an idiomatic exp ression In our co untry there is .

in use an indelicate designation for the act of mast urbation ,

namely To pull one out or to pull one dowat I am unable

,

‘ Acco rd in g to C G J
. .
, drea m s of l irrita
den ta tic n in the a
c s e of
wom e e e e parturition dreams
n hav th signi ficanc 0 .

t the biographic dream on p 236 . .

 T H E MA TE RI AL OF DREAM S 28 5

w
sy mb li m th y
o s

ith th e firs t
s e

of
a
re b a

the t w
s ed

o.
‘
, b ut the t eeth ww
ould ell fit in

Dreams in which one is flying or ho vering falling swimming , . ,

or the lik e belong to the second group of typical dreams

, What .

the dreams of punin teet h and tee th fall ing out are interpreted
As
lar belie f to m ean th e soath of a clos e friend and as psychoanalysis
, ,
in popu ,
can at most onl y ad mit of such a m eaning in th e above indicated parodical
sense, I insert here ad reemof den ta tion pla
l irrita c ed t m
a y dis pcsa
l by
Otto Rank
th e
e
17

As mate rial for the inte rpre tation of this dream we ob tain ed th e foll ow
,

ing e x eri ences and tho hts of th e dream e r

I .p or a short tim e had act u all y b ee n un d er d e ntal treatm e nt and at
w
,

th e tim e of th e dream I was suff ering from contin ual pains in th e to ot h of

m y lower ja which was drill ed out in the dream and on which the dentist
, ,

had in fac t work ed l ong er than I lik ed O n the fore noon of the da
.
y of th e
dream I had again gon e to th e docto r s on account of th e pai n and h e had
’
,

suggested that I sho uld allow him to pull out anoth er tooth than th e on e
t reated in th e same aw from which th e obabl y came I t was a
‘

wisdom tooth whi o was j ust breakin g t ougp r On this occasion and
.
,
‘ ’
,
in this conn ection I had put a question to his consci ence as a ph ysician
,
.

I I On th e afte rnoon of th e sam e day I was obliged to excuse m yse lf to

.

a la dy for m y irritab le disposition on account of the toothach e upon which ,

286 T HE I N TE RP RE T A T I ON O F D REAM S

I t is wa ess ry to conclude from the material obtained in

,

childhood— that is that they refer to the movement games ,

which have such extraordinary att ractions for the chil d What .

sh e told me that sh e was afraid to have one of he roots pull ed though th e r

crown was al most com
,

p l et l gon e S h e tho u ght that th

e e p u lling out of .

ey e tee th was especially pai l and dangero us although som e acq uaintance
w
,
had to ld h er that this was m uch easi er whe n it was a to oth of the low er
j a I t was s u ch a to oth in h e r ca s e Th e sam e ac q uaintanc e a lso told h e r
that while und er an am thet i on e of h er false teeth had been pull ed a
. .

w
state m ent which increased h er fear of th e e e my 0
-

tion Sh th en n c s r e
molars or canin es
.

ask ed m e whe the r by eye tee th on e was to und ers ,

and what was known about them I th en call ed he r attention to th e ve in

of s u e rstitions in all th ese m
w
.

ea witho ut how e ve r e mphasising th e

a
ni
p
w
,
real signi ficance of th e P) vi a S he kn ew from i

aww an f g al popul a l eh f according to hlcehq

e n
ogms
r c
en e ave
ww fa
‘ ' ’ ' '

ex e
z
er r

r g z s
c (
a
,
n t oo n t ot ha h l g i s bi fl
o h t c s o o
I II T his sayin i te rested m e in its re lation to th e typical sign ificance
n
of dreams of dental irritation as a substitute for onanism a maintained b
.

s
Fre u d in his T oum d u tu g ( 2 d edition
r
p c for th e
n t ee th andn th e m
ge nital ( B ub boy) are brought in certam re lations even in th e popular
, .

sayin g On th e even
. of th e sam e day I the refore read the
’

in
q ue st ion in th e rug and fou nd th e re amon g oth e r t th e
statem e nts which will be quoted in a mome t th e infl ue ce of which on n n
dr am is as plainly e gmab l as th e in fl uence of th e two ab ve men ti
,

e r co s e o on
e xperiences Freud writes concerning dreams of dental irritation that in
.
‘

th e case of m en nothing e lse than cravings for masturbation from th e time

of pube rty furnish es th e motive pow er fo th ese dreams 198 Furth e r ’

I am of th e opinion that th e f eq ue nt modificatio s of the ty pica

r , . .
,

w l d ream
‘
r n
—
of d ental irritation that g of anoth e r dra in the toot h fr m th e
dreamer s mouth —are mad e inte lligibl e 6; m eans of e sam e ex planat ion
s . . rson o
'

mv at this
.

I t may seem probl ematic how eve r how de ntal irri tation can a
“
e

w
, ,

significance I h ere cal l atten tion to th transfe rence from below to above
. e

( in th e dr am in u
e sa tion from th e low e r to th e upper ja ) which occurs
so freq ue ntl y whio is at th e service of sex ual repression and by m m of
,

, ,

which all k nds of sensations and intentions occurring in h yste ria wh ich
i
ought to be enacted in th e genitals ca be realised upon less obj ecti nabl e n o
parts of th e body p 194 B ut I m ust also fer to anoth er conn ection
,
'
. .
‘
re
contain ed in an idiomatic e xpression In u coun there is in us an o r e

w
.

ind elicat d es etion for the at of masturbation nan y T pull one out
'

c , : : o ,
or to pull on e n p 1 96 9n d edition T his expression had bee n familiar
.
, .

to m e in earl y y u as a d esign ation for onanism and from h e re on it will

o ,
not be difficul t for th e e xper ienced dr am inte rp eter to ge t access to th e e r
infan til e mate rial which may l i at th e ba sis of this dream I only wish e .

to add th at th e facility with which th e tooth in th e dream cam e ut and o ,

th e fact that it becam e transf ormed afte r c min g ut into an n ”r incisor o o
recalls to m e an experience of childhood wh en I myse lf easil y add inlea
,

of z wobbling front tee th This episod e which can m

sl
pull ed ut o o ne 6
n y
.
,
to this da y distin a v re m emb e r with ( all its d etail happ e n ed at th e sam e s,
earl y perod in which m y fi s t conscious attempts at onanism begun
i r

( O on ce a h n g M e m or y ) .
238 T HE IN T ERPRE TA T ION OF D REAM S
and dizziness attac hed to it ; in a f ter yea
rs t hey c reate a
epetition of this in the dream m mit
w
r b ut in the drea they o
the hands which have held them so that they
,

, no f eely float
r

ro c ki
ng an d see sawing is well known ; and if they see gy m
nastic tricks at the circus their recollection of this rocking is
ref reshed With so m e boys the hysterical attack con sists
sim ply in the reproduction of such tricks which they aecom
.

p li
s h with g reat skil l N ot infreq uen tly sex u al sensations are

excited by thes e m ovem ent gam es harm

.

l ess a s they a re in

them
,

selves ‘ To express the ideaby aword which is c urrent

mong us and which covers all of these matters It is the wild
.

a
ms about flying
,

playing Hetzen of childhood which drea ,

w
falling vertigo an d the like repeat an d the voluptuous feelings
, , ,

of which have n o been turned in to fear B ut as ev ery

moth er knows the wild playing of children has often enough
.

culm
,

inated in quarrelling an d tears .

I therefore ha ve good reason f or rejectin g the explanation

that the con dition of o ur derm al sensations during sleep the
sensations caused by the m ovem
,

ents of the l ungs and the

like give rise to dream
,

s of flying and fall ing I see that these

very sensations have been reproduced fromthe m emory with
, .

which t he dreamis co ncerned that they are therefore apart

—
of th e dreamconten t and n o t of the dreamsources
, ,

This m aterial sim

.

ilar in its character an d origin consisting

of sensations of m
,

otion is now used for the representation of

the most m anifold dreamthoughts Dream
,

s of flying fo r
the m ost part characterised by delight require the most widely
.
,

the case of so me persons and even interpretations of atypical

ture in that of others One of m
,

w
w
na y patie n ts as in the habit
of dream
.

in g very o ften that she as suspen ded above the

thi co ecti
s
A
nn I k w f omm on : o
“
n i no
,
that
w
young coll eague ho i en ti ely free f om rv us e tel l me i
wh il rw i gi
s

g
r
w r
r enc e
ne o n ss, s n

y n n or e s
at th m om mv m t had the g at t
,
en t a
e t which th d w e o n o e en re es
im petu I u d t g t ac uiou feel ing in my genital wh ich I mut dmig
te al though it w
s, n o e r s s, s
na a ot ea ll y pl easa t t me as av luptuou f l i
s n r n o o s es
I have ften head f om ti ts that thei fi r t e cti acc mpaied y
, ,

o r r en r s re ons o n
l they w re cl im

m
v luo ptuou sensati s occ u ed i boyhood wh i
o ns bing rr n e e
bli h d with c mpl ete c tai ty b p y hoaual y that the fi rst
.

I t i esta e
i
s s o er n s c ses
u u ha ft g at d t u a w t g
flg p l ses v e en o i i
n e i
n fili
on g d e l i r f o sc
s
r s s o s n n
o
 T H E MA T ERI AL OF D REAM S 28 9

had grown onl y to a very small stature an d shunned every ,

h uman beings Her drea mof sus pension fulfilled b ot h o f her

wishes by raising her feet fromthe ground an d by allowing her
.

hea
,

w
d t o to er in t he upper reg ents In th e cas e o f other .

longing : If I were a little bird ; o thers t hus bec o m ag

e n els

The intimate connection bet een flying a

n d the ideaof abird w
makes it comprehensible that the dreamof flying in the case
shall also not be surpris ed to hear t hat this or that dreamer is
always very proud of his ability to fly .

Dr Pa ul Federn ( Vienna) ha
. s propo u nded the fascinating

fear Their in terpretation when they occur in wom en is

subject to no diffic ulty because wo m
. , ,

en always accept the

symbolic sense of falling which is a circumlocution for the
indulgence of an erotic tem
,

ptation We have n o t yet ex .

all childre n ha ve fall en oc casion ally an d then been picked up ,

an d fon dl ed ; if they fel l o ut of bed a t night they were picked .

up b y their n urse a n d ta lcen in to her b ed

moften of swimming of cleaving the waves
.

People who drea

with great enjoym
, ,

w
ent &c have usually been persons who
wetted their beds an d they n o repeat in the dreamapleasure
,

learn fromon e example or another to what representation the

The interpretation of dream s about fire j ustifies a pro

hibition of the nursery which forbids childre n to b urn matches
in order that they m ay not wet the bed at night They too are .

h natuall y h l d tru “onl y fo ”Ge m mer wa

T is s e

m
n s pes h n g drea
a ho
r o r r s
t d with the vulgaism
re
a
-

c
aquain e ry .
240 T HE I N T E RPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
based on the rem in iscence of en uresis noctumus of childh ood .

In the M at c h ciner Hystaiea na lys e I have given '

the co mplete analysis an d synthesis of such a fire dreamin

,

would be possible to cite aconsiderable num

It ber of other
typ ical dream s if t hes e a re un dm
~st oo d to rd er t o t h e

fre quent recurrenc e of the sam e m anifest dream content in

,

the case of difl erent dream ers as for exam ple : dream s of , ,

passing through narrow alleys of walking through a whole

suite of rooms dream s of the nocturnal burglar against whom
,

sleep ; dream s of bein g chased by wild anim als ( bulls horses) , ,

o r of being th reatened with knives daggers and lances The

last two are characteristic as the m anifest dreamcon ten t of
, , .

persons sufl erin g fromanxiety &c An investigation dealing , .

lieuof this I have two re mak r s to off er which however do not

, , ,

The m
I ore one is occ upied with the sol ution of dream s
the m ore wil ling on e mus t becom
.
,

e to acknowledge that the

majority of the dre ams of ad ult s treat of some] material and
dream s that is to say who pushes forward fro mtheir manifest
con tent to the latent dreamthoughts c an forman opinion on
, ,

the ma ifest co n n e t nt (as f or example Na

c ke in his works on

m)
, ,

se xual d a re Let us rec ognis e a

s t o nc e t hat t his fa
ct i
s

co mplete harm
.

not to be wondered at b ut that it is in

, ony with

other i m pulse has had to un dergo so m uch supp ression from

the time of childh ood as the sex im pulse in its num ero us com
pon en t s fi fro m no othe r impulse ha ve su rvived so m a ny an d
such intense unconscious wishes which now ac t in the sleeping
state in such a m ann er as to produce dream s In dream
,

S mumlu g kl n
auth or s
. sur N eum srnld tn , z eite F
Oontn butiou aual
w 1909 .

the s to tt , trs nsls ted b y

L
‘

Q
'
n
L
24 2 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AM S

wm two stately buttocks of the female body )

a wa
( b et e th e . The
n rro s l n ting pas s age is o f co urse t he vagin a; t he ass i
s t an c e

attributed to the wife of the m

drea er requires the interpretation

responsible for th e deten tion fromsuch an attempt Moreover .

,

inquiry shows that on the previous day ayoung girl had entere d
t he ho usehold of the dream er who had pleased him and who ,

waa
opposed to an approach of this sort The little house between
ma mi i
.

t he t o p l ces is taken fro re n sc en c e o f t he Hrads chin

in Prague and thus poin ts again to the girl who is anative of
,

that city
If with m m
.

y patients I e ph asise the freq uency of the

mo ther I get the an swer

— I cann ot remember s uc h a

—
shows it to be adreamof this same conten t that is another
m
ader that veiled dream
,

Oedipus drea Is ofc an ass ure the re

sexual intercourse with the mother are a great deal m

.

ore
fre quen t than open ones to the same efl ec t ‘ .

organ of the mothe r ; it a

c n in d eed b e asserted w it h s uc h

hav nb li hed atyp ical exam f uch aveil ed Oed ipus d ami
I e s e o s re n

w
No 1 f t he at alblatt f u P y h a y

a
s
.

a p ted i th sa
nci ts were
o

re o r
en ot u fa
n r
n
a the w ith ad tal d a
m j u nal N I V by Ott Ra k Inde d the
e
r

e
mil ia w“ith th y mb lic i t pretati f the open
n n
na

r
ly i
o
s c o
r ,

e s
o.
rs no
.

o
,
r

n er
o n
e

on
.
i e

o
e
s s

O d ip u d rea
e m( 0 Ra k p
s seeth u ad amof xual lationsn s re se re
with th mth ha been t a mitt d t u b J ul iu Cae a wh ich th
.
.
,

e o er s r ns e o s s s r e
i
on e rosc oi t i te at d a afav urable m
n r tak i g p
e i n f th
s o o en or n ossess o o e
ath ( hi
s s

dth
e r
Taquinii tha
r
fir t ki th moth ( miumm
It i a l
er

e
k w that the acl d cla d t the
t that o of th mw ul d be m ul f R me h sh uld
ne
s

at i tales it ) wh ich B utus co ceived a

er os s
e
so
o
no

r
n
co
-
e r er o
or e

r
o
e
w
re

n
o
o
o

m» oc ulc tigit m
s ss
ing to t he m d am u ic
,

ef o th r a rth : qu
il i u a
mate m im m taliuman t fivi l
r err e e r c con e e s

Th e m
-
,

r e or yth ad i te p ets
,
'

n s, .
, es s n n r r

w
ti p i t t o ac ct p ych l gical k wl dge I hav f u d that p
n
ons
h co ido
i l if th a e
o n
ns er
on
orre
th m l v p f d fav u d by th i mth ma ifes t
e
en e
se
t c fid c i th m l v a d that firmOptimi mwhich f ten
es
s

n
o o
re erre
e se es
or
no

n
o
e
re
.

e r
e o n
o

s
ers
ersons
n
o
s eem heroic and b ing about real uccess by force
s r s .
 T HE MA T ERIAL OF DREAM S 24-3

certainty of no other locality that one ha

s been thme

before .

the wate r are based upon fancies about the embryonic life
abo ut the sojourn in the m other s womb and about the ac t
, ,

w w
’

of birth The follo in g is the dreamof ayo ung m

,

. an ho in

his opportunity to spy n a

upon a ct of coition between his
parents .

m mm m
wm w w w
S crea ing T unnel At first he a ees a c p ty la nds ca p e tb r r g h
m
.

We ind v, c nd thcn hc u
w
p o s es a p i
d e h o it hi ch is

mm
,

w
i edi atel y at hand and hich fil ls out the anp ty spacc T he
m
.

W
w
e n p res ea ts afi dd hich is being lhorou h
g yl h a n o ed b y c n

m u m m
w wm
ha pl e a an d the dd i h
g f
t ul air th e ac c a
p y g
n in id e a o f h d
m m
, ,

ork, c nd the bl lsh bla ch clode ol nh -

be a p lea sa nt i

an d he is mp fi r s cd tha
t a
o muh att
c entio n is devoted in it to thc

flie da
rk mt
r er at a place w here the m m le o on is rq fected in thc

Dream s of this sort are parturition dream s ; their inter

m
w
p retat ion is acco plished by reversing the fa ct repo rted i
n

the m anif t dreamcon ten t ; th us instead of throwing one s ’

self into the water read coming o ut of the water that is

,

mw
”
, , .

The pla
“ ”
b eing b o rn . c e fro hi h c b o rn is reco gn is ed
on e i
s

if one thin ks of of the the bad sense French l al une

“ ”
The
pale m oon thus beco m es the white botto m (Popo ) which
.

the child soon recognises as th e place from which it c am

,

w
e
Now what can be the meaning of the patien t s ishing to be
.

born at her sum mer resort ? I asked t he dreamer this and

Hasn t the treatm
,

w
she answered wit hout hesitation : ent “ ’

mad m a th gh I
e e s on ere bo rn a
g ai
n ?
”
Thus t he drea m
becomes a i vitatio n n to continue the cure at this
n summe r

tha vi
sit her there ; perh a a
l ama
’

res ort , t is , to ps it so eent

244 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AM S
a very bas hf ul all usi
on
"B
to the w is h to b eco m e amot her

hers elf .

mthe wk
w w m w
ta She stood a t the s ea “ “
ke f ro or ofchorc E Jon es
m
. .

w w
atching a a all boy a d ing inta the
m
ko ece ed to bc hers ,
m
,

w
ater T kss bc did till the ater co vered h and sbe c dd onl y
'

m
.
,

w
kss hea d bobbing u a d d a fl u fa Th
’

p n o n n e r rc s r c e e scc ne

m
.

thcn cha ng ed to tlre cro ded ha ll of a hotd Her l sband left .

The

indicated Mr X s brot her m entioned in aform er dream The

w
’

first part of the dream as afairly evident birth phantasy In

. . .

dream s as in m ythology the delivery of achild fromthe uterine

.

waters is co m monly presented by distortion as the entry of the

,

child in to water ; am on g many others the births of Adonis , ,

w
Osiris Moses an d Bacchus are well known ill ustrations of this
, ,
-
.

The b o b b in g up an d d o n of the hea d in the wa ter s t onee

recalled to the patient the sensation of quickening she had

w
experienced in her only pregnancy Thinking of the boy go ing .

into the water induced areverie in which she sa herself taking

himo ut of the wa ter carrying himinto the n ursery washing
ma d m ad mi
, ,

hi n dress ing hi n in s talling hi n her household

The second half of the dreamtherefore represents thoughts
.
,

concerning the elopem

, ,

en t which belonged to the first half of

nderlying latent con ten t the first half of the dreamcor
,

th e u
responded with the second ha lf of the laten t content the birth ,

phantasy Besides this in version in order further invers ions —

took place in eac h half of t he dream In t he first half the c hild

.
,

entered the wa ter and then his head bobbed in t he un derlying

dreamthoughts first the quick en in g occurred an d then the child
,

left the water (a do uble inversion ) In the secon d half her

husban d left her ; in the dreamthoughts she left her husband
.

It is on l y
t th at 1 hav l a ed t val ue th ig ificac of fanci
of lae e e rn o e s n n e es
a d un c ci u th ught a
n b ut l if i th w mb T h y c tai th x
on s o s o s o e n e o e on n e e
pla ati f th cui u f a f l t by ma y people of b i g bu i d al iv
.

n on o e ro s e r e so n e n r e e,
a w l l a t h p o fou de t un co s c us r a
s e s e s fo th b li f i al if a
r n f ter
s n io e on r e e e n e
d at h wh ich e t n th i b ut a i to t h futur
m v i cu miss es
e ti f th i

w m
'

r res en s o rr c on n e o s

mysterious lif gefore birt h j ga ! Of

e e

m m m
-
00 oreo er, n

m
e
M fm
.

nd is thus ths nd n a
a dd of qfl .
24 6 T HE I N T ERP RE T A T ION OF DREAMS
proverbial sayin gs and in the c urrent witticism s of a nation
than in its dream
,

s ‘

The dreamtakes advantage of this sym bolismin order to

.

give adisguised repmentation to its latent thoughts Am ong

t he sym bols which are used in this m
.

ann er there are of co urse

Only it is necessary to keep in m in d the c urious plasticity of

psychic m aterial Now a n d then asym bol in the dreamconten t
may have to be interpreted not symbolically b ut according to
.

its real m eaning ; at an other tim e the dreamer owing to a

,

pec uliar set of recollections m ay create f or him

,

self the right to

te ver as a sexual symbol though it is not
,

use anything wha ,

used sexual symbols unambiguous every time .

to the following E m peror an d Empress (K ing and Q ueen ) in

most cases really represent the parents of the dreamer ”
the dream er him self o r herself is the prin ce or princess All
elongated objects sticks tree trunks and umbrellas (o n account
.

m m
, , ,

of the stretching u p which ight be co pa red to an erection

-

all elongated a n d sha rp wea pons knives daggers and pikes , , , ,

very intelligible symbol for the sam e is anail file (o n acco unt
,
-

w
of the rubbin g an d scraping l ) Little cases boxes caskets
nd sto ves c orrespond to the fem ale part The sy m
.
, , ,

c lo ts a
bo lis mof lock a ceft em
.
,

n d key ha s been very gra ployed by

Uhla nd in his son g about the Grafen E berstein to m
”
ake a “
,

of room s is abrothel or haremdream Staircases ladders an d

flights of stairs o r clim w
.
, ,

bing on these either up ards o r down

wards are symbolic representations of the sexual act i S m
, ,

, ooth
wo ks of Bl eul er and of h i p upils Maede Ab aham
not l
Z u rich
i ia ( K l in pa
ch l up y m
r
bol is mand f th ose auth rs ho
ul ad th e ) to wh ich th ey refe
s oo
n
on s
s

, o
r,
o
r
w ,

Fz this coun t y the P e id n ty th G ve

s c ns e o rs , r .

r a d th Ma yo ften r s e e o rn o r, n e r o
repre en t t h fa
s th the d ea
e m r a lat )
er in r r ns o r.

m
.

1 I ay h e pea t wh at I h av a
re reid i a th e p lac ( D ie Z ukiin f e s n no r e
“

tige C hance de p ych aalytis ch T he apie c t alblatt fit P ych

n n r
”
s o n en r r r s o
So me time ag I lea ed that ap ych logis t
w w
m
a aly I N 1 a d
n s c, o n
‘
o rn s o
miliar with u w k maked t
.
.
,
ho i u fa
s n of in frien ds that are
o r or re r o one e
es t m d reams He tated
su el ati g the sec et sex ual ifica
w w
'

r v er- i n n ce r s s
mc s t frequen t dream as of clim a tair ay and that t hs re
w
.

that s ,

as surel y th ing sex ua l beh in d thi

no Ou a tte tion having been called s . r n
 TH E MA TE RI AL OF DRE AMS 24 7

wall s over which one is clim bing facades of houses upon ,

which one is letting ones elf down frequently unde r great

anxiety c orrespon d to the erect h um
,

an body an d probably
t in th e dre amrem iniscences of the upward climbing of
, ,

repea

Sm
w
little children on their parents o r foster parents ooth
m Oft i ad am f a xi ty
.

a a lls re i h ld i g
en en n re o n e on e s o n on

fim ly t so me p ojection f oma house Tables set tables

.

r o r r

a d boads a wo m
.
, ,

n en pe haps on account of the op positio

r re , r n

which does away with the bodily contours Since bed and
board (m em te marriage the form
.

o ct tho rns ) constit u er are

often put for the lat ter in the dream and as far as practicable
,

complex . Of articles of dress the woman s hat may fre quently ’

mm i on e o ft en a at as as y mb o l for t he pen is ; this

finds the cr v

indeed is not on ly because cravats hang down long an d are ,

at pleasure a fre edomwhich is prohibited by nature in the

,

in the dreamare very extravagant with c ravats an d possess .

tion of which dreamsymbolismshows itself to be as tire less as

the activity of wit Likewise m any landscapes in drea ms
especially with bridges or with wooded m
.
,

ountain s c an be
dily mognis ed as desc riptions of t he genitals Fin ally
,

rea .

of co mbinations made up of co mponents having a sexual

w w
m
to this bj ecti n o directed ou i v tigatio to the occ u en c f tai
o e r n es ns rr e o s r
way stai a d ladd rs i th d eama d
,
s, rs , n so n a e sc ta i ed tha
n t tai
e r n e o er n s rs
s to th em m
,

a a nalogo u a d fi it b l f c i tu Th
gris o th compais i t cul t t fi d ; )
n e t e e e rs s n n s o o o s.
r is r on hythmic i te val
s no o n on er r n r s
ch t aheight a d may
ad with i c aing difficul ty i b reathing
n
o e o n
n re s

c m d w ap i i afe rapid j ump Th u t h hythm f coitu i r

m
n n
a
w n
s
on e re
s e r
es o
o
, n
s s e

w
.

cog i abl i cl i bi g tai Let u t f g t to c sid ”the

n s e n n s rs f s no or e on er o
m m
.

hn a e I t h w u that t h cli b i
g o u tin g i
s it u t
”
r
“
o n o
fu fi
g s s o s e n

w
.
,

t ad d iti ued a a ub tituti d g ati n f“ th e sexual s et I s ve esi n o n

m
r r on, s s s o

Fren ch th tep f th tai way i cal l d l ” m

e s o ae/ e s ; m v
ri arshea
s
” e
“
o r ts
"
r e
-
r

co r e d exactl y t o our an ld climb

r s s
“
o er
ckti i al most xcl usiv ly ued
.

th i c u t y where the w d s o n r
”
or
“
ne e s e e s
t ha also f u d it t b a y mb l of a bud e so m w m
,

th t a l a
e a e s o r n e n
ckt ie—mmthing tied to my
r ns or s o n o o

f mwhomth e d eam l g t b f ed —
w
“
ro r er on s o e re ne e
l t m m m
ck k h y
w c a c a t f d a
ne li e a ea v — y f a ee ar th es
'

i i
ions o t h r
i ne
"
e e so r e
f am a h ven tua y br k h i m ge gagemen t
,
o n o e arria o e s en .
248 T H E I N T E RPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S

t o their gen ital a as their litt le on e

org n As avery rec en t
symbol of the m ale genital m ay be mentioned the flying m
.

achin e ,

utilisation of which is j ustified by its relation to flying as well

beat alittle one is often the dreams representation of onanism ’

.

are given by S takc l who ill ustrates themwith exam

“ pl es
Right and left according to him are to be conceived in the
.
,

, ,

the road to righteousn ess the left the one to crime Thus the
left may signify ho m
.
,

osexuality ; in cest and perversion while

the right sign ifies m
, ,

arriage relations with a prostitute 800

The mean ing is always determ ined by the individual moral
.
, ,

view point of the dream er

”
p Relatives in the

w
-

dreamgenerally play t he role of gen itals (p

.

Not to be .

able to catch up with a wa gon is interpreted by S tekel as

reg e t n o t to be ab le to co m up t
e o adifl eren ce in ge
a
a
.

Bagg ge with which on e travels is the burden of sin by which

one is oppressed (fbid ) Al so n umbers which frequently
ma w mb li al
n
,

oc c ur in t h e drea , re a g n ed b y Stek el afixed sy o c

e ified n or of gen eral validity although the interpretation in

v r
in dividual c m c an generally be reco gn is ed as probable In
,

m
.

a recently published book b y W SM el Die S

w
oke (les

Tm mnes which I as unable to utilise there is alist (p 72)

,

of the most com mon sexual symbols the object of which is to

, , .

prove that all sexual symbols c an be bisexually used He

,

states : Is there asymbol which (if in an y ay perm w

.

“
itted by
the phantasy ) m ay no t be used simultaneously in the masc uline
an d t he fem ie t he c lause in parenthm
”
in in e sens e ! To be s u es

takes away much of the absol uteness of this assertion for

this is n ot at all perm
,

itte d by the phantasy I do not however

think it superfluous to state that in m
.
, ,

w
y exper ience Stekel s
’

general statem ent has to give ay t o the recognition of a

greater m anifoldness Bes ides those sym bols which are j ust
as fre quen t fo r the m ale as for the fem
.
,

ale genitals there are

others which preponderately o r almost exclusively designate
,

one o f t he sexes
,

and there are s till o t hers o f hic h only tho

, w ,
25 0 T HE IN T ERPRE T A TI ON OF D REAM S
o fficers —that is she would have noth ing to
, w
sh f omthem
i r ,

of her fear I had already been able to give her repeatedly on

Itis quite remarkable how the dream er behaved after this

in terpretation S he withdrew her desc ription of the hat and
.
,

w w
w
down ards I as however too sure of what I had heard to
allow m m
.
, ,

w
y s elf t o b e i
s l ed a n d erai
s t ed in it S he
, as q ui
e t .

w
fo r awhile a n d then fo u
, nd the courage to ask Why it as that
o n e of h er h u sband s testicles as lower than the other and
’
,

w
w w
detail of the hat as explained and the whole interpret ation
as accepted by her The hat sym bol as familiar to m
,

long before the patient related this dream Fro mother b ut

.

as afemale genital
s asym
.

2 The little one as the genita —

l to be run ov er a bol
of sexual intercourse (another dreamof the sam
.

e agoraphobic

m
Her other sends away her little da ughter so that she
m ust go al on e S he rides with her other to the ra
. ilroad an d m
sees her litt le one walking dire ctly upon the tracks so that she ,

cannot avoid being run over She hears the bon es crackle
m m
. .

(Fro this she experiences a feelin g of disco fo rt b u t no rea l

horror ) She then looks o ut through the c ar window to see
.

whether the parts cannot be seen behind S he then reproaches

her m
.

other fo r allowing the little one to go o ut alone ”

Analysis It is n o t an easy m atter to give here a co m

.

plete
in terpre tation of the dream I t form s part of acycle of dream
.

. s ,

and c a n be f ully un dersto od o n ly in connection with the others

sy to get the necessary m
.

Fo r it is not ea aterial sufi cien tly

isolated to prove the sym bolism The patient at first finds .

that the railroad journey is to be interpreted histo ric ally as an

al lus ion to adeparture fro masanitoriumfor nervous diseases ,

c ame to th e r ailroad ation and handed

st her a b o uqnet of
 T H E MA T ERI AL OF DREA M S 25 1

witnessed this hom mothe therefore appears

w
age . Here the r, ,

as a dis turb er of her lo ve afiairs , hic h is th e role actually

md
w
The next thought ref
'
re to the sente nce S he then looks
to see het her the parts an b e
c s een b ehin d In t he drea m
facade on e wo uld naturally be co m
.

pelled to think of the parts

w
of the little daughter run over and ground up The thought . ,

w
ho t urns u a di d ire ct ion She alls
ever,

that she once sa her

in q ite
fl eren t

fathe in the bath r oomnaked f o m

r
. rec

behind ; she then begins to talk abo ut t he sex differentiation ,

behind b ut in t he wom
, an they cannot In this connection .

she now herself o fiers the interpretation that the little one is
the genital her little one (she has a four year o ld daughter ) - -

l S he reproaches her m
,

her own genita . other for wanting her

to live as though she had no genital and recognises this t e
proach in the introd uctory sen tence of the dream the m
,

other

no sexual relations (coire to go together) an d this she does

,

as agirl on account of the jealousy of her m

w
other because she ,

sho ed apreference fo r her father

The little on e has been n oted as asym bol for the m
.

ale
or the fem

w
ale genitals by Stek el who can refer in this connec ,

t ion t o avery ides pread us age o f lan ua

g g e

The deeper interpretation of this dream depends upon

.

another dream of the sam e night in which the dream

w
er
identifies herself with her brother S he as a tomboy
w
”
.
,

a nd as always being to l d that she s ho uld have been born a

clearness that the little one signifies the genital The

mother threatened him(her ) with castration which could on ly
.

be un dersto od as a p un ishm
,

ent for playing with the parts ,

mastu bated a achild

r s , though this fact she no wetained only
r

Bei z ur T ra
u deu m Ja Jtrbuch f ur P sydroona ly
t
m m
.

FM Bd ala 4 76) adrea is

gpy
1909 , 4 73 o
mdd
. .
, . .

wh ch
i with
ahat afeat er s ta d i gn n o bli u
q in t he i l e sy

m mt ) ma
i
( p to r n .
25 2 T HE INT ERPRE T A T I ON O F D REAM S
in am em n g her brot her
o ry conc erni An ea rly kno ledg e of w
the male genital which she later lost she m
.

ust have acquired at

that girls originate fro mboys through castration After I had

told her of this childish belief she at once con firm
.

ed it with an
,

anecdote in which the boy asks the girl : Was it c ut o fi l ” “

w
to which the girl replied No it s always been so
,
”
,
’
.

The send in g a ay of t he little on e, of the gen ital, in t he

Finally she blam es her mother fo r not having been born aboy
That being run over sym
.

ww
bolises sexual intercourse would
no t b e eviden t fro mt his dreamif e ere not sure of it from
3 Representation of the gen ital by structures stairways
m m
.
, ,

an d shafts (
. Drea of a yo ung an inhibited by a father

He is tak ing a alk ww it h his f ather in a plac e w hich is

surely the Prater fo r the Rotundam ay be seen in fro n t of which
there is asm
,

al l front structure to which is at tached acaptive

balloon ; the balloon however seem
w
s quite collapsed His
s ks him ha
, , .

fat her a t this is all f or ; he is s urprfied a t it b ut

he explains it to his father They com
,

e into acourt in which

.

w
ha s a la rge sheet of t in His father wa . nts to pull 0 6 a b ig
p i e of this b u t
, first looks aro und to see if anyone is wa tching .

He tells his f at her t hat a

ll he n eeds to d o is to spe a
k to t he

as much as he wants to Fro mthis court a stairway lea

. ds
down into a shaft the walls of which are softly upholstered
som
,

w
ething like aleather pocketbook At the en d of this shaft
tf o rma
.

there is alon ger pla n d t hen an e s ha ft b egins

lysis This dreambelongs to a type of patient which
,

Ana
is not favourable fro ma therapeutic poin t o f view They
.

follow in the analysis without off ering any resistances whatever

up to a certain po in t b ut fromthat point on they rem ain
ost inaccessible This dreamhe almost analysed him
,

alm self
The Rotunda he said is m
. .

y geni t al the ca ptive balloo n

in front is m
, , ,

y pe nis abo ut the, weakness of which I h ave

Rotunda is t he buttock which is regularly associated by the

25 4 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S

that in t he second scene of the dreamt he in fluen c e of another

subject has begun to assert its el f in this his father s b usiness ’

and his dishonest practices sign ify the first va ginarepresented

as asha ft so that one m ight thin k of are ference to the mother
4 The m ale genital sym bolised by persons and the fem
.

. ale

(Dream of a wo m an of the lower class whose h usband is a

policem
,

an reported by B Dattn er )
, . .

called fo r a policem an B ut he wen t with two tram ps by

mutual consen t into a church to which led a great many
.

w
‘

s tairs ; T behind the church there as am

,

w
oun tain 1 on t0 p of
which aden se forest § The policem
,

an a s fu rn ished with a

helm
.

et agorget and a cloak “ The two vagran ts who went

along with the policem
, , .
,

an quite pea ceably had tied to their

loins sack like apro ns fil A road led fromthe church to the
,

w
-

mountain This road as overgrown on each side with grass

and brushwood which becam
.

e thicker an d thicker as it reached

the height of the m
,

ountain where it spread o ut into quite a ,

forest ’

irway dream
.

5 A sta
. .

( R epor te d an d inte rp reted by O tto Ra nk ) .

For the following t ra nsparent pollution dream I am in

debted to the sam
,

e colleague who furnished us with the

dental irrita tion dreamrep orted on p 235
-

mrunning down the stairway in the stair house after

. .

I a -

alittle girl whomI wish to punish because she has don e so m e .

thing to m At the botto mof the sta irs so m

,

e e one held the

child fo r m m
.

e ( A g rown u p wo a n I gr a sp it b ut do
-
n ot
ve hit it for I suddenly fin d m
.
,

kn ow whether I ha
w
yself in the
middle of the stair ay where I practise coitus with the child
,

( in the air a s it wer e ) I t is rea lly no coit us I. only rub m y ,

w
g en i
t al on h er al genital a
ext ern nd , in do in g t his l see it ver
y
distin c t ly , as dis tin ct ly as l see her head hic h is ly ing

O r c ha —vs gin a
m
.

f yS b o of o i us t M o nsc t
veucri
s 5 C rines pubis
m
. . .

uDe ons in l oa s and a u in es are, a or inc k cp c cc d g to the ex plana tion of

am
wm
d
an verse in th e sub s e , of a a
1] Th e t o ha l the
l l i naure t ph c t .
 T HE MA T E RI AL OF D REAM S 25 5

side ays w . During t he sex ual act l see ha n g t o th e left

ngi a
nd

r epresenting a house on a green . On the smaller one my

should be ; it seem ed to be inten ded fo r m y birthday p res n rt
A sm
.

all sign h ung in front of the pict ures to the efiec t that
cheaper pictures could also be obtained I then see myself
very indistinctly lying in bed j ust as I had seen m
.

yself at
the foot of the stairs and I amawakened by a feelin g of
,

dam pness which came fro mthe poll ution

,

”
.

the evening of the day of the dreamwhere while he as wait w

ing he exam ined so m
, ,

e pict ures which were exhibi ted which

represented m otives sim ilar to the dreampictures He stepped
, ,

nearer to asm
.

w
all picture which pa rticularly took his fancy in
order to see the nam e of the artist which however as q uite , , ,

Later in the sam e evening in co m pany he heard abo ut a

Bohem ian servan t girl who boasted that her ill egitim
, ,

w
-
ate chil d
as m ade on the stairs ”
The dream er inquired abo ut the
.

details of this un usual occ urrence and learned that th e servant

girl went with her lover to the home of her paren ts where
,

excited m
w
there as no opportunity for sexual relations and that the
an perfo rm ed the ac t on the stairs In witty all u
,
,

sion to the m
.

ischievous expression used abo ut wine adulterers -

mer remarked The child really grew on the cellar

,

m
the drea ,
”
8

which are quite pro m

.

These expe iences of r th e da

inen t
y,
in the dreamcontent were readily reprod uced by the dreamer
dily repro d uced an old fragm
, .

B ut he j ust a s rea ent of infantile

w
as also utilised by t he dream The stair
w
recoll ection which .

ho use as the house in which he had spen t the greatest part

of his childhood and in which he had first become acq uainted
with sexual problem s In this house he used am
,

ong other
things to slide down the banister astride which caused himto
.
,

becom e sex ually ex cited In the dreamhe also com

,

es do n w
the stairs very rapidl y—
.

ao rapidly that according to his own ,

distinct assertions he hardly to uched the in dividual stairs b ut

, ,

rather flew o r slid down as we used to say Upon

“ ” “ ”
, .

reference to this infantile experience the beginning of t he ,

25 6 T HE I N TE RPRE T A T ION OF DRE AM S
d rea m mt see s o repres en t t he fact or of s ex ual exc ite mt en

am h u am
.

I n th e s an d in the a
e dja
o c en t residen ce t he dre
se er

used to play pugna cious games with the n eighbo uring children
in which he satisfied him self j ust as he did in the dream
,

If one recalls from Freud s investigation of sexual sy m

.

bolism that in the d reamstairs or climbing stairs alm

‘ ost
regu larly symbolises coitus the dream becom es clear Its
motive power as well as its cfiec t as is shown by the pollu
, .

tion is of a purely libidinous nature Sexual excitem

,

ent
became aroused during the sleeping state (in the dreamthis
.
,

is represented by the rapid ru ning o r sliding down the stairs )

n
and the sadistic thread mthis rs o n the basis of the pugn a cious
playin g indicated in the purs uing and overcom
,

ing of the child

The libidinous excitem en t becom
.
,

es en han ced an d urges to

the chil d an d the conveyance of it to the m

w
iddle of the stair
ay ) Up to this po int the dream would be one of pure
sexual sym bol ism and obscure for the unpractised dream
.

in terpreter B ut this symbolic gratification which would

,

.
,

powerful libidin ous excitem ent The excitem en t leads to an

orgasm an d thus the whole stairway sym bolismis un m
.

, asked
as as ubstitute fo r coitus Freud lays stress on the rhythm
. ical

w
character of both actions as on e of th e reason s fo r t he sexual
utilisation of the stair ay symbolism an d this dreames peci ,

assertion of the dreamer the rhythmof a sexual act as the w

most pronounced feature in the whole dream
,

Still ano thn rem

.

ark co ncerni ng the two pictures which

'

aside fromtheir real significance also have the value of Weibe

, ,

bilder (literally m an p icture s b ut idiom atically om-

This is at on ce shown by the fact that the dreamded s with

en )
,

, w .

a big an d alittle picture j ust as the dreamcontent presents

,

abig (grown up ) an d alittle girl That cheap pictures could

also be obtained points to the prostitution co m
.

plex j ust as
the dreamer s surname on the little picture and the thought
,

w
’

that it as in tmded for his birthday point to the perm it

co m —
,

pl ex (to be bo n
r o n a
the st i way to be con ceived in
r

coitus ) .
25 8 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREAM S
of the drea He is m uch mited d ing this
. m m sc mi l
-
s eep ing si ate ,

and repeats con tinuall y P hen yl phen yl

”
, , .

eleven

cert ain lady

. He is to be at the S cho ttenthor /or a rcndez i
but hs do es no t uake up un til haII past el em
ith a
He -
w
ww
, .

— mth and the smanl girl w

gat

wf
the
hered
so
abo ul the

up -
m reen w
w
ith
table h is
pad i
c dm crl
o
'
er

ea n ss w T hen hc sa
.
ys
ith
to

aw
hin el , Well , f
i a e re eating already I certainly ca
, n t
’

g t
e

a y .
”

areference to the lady who mhe is to m

w
eet at the ren dezvous
(the dream as dream ed d uring the night before the expecte d

particularly unpleasant fellow ; he had said to the chem

w
ist
That isn t right because the m
’
agnesium as still unafiect ed
,
”
,

m
an d the latter answere d as though he did n o t care anything
abo ut it It certa He him self m
”
ust be
“
isn t right ’
.

this student ; he is as indifferent towards his analysis as

the studen t is towards his syn thesis ; the He in the dream
however who accom plishes the op eration is m
, yself Ho , . w,

thesis ) is mad
a quest io n of the success of the
e Fo r it is
treatm The legs in the dreamre call an im
.

w
ent pression of the
s evm m m
.

w
p rev ou
i in g H e et a lad y at a dan cing less o n ho

h e is hed to c on quer ; he p ressed her to himso c losely ha

.

t
t

thighs as far as j ust above his knees at the place m ention ed

in the dream In this situation then the wom
,

an is the
magnesium in the retort which is at last working He is
.
, ,

fem inine towards m s he is mas culine to ward s the wo m

, .

e a an
If it will wo rk with the wo m an the t reat mm
, .

rt will also work , .

 T H E MA T ERIAL OF DREAM S 25 9

with his us ual sexual objects (that is with m astu

w
rba tion )
,

corresponds ith his resist an ce

tion to the repetition of the nam
.

In rela e phen yl he gives ,

t he followin g thoughts Al l thes e radicals en ding in yl have

always been pleasing to him they are very conven ien t to
us e ben zyl azetyl &c That however explain ed nothing
dical Sc hlem
.
, , .
, ,

B ut when I proposed the ra ihl he laughed

heartily an d related that during the sum
, mer he had read a
book by Prevost which contain ed achapter Les exclus de
l am
’
our the des cription in which m
”
ade himthink of the
Sc hlem That is m
,

ihl s a n d he a dded y cas e H e wo ul d

have again acted the Sc hlem ihl if he had m
.
, ,

issed the rendezvous .

h
T is He brew word is well known in G er u
co n tries, even
 w
VI
THE D amm os x
ALL previous atte mpts to solve the problems of the dream

as it is retained in the memo y r , a

n d have undertaken to obtain

pret ation w
a s ajudg m
dis pens ed w
en t of the dream
it h , to b ase

upon the eviden ce furnished by this con tmt We al one are in .

v m es b et w een t he drea m c c nt en t and t he res ul ts of our

dream tho ughts which are obtain ed by our m et hod We

m from this latter and not
.

develop a solution of the drea

fromthe m anifest dream conten t We a
,

re also confronted .

that of examining and trac ing the relations between the latent

processes through which the former have grown into t he

We regard the dreamthoughts an d the dreamcon tent as

tw o rep resen t ma i g i twt
at ions of th e s ame e n n n o

a u
l ng ag s
; t exp it b tt
or th d a
o e m ta t appeam
ress e er, e re con i

to u a at anslation of the d eamthought i to anothe fo m

w a d lawf w
s s r r s n r r

o f xp
e i h ig
ress o n ,
o
m
se s
p iti a t
ns n s o co os on e re o

lean by com
a w
r paing the o iginal with the t anslation The
r r r

mth ught a at
.

have a tai d th m Th d am t t i a it w
d a re o i t lligib l t u a
s re once n e e o s s soo n s e

s c er ne e . e re c on en s, s ere,

pres en te d in a pic ture -

w iting whose
r signs are to b e trans ‘

m
,

b y on e in to t he la age o f the drea though ts

w
lated on e ngu .

It ould of co u rse be i n c ouec t to try te rea d t hes e sign s

a ng to t heir va
c c ord i lues a s pic tu n s t ea
res i d of ac c c rdin
g t o

is a b oat ; ma
th u
r n ni
ng fig u
re whos e head ha
s b een
26 2 T HE I N TERPRE T A T IO N OF DRE A M S
tio n which at first sight seem s very plausible m ight be raised
t the dispropo rtion between d ream
, ,

again st the a s sertion th a

content an d dreamtho ught j ustifies the co nclusion th at an

ab und a n t co n densa tion of psychic mate ri al h as taken place
in the fo rm ation of dream s Fo r we so often have the im
press ion that we have dream
.

ed agreat deal thro ughout t he

night an d t hn r h ave forgotten the greater part The d ream .

which we recollect upo n awakening wo uld th us be onl y a

re m nant of the total dreamwo rk which wo ul d probably -

equal th e dreamthoughts in range if we were able to remember

,

the fo rm er co m pletely In part this is certainly true ; there

n be no m istake abo ut the observation that the dre amis
.

ca

most acc urately rep rod uced if o n e tries to remember it im

medi ately after awakenin g an d that the rec oMc tion of it
beco m es m ore an d m
,

o re defective towards ev ening On the

othe r han d it must be adm itted th at the i m
.

p ressio n that we
h ave dre amed agood deal m
,

o re th an we are able to rep rod uce

is often based upon an ill usion the c ause of which will be
explained late r Moreover the assum
,

ption of condensation
in the d ream ac tivity is not affected by t he possibility of
.
,

forgetting in d ream s fo r it is p roved by gro ups of ideas belong »

ing to those particul ar parts of the dreamwhich have remained

,

in t hemm y If a lage pat f t h d eamh ac t ually

e or r r o e r ss

been lost to memo y we a p ob ably dep ived of access to a

.

r re r r

new series of dreamtho ughts It is altogether unj ustifiabl e

,

to expect that those portions of the dreamwhich h ave been

.

lost also relate to the tho ughts with which we are alre ady
acq uainted fro mthe a nal ysis of the po rtions which h a ve been
p rese rved
t n um
.

In view of the grea ber of ideas which an alysis fur

nishes f o r each individual elem en t of the dreamcontent t he
chi ef do ubt with m a n y rea ders ill b e whether it is perm w
issible
,

to co un t everything th at s ubseq uently co mes to m in d during

an alysis a s ap a rt of the d rea mthoughts to as s ume in other
—
m
,

wo rds th at al l thes e th oughts h ave been active in the s l eep g

state an d h ave taken part in the formation of the dream
,

Is it not m
.

o re prob able th at tho ught connection s are developed

in the co urse of a nalysis which did n o t particip ate in the
fo rm ation of the dream? I c an m eet this do ubt only con
dition a lly . It is true of co urse that particul ar thoug ht
, ,
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

always be s ure th at s uch new connection s h ave been estab

lis hed on ly between thoughts which ha ve already been con
us eted in the dream tho ughts by other m eans ; t he new
connection s are so to speak co rollaries sho rt circuits which
are m de possible by the existence of othe r m ore fundam
, , , ,

a ental
means of connection It must be admitted that the h uge
n um
.

ber of t rain s of tho ught revealed by an alysis have a l ready

been active in the form ation of t he dream f o r if achain of
t which seem
,

thoughts h a s been wo rked o u s to be witho ut

connection with th e fo rm ation of the dre am a t ho ught is
,

s uddenly enco untered which being rep resen ted in the dre am
,

, ,

—
is indispensable to its interpretation which nevertheless is
in accessible except thro ugh th at chain of tho ughts The reader
may here turn to the dreamof the botanical monograph
.

which is obvio usly the result of an astonishing condens ation

a c tivity even though I have not given the an a lysis of it
co m
,

w
pletely .

B ut ho then is the psychic condition during sleep which

am magi
all th e dreamt ho ughts
, ,

p rec ed es d re in g t o b e i n ed ? Do
exist side by side o r do they occur o n e after another o r
re m any sim neo us trains of thought con st ructed fro m
, ,

a ulta
difieren t cent res which m eet later o n 2 I amof the opinion
that it is not yet necessary to formaplastic concepti on of
,

the psychic con dition of d reamformation Only let us not .

fo rget that we are concerned with unco nscious thought an d

th at the process m n e fro m
,

ay e asily be a difl eren t o th at which

we perceive in o urselves in inten tion al contemplation aec o m

The fact however that d reamfo rm

w
, ,ation is based on a
process of condensation stands ind ubitable Ho then is
, .
, ,

this conden s ation bro ught abo ut i

If it be considere d th a t of those dreamtho ughts which are
fo und onl y the s m allest num ber are represented in the dream
by m eans of one of its ideal elem ents it m ight be concl uded
that con densation is acco m plished by means of ellipsis in
,

that the dreamis not an acc urate tra

,

n sl ation o r ap rojection
point by point of the dreamthoughts b ut avery inco m plete
and defective rep roduction of th em This view as we sh a
,

ll
.
,

soon find is avery ina

, d eq ua te on e B ut let us take it as a .
26 4 T HE I N T E RP RE T A T ION OF DREAMS
starting point fo r the p resent an d ask ourselves : If only a
few of the el em ents of the dreamtho ughts get in to the dream
,

con tent wh at conditions determine their choice 3

in en lighten ment on this subject let us turn
,

In o rde r to g a
our a ttention to those elem ents of the dreamcontent which
must have f ul filled the conditions we are seekin g A dream
to the fo rm
.

ation of which an especially strong condensation

has co n t rib uted will be the most s uitable materi al f o r this
investig ation I select the dream cited on page 14 2 of the
botanical m
.
, ,

w
onograph
m m
.

Drea co n ten t : have Iritten a o no graph upon a

( ob s c ure ) certa in p le t Tm he bo o k l ies b efore e I a jum
s t m
m m
. ,

w
tu ing over a folded col ou red pla te A dried s p ec i en of the
m m
.

p l an t is bo un d ith eve ry co py as th o u g f
h r ahe rbar i n

m m m m
.

The ost p ro inent ele ent of this drea is the bot a nical
m m m
onograph This co es fro th e i pressions received on m
m m
.

the day of the drea ; I h a d a c tu ally s een a on ograph on

the gen u s m
cycla en in the show window of a book sto re - -

m m
.

The ention of this gen us is lacking in the drea content ,

m
in which only the on ograph an d its relation to botany have
r em ained The botanic al m
. onograph im medi ately shows
its rel ation to th e wo rk o n coc ain e which I had once written
tho ught conn ections proceed fromcoc aine on the on e hand
to a Festschrift an d o n the other to my frien d the eye
, ,

speci alist Dr K oenigstein who h as h ad ashare in the utili

, .
,

sation of coc ain e Moreover with the pe rso n of this Dr

.
, .

K oenigstein is connected the recollection of the inte rrupted

con vers ation which I h ad had with him o n the previo us
evening an d of the m an ifold thoughts abo ut re m un eration
fo r m edical services am ong colleagues This convers ation
then is p roperly the actual sti m m the mono
.
,

ul us of the drea
graph abo ut cyclam
,

en is likewise an actuality b ut of an in dif

f eren t n ature as I soo n see the botanic al m onograph of
the dreamturn s o ut to be acomm on mean between the two
,

experien ces of th e d ay an d to h ave been taken over un chan ged

fro man indiff eren t i mp ression an d bo und up with the psycho
,

logic ally signific ant experience by m eans of the most ab undant

N ot only the co mbined ide a botanical monog aph r

however b ut also each of the separate elem

, ,

, ents , bota
n ic a
l
266 T H E I N TE RPRET A T I ON OF D RE AM S

which this explan ation is b a s ed may be expressed in a nother

form: E very el ement of the dreamcon ten t turns out to be
over determ
- —
in ed th a t is it en joys a m anifold representation
in the dreamthoughts
,

We sh all learn m ore by testing the remaining co m

.

ponent
parts of the dre amas to their occurren ce in the dreamthoughts
w
.

T he co loured pla te refers (cf the a n alysis on p 14 5 ) to an e

s ubject the criticis mpassed upon my wo rk by colleag ues
. .

a to a s bject already represented in the dream m

, ,

n d u — y
—
hobbies an d also to achildish recollection mwhich I p ull to
pieces the book with the coloured pl ates ; the dried specimen
of the pl a n t rel a tes to an experience at the G y m n asi um
cen terin g about an d p articul arly emph asizing the herb ari um
Thus I see wh at so rt of rel ation exists between the dream
.

conten t an d dreamtho ughts : Not on ly do the elements of

the dream h ave a man ifold d eterm in ation in th e dream
tho ughts b ut the individ ual dre amthoughts are represented
mby many elements Starti n g fro man element of
,

in t he drea
the dreamthe path of associ ations leads to an umber of dream
.

tho ughts an d fro madreamtho ught to several elem en ts of

the d ream Th e fo rm ation of the dreamdoes n ot the refo re
take place in such fashion that a sin gle o n e of the dream
.
, ,

tho ughts o r a group of them furnishes the dreamconten t

with an ab ridg m en t a s its rep resen tative therein an d th at
then another dream thought furn ishes another abridgm
,

ent
as its represen tative so m — ewh at as popular rep resentatives
are elected fro mam ong the people b ut the whole mes s of the
—
d reamtho ughts is s ubjected to a cert ain elabo ration in the
co urse of which those elements th at receive the greatest an d
,

co m pletest suppo rt st an d o ut in relief anal ogous pe rhaps to

election by scrutimdc: lis tes Wh atever dreamI may subject
, , ,

to such dis memberm lways find th e sam e fundamental

.

ent I a

p rin ciple co n firmed th at the dreamelem

,

— ents are cons tructed

f ro mt he en tire ma s s of the drea mthoughts an d that every one
of themappears in rel atio n to the dre amtho ughts to h ave a
multiple determin ation
in ly not o ut of plac e to demonst rate this rel at ion
.

I t is cert a
of the dreamcontent to the dreamtho ughts by m eans of a
fresh exam ple which is distinguished by apartic ularl y a
, rt fu l
 T HE D RE AM W OR K -
267

intertwining of reciproc al rel ations The dreamis th at of a

patient who mI amt reating f o r c laus t ro p ho b ic (fear in enclosed
.

spaces ) I t will soon beco m

. e eviden t why I feel m yself c alled
upon to entitle this excep tion a lly intell ectual piece of dream
activity in the following m anne r

II A B eautiful Dream
me i idi g w mpa y t X t t w
.

T he drea ith mh r s r h n rr c co n o -
s ree ere
i a m
,

there s ode t oad h u (which is t the f a

s ct ) A
r -
o se no

l p f ma oom H i fi t
.

th a
e t ia
r c i b i g giv
er o i it n ce s e n en n s r s e s rs

mpa y i t ld t cha g
.

aud i c th
en e, at F i all y th
en c or . n e co n s o o n e
their clo thes , in order to get bac k in to the city Borne o/ the
m
.

e
p p
o l e a
re as sigrred to the roo s a n the grou nd floor, others to

w
the firs t fl oo r T .hen a dis pate a ris es T hos e abo ve are ang y
r .

w w
becaus e tho s e bel o have no t yet fin is hed , so tha t they canno t

com
w
e do n . His brother is ups tairs he is belo , and he is angry ,

at his brother becaus e there is such cro ding ( This p art .

w w w
obsc ure ) B es ides it has al ready been decided upon their arrival
ml ho do n T hen he goes alone over
.

w w
ho is to be apeta irs a
the ris ing grm md acros s hich X street l eads to ard the city
.

w
-

, ,

and he has s uch diflic ul ty and hards hip in alking that he can not
m o ve fromthe s pot A n eld erl y gen tl em an foins himand s colds
w
.

w
about the K in g of I tal y F inall y to ards the en d of the rising
m m
.
,

gro u nd al king bec o es uc h eas ier .

w
The difi c ul ties experien ced in walking were so dist inct
th at fo r so m e ti m e a fte r w akin g he a s in do u bt whether
they were dreamo r reality
Acco rdin g to t he man ifest co n ten t this d reamc an h ardly
.

be praised Co ntrary to the rules I sh all begin with th at

po rtion which the d reamer refe rred to as t h e most distinct
.
,

The d ifiic ult ies which were dream

.

ed of an d which were
probably experienced d uring the drea d iffic ul t climbing
m
,

—
acco m panied by dysp n oea— is o n e of the sympto ms which

w
th e pa tien t h ad actually shown years befo re an d which in
conj unction with other s ym ptom s as at th at time att rib uted
, ,

to tuberc ulosis (probably hysterically simul ated ) We are

,

d y fro mexhibitio n d rea ms acquain ted with this sensation

.

alre a
of being hin dered pec uli ar to t he d ream an d here again we
, ,

fin d it used fo r the p urpose of a n y kind of rep resenta tion as

an ever ready m ateri al That part of the dreamcontent
,

-
.
268 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S
which asc ribes the cl i mbing a s becom

w
s difi c u lt a t first a nd a ing
easier at the end of the hill m ade m
,

e think while it as being

told of the well known ma
,

-
s terfu l introd uction to S ap pho
by A Daudet Here a young man carries the gi rl who m
. .

—
he lov es upstai rs she is at first as light as afeather ; b ut the
higher he mo unts t he m o re heavily she weighs upon his arm
an d this scene symbolises a co urse of ev m
,

rt s by reco u nting
which Daudet tries to w arn yo ung men not to waste serious
aff ection upon girls of h um ble o rigin o r of quest ion able past ‘

Al though I knew th at m
.

y p a tient ha d recently ha d a lo v e
afia ir with al a d y of the t hea t re an d had broken it o fi I did

ww
, ,

w w
not expect to find th at the interpretation which h ad occurred
to m e as co rrect Moreover the situation in Sa ho a s the

t in the dream in the l atter the climbing as

.
,

reverse of th a

d ifil c ul t at the beginn ing a nd ea sy l ate r on in the novel the

symbolismse rves only if what as at first reg arded as easy w
finally turns o ut to be a he avy load To m y as to n ishm ent
the patient re m
.
,

arked that the interpretation co rrespon ed

closely to the plot of aplay which he h a
d
w
d seen on the evening
befo re at the theatre The pl ay as c a . l led Round a bou t
V ien na a n d t reated of the c aree r of agi rl who is respectable
at first b ut l ater goes over to the dem im nde who h a
,

s afia irs
with persons in high plac es th us clim
,

bin g b ut finally
”

goes down faste r an d f aste r This pl ay had rem inded him

, ,

of another en t itled F romS tep to S tep in the advertisem

.

ent ,

Now to con t in ue the inte rpretation The actress with

who mhe had had his m ost recent afiair aco m
.

w
plic ated one , ,

w
ha d lived in X st reet -
There is no inn in this street Ho
ever while he as spending apart of the summ
. .

er in V ienna
ke of th e lady he had lodged (Germ
,

f o r the sa , an abgeetiegen z

w
stopped literally step ped of ) at alittle hotel in the neighbo ur
,

hood As he a s lea ving the hotel he said to the c ab d river o

I amglad I didn t get an y verm

.
,
’
in an yway ( which incidentally

w
is one of his phobias ) Where upon the c ab driver answered
.
-

“
Ho co uld a nybody stop there ! It isn t a hotel at all ’

it s really nothing b ut aroad hous e I

’
-

I es tim
n atin g thi d esc ip ti n of th auth or e m
s r o ay recal l th e
e sig ni on
fi s n e of sts in vs y drsa
c c ms f ed to n p 246
. re err o . .
270 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF D REA M S
the dreamtho ughts an d dreamcontent There is an in .

dic atio n which s u ggests how this inversion is to be t aken

pplies to the end of t he dreamwhere the ci rc um
.

I t obvio usly a
stan ces o f cli m
,

bing are the reverse of those in S appho N ow it

may eas ily be s een what inversion is referred to in S appho
.

the man c arries the wo man who stands in asexual rel ation
to him; in the dreamthoughts in versel y a wo m an
am
, ,

a n an d as this state of afiairs c a

, n on ly occ ur during

childhood the reference is again to the nurse who c arries

the heavy child Thus the fin al po rtion of the dream
,

s ucceeds in representing Sappho an d the n urse in the sam

.

J ust as the n ame S ap pho h as n o t been sel ected by the

m m
w
o t witho ut r efe ren ce to a Lesbi a n c usto so the el ents
p s e

of the dream in which persons ac t above an d belo poin t to

,

f ancies o f asexual n at ure with which the dream

,

er is occ upied
an d which as s upp ress ed cravings are not witho ut co n nect ion
with his neurosis Dre aminterpretation itself does not show
.

th at these are fancies a n d not re collections of a ctual happen

ings ; it only furnishes us with aset of thoughts an d l eaves
us to dete rm ine their value as realities Real and fantas tic .

occurrences a first appe here as of eq ual value and not

t ar —
only here b ut also in the c reation of m o re im po rtant psychic
structures than dream s Much co m pa ny as we a. l rea dy ,

know signifies asec ret The brother is none other than a

, .

re p re sent a tive drawn into the childhood scene by fa n cyin g

backward s of all of the late r riv als fo r t he wo man Through

,
”
.
,

the agency of an expe rience which is in dif ferent in its elf the
episode with the gentlem
,

an who scolds a bo ut the K ing o f

It a ly aga in refers to the int rusion of people of low ra nk into
aristo c ra tic societ y It is a s tho ugh the w arning which
Daudet gives to youth is to be s upplemen te d by a sim
.

ila r

warn in g applicable to the suckling ch ild ‘

t we m ay h ave at o ur disposal athird exam

.

In o rder th a pl e
f or th e st udy of condensa tion in dreamfo rm ation I sha ll cite ,

Th e fan tatic at ure of th e ituation relating to the n urse of th e

s n s
dream how b y the objectiv l y as certained ci cumtan e that the n use
n
e gret
er i
i this cs c
s s
s ss hrs m
f t he y u n
w
o th r
n
F urth m
ma i th a cd t
I m
n
ay
s
n
. ll a
e
tten ticn to ths
that h had ot taken
e ne
er
o e
o rs ,
r
cs
s c

e n
r

bette s d vs nts g i opportun ity with

r o o
urse as pro babl y the source
h
e n

of the presen t z
0 s
n m
r
 T H E DREAM W ORK -

the partial ana l ysis of a n oth er drea mfor which I amin

debted to an elderly la d y who is being psycho a nalytic ally
treated In h arm ony with the con dition of severe a n xiety

fromwhich the patient s uff ered her dre am

.

s contained agreat
ab undance of sex ual tho ught m
,

aterial the discov ery of which ,

astonished a s well a s fr ightened h er S ince I c ann ot c arry

the interpre tation of the dreamto com pletion the materi al
.

seem
,

s to fall apart into several gro ups wi t hout apparent

Con ten t of the dream: emem

w w
ha
w
III S he r bers s that s he

m m
.

w
t o J une bugs abc a z hic h s he u
, s t set al l iberty, Ior c ther ise

ww
they ill s u
fi ccat e S he c p ens t he bc z an d the bu g s are qu ite

m m
.
,

m w ww
exha us ted ; one c / lh fiies ct of the indo , bul l he other is
m
w
cru s hed on the ca s e en t hil e she is s hutting the indo , a s so e

one or c l her requ es ls her lc dc ( expres s ic ns c f disg t) .

An alysis Her h usb a nd is away travelling , and h er

fourteen year o ld d aughter is sleeping in the bed n ext to her
- -
.

I n the evening the little one c a lls her attention to the fact
m
th at a oth h as fall en in to her gl a s s of w a ter b ut she neglects
to take it o ut , an d feels so rry f o r the poo r little creature in
m
the orning A story which she had read in the evenin g told
.

of boys throwing ac at into boiling wate r, an d the twitchings

m
of the ani al were desc ribed These are the occ asions f o r
m m
.

the drea , both of which are indi fferent in the selves She
m
.

is further occ upied with the s ubject of cruel ty to an i al s

Years befo re while they were spending the s um mer at a
.

cert a
in pl a
c e her d a
,

ughte r a
, s very c ru w
el to an imals S he .

started a b utterfly collection an d asked her fo r arsenic with

which to kill the butte rflies On ce it happened th at am
,

oth
flew abo ut the roo mfo r alon g ti m
.

e with aneedle through its

body on anothe r occ a s ion she fo und that so mem oths which
ha d been kept f o r m etam orphosis had died of starvation
The sam w
.

e child while still at aten der age as in the habit

of pulling o ut the wings of beetles an d b utterflies ; now she
wo uld shrink in ho rro r fro mthese c ruel actions fo r she has ,

Her mind is occ upied with this contrast I t rec alls another .

co n trast the one between appearance an d disposition as it is

described in AdamB ede by Geo rge Eliot The re abe autiful
, ,

b ut va in an d quite stupid gi rl is pl aced side by side with an

272 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAM S

little goose is opposed to the working m an who feels aristo

I t is im
,

cratic an d beh aves ac co rdingly possible to tell

c ter fro mpeople 8 loo ks Who co uld tell fro mher loc h
, .

chara ’

that she is to rm
.

en ted by sen sual desires

In the s ame year in which the little girl started her butterfly
collection the region in which they were staying s ufl ered
much fro mapest of June bugs The children made havoc
,

am on g the bugs an d crus hed themc ruelly At th at tim

.

w w w
, e she .

s a aperso n and ate

ho t o re t he in gs o ff t he J une bugs

them S he . herself h a married

d been bo rn in June a nd also

w w
in Jun e Thre e days after the wedding she wrote a letter
ho me telling how h appy she as B ut she as by no means
.

, .

During the evening before the dreamshe had rumm aged

am o n g her old lette rs a n d ha d re a d v arious ones com ic al an d
serio us to her f am ily an extre mely ridic ulo us letter fro ma
,

—
-
,

pi ano teacher who ha d pa id her a ttention when she as a w

gi rl as well a s one f ro m an aristo c ratic a dm ire r ‘

mes herself because ab ad book by de Maupus an t

.
,

S he bl a
ha d fa llen into t h e h ands of on e of her d augh ters sf The arsenic
which her little gi rl as ks fo r rec alls the arsenic pills which
resto red the powe r of yo u th to the Due de Morain Nab ab
Set at liberty recalls to her ap assage f ro mthe Magic
.

F lute
t mp I cann o co el you t o l ove,
w Bu t I y berty
il l n o t g ive yo u our li .

June b ugs suggests the speech of K atie I

I l ov e yo u lik e alittl e beetl e .

Mean while the speech fro mTamhaucer Fo r yo u a re

wrought with evil p assion .

S he is living in fear an d anxiety about her absent h usban d

The dread th at so m ething may h app en to himon the jo urn ey
.

is exp ressed in n um ero us fancies of t he d ay A little whil e

befo re during the an alysis she had co m e upon a co m
.

, , plain t
T h i re th rea l in cite o f the d ea
s e m r r
m
.

1 B w y
a “ l a en
o t S ch
u bo o k a e o uu 1 Sh s r
fc b id g sr
e
hersel f { yc nt h
y
d awn much in f rm em
.

n atir d o on r r
A furth e t a in f thou ght l eads to Pmthailc ia by th e sam e author
3
r r o :
cru ]ty tow a rds he l over r .
 2
274, T HE IN T E R PRE T A T ION O F DREA M S
an d who is brought into connection by the id entity of her
n am e In the further co urse of the dreamthe significance o f
Irm
.

w
as perso n ality chan ges ( witho ut the a
’
lteration of her
im m) ; she b o mes one of the
w
age a s it is seen in the drea

child ren who m e ex amin e in the public dispensaries f o r

children s diseas es where my frien ds show the difference of
w
’

their ment al c ap abilities The t ransference a

,

s obv io us ly
b ro ught abo ut through the ideaof m
.

y inf ant d au gh ter By

mean s of her un willingness to open her mouth the same Irma
.

is ch anged into an allusion to an other l ady who as once w

ex amined by me an d besides th at to m
, y wife in the sa m e ,

which I discover in her throat I h ave gathered allusions to a

g re at n u m ber of othe r pe rso n s
All these people who mI enco unter a
.

s I follow the a ssoci a

tions s uggested by I rm a do no t appear perso n ally in t h e
dream they are concealed behind the dreamperson Irma
,

who is th us dev eloped in to a collective im m

,

ag e a s ight be
expected with co n tradicto ry features Irm a co m
,

, es to re .

present these other persons who are discarded in the wo rk ,

of condens ation in th at I c ause to happen to her all the things

,

which rec all these persons detail for detail

I m
.

ay a lso co n st ruct a collective per son f o r the co n

den s ation of the dreamin anothe r manner by uniting the

actual features of two o r m o re persons in one dreamim
,

w
age
I t is in this m anner th at Dr M in m m
.

y dr ea a s const r u ct e d
he bears the n am
. .
,

e of Dr M an d speaks an d acts as Dr M
. .
, . .

does b ut his bodily ch aracteristics an d his s ufierin g belong to

another pe rso n m
,

y eldest b rothe r ; a single fea t u r e p alene s s

is do ubly determ ct that it is com mon to
, , ,

in ed owin g to the f a
both persons Dr R in my dre amabo ut my unc l e is as im
,

ila r

co mposite pem
.

o n B ut here t he dreamim
. .

age is prepare d in
still an other manne r I h ave not united feature s peculiar
.

to t he o n e with features of the other an d thereby abridged

the rem embered image of eac h by cert ain feat ures b ut I have
,

adopted the m ethod e m ployed by G alton in producing fam

,

ily
po rt raits by which he projects both pictures upon on e anoth er
whereupon the co m mon features stand o ut in stronger relief
, .

while those which do not co incide n e ut ralize one another and

beco m e obscure in the picture In th e dreamof m .
y u n cl e t h e
 T H E DREAM W ORK -
275

blo nd beardst a
n ds o ut in relief a n em
s a phasized feature fro m
the physio gno my which belongs to two persons and which is
, ,

, ,

to my fathe r an d to m yself which is m , ade possible by its

reference to the f act of growin g grey
The construction of collective and co m
.

posite persons is
one of the chief resources of the activity of dreamcon densa
tion The re will soon be an occ asion fo r treating of this in
.

another co nn ection
The notion dysentery in the d reamabo ut the injection
.

likewise has a m an ifo ld det e rmin ation o n the on e h and ,

bec ause of its paraphasic asson ance with diphtheria and on

the other because of its reference to the patient who mI h ave
,

sent to the Orien t and whose hysteri a has been wron gly
,

The men tion of propyls in the dreamalso p rov es to be

an interesting case of condensatio n N ot “ ”
propyls b ut
am yls were con tained in the dreamtho ughts On e m
.

ight
think th at here a simple displ acemen t had occ urred in the
.

dreamform atio n An d this is the c a

. s e b ut the displ a cement ,

serves the purposes of condens ation as is shown by the

followi n g s upplement ary analysis If I dwel l fo r a m o ment
,

upo n the wo rd propyls its asso n an ce to the word p ro

”

m m m m
,

py l u s u ggests itself to e B ut the p py

ro
. la u is to be

w
fo und not on ly in Athen s b ut also in Munich In the latter .

city I visited afriend the year befo re who as seriously ill

an d the reference to himbeco m es un mistakable on acco unt of
,

Mm ethylamin which follo ws closely upon prop yls

I pass over the striking circ um
.
,

stance th at here as else

where in the an alys is of dream s associations of the mos t widely
,

l ues are e m ployed fo r the establishmen t of tho ught

,

d ifieren t v a
connection s a s tho ugh they were eq uiv alen t an d I yield to the
te mpt ation to reg ard the process by which am m
,

yls i
n the dr ea
tho ughts are repl aced by p ropyls as tho ugh it were plastic
mconten t
,

in t he drea
On the one h and is t he ch ain of ideas about my friend
.

w
Otto ho does no t understand me who thin ks I amin the
wrong and who gives me the co rdi al that s m ells like am
, ,

, yls
—
on the other the ch ain of ideas c on nected with the fi rst by
276 T HE IN T ERPRE TA T I ON OF DRE A MS
w
am
wo ld always think I w
ho u a the right and to who m I
s in
so m luable inform
,

indebt ed fo r uch v a ation about th e

Those characteristics of the associations centering abo ut

Otto which o ught partic ularly to attrac t m y a ttentio n are
determined by the recent occa s ions which a re responsible f o r

the dream; am yls belong to these el e ments so dete rm in ed

which are destined to get into the dreamcontent The gro up .

t rast to Otto an d the elem

, ents in it which co rresp ond to those
al ready excited in the Otto associ ations are thrown into
relief In this whole dre a mI amcon tinually referring to a
person who excites my displeas ure an d to another person whom
.

I c an oppose to himo r h er at will an d I conj ure up the frien d

gain st the enem y feature fo r feature Th us am
,

as a , yls in the
.

Otto group s uggests reco llections in the other gro up belonging

-

to che m istry ; trim ethylam in which receives suppo rt fro m

w
several quarters finds its ay into the dream co ntent
,

Am yls too m ight h ave got into the dreamcon ten t witho ut
, .

”
, ,

un dergoing ch a nge b ut it yields to the infl uenc e of the

William gro up of associ ations owing to the fact that an
,

elem en t which is c apable of furnishing a doubl e determ

,

ina
tion for amyls is so ught o ut fro mthe whole range of rec o llec
tions which the n am e Willi am cove rs The association
propyls lies in the n eighbourhood of am
.

yls ; M unich with

the p ro pyln umco m es to meet am y ls f ro m the se ries of as s oci a
tions belonging to Willi am Both gro ups are un ited in
“ ”

m — m m m
.

p py l s rc
p py ks u As tho u gh by a co p ro ise this inte r

mediary elemen t gets into the dream content Here a

.
,

co m mon mean which pe rmits of amanifold determin ation has

.

been c reated I t th us beco m es perfectly obvio us that m anifol d

dete rmin ation must facilitate pen et ration into the d ream
.

conten t A displ acement of atten tion from wh at is really

intended to so meth in g lying n ear in t he associ ations has
.

tho ughtlessly taken place fo r the sake of this m ean fo rm ation -

mhas now enabled us to

.
,

Th e study of the i n jection d rea

get so m e in sight in to the p rocess of condens atio n which t akm
place in the form ation of dream s The selection of those
.
278 T HE I N T E RPRE T A TI ON OF DREAM S
the ma n in t he drea m rec alled her f at her Al l t hes e pers o n s
stand in the sam
.

e rel ation to her ; they are a ll guiding a nd

directing her co urse of life On further q uestionin g the

golden eye rec alled gold m —
.
,

— on ey the rather expen sive

ps ycho a na lyt ic treat m ent which gives her a great deal of
concern Gold m ore over recalls t he gold c ure fo r alcoholism
—Mr D who mshe would h ave ma
.
, ,

rried if it h a d not been f o r

his cli n ging to the disgusting alcohol h abit—s he does not
.
.
,

object to a pers on taking an occ asion a l drink she herself

so m etim —
es drin ks bee r an d co rdials this again b rin gs h er b ac k
to her visit to St Paul s witho ut the w alls an d its s urroundings ’

S h e rem embers that in the n eighbo uring m

. .

on as te ry of the
Three Fo untain s she dran k a liquo r mad e of euc alyptus by
the Trappist m onks who in h abit this monastery S he then
tes how the monks transfo rm ed this malari al an d swampy
.

rela

region into a d ry a n d hea ltt n eighbo u rhood by p l a ntin g

the re m any e uc a lyptus t rees The word uc lam p a ria
then resolves itself into eucalyptus an d mal ari a an d the wo rd
.

wet refers to the fo rm er swampy n ature of the place Wet

,

ll y the n am e of the m
.

a l so s uggests d ry Dry is a c tua an

who mshe would have m
.

arried except fo r his over indulgence -

in alcohol The pec uli ar n am . e of Dry is of German ic origin

an d hence all udes to the A bbey of the Three
( d rei ) F o unt a ins a bove m entioned I n ta lking a bo u t M r D ry s . .
’

h abit she used t he strong words He co uld drink afoun tain ”

, .

Mr Dry jocosely refers to his h abit by sayin g Y o u kn ow I

mus t drink because I amalways dry ( re ferrin g to his name )
.
,

w
.

The euc alyptus also refers to her n eurosis which as at first

s m
,

di agnosed a al ari a S he went to I taly because her attacks

c co m panied by marked trembling
.

of anxiety which were a ,

a n d shivering were tho ught to be of m al ari al o rigin She

bo ught so me eucalyp t us oil fro mth e mon ks an d she m
, .

aintains
th at it has done her m
,

w
uch good
tion nelam
.

T he condens a p a ria — et is the refo re the po int of

j unction f o r the dreamas well as f o r t he n eurosis ‘
.

The sa me anal y i a d synthe i of sy llabl es—ave itabl chemi try of

s s n s s r e s
yllabl e —s e ves u f man aj es t in wak ing l ife What is the cheapes t
il ve y Y u
s s r s or
method f btai
.

a fi el d wh ere sfl vcb b cn ie ae
’

o o n t s r o o s r
re elim
gr wing and pick c a; then th es a ia ted and the d iver
w
‘

o r e n
em ain s in af ree state The fi rs t h rea d a d criticis ed t his book
"

mad e the bj ection to ue—which c g" read e s will pro babl y repeat that
r rson . o n
o r r
 THE DRE AM W ORK -
279

III aso m
. ewhat long an d wild dre amof m
In y own the ,

chief poin t of which is app arently a sea voyage it happens ,

that the next l anding is called Hearsing an d the o n e farther o n

F l iers The l atter is the nam e of m y fr ie n d livin g i n B h o w
s often been the objective point of m
. .
,

ha y t r av els B u t H earsing
is p ut together fro mthe nam
.

es of pl aces in the local environ

ment of V ienna which so often end i”n ing Hietzing Lies ing
Mc edl ing (Med elitz
= Germ
men delici my own name my
,

, w ,
,

,
,

j y
o (j y
o an F re ude ) an d the E n glish hear say , ,

which points to libel an d establ is hes the rel ation to the in

different dream excite m ent of the day a poem in the
—

Ha
m
Fl i nde Bla
s h es aid
”
stter abo ut a sl a nde ro us dwarf
By connecting the fin al syllable ing with the
Saidh e .

n ame F l ies s V lissingen is obtain ed which is areal po rt on

.

the seavoyage which m m

, ,

y b roth er p a sses when he co es to

visit us fro m Engl and B ut the Englis h f o r V lis singen is .

( fe a r of bl u shi n g ) which I t re at a n d a,lso r e m inds m e of a ,

recen t p u blic ation by Bechterew about this neurosis which

sio n f o r angry feelings in me
,

ha s given occ a

nothe r occasion I had adreamwhich consisted

.

w
IV Upon a
of two parts The first as the vividly re m embered wo rd
.

w
.

Auto d ida the secon d as truthf ully covered by a

”
s k er

short and harm

,

w
less fancy which h a d been developed a few
to the eff ect th at I must tell
w
days before an d which a s

when I s a him next

,

Professo r N The patient abo ut

whose con di t ion I l ast cons ul ted yo u is re ally s uffering fro m
a neurosis j ust a s yo u su spected ”
The coina ge Auto “

must then not only satisfy the re quirement th at it

, .

dida s lcer

sho uld contain o r represe n t a co mpressed m

, ,

eanin g b ut also ,

th e drea mer f t appear too w itt Th a t i true as 1 8 as it al lies

s s
m ; it v l v a c mLmnat icn onl y wh it l a licati
o en 0'

bhi
,

to the drea er in o es o en l
d eam
s
extend d t t h i terp t
e o of th
e n I wa k i g ea
re er lity can m ak
e r n n r e
imto th p ed ica te witty ; if my d am appea witty th is
.

ve y l ittle cla
” “
r e r re s r
ul t of m
,
i t the fa y i d ivid uality b ut f t h e p ec u lia y ch l gical r
s no n
ps o o o con
u d wh ich th d eami fab icated ad i i tim
d iti

th
on s

h rt est a
c s o
n

nd m t di ct wa
er
o w
with th e th eory f it a d th c mical T h d eambeco m witty becau e
os
e
n
y t th ex p i f its thoughtc is ba ed
re
atel y c necte d
r
e o
o
s

e
r
. e
,

res s on o
n
r
s n
es
on

rr
s

for it t he drea
: mi und c train t M y read e may c vi e th msel ves
s er ons rs on nc e
th at th dm f my ti tagive th impres i f bei g witty ( attempt
w w
.

e n is o en e s on o n
m m
ing to b e
r
itt ) in
Nm thele s th s r p a
y
s ch i
ea
m
d
r
a nd i a g e
me to mpa th te h i e f it
,
e rc
with the dreamact ivity wh ich I have do e i ab ook publis h in 1906
a
ster t ha e
y c n

n
co
n
n
re
r
e c n
n
n c w .

, ,
on Wit a nd it Rela ti t the U consci u
s ( A n t
on h ea )o n o s .
280 T HE I N TERP RE T A T ION OF DREA M S
th at this m ean ing shou ld have av alid connection with m y
p urpose which is repeated fro mwaking life of giving Pro
, ,

feaso r N his d ue credit

N ow Aulo didas kcr is easily separated into author (Germ
. .

an
As tor ) a uto didact a n d Lo c ker with who mis a ssoci a ted the
me Las alle The first of these words lead s to the occ asion
, , ,

na

of the dream which this time is significan t I had b ro ught

.

—
ho me to m m
.

y wife seve ra l vol u es by a well known autho r -

who is afriend of my b rother s an d who a

,

s I ha
’
ve learn ed
co m es fro mthe sam
, , ,

e town as I (J J David ) One evenin g

she spoke to me abo ut the p rofo und im
. . .

pression which the

to uchin g sadn ess of asto ry in o n e of David s n ovels abo ut a ’

talented b ut degenerate person had m

,

ad e upon her a ,
nd o u r ,

convers ation t urned upon the indication s of talen t which we

perceive in o ur own children Un der t h e infl uence of wh at she
d m
.

ha d j ust rea y wife exp ressed a co n ce rn r el ative to ou r

child ren an d I co m fo rted her with the rem

,

, ark that it is j ust

s uch dan gers that c an be averted by ed uc ation D uring t h e
night m
.

y t rain of tho u ghts p roceeded f u rthe r took u p the

co n ce rn of m
,

y wi fe a n d con n ect ed with it all so rts of oth er

d exp ressed to m
,

thin gs An opinion which the oet h a y

p
b rothe r upon the subject of m ge showed m
.

a rria tho ughts a

y
th which m ight lead to a rep resentatio n in the d ream
w
b y pa
-
.

This path led to B res l au into which city a lad y who a s a

very good friend of o urs h ad married I fo un d in B reslau

,

Lasker an d Las alle as ex amples realising o ur con cern abo ut

.

bein g ruin ed at the h a n ds of a wo m a n ex amples which

en abled m e to rep resen t both m
,

anifest ations of this influence

f o r the b a d a t o n ce "
Th e Cherchez lafe m
l
me in which
”

these thoughts may be sum med up when taken in another

.
,

sense brin gs me to m m
,

y b rothe r who is still un arried an d

whose n ame is Al ex an der Now I see th at Alex as we ah
, ,

b revi ate the n am lm

.
,

e sounds a ost like invers ion of Las lrer

cto r must h ave t aken part in giving m
,

w
an d th at this fa y
thoughts their deto ur by ay of B resl au
ying with n am es an d syllables in which I am
.

But this pl a
here eng a ged cont ains still another meaning The wish th . m
La
ct
s er
inf e ion a
in adu
u
el on a
ro
ccou
k d d p g
ie o f ro ress ive
c ght f m w m
a o a
n t o f als d y
n ues)
.
d
yaiathat
; La
sa
,

ll e,
is o f
s
c nsequences an
t he
a is w el l k nown a s kil led
o

, w
282 T HE I NT ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE A M S
observation mad e up my mi d to t ll himabo ut it whe I
w
I n e n

a himag a ay t himt hat h ha

.

s in n o s
, ad t
o e d b
een n i the
right an d I in the wrong

This is j ust wh at I do in the d ream B ut wh at s ort of a

.

wish is s upposed to be f ulfilled if I ac knowledge that I amin

.

the wro n g ? This is ex actly m y wish ; I wish to be in the

wrong with my apprehensio ns—th at is to s ay I wish th at my
wife whose fears I h ave approp riated in the dreamtho ughts
,

may remain in the wrong T he subject to which th e matt er

of bein g in the right o r in t he m ug is related in the d reamis
.

w
not f ar distant fro m h at is really in tere sting to the dream
thoughts It is the s am e pai r of altern atives of either organ ic
nction al i mpai rmen t th rough a woman m
.

or fu o re properly
—
,

thro ugh the sex ual lif e eithe r tabetic paralysis o r ane urosis
—with which the m anner of La s alle s ruin is m ore o r less ’

In this well joined dream(which however is quite trans

-
, ,

p arent with the help of careful analysis ) Professor N pl ays a

part not m erely on account of this an alogy an d of my wish to
.

re m ain in the wrong o r o n acco unt of the associated re ferences

to B reslau an d to the fam ily of o ur frien d who is m
,

a rried

there—b ut a
w
l so o n a ccoun t of the followin g little occurrence
which as connected with o ur co nsu ltation Afte r he had
attended to o ur m edical task by givin g the above m
.

w
entioned
s uggestion his in te rest as dire cted to pem l m
w w
ona atters
Ho m
, .

any child ren have y o u n o i S ix — A gesture .

"

of respect an d refl ec t ion G i rls boys Three of each

They are my pride an d m
.
, .

y t r eas u r e Well the r e is no.

”
,

ifi c ul ty abo ut the gi rls b ut the boys give tro uble l ater on

d
in their ed ucation ”
I replied tha
.
,

t until now they ha d been

very tract able this secon d diagnosis concerning the future
of m m
,

boys of co urse pl ea sed e a s little a s the one he ha d

y
made earlier namely th at my p atient h ad only aneurosis
w
These t o i m
, .
,

pressi o n s then are bo un d together by contigui t y

, , ,

by being s uccessively received and if I inco rpo rate the sto ry

of t he neurosis in to the dreamI substitute it fo r t he conversa
,

tion upon ed ucation which s hows itself to be even m

,

o re cl o s
e
connected with t he dreamthoughts owing to the fac t that it
ha s su ch an int imate bearing upon t he s ubsequently exp ressed
con c erns of m y wife Th us ev
.e n m y f e ar t hat N may t u rn o ut .
 T HE DREAM W 0 RK -

to be right in his rem arks on the ed ucation al difficulties in the

c ase of boys is adm itte d into the dreamco n tent in th at it is
concealed behind the rep resentation of my wish th at I m
,

ay be
wron g in s uch apprehensions The same fanc y serves without .

ch ange to represent both con flicting altern atives

The verbal co m positions of the dreamare very sim
.

il a
r

to those which are known to oc c ur in p aranoi a b ut which are

n d in co m
,

also fo und in hyste ri aa pulsive ideas The linguistic .

w
h abits of chil dren who at certain periods act ually t reat wo rds
,

a s objects a n d inven t n e l anguages an d artificial syn t axes

se the co m mon so urce fo r th e dreamas well as fo r
,

are in this c a
psychon euroses
When speeches occur in the dream which are exp ressly
.

distin guished fro mthoughts as s uch it is an invari able rule

,

th at the dreamspeech h as o rigin ated from a re m embered

,

preserved in its integrit y o r it h as been slightly ch an ged in

the co urse of expression ; fre q uen tly the dream speech is
,

pieced to gether fro mv arious recollections of speeches while

the wording h as re mained the sam e an d the mean ing has
,

possibly been ch an ged so as to h ave two o r more signific at ions

Not infreq uently the dr eamspeech serves m
.

erely as an all usion

to an incident at which th e recollected speec h occ urred
,
‘ .

Work of Displacem
b
( ) T he ent

Another so rt of rel ation which is n o les s signific an t m

w
ust
h ave co m e to o ur notice while e were collecting ex am
, ,

ples
of dreamco n densation We h ave s een th at those ele m ents
which obtrude them selves in t he dreamcon ten t a
.

s its essen ti al
co mpo n ents pl ay a part in the dre amthoughts which is by
no m eans the same As acorrel ative to this the con verse of
.

this thesis is also true Th at which is clearly the essenti al

thing in t he dreamtho ughts need not be represented in the
.

dreamat all The dre am as it were is eccen tric its conte n ts

are grouped abo ut other elem ents th an the dreamthough ts
.
, ,

I th ca
n e s f ay u g m
e o a h a uff i g f mob s i
o n n b utww o s s er n ro se s o n s ,
wh e i t ll ctual f u ti w i tact and h ighl y d v l p d I ece tly
os
fou d th
n e e
l y ex e ti
c on
p th i m
izp ech
l
nc
Th pon h
ons
hi h
ere
u
s ed i h s
n
e s es c es w e eo e
c occ
,

rr
r n

W
n c o e n r
ms did n t wh ich h had h ard had mad h im
.

th u d i figu d w
d ea
r o s e es e e or e

w
sel f, b ut
hi h only ca
c me to his o i us e in a
di
tate w
f h i b e iv th ught
c ns c o
e n
hil e h
s
aaa
n ssk
re
c
or o
s
s o s ss
e ww
e
s
o s,
e.
as ac ent ml poin t . Thus , for ex amp l e , in the drea mab on t

c ont en t is apparen t ly t he el e men t botanic al ; in the

con flic ts w u m
hic h res l t f ro am on g oollea
s er vic es ren dese dgu a
u th m unde obliga
w
which p t e tions to
r o ne a nother s ub s e
m
,

q uen t ly it h t heare pa a
r o c h t h t l in t h e ha b it o f s ac rific in g
too m uc h t o m a m m bot a c al ”
wo uld
“
y h o b b ies n d t h e e le t n i
mthough ts
,

in no c a s e fin d ap l a c e in this n u c leus o f t h e d rea

if it were n ot loos ely co nn ec ted with it by an antithes is f o r ,

dream of my
w ma
patient the ascendin g an d des cen ding being
m
,

ups t airs and d o n, is d e th e c en tr al p oin t ; t he drea ,

w m w
howe e is conce ned wi h
v r, r t the danger of sexual relation s
it h pe ons o f lo degree, so th at o n ly on e o f t he el e mt en s o f

the dreamt houghts seem s to have been t aken o ver into the
dreamcontent al beit with un seem ly elaboration Sim il arl y
in the dreamabo ut J une bugs whose subject rs the rel ation
.
,

ua
of s ex lity to cruelt y the f ac t o r o f c ruel ty has in deed re ~

appeared b ut in adifl eren t connection an d with out the m

,

ention
of the sexual that is to s ay it has been torn fromits context
and t ransfo rm ed into so m
, ,

ething strange Again in the

dreamabo ut m m
.
,

w
y u ncle the blond bea rd
, which see s to be ,

its central point appears to h ave no ration al connection ith

,

the wishes fo r greatness which we have recognised as t he

nucle us of the dreamthoughts It is only to be expected if
s uch dream s give a displ aced im p ression In co m
.

plete con
trast to these ex am ples the dreamof Irm
.

as injection shows ’

that individual elem ents c an clai m the same plac e in t he

,

form ation of dream s which they occupy in the dreamtho ughts

w
.

The recognition of these n e an d en ti rely vari able relations

between the dreamtho ughts and the dreamco n tent is at
fi rst likel y to excite o ur as ton ishment If we fin d in apsychic
process of norm al life th at an ide ah as been c ulled fro mam
.

on g
an um be r of others an d h as acq ui red partic ular vividn ess in
,

ou r conscio u sness we are in the h abit of regarding this resul t

,

a s ap roof th a t the vic to rio us ideais endowed with apeculiarl y

—
w
high degree of psychic v al ue a certain degree of interest .

We no discove r th at this val ue of the individ ual 8 10 t in

the dreamtho ughts is not preserved in the form ation of the
28 6 T H E I N TE RP RE T A T ION OF DRE AM S

fo und which are f ar rem oved fro mthe central idea of th e

dre aman d which appear distinguished fro mthe rest as artificial
in te rpol ations f or a defin ite p urpose Th ei r purpose may
,

ea s ily be discovered th ey are j ust the on es which establish

aconn ection often afo rced an d f a r fetched one between the
-

dreamcon ten t and the drea mtho ughts an d if these elements

, ,

were to be weeded o ut not only over determ

,

in ation b ut also
-

as ufi cien t dete rm in ati on by m ns of the dreamtho ughts

,

ea

would often be lacking f or the dreamcontent We are thus

led to the conclusion th at manifold dete rm
.

inati o n which
decides the selection made by the dreamis perhaps not always
,

aprim ary facto r in dre amfo rm

,

ation b ut is often the second ary

man ifest ation of apsychic power which is still un known to us
,

ll this m anifold determ in ation m

.

B ut in spite of a ust never

nce of individual elements into t he
,

th eles s co n t rol the en tra

dream fo r it is possible to observe th at it is established with
considerable eff o rt in c ases where it does not result fro mt he
,

dreamm aterial witho ut assistance

The assum
.

p tion is not now f ar dista nt th a t a ps y chic force

is exp ressed in dre a mactivity which on the one hand strips
elem
w w
ents of high psychic v a l ue of their in tensity a n d which

m mit
,

on the othe r h a nd cre ates n e v al ues by ay of over da - »

tion fro mel em ents of s m

,

all val ue these new v al ues sub s e

quently getting into the dreamcon ten t If this is the m
, ,

eth od

of proced ure there h as taken pl ace in the formation of the

.

w
dream a transference an d d is pl emen t of the psychic in ~

tensities of the individ ual elemen ts of which t h e textual

man d the thought co n tent appears
,

d ifieren c e between the d rea

as a resul t The process which we ass um e here is nothing
less than the essential part of t he d reamactivity ; it men t s
.

'

the designation of dreamdis plac emen t Dreamdis p lacem en t

an d dreamco ndens ation are t he two crafts m en to who mwe

.

may chiefly attrib ute the mo uldin g o f the d ream

wa
.

I t hin k e ls o have an eas y t as k in rec o g nisin g t h e ps y c h ie

fo rce which m akes itself felt in t he ci rcumstan ces of dream
displ acement T he res ult of this displac em en t is that th e
dream co n tent n o longe r rese mbles t he co re of the dream
.

thoughts at all an d th at the dreamreproduces only adisfig ured

fo rm of t he dreamwish in the unconscio us B ut we are
,

-
.
 T H E DREAM W ORK -

already acquainted with dream dis figurem mt ; e have w

traced it b ac k to the censo rs hip which o n e psychic instanc e in
t he psychic lif e exercises upo n the other Dreamdispl ace
men t is one of the chief means fo r achieving this disfigurement
.

is b ro ught abo ut by the infl uence of this censo r of the endo ,

psychic repulsion *

The m anner in which the f acto rs of displ acem

.

ent condense r

tion an d over determ

,

in a tion play i n to o n e another in the

-

form ation of the dream which is the rulin g f acto r an d which

,

the subo rdin ate one all this will be rese rved as the subject of
late r investig ations For the p resent we may state a
,

s a
second condition which the elements must satisfy in order to
.
,

m m m w w
ww
g et in to the d re a t h a t the y u s t b e it hd r a n fr o th e c en so r

m am
,

a ] res is ta n c e F r o n o . o n e sh a ll t a ke a cc o u nt of dr e
S i ce I co s id e thi efe e ce of d reamd
n n r s men t to the censo
r r n
'

r
s th essen ce of m m
a
T ra
c
um
d
en
e

d it
ie Wa
i
y d r
w
e a
chen fro mP
i
th
wh
e

ich
I

I
h
fi d
m
in

th i
t
R a
ch
t h

i f
tt
l i te by y keu
f a tu
o

f m
o f
s Vi
a

th
t
e na
r y
ere

y
s er
e
e
s n,
er
o
on

,
s o
n ,

( se on e n on , s e e re o y eo rn
rep rod u c ed

Conc er i g am
ing onsens e
n
a n ho poss esses t h e rem
n n a rka wbl e quality f never dream o

Y ur m cteris tic of d eaming a y uwake i based upon

.

avel l u cha
o ra r o s r s o s
u virtu e u y ou ood es
s, y ou j u tice a d y u l ov for truth ; it
s,
r ess 0 F
y o r r n r s n o r e
th e m m
.

is ora l ea y o u r na tu r
ne wh i ch a k es ve r yt h in g a b u t y ou e o
in tel l gib
igat if you th i k the m atter ov ca n ref u ll y l ied th e th e “
I
er o r,
lm ma d t man being
,

a os t b el ieve tha t a ll peop l e ae ea ted a s ia o hu

r cr n n
m e l A dreamwhich i di ti ct membe ed that it
,

d eam f ?li ium al w

e ver dr a e s n ons n se s so s n re r
a b ep d uc d wh ich i th f
c n e r ro e s ay ha a
ere o re n o r o e r s s
mea ing ; why it ca t be oth erwise ! F th at which i in co t ad icti
, ,

n n no or s n r on
b a awhol e Th fact th at tima
,

with it el f an never b g ou ed
hfi
c e er s e
p
s r
i g fro mth e rea
.

a nd
p a ce ae fte th ou
r g h y a a n u ) d tra or c ts th l e no n
mean g f t he d eam becaue either cl th mhas had ay sign ificance
s o

in o r s n e n
whateve for it s e sen tial con ten ts W often d the ame th g w aking
,

r s e o s in in
think of t he fai y tal f ma y dari g a d p f u d pha tatic crea
.

lif e r -
e, o n n n ro o n n s

m
ti ab ut wh ich ”l y a ig a t per on w ul d ay T hat i
on s , o on n no r n ense ! s o s :
‘
s n ons
i is im
F or

have ust d
poss ib }
lf it re le
‘
y
ith m
aww
l w
i c
on e
ay
c bole t
th frie di
in t P
n
e t d rea m
s co rre c tl y a
e
y o u
o
n
w r s , s

ha t i certa inl y ot as n a sy ta sk b ut t he d rea

n mer h imsel f ought
e ,

a l wa y t o ucceed in d i g it with a littl e con cen t ration of attention

s s o n
al l y im po sibl ? Y u dream eem to conceal
.

Y u ak why it i g
o s s en er s e o r s s
so m ethin g c et mt h i g u ch ate f a p cul ia and h h atue a '

se r so e n n s o e r er n r
certai m
w
, ,

n i y u a tu e wh ich ca ot eaily b veal b v th u ht

n r n r s e re
s y ;
o nn o

a nd it i t ea so tb a
r t y u d a r mi g eem fte t be i out
n o r re n s s so o n o
mean i g eve t be acon t adicti But i th Prof u d e t sen e th is
is b y no m
sa
ea
n , or
ns th s cae ; i n d eed i
me person whether he is asleep or awake
n o
t unn ot b e t u
”
s as t a
r

l L f or it i a l y t
on .
h c
.
r
n e o n s
s w s
s

,
28 8 T H E IN T ERPRE TA T ION OF D R E A MS

of dreams .

( ) M 0eans of pR e res en tation in the D rea m

Besides the two f a c to rs of drea mcondensation an d dream
displ ac em ent which we h ave fo und to be active in the trans
fo rmation of the l aten t dream m ateria l into the m an ifest
conten t we sh all co m
, e in the co urse of this investigation
upon two other con dition s which exe rcise a n u n qu es tion abl e
influence upon the selection of the m terial wh i c h gets into
a
the dream Even at the risk of seem
. ing to stop o ur p ro g rm s ,

I sho uld like to gl a nce at the processes by which the in t er

p ret at ion of d rea m s is a cco m plished I do n ot den y th at I
should succeed best in m aking themclear and in sho wing
.

th at they are s ufiicien tly reli able to insure them against

,

ing its in terp retation as I h ave don e in Chapter II in the

dreamof Irm
, .

as In jection an d then p utting together the

’ ”

dreamtho ughts which I have discovered an d reconstructin g

,

the fo rm atio n of the dreamfro mthem that is to s a

,

— y by
s upplemen ting the analysis of dream s by asyn thesis of th em
,

ve acco m plished this with several specimens fo r m

.

I ha y own
inst ruction ; b ut I c annot un dertake to do it here because I
amp revented by conside ra tion s which every right m inded -

person must app rove of rel ative to the ps ych ic m

,

w
aterial
ch adem
,

es s a onst ration In the a na ms

m
n ry f o r s u lyd s of drea
.

these consideration s presen t less di c ul ty f o r an an aly s is

may be inco mplete an d still retain its val ue even if it leads
,

w
on ly a short ay into t he tho ught l abyrinth of the dream
m
.

I do not see how asyn thesis co uld be a n ything s ho rt of coa

plate in o rder to be co n vin c ing I could give a c o mpl m

synthesi s only of t he dream
.

s of such persons as are unkno wn

to the reading p ublic Si n ce howev er only neurotic patients
furnish m e with the m
.
, ,

eans fo r doin g this this p art of the

desc ription of the dreamm
,

ust be postponed until I c a n ca rry

a
the psych logic l expl an ation of ne uroses f ar en o ugh else
o —
—
where to be able to show thei r connecti on with the subjec t
matter under co nsideration ‘
.
29 0 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
t ure ? What rep resentation do if because as tho ugh “ ”
,
”
,
”

—
,

al though
”
either o r and all the other co n j unc tions
,
“”
. ,

without which we c annot understand aphrase o r ase n tence

m
,

receive in the dre a

‘
4

At first we must a n swe r th at the dreamhas at its disposal

no mean s f or representing these logical rel ations am ong the
d rea mt h o ughts . In mt
os a
c s es it dis reg ard s all th es e co n

j unctions and undertakes the elabo ration only of the o h

m
,

j ec tive c o ntent of t h e dre a thoughts I t is left to the

inte rpret ation of the dre amto resto re the coherence which
.

the ac tivity of the dreamhas destroyed

If the dre amlacks ability to exp ress these rel ation s t he
.

psychic m aterial of which the dream is wro ught m

,

ust be
responsible The descriptive arts are li m ited in the same
man ner painting and the pl astic arts in comparison with
.

—
poetry which can em ploy speech and here too the reas o n fo r
this impoten ce is to be fo un d in t he material in the treatm
,

ent

of which the two arts strive to give expression to som ething .

Befo re the art of pain ting had arrived at an un d erstanding 0 !

th e l a ws of expression by which it is bound it attem pted to ,

es c ape this disadv antage In old paintings little ta s we re

g
h ung fro mthe m
.

ouths of the persons represented givin g the

speech t he exp ression of which in the picture the artis t
,

Perhaps an objection will here be ra ised challen gin g the

asse rtion that the dreamdispenses with the rep resentatio n
of logical relations There are dre am s in which t he m
w
o st
co m
.

plicated intellectual operations take pl ace in hich pro of

an d refutation are offered pun s an d co m pariso ns mad e j ust as
,

, ,

in waking tho ughts B ut here too appearances are deceitful

if the interpretation of s uch dreams is p ursued it is fo und that
.
, ,

all o f t his is dreammterial not thc rep res entation ol intellc ctual
,

activity in the dream The conten t of the dreamtho ughts is

,

ced by the apparent thinking of the dream n o t the

.

repro d u

mtho ughte to onc another in t he determin a

,

relatio ns o/ the drea

tion of which rel ations thinking co n sists I shall give ex am
,

ples
of this B ut the thesis which is m
.

o st ea sily establis hed is

that all speeches which occ ur in the dream an d which are
.

expressly designated as s uch are un changed o r only slightl y

modified copies of speeches which are likewise to be found in
,
 T HE DREA M W ORK -

t he ecollections of the dreamm

r ateri al Often the speech is
only an all usion to an even t contained in the dreamtho ughts
.

the m eaning of t he dreamis aquite d ifieren t o n e .

w
I sha ll not den y indeed th at there is also c ritic al tho ught
activity hich does n o t m erely repeat mate ri al from the
, ,

d reamtho ughts an d which t akes p art in the fo rm ation of the

dream I sh all h ave to expla in the i n fl uen ce of this f a
c to r

at the close of this discussion It will then beco m

.

e clear th at
this thought ac tivity is evoked not by the dre amtho ughts
.

mitself after it is already finished in acert ain

,

b ut by the dre a

We sh all therefo re consider it settled fo r the presen t that

the logical rel atio n s am on g the dre amtho ughts do n o t en joy
, ,

an y particular rep resent ation in the dream Fo r in s t a n ce

where there is a con tradiction in the d ream this is either a

.
,

w
contradiction di ct ed again st t he dre amitself o r a con tra
,

diction derived fro mthe co n tent of o n e of the d reamtho ughts

acontra diction in the dreamcorrespo n ds to a con tradiction
am ong the dreamtho ughts only in ahighly indirect manner .

B ut j ust a s the a rt of pa inting fin a ll y s ucceeded in de

i t i
n in the rep resen ted perso n s a t lea st thei r inten ti o n i n
p c g
speaking thei r ten derness threaten ing att itude warnin g m
,

— ien
an d t h e like b y other m
, , ,

— eans th an the d a n gling t ag so a lso

the dreamhas foun d it possible to ren der acco unt of afew of
,

the logical rel ations among it s dreamtho ughts by m eans of

approp ri ate m odific ation o f the pec uliar method of dream
rep resenta tion I t will b e fo und by experience th at diff erent
d reams go to diff eren t len gths in taking this into consideration
.

while o ne dreamen tirely dis regards the logical coheren ce of

its m aterial a nother atte m pts to indicate it as co mpletely as
possible In so doin g t he d reamdep arts m
,

o re o r less widely
f ro mthe s ubject matter which it is to el abo rate ; The dream
.

also t akes asi m il arly v arying att itude towards the tempo ral
coheren ce of th e dreamtho ughts if such coherence has been
establ ished in the uncon scious (as fo r ex am ple in the dreamof
,

Irm as injection )
’

t are the m ean s by whic h the d reamactivity is

.

B ut wha
en a bled to indicate these relations in the d ream materi al
which are so difficult to represen t I sh a ll attem pt to
29 2 T H E I N T E RPRE TA T I ON OF DREA M S
In the first place the d reamren ders acco un t o f th e c on
,

n ec t io n which is unden i ably present between all the p arts

co m position as asituation o r process I t reprod uces logical

con nection in the formof sim
.

ul taneous nes s ; in this c a se it acts

so m ething like the painter who gro ups together all the philo
sophers o r poets into apicture of the school of Ath ens o r of
Pa rn ass us altho ugh these were never at once present in an y
hall o r on any mountain t o p tho ugh they do however fo rm
,

aun ity fro mthe point of view of reflective contem

, ,

pl ation
The dreamc arries o ut this method of represen tation in
.

detail Whenever it shows two elem ents close togeth er it

vo uches f o r ap articul arly inti mate conn ection bet ween those
.
,

elemen ts which co rrespond to themin the d reamth o ughts

r m
.

It is a s in o u ethod of writin g : to signifies th at the two

lette rs are to be pronounced as o n e syllable while t with c ,

after afree space shows that t is the l a s t lette r of o n e wo rd

a n d o the fi rst lette r of a nother Acco rding to t his dream

co mbin ations are not ma completely in co n
.
,

d e of a rbit ra ry

en t elem m m m
,

g r u ents of the dr e a a te ri al b ut of ele ents t h at

also h ave aso m ewhat inti mate re l ation to o n e another in the
,

d reamtho ughts
l rel ation the dreamh as two methods
.

Fo r rep resenting c a us a
which are essenti ally reducible to one The m
,

ore frequen t
method in cases“ fo r example where the dreamtho ughts are
.

to the eff ect : Because this was man d so this an d th at

, , ,

must h appen consists in making the premise an i n trod ucto ry

.
,

dre aman d join ing the concl usion to it in th e fo rmof the main
,

d re am If m y inte rp ret ation is co rrect the seq u en ce m ay a lso

be reversed Th at part of the dre amwhich is m ore co m
.
,

. pletely
wo rked o ut always co rresponds to the con cl usion
A fem le patient whose d reamI s h all l ater give in full
.

a
o n ce f urn ished me with an eat ex am
, ,

ple of s uch arep resen ta

tion of causal relationship The dreamconsisted of asho rt
p rologue an d of a very el abo rate but well organised d ream
.

co m pos ition which m

w
ight be entitled A flo wer of speech "

The p rologue o f the dreamis a

, .

w
s follows : S he goes to the t o

" ids in thc b itc hen and scolds thc mf or taking

agreat m
solon g to p r rc m
wm
S he also s ees an y coars e dic hes
a
st nding in thc bitc hen fl n verted so that the ater y d ro p fl
o
29 4 T HE I N TERPR E T A T ION OF DRE A M S

l rel atio n are reducible to the sam

w
se at in g c ausa e thing
b o th c a ses caus at ion is rep resen ted b y a successio n no by
the sequence of the dream s now by the i m medi ate tran sfo rma
,

tion of o n e im age in to another In the great m

,

ajo rity of .

cases of co urse causal relano n is not exp ressed at all b ut is

'

, , ,

in the dreamp rocess

The dreamis alto gether un able to exp ress the alternati ve
.

either o r ; it is in the habit of takin g both m embers of

,
“
— ”

this alternative into one context as though they were eq ually

p rivileged A classic ex am
,

ple of this is contained in t he

dream of Irm
.

w
as injectio n Its la ’
te n t tho ughts obvio usly
mean : I aminnocent of the con ti n ued pr ence of Irmas
.

pains the fault rests either with her resistance to accept ing
the sol ution or with the fact that she is liv ing under an
favourable sexual conditions which I amun able to change o r
,

, ,

her pa ins are not of ahyste ric n at ure at all b ut o rganic The
dream however fulfils all these possibiliti es which are almost
, .

excl usive an d is quite ready to extrac t fro mthe dreamwish

, , ,

an additional fo urth solution of this kind After interpreting

the dream I have therefo re inserted the either fi r in the —
.

seq uen ce of the dreamtho ughts

In the case where the d ream
.

w
er fin ds occasion in telling the
dreamto us e either o r : I t as either agard en o r alivin g
— “

roo m &c it is not really an alte rn ative which occ urs in t he

”

dreamtho ughts b ut an an d asim

.
, ,

ple ad dition When we

—
.
, ,

us e eith er or we a re u sually describing a ch aracteristic of

indistinctness belonging to an elemen t of the dreamwhich is
still capable of being cleare d up The mle of interpre tation
se is as fo llows : The separate m em
.

f o r this c a be rs of t he
a ltern ative are to be treated as eq uals an d co nn ecte d by
an d ”
Fo r insta n ce a fte r w aiting fo r along ti m e in vain
d dress of m m
.
,

fo r the a y fr i en d who is liv ing 1n I taly I d rea

that I receive atelegramwhich te lls m
,

e this address Upon .

the strip of telegraph paper I see p rinted in blue the following

the first word is blurre d
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

The second word which so unds like an I talia n name an d

which rem inds m r etym
,

e of o u ological discussions also ex

p resses m m
,

y displ ea s ure o n ac c o unt of the f act th at y friend

ha s pl a
s kept hi ce o f res iden c e secret fro mm f e o r so l on g a
ti m e ; every m ember of the triple suggestion fo r the first wo rd
may be recognised in the co urse of an al ysis as aself s ufiicien t
d equally well jus tified starting point in the concatenation
-

of ideas
During the night before the funeral of m m
.

y f athe r I dre a ed
of a p inted plac ard a card o r poster perhaps so m
r — ething
y waiting roo m
,

l ike signs in railwa s which announce the p ro

-

I t is u
req ested to sh ut the eyes
‘
01

I t is u
req ested to sh t a
u n eye

which I amin the habit of representing in the following fo rm

the
I t is u
req es ted to sh ut

Ea ch of the two v ariation s ha s its own pa rtic ular e aning , m

an d lea d s us alon g particul ar paths in the inte rp retation o f the
drea m I hadm a m
d e the si plest kind of funera l arrange ents , m
m
.

f o r I kn ew how the decea sed tho ught abo ut such atters

Other m embers of the fam
.

w
ily however did not approve of
such puritan ic sim
, ,

plicity ; they tho ught we ould have to

be as ham ed befo re the mo urn ers Hen ce o n e of the wo rdings
of the dreamreq uests t he sh uttin g of one eye th at is to
.

”
,

sa y th at people sho uld show co n side ratio n The signific ance

of the bl urring which we desc ribe with an either ar m
, .

— ay here
be seen with p articul ar ease The dreamactivity has not
, ,

succeeded in con structi n g a un ified b ut at t he same time

.

am biguo us wo rding fo r t he dreamt houghts Thus the two

main trains of thought are already distin guished even in the
.

dreamcontent
ses the division of the dreaminto two equa
.

In afew c a l
p arts exp resses the alte rn ative which the dreamfinds it so
difi cul t to rep resent
The attitude of the dreamtowards the c atego ry of anti
.

thesis and contra d ictio n is m ost striking This c atego ry is.

29 6 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF DRE A M S
uncerem oniously neglected ; the wo rd N o does not seem
to exist f o r the dream Antitheses are with peculi ar pre feren ce
educed to un ity o r represented as o n e The dream also
.

takes t he liberty of representing an y element whatever by its

.

desired opposite so that it is at first i mpossible to tell abo ut

any elem
,

ent capable of h aving an o ppo d te whether it is to be

taken n eg atively o r positively in the dreamtho ughts
,

‘ In
one of the l ast mention ed dream
.
,

-
s whose introd ucto ry po rtion
we h ave already interp reted because m
,

y parentage is s uch
the dream er descends over abal ustrade an d holds ablosso m
ing twig in her hands S ince this pi c ture suggests to h er
the angel in paintings of the Ann unciation (her own name is
.

Mary ) c arryin g alily stemin his hand an d the white robed -

girls marching in the processio n o n Co rpus Ch risti Day when

,

the streets are deco rated with green bows the blosso m in g
twig in the dreamis very certainly an all usion to sexual
,

innocence B ut the twig is thickly studded with red blosso m s

eac h o n e of which resembles a cam
.
,

elia At the end of her

walk so the dream continues the blosso m
.

s have already
fall en co nsiderably apart ; then unm
, ,

istakable allusions to
menstruation follow B ut this very twig which is carried
.

l ik e alil ya
nd a s t ho ug h b y an in n oc en t girl i
s a
ls o an a
l l us io n

to Cam lways wore a white camel i a

,

ille who a s is known a

t the tim e of her m enstruation The sam

, , , ,

b ut a red o n e a e
blosso m the flower of maiden hood in the songs
.

ing twig
abo ut th e m iller s daughter by Goethe ) represents at once
’

sex ual innocen ce an d its opposite The same dream also

which exp resses the dreamer s joy at h aving s ucceeded in
.
, ,
’

passing thro ugh life unsullied hints in several pl aces (a s a t

the falling off of the blosso m) at the opposite train of tho ught
,

—nam
,

ely th at she had been guilty of vario us sins aga inst

m
,

sex ual purity (that is in h er childhood ) In the an al y sis of

m w wd w th
.

‘
F ro a ork o f K Ab el , Dsr m
n der Ur orte, 1884 ( s ee
'

m
fi? y
.

review n t he Bl eu
of it i l er Freu d b d 1 9 10 I l ea rn e p
i s ur rise
md b
-

f ct wh ch c
a a i is on fi r e o er th ph
il ol og is s , t d t
at the o l es lan
b h d th
e a ve in g dq t
is re a r ui e ke the rea
'

d m hy g y
T e o ri ina ll ha ly
d on on e
b th xt m
.

w dor for o e re es in aseries of q u t ct t g w k

al i ies o r a iv i ies ( st ron ea ,
— f md p t d g
-

o l d —yo
t ions for w fa r
x m
n ear, to tie—to se a
e t o e t re es o n l
c mm p mt w d
se o n a
ra
ri
e ), a
l
nd p tor e se a
y c d y th h ght md fic t
ro u g sl i
b d m t t d th
rae es i n a
o i aions of
t he o
ra xc p t
re e
m t
on ri i ive
e ions in th e old Eg
md
or A el e o ns rae
ian, a
.

n d he y pt
pm t
as a w
es e rela
h wfi t
b le to s o
S mt c d G m c
w th
tions h i i
sh ne
re nan s o f t h e sa e evel o en in th e e i i a n d In o er a ni -

la g g
n u aes .
29 8 T HE IN TERPRET A T I ON OF DREA M S
—
it ref ers a nd t hen e know w
in a rn a nner
, hic h is quit e w
analogo us to knowledge in waking lif e that this o r that pe rso n
is the o n e who is m
,

—
eant while the vis ual feat ures belon g t o
anothe r pers o n ; o r the dreami m age itself is co m posed o f
vis ual features which in reality are s h ared by both Instead .

of vis ual features a l so the pa

rt pl ayed by the secon d person
may be rep resen ted by the manneris ms which are usuall y
, ,

a sc ribed to him the words which he us uall y speaks o r t h e

situations in which he is us ually i m
, ,

agined In the latt er

method of characterisation the sh arp dist inction between
.

B ut it m ay a lso happen that th e fo rmation of such a m ixed

person ality is unsuccessful The situation of the dream is
.

r d —
then att ibuted to one perso n an the other as arule the
mo re i mportan t one is introd uced as an inac tive an d nh“oc a
—
,

cerned spectato r The dream er relates so m

w
ething like My
mother as also there (Stekel )
.

The co m mon feature which j ustifies the union of the t o w

.

either be represented in the dreamo r be absent As arul e ,

identification o r co mpositio n of persons si m

.

ply serves the

purpose of dispensin g with the rep resen tation of this co m mon
feature Instead of repeating A is ill disposed towa rd s

me an d B is also I make acomposite person of A and B in

.

w
”

the d ream o r I con ceive A as doing an un c us t o m

, ,

ed act ion
which us ually characterises B The dreamperson obta
,

w w
ined
in this ay appears in the dreamin so m
.

connection and
m
e ne

the fact that it signifies both A an d B j ustifies me in inse g

,

that which is co mm on to both their hostility towards m

— e

at the prope r place in the inte rp retation of the d ream In

this m
.

ann er I often achiev e a very extrao rdin ary degree of

conden s ation o f the d reamcontent ; I c an s ave myself the
di rect represen t ation of very co m plicated rel ations balou
to aperson if I c an fin d aseco n d perso n who has an equal
m
cl ai mto apart o f these relations I t is also obvio us to what
,

extent this representation by means of identification c an

.

ci rc um vent the resisting censor which m a k es the drea m

c tiv ity conform to s u
,

a ch h arsh conditions That which

o fien d s the cen so r m
.

ay lie in those very idea s which a re con .

us eted in the dreamm aterial with the one person I now find
 T H E D RE AM W O R K -

asecond person who like ise ha s rel a w

tion to the objection able
mate rial b ut only to apart o f it The co n tact in that one
,

point which o fien ds t he cen s or now j ustified m e in fo rm

, .

ing
aco m posite person which is characterised on either h and by
tures This person res ulting fro m co m
,

in difieren t fea . position

o r iden tification who is unobjectionable to the censo r is now
s uited fo r inco rpo ration in the dreamcontent an d by the
, ,

of the dreamcenso r
ms where aco mmon feature of two persons is repre
.

In drea
sented this is usually a hint to look f or another concealed
co m mon feature the representation of which is made im
,

poss ible by the censo r A displ acem ent of the co m mon

,

feature has here taken place partly in o rder to facilitate rep t e

scutation Fromthe circum stance th at the co m posite person
appears to m n indiff ere n t co m mon feat ure I must
.

e with a

infer th at anothe r co m mon feature which is by no mean s

,

ind ifierent exists in the drea mthoughts

Acco rding to what h as been said identification o r com
.

position o f persons serves v ario us p urposes in the dream in

,

the first place to rep resent a feature co m mon to the two

person s ; secondly to rep resent adisplaced co m mon feature ;
,

an d thirdly even to give exp ression to aco m munity of features

,

th at is m
,

w
erely ished for As the wish fo r a co m.

between two perso ns freq uently coincides with the exchanging

munity
of these perso n s this relation in the d reamis also exp re ssed
through identificatio n In the d reamof I rmas injection I
,
’
.

—
wish to exch an ge this patien t fo r another th at is to say I
wish the l atte r to be m m
,

y p ati en t as the fo r er h a
s bee n the
dreamtakes a c co unt of this wish by sho wing m e ape rso n who

is cal led Irm a b ut who is exam

, in ed in a position such as I
have had the oppo rtunity of seeing onl y when occ upied with
the other person in question In the dreamabo ut my un cle
this subs titutio n is m m I iden tify
.

ad e the cent re of the drea

myself with the min ister by j udgin g and treating my colleag ue
as shabbily a s he does

s been m
.

I t ha y expe r ienc e — 4 n d to t his I h ave fo und no

exception—that every dre am t reats of o n e s own person ’

D reams are absol utely egotistic In cases where n o t m

.

y ego
nge person occ urs in the dreamco n tent I m
.
,

b ut only ast ra ay ,
 300 T HE I N TERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
s afel y assum e that m y ego is conce aled be hi nd th a t pe rson by
means of identificatio n I ampermitted to supplemen t my
ego On other occ asions when m m
.

y ego a ppe a rs in the d re a

mgiven to underst an d by t he situatio n in which it is placed
.
,

I a
th at an othe r person is co n cealing him self behind the ego
se the d reamis i n tended to give m
.

In this ca e notice tha t in the

inte rpretation I m ust tra nsfe r so m ething which is co nnecte d
with this person the hidden co m
— mon feature to myself
—
There are also dream s in which my ego occurs alo ng with other
.

pe rsons which the resol ution of the identification ag ain sho ws

to be m y ego By m ea ns of this identific atio n I am inst r u cte d
to unite in m
.

y ego ce rt ain ide as to whose accept a nce the censo r

ha s objected I m ay also give m y ego m anifold rep r esent a tion

in t he dream now directly now by m
.

eans of iden tification

with st rangers An extrao rdin ary am ount of tho ught m
, ,

aterial
may be condensed by means of afew such identifications
.

‘ .

The resol ution of the iden tification of localities design ated

under thei r own na mes is even less difi c ul t th an th at of
persons because here the disturbin g in fluence of the ego
which is all powerful in the dream is l acking In one of my
, .
,

dream s abo ut Ro me (p 1 64 ) t he n ame of the pl ace in whic h

.
,

I fin d m yself is Ro m e I amsurprised however at the great

.

mber of G erman placards at a st reet co rner The l atter

, ,

nu

is awish f ulfil m en t which im mediately suggests Prague the

.

wish i t self probably o riginated at aperiod in m

,

w y yo u th whe n I
as im b ued with aGerman n ation alistic spirit which is s up
p ressed to d ay A t the tim
-
e of m y dre a m I a s looking w
fo rward to meetin g afriend in Prague ; the identific ation of
.

Ro m e an d Pra gue is th us to be expl ain ed by m eans of adesired

co mm on feature ; I wo uld rather meet m y f riend in R o m e
than in Prague I shoul d like to exch ange Prague fo r Ro m e for
the purpose of this m
,

eeting
The possibil ity of c reating co m
.

positions is one of the chief

causes of th e ph antastic character so co m mon in dreams in
th at it in trod uces into the dreamelements which could never
,

h ave been the object s of perception The psychic p rocom

which occ urs in the fo rmation of co mpositions is obvio us ly
.

“ I f I do
amI a
mto look
no t k no w
m
b ehind w hic h of the rsons w hich occ ur in t he

dreamw
d re for e
y g o l b
o serve the fo wi g o n ru h t
le : T a in
mti
,

t he ho i s s ubj ect to an e o on wh ich I x p c w

erien e as lee , p
m
e
is the one that conc ea
ls y ego.
8 02 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
w
w
been i nd uced to show hers elf agreeable So it a with
s t he
am mf
.

c herries in her c hildh ood a

nd as in
eliith t he s te o c

her later years the exotic feature is an illusion to am uc h

travelled naturalist who sought to win her favo ur by means
of a drawing of a fl ower Another fem
,

ale patient c reates a

middl e elemen t out of bath houses at a bathing resort rural
.

-
,

outside water closets an d the garrets of o ur city dwellings

-

The ref oren c e to hum s co m mon

, .

an nakedn ess an d exp o s ure i

with the third elem

w w
nec tion ent that (in her childhood ) t he

garret a s lik e ise th e s cen e o f exp os ure A drea er of t he m

male sex makes a composite locality
.

t of two pla
m
ou c es in

whic h treatmen t o is given m

— y ce an d the pub lic ha ll
in which he first Mcam e a cquainted with his wife Another
fem ale patien t after her elder brot her has prom
.

ised to regale
vi are dream
,

her with ca s that his legs are covere d thi c k with

black cavi are pearls The two elements
,

contagion in
am
.
,

oral sense a n d the re col lec tion of a cu tan eous eruption

in childhood which m ad e her legs look a s thou gh studded
over with red dots instead of blac k ones have here been united
with the caviare pearls to formanew idea the ideaof what
,

—
she has inherited fro mher brother ”
In this drea mparts or
the hum
.

an body a re treated as objects as is usually the o n e

in dream s In on e of the dre am
,

“
s re ported by Feren czi
th ere occurred a com position ma
.

d e up o f the person of a

The common feature in these three compon ents w

a show
s n

in th e ana l ys is aft er t he nigh ts hirt h a d een reoog is ed a s a

allusion to the father of the drea

b
mer in an infantile scen e
n

s so m w
.

In ea ch of the three c ases there a e object of her sexual

inquisitiveness As a child she had often been taken by hm
n urse to the m
.

ilitary breeding station where she had the

am plest opportunity to satisfy her curiosity which as at that
,

w
tim
,

e uninhibited
mhas no means for
.

I ha ve a lreed y a s s ert ed t hat t he d rea

tion I am about to con tra d ict this a

ssertion for the first
tim A part of the cases which may be summ
.

e ed up under the
wo rd con trast finds representation as we have seen sim
.
,

, ply , ,
 T HE DREAM W OR K -

given repeated examples of this Another part of the c on

mthoughts which perhaps falls into the
.

trasts in the drea

m
,

atego ry in t he drea
”
tu
“
c rned i
n to the opp os ite , is repres en t ed

in the following remarkable man ner which m ay alm ost be ,

designated as witty The M a rion does not itself get

.
”

ma e ns of that a part of the alread y form

t he f a
ct ed d ream
tmt
con —
which lies at hand for other reasons is as it were ,

—
subsequently inverted It is eas ier to illustrate this process
.

than to describe it In the beautiful Up an d Down ” “

dream(p 267) the representation of as cendin g is an inversion

.

of aproto type in the dreamthoughts that is to s ay of the

.

introducto ry scene of B audet s S appho ; in the dreamclim

, ,

b’

in g is difi cult at firs t an d eas y laber on while in the ac tua l

ter bec o mes m nd m
, ,

s c en e it is e sy a
at firs t and la ,ore a o re

difficult Likewise above and below in rel ation to

“ ”

the dream er s brother are inverted in the dream This points

.

’
.

to arelation of con traries o r con trasts as obtaining between

two parts of the subject m mtho ughts and
w
atter o f the dre a -

w
the rela t ion e ha ve fo und i n t he fac t th at in the c hildish
fan c y o f the drea mer he is carried b y his n urse hile in the ,

novel on the contrary the hero carries his beloved My

dreamabout Goethe s attack upon Mr M (p 34 5 ) also contains
, , .

which m
. . .

an inversion
“ ”
of this so rt ust firs t be set right
,

in reality ,

ha
s been attacked by an unknown young author . In the

ality the reckoning as m w

de fromthe year in which the
w
re a
paralytic as born The thought determ ining the dream
material is shown to be an objection to t he treatment of Goethe
.

as alunatic The other ay around says the dream if

. w ,

y o uc annot understa n d the book it i

s y o u who ar e d ull witted -

Furthermore all these dream

, ,

not the autho r ”

s of in version
seem to con tain a reference to the conte m
.
,

pt uous phrase
to turn one s back upon a person (Germ
,
“ ’
an “
ein en die

brother in t he S ap pho dream) . It is also remarkable how

80 4 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S
fre q uently inversion becomes necessary in dreams hich are w

m ww mmt
it h referen c e to a definit e ele
w w
fu lfil en t o f a is h of

t he drea thou m
ghts-
“
If it ers only jus t the o ther. a y !
”

is o fte n t he b es t express ion of the rela tion o f t he ego to ad is

w
us ef ul for t he purpos es of the c enso r, for it b rin gs ab out
in the a mat
l rep resen ted adegree of disfigura
eri tion hic h all
b ut pa ralys es our u n ders ta nding of t he dream For this
so n it is always perm issible in cases where the dream
.

rea

stubbo rnly re fuses to yield its m

,

eaning to try the inversi o n ,

infre q uently everyt hing becomes clear

Besides this inversi on the subject m
.

atter inversion in -

temporal relation is n ot to be overlooked A frequen t d evice

,

of an occurrence or the concl usion of an a

rg umen t at t he
b egin ning of the drea m , or upplyin g t he p re is es
in s m of a
conclusion or th e causes of an c fiect at the end of it . A ny

disfigurement stands helpless before the probl emof dream

Ind eed in ain the sens e c f t he d ream

so m e c s es a wa e c n o bt

only by subjecting the dreamcontent to m anifold invers ion

in fantile death wish a g ainst -

a dr eaded f ather a s hidden behind w
Tl hys te ica
time mllti z ue r1
e l tt s k som
o ns

ttack of ahy te i
c t im
f
or a
e u e t h sa
al n it m
m dev ec th i vcrsi n f
c
ea rn
g f
thl gi l f c ampge c nsis t a ti a littl
m t he pecta
o t
s
con ce
or
s s
’

r
e
s
e
n
’
r
ro
e n
s
o o

w
.

The a s r r , or r o s i en s c
om
, e
r a c which h ha
n e, s uc c io ul y fa cied i c n ecti
s e n o ns i an en s n n o n on
c u te i th tre t a A ma attracted by th beauty o f her fo t add re es
o n r n es e c r n, e o ss
with hrmand ex ien c es
w
.
,

her whil he i rea

e s ding wh up he
s ere on s r s
t my love ce e H attack
w
,
s or s n it the e resen ta
er ti th i cene ‘

ns r on c s s

thin g mvem y (acc mpan i d y mtio f t he l ips to

w
.

in rr e t of th e
o n s o e o ns o
si gnify ki i g tw i in g of the arm f embrace ) h eu
ss n en n h hurries s or s er n s e

m it d w i ach ai lift he k i t i
, ,

in to a no th er roo s s o n o n t s ho w her r, s r s r n r o

f t at as th ough he we abo ut t read a bo k a d peak to m

,

oo c s s re e o o n s s
m
, ,

( ans we s e)
r .
306 T HE IN T ERP RE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
partic ularly vivid in t he d rea mis probabl y traceable to such
rea l sensatio ns during sl eep My exp erien ce ha s n ever c c n

firm m
.

ed t his I t is in c orre c t t o s a t h a
t t h l e t f the
e o
y o s e e n s

dreamwhich are th e derivatives of im

.

pressions occurrin g in
sleep (nervous excitements ) are distinguished by their vivid

are in fa
c t t he m t ig ifi a t a d thwa
os s n c n n e re th e al
c ent r

m We k ow howeve that it
,

poin t of the dre a . n , r, is j ust these

o w
in g to t he c ens o r . B ut stil l it migh t b e pos sible t hat t he

the elemen ts in the other ; a compl ete transval uation of

and t he dream The very elem

. ent which is tran sient an d bu y

to be dete m
rined in adifieren t m —
anner that is by two f acto rs ,

the outset that those elements by means of which the wis h

m
b est deter in ed . No a
c h n e of s ens e i
g s in vc l ved if w e c x ress
p
 T H E DREA M W OR K -

int ens it y is s ho w
n b y t hos e ele mt en s of the drea
w
mf or w hich
the most abun dant con den sation activit y a s re quired . We

The problem which I —

have j ust been con sidering the

elements of the dream is one which

— I should like to guard

do with the varying dis tinctness of whole dreams o r sections

of drea msIn t h e first ca s e t he o pp o site o f distin ct n ess is

m
. ,

bl urredness ; in the secon d , confusion I t is o f c ourse un is~

.

takable that the inten sities rise and fall in the two s cd es in
unison A portion of the drea which see s clea mr to u s m
con tains vivid elem mis m
.

usually ents ; a
n obscure drea co

clc a
r to the indistinct or conf used is far , mo e r co mplicate d

elements indeed the form

; er will be dropped fromthe dis
cu on fo r rea
ss i sons which will be given later In isolate d
t the im
.

cases we are a s to nished to find tha press on of clear

i
ness or indistinctness pro duced by the d reamis alto gether
without sig rific ance for its structure and that it originates
in the d reamm
,

aterial as on e o f rte constituents Thus I .

w m mm w w
w
fia less , a n d c lea r, so t ha t I ad e up y ind hile I as

m m
,

ss of drea s

w
still i
n t he s o n o len t st at e, to reco gnise an e cl a
—thos e hic h hs d n ot b een sub ject to t he ec hanis of con ~ m m
m
densation and displace ent and which ight th us be desig m
m
,

w
na Fancies while as leep A closer exa ination proved
“
ted
m m
.

t hat t his rare drea ha d t he sa e b rea c h es a nd fia s in its

con struction as every other ; for this reason I abandon ed the

catego ry of dreamfancies The content of the dream re
w mw w
.
,

d uced to its lo es t ter s as t hat 1 as rec itin g to afriend a

,

mw
difficult an d long so ught th eory of bisexuality and t he wish
-
,

w ww
fulfilling power of the drea as responsible fo r the fa ct

w
tha t th is t heo ry ( hic h , by t he ay, as nc t st at ed in t h e

m W m
mw
drea ) a pp ear ed so c lea r and fia l es s h a t I c on s d
i e d
m
.

ajud g en t up on the finished drea a

s thu s a pa rt o f the
808 T HE I NT ERPRE T A T ION OF I

w ith the st ory of aservan t giri ho haw

ww w
d t c c on fes s t

w
expec ting a chi ld , a
nd ho as no c ord ron ted r

a
s to
“
ho The ohs m
m
w
fest ed b y the dre a , th eref ore is a gain in t his c as

m
,

w
o f the a t erial hich exc it ed it A pa r t o f t ln

m m
.

a
s repres en ted i n the f or c f t he dre a Thai .

Th us , for ex ample when the dream

, er says : Her

lis ten ing t o a person c lea ning hi s clf a mfter defec

m
othc r ex a pl e desc rves t o b e re c orded in d c t a
mw
il
m
,

an has a very d is t in ct drea hic h reca

w
lls t o
m m
w
ta si es frc his in f ancy hich ha ve re a ined c
m mm
mm w
hi : he a s in as u er ho tel o n e even in g he 1

m mm
,

n u b er of hi s o , an d entered a c in hiol

are mre gc ps
m w
Theatherc
am -g
“
He contin ues fie d
’

: sn
»
, and at t he end there aa s
8 10 T HE I N TE RPRE T A TI ON OF DRE A M S
of t his d rea m ,
“
that the la
st of along s eries of drea m1 l t u m nc r

been attem
w
ha
d p ted in the first picture of the series The
cen so r pushed the co m plex o ut of t he ay as lon g as pom
.

ibl e
through constantly renewed sym bolic concealm
,

ents d b
placem ents deviations into t he harm
,

w
less M (l o p
”

Schem cq uainted with the pec uliarities of dream

, , . . . .

s well a

m
er “ a
disfigure ent an d des c ribes them at the end of his theory
of organ ic stim ulation a s aspeci al la p 166 : But finally w , .
, ,

t t he begin n ing of the dre a

a monly t he r emotes t an d fre es t

when th epower of re presentation beco mes exhausted it pre

mt the stimulus
,

s s o r its concerned o rgan o r its function in

organi c moti v e an d re c ahes its en d .

m
w m
by Otto Rank A S el f I nterpreta
“ in his t ion Drea
work
m m
, .

This dre a c f agirl repo rted b y hi co ns is ted o f t o drea

m m m
,

separate d in ti e of the sa e night , the second of which rded

in its d eta
all rdin g a grea
ils b y d isreg a t an y of th e id ea
s m
m
contributed by the drea er, an d the profuse relations b e

exp re ss ed bashful lang uag e t he same t hing as t he sec o nd

in
t the latter the pollution dre am helped to a fu
,

s o tha — — ll
explanation of the form er Fro mthis ex am ple Ran k with
.
, ,

of pollution dream s in gen eral

B ut in m m
.

y expe rien ce it is only in ra re cases that on e

in a position to interpret clea rness o r co nfu sion in the dream

as certa inty o r doubt in the dreamm aterial Later I shall
ctor in the form ms upon
.

try to discover the fa ation of drea

w
whose influence this scale of q ualities essentially depen ds
m m dhere fo r a tim
.

In so e d rea s, hic h a e to a c ert ain

then it seem
wa
in the following words B ut ed as tho ugh it
ere am e tim
t t hee a s ce a
no t her pl a n d t here such and s uch

What thus inte rrupts the m

,

a thing happened .
"
ain tren d
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

tu s m o a sub ord inat e id ea an interpol ated t ho ugh t

ut to be
in the dreamm A conditional relation in the dream
,

aterial .

What m mv m t
w w
is si n i e
g fi d by the sens a tio n o f i peded o e en

m
,

hic h so o ften occ urs in t he drea , a nd hic h is so Msely

c

fromthe spot ; ac com

or c n c

a
pw
a
l
m
ish so m e
nt s
t hing
mre o b st ac le after noth The train is abo ut to st art and
'
an

.
d m
toee t s ,

on e ca nnot rea ch it ; one s hand i s ra is ed t o aven g e an i ns ult

’
,

a n d its strength fails t o We have already enco untered

ms but have as yet mad e no
.
,

t his sen s ation in exhibit ion drea

ttem
,

seno u s a pt to interpret it It is conveni ent b ut in ad e .

,

may ak s : Why is it , then , t hat w

e do n ot drea m con tin ually

so m pup
e r c s e or other in rep res en t atio n a s bro u
nd i ght abo ut
mmaterial fo r this sort of
,

by a need oc c urring in t he drea

a ls o s im m
w
s asens a tio n but a , pyl a s a p a r t o f t h e d r e a conte n t .

I bel ieve tha t aca s e of th i s sort i s pa rtic u la rly el l su it ed t o

mlighten us about the significance of this characteristic of
m I shall giv e an ab ridg ed report of a dream in
w
t he drea
hic h I seemto b e a
.

The scene is a
m
c cu s ed o f di s h c n es ty

W racomis tmg o/ a primtc sana mand sm ul d her

.

A la c b ey a a a m a m a a m
m
buildi ngs pp e r s to c ll to n t io n I
mlhat m ahing hc s been mis sed
. .

M in the drea fha t thc

w
mmimtion is taking fl ace becd us e I ammpeaed o/ having
,

ap pro ted lh c los t a cle mAna l ys is eho s tha

'

l m nim tio nw
en in noo sem m lso m ns m l mm
.

w wm
is to be ta la es nd a ea edica ina tio n
B eing omoiou s ol m
.

i e

w
mm
a d / th fa t th a l l ha
wv b e
y n o c n o e c c e n

lndy foa We ars

w
ca lled in for oons io l ca the la c kcy
'
o

m
.

w
receiva da t lhe do or by a n o fh er la cb ey ho sa y s p o in tin g to e

t the p ersoa homyou ho ve broa

, , ,

W
w
“
Is tha h t ? h h i a
m
q y e s

mpectable man Ther

,

w w
ilhord a
"
ay lacbey l enter a
a m m m m m m m m
.
, ,

g rea t h a in hich a c hi s tr d h rg d h i
c h r e i n d s
8 12 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S
o

M
l an I a/m
m m
w ith ite beflia
t mad ee o

-e
lm
mmm m
I eee

b
a

m mm m
w
be cauee ed a b d ; bu l he tab ee no aatiee ol T hen ]
m
a gic en to uuderd aad lha t l ay ao go M I m W M
m a
.

ha aad a a fl a

wm mm m
y t c n no¢ go
, er .

be mh w ledged be h t a
nd may g o ; “1 5 nd !

t haef o re b e pres en t in t he drea thou g h Th e tac t t hat l m ~

m
m ay go is t he a ign of y ab s c l nt ic n ; L
i th en , t he d rm
ea m

cf theadic tion a merts its elf in this feature Th“e cir

c o ntr

mst ance t hat l cannc t find m e m

.

cu hat t he re tc r ea ns : Y ou
y
n hons st m ccom
a re no t a an a fter a Fa re to a

w
ll il u p l d
i i i n

t he dm m is the expression c f a ntradic fio a No ; m

.

a
“ ”

mid theref c re t he earlier asserticn to the efiect th at the

dmmis no t c a m
,

p a ble ot ex p reesin g a n eg a tic n us t b e r e viee d ,

thing as asi
n ot on ltu
y anc n but a lao a s as ens a t ic n t he s a
’

me
contrad iction is m ore emphatically exp rem ed in the fo rmof
,

a volition to which a coun ter volition opposes itself Thus

t he sens atio n c f im p ed e
,

d
We ehal l hear later that t his vm
m o fi o n r ep r

m
e s en

t
t s a
a
co

a
m
l
fl id
i
o

b
l
e l c n
ia
.

w .

y o c r p r y n s p
men tal conditions of the psyc hic prc cemin dmam
w w
to the fu n da o

ing No the im m
w
a a
w
.
pu ls e hic h is tr an s f err e d to c t or c h nn el

w
is not hin g els e t ha n t he ill a n d the fa c t t ha t e a re su re t o

fin d this im m m m
,

p u ls e i pe d ed in t h e d n ea a k e s t he h ol e p ro ee aa

A rd cu c iaaf t om
ac hildhood l a a l aia h m ri

a
eren ce to p et e n ex
y e

m gi
o er e

zi th f l l wth waggi h n cti n H wld t

to ex t by th Ioll c
is g in t e a i “
T h M r r h a s d on
er e hes du
i ty
r es : oo
th e M o m
e .

ay g ”
o r o. en o o s e s e o :
“
o o o
may g
the M when he has do e h i d uty ! On yea
ww
”
oor en h ( It e o.
me in t the c rld ith much black urly hair that my
n s e r .

ia a id tha
e t I ca o c
y ung m
so
o o the d ecla red m to b e aM
r
) T h c i
r cu m es ta n c e tha t I d o n o
oort e
find m
tc w
.

w ith var ou ai mfi afi na Our serva t w

y h a t i
s an ex p ien c o f th da y wh ich h a
er b t u
e rn d t a cc
eo u n t s een e o
h i a aa t a
. '

s i
th i g had hidg th hat A aupp e i f ad fi g h t ab ut h 1
i c c n , o s n
n s, en e r n on o s o
m
.

als c n c aled beh in d the con cl ui

o o e f the d a I h a ve ot nea rly done
s on o re n
my du t ; I may n t yet Birth ad death a i th d eamthat
y before ab ofiGoethe and the paaly tic (p m)
”

cea s -hra
o c . n s n e r
,
o n o r .
31 4 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S
of its re l ations is s ub jected
,
to co mp ress i
on , wa hile t the s ame

psychic revaluation of this m aterial The displac em en ts .

which we have considered were shown to be substitutions of

n ec ted wit h the origin a

l by ass ociations an d the displac ements ,

t hat in this ma b tw twl ma t

ma nn er a c ommon e n e een o ee i s

t ok the plae of these two elem

o c e ts in the fo mation of the n r

d eam We have not yet m

r . entioned a y othe kind of dis n r

exists and th at it m anifests i lf in a ha

n
m
nge of the verb a l
expression em
,

ployed fo r the thought in question In both

cas es we have displacem
.

ent following a chain of ass ociatio ns

me process takes pl ac e in difl eren t psychic sphere s
,

b ut the sa
m
,

a
n d the res ult o f t his dis pla n t he on e c a
c e en t i s t ha
se i t o ne
elemen t is substituted f or anot her whil e in the ot her c as e
,

This secon d kind of displac ement occurring in dream

ta
sti
c absurdity in which the dream disguises itself . D is

f orone that is visua l an d con crete The a d vantag e an d .

,

consequen tly the purpose of this substitution is obvio us

Whatev er is visual is capable of rep res entatio n in the dream
, .

w ere to be rep res en t ed in an ill us tra

t ed ou
j rn al
. But n ot

of condensation and of the censor c an be furthered by this ,

thought is recast into figurative language this new expressio n ,

with those identities and cross refere nces which are essenti al
to the dreamact ivity an d which it creates whenever they are
w
,

not at hand fo r the reason that in every language c on c r e

term m
,

u
s owing to their evol tion
,
are o e b nd nt in ass ocia
r a u a ,
~
 T HE DREA M W OR K -

tion s than concep tual on es . It may b imagi e ned that in drea m

to educe the separate dreamthoughts to the tersest and
r -

simpl est possible expression in the dream takes plac e in the ,

paraphras e fo r the individual thoughts One tho ught whose

expression has alread y been dete rmined on other groun ds
.

will th us exert a separating an d selective influence upon the

do this con stan tly throughout som ewha t after the m anner of
the poet If apoemin rhym e is to b e c o m
,

.
po s ed t he s eoon d ,

the proper meaning an d it must express it in such a ay as w

to secure the rhym e The best poem
,

s are probably those

in which th e poet s effort to find arhym
.

’
e is unconsci o us and
in which both thoughts have fromthe begin ning exercised a
,

mutual influen ce in the selection of their verbal expressions

w hich a
c n t hen b e mad e to rhy m e by ameans of sligh t
,

In m a ha g f xp i
so e c s es th
c u
p p n e o e res s on serves e r os es

of d eamcondensation mo e di ectly i m
r aking possible the r r n

invention of a ve bal const uctio which is ambiguous a d

,

r r n n

thought . The whole range of word play is thus ~

p ut at the

in the form ation of dream s ought n ot to surprise us A

wo rd bein g a poin t of j unction fo r a n um
.

w
ber of con cept ions
it pos se es so to speak apredestin ed am
,

, bigui ty and n euroses

, ,

which words off er fo r t he purposes of condensation an d dis

also profits by this displace m en t o f expression is easily de

monstrated It is naturally confusing if an ambig uous word
is put in the place o f two am biguo us ones ; an d t he employ
.

ment of a figurative expression in stead of the sober everyday

one thwarts o ur understanding especially si n ce the dreamn ever ,

O f Der Wit: a n d cal Baiclu g i m fl at m mm mat es 2n d e dit 19 12. a

nd
t c ympt m
.
, .

w d b dg
or -
”
ri es , in t he so l u ions o f n eu t
ro i s o s.
8 16 T HE IN TERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AM S
drea mmat ial di tly er rec or c nly t hro ug h the a
gen c y of in ter
po lat d fo m
e s f speech
r ‘ o . Severa
l exa ples m of rep re sen t at io ns

alrea dy been ci ted her m outh opens without difi c ul t y

mo f Irmas injection ; I cannot go yet in the
,

in the drea “ ’ ”

mreported p ll now cite a dream

,

las t d rea 85 0 I sha

in the an alysis of which the figurative exp resm
.
, .

w
on of a bst ract
'

though t pla ys a gre ate r par t T he difie ren c e b et een s u c h .

tio n o f d rea m ths e key to t he sy mb li mi

o s s arb itra
rily c h o s en

lis hed cust o s of s peec h m1f the correct n otion occ umat t he
m
.

n gh t o pp ort u s pos s ible t o sol ve dre a of th is

’

n ity , it i s so rt

b y th e drea er m
m m m
.

w
A la dy , a frien d o f
w
ine , drea s : 8he is in tlie op e
hou se I t is a Wa g ia n p f
er o c e h i
c h hae laeted till mm
mm mm
.

w w
7 45 in th e o ing 1 a tbe pa rqu ette a nd pa rta r e th

m
. .

ww w
w
tableaa rou nd kid c people di a ad drink Her co in aad ltis
m m
.

u i/ h ha ju d l l i h i
a m
t t

w
yo ng e o v e s re r t i
e r on ey s t
to tl im s its omol tl ie
, ,

w
acc t to her at one o/ these t bles d a a ,

aristocracy Concerning t ie la tter the ideais tha

.

l t the yo ile
o

mi m w
w w
her trip I n the ds t o/ tlie u
rq etts thcre is a high to

m
er, on

mu
.

the top o/ hich is a pla tfor s rrounded by n iron grati .

Richter ; M is waua
nti l ly u
r n ning around bchind the gmtiag .

In n er a
l it is doubt ful in the in terp tation of ever y el me t of the
d reamw eth
re e n
er it
ad ed a
ahaving an egative or apositivs ( re lation a
w
a
( ) i
s tc he eg l
{i f
sense
on
is t o c y m c c
in te rpre d is o ri a h t
ll ( a
s are inis en e)
ymb cis s oli ; o r e er wh th
its va
lua b d
tion is to b s a se v ha
upon the sound of its
l expreuin er

te of this m
.

In a gn ficatio t m
nif l d si a y be aid that the repmen tatian
o i n, i s
o f d amactivity doe
e re t imp up th t a lato any g eat r
s no ose on e r ns r r e
d ifficul ti than the a cient w iters of h ierogl yphic imposed up n theh
es n r s o
 m wm m m
w
By ea
ns oi t he a hove dis crn iic n e h at l br ht
to hght a t hird fa
’

c to r,
’

hoae pa rt in t he tra
-
M r an on of m ‘

th e drea t hou ghtms i

n t o t he drea oon tait i s n o t t o m
b e c cn

dra matimfim p mib h o a

nd thmput s a
n en d to the ps y c ho

m may at t he s am
w
of t he t ho ug ht c on t ent in to a not her cu ld e
mb
ti e e put a
t t h e ser vic e of t he con d ens ation ork a ,nd m a
y

ha ou
ve pre vi s ly a
c h n ed
g its o ri
g i
n al expressic n for the purp os e

In vie of t he pawn pla y ed hy p u n a quo t afic n a aon p

m
,

a
n d pro bs in t he in t ellec tua l lif e o f ed ucat ed p ereons , it

For a fe w kinds of mataial a u i n vere ally applic ab le dream

m oreo ver, is poss ess ed b y t he d rea mi n co mm on w

it h t he

Indeed lo o k
if w e ore m c los ely , wmu
e st recogn i
se a
th t
in em m l
p y g
o thi
s e t h o d ofm s ubstitution t he drea mi s gc n e

whic h in t his a
c se is the possib il ity of m
d ra atisation w itho ut
 T HE DRE AM W OR K -

an d a
ll usion an d with which all the fancies of neurotics are
,

I have defended elsewhere The occ upation of on e s fan cy ’

with one s own body is by no m

.

’
eans pecul i ar to o r chara
c ter ,

is aregular occurren ce in the unconscious thought of neurotics ,

an d goes ba ck to sexual curiosity the object of which for

,

V o lk s lt very appropriately d ec lare the house is not the only

,

the neurosis . I kn ow some patients to be sure who have

, ,

an d the genita l s (sexua l interest cert ainly extm ids f ar beyond

the region of the external genital organ s ) to whomposts and

to whom
,

pillars signify legs (as in the Song of “

every gate suggests a bodily open ing an d every

water m -
a in aurinary apparatus and the like B ut t he p o up
, .

of associations belonging to plan t life an d to t he kitchen is j ust

as ea e
g y
rl ch os e n t o con c eal sex ual imag es ; in t he fi rst c a
s e

the usage of s peech the result of phantastic com

, parisons

p arat ion (the vin ey ard of the Lo rd t he seeds the , ,

w
“
garden of the girl in the Son g of Songs
” “
The ugliest
as ell a s t he mos t in tima
te det ails of s exua l life m ay be

unintel ligibleif we forget that sex ual symbolismc an con ceal

itself behind t he m os t com monplac e and most incons picuous
matters as its best hiding plac e The fac t th at so me n eurotic
children cann ot look at blood an d ra m
,

w
eat that they vomit
.

at the sight of eggs an d n oodl es and tha t the dread of snakes

which is natural to m ankin d is m
, ,

onstro usly ex aggerated

al m
,

in neurotics a l o f t his has adefin ite sexu ea Wher

l nin g

ever the n eurosis employs adisguise of this so rt it tread s the

, .

,
320 T H E IN TE RP RET A T I ON OF D RE A M S
pat h s on c e tre dd en b y th e w ho le of hu ma it y n in t he a
e rly

I here ins ert t he p mmi sed fio w

er drea mf o ala
dy M en t ,

amfo r the d re a mer aft er it had b een in t erpreted

ch r

a
( ) P r
e l m
i i
n ary d r eam : S h e go es to the ti m a ids i n tlie w .

bitchen and ccolds them/or ta king so lo ng to p repa a little

“

w
re

S he a ts o sees agrea t m y coa rse dishes sta

”
bite of food nd

ing in the hitchen inm t thc mter my drip ofl tl m

.

cr d so tha

d ditio n : T he t o m
u
w ,

ww w w
and heaped up in ap ile La ter a aids go
tc n rid m
w
.

to ld cl a a us t as it erc s tep into ariu er hich rea c hes

up inlo c ou s s or ia to tke rd ‘

m m
.

b
( ) M a in dr e a T : S he is d esc endin g f ro a b igh pla cs t

un ited into big squares a n d co ist o/ a con glo tion ol l itfle m mm

squ ares § I t is rea
. l ly uot intended fo r cli b ia g p u o u ; ch e is m
w w wm
M e t about finding a plac e for her foot and she is glad lser
m
,

us do n t ga u
w
da g kt an y
’
he a ad tk at she r e a in s so re

w
s p ect a
b le hile s he is goiu g " S h i al a i a la b u h
m
e s s o c n y gn rg e o g
'

a
.

in hcr ha nd 1[ rea y a bou gh o l a

, tree hic h is th icfl y s ddd ,

mt d th idw/ m mbd
m amlia w
With
wm
this is cou e s o ch bloeso i they leo k
m
,

w
Iike ful l bloo -
do u ot g l ih f
con e s, ic o u
co rse

w
Whil e ske is descending, she first has o ne then suddeul y t o.

m
,

aud later ag ain ovd y onei j When s he a

rri s at h
t s botto
‘
of

ter”p tation of thi prel imi ary d ream wh ich is to b e re

Fo r the in re s n ,
.

gard d a caual
e s p 292s , see . .

t H ca er reer
High bi th th wi h c t at t the p e l im m
w
.

ina r dr a

i y
r e s on r s o r e
m m
.
,

A co t i a g wh ich '

u ne it t l ca l
e,it e th ao ca ll ed es o o i s, e
m —
-

( Ge r a na floo
gar t rt f h fath e rr, h in
re wh ich oh e er
’
s o s

u cl
n e, w
with h b th the obj ct 0 her late fancie and e gard e
er
h ued t t a o
ro
s e he
s
er ,
o e
e
r
ctual memo y f h r uncl e gad en to the efis ct
r s, n 0

that h used t expose he sel f whil she w

.

ll Wi h co t a s t to a a
’
s n r n r o e s r ,
s e o as al p r e s ee
m
.

1] J u t a t hs a n g l bs a a l il y
e s te i the A u ciatio n
e rs n e nn n
x plaati f thi c mp it im
.

Fo t h r e e n ag on o p 296 ; in s o cen c
oe os e e, see n
me t uat i n Camill
w
.
,

ns r o , e .

" R f rri g to th pl ua
e e nl ity o f the pe on e h ve the p u
r rpos e of her rs s o ser
fa y
ns .
 8 22 T HE IN TE RPRE T A T I ON OF D RE A M S

rep ort of it wuo ld a

c rry us to o f a
r into the dis c us s io n of

sion that no special symbolising activity of the mind in the

mati m m
,

fo r on of d rea s n eed b e assu ed ; t ha t , on t he cont rary

m m m
,

\ the d rea akes use of s uch sy b o lis atio ns a s are t o b e

found read y m -
ade in unconsc ious thought , beca use these b et ter

( )
c E xamp l es —A r ith m etic S p eeches in the D rea m
Before I proceed to a s sign to i ts p roper pla ce the fourth
of the fac to rs which contro l the form ation of the dream I
shall cite several exam pl es fromm m
,

y collection of dr ea s for

ing proof fo r a
s se rtion s which have been made without de
monstration or of drawing irrefutable inferences from them
mi
.

Fo r it ha
e b een very difi eul t fo r e n t he forego in g ac c on n t

of examples . E xa mples fo r the individual thesis are con .

lose their significance an d furthermore a dreaminter preta

, , ,

that it obscures the threa

d of the discussion which it is inten ded
to illustrate This technical m
. otive m ay excuse m e fo r now

com mon b ut their re lation to the te xt of the foregoing chapter

We shall firs t consider a few ex am
.

ples of very peculiar

n us ual met hods of represen tation in the dream The dream
w
or u

s f o llo s : A sm u
.

ww w w
ala a t girl is staad sag on a ha
‘

of dy is dder
as though to clean the indo s and has ith her a ch im
—
, ss mw
w
and a gar( Ha out (later correcte d en go ra c at ) She thro s
-

mmal s at the dr mer ; the chimpanzee cudca

.

w
the a es u a
'

t h
m
p o

and this is dis ting to her T his dreamha

.

s a c c o nx l i h d
p s e

its purpose by the sim plest possible m eans namely by taking

.

,
 T HE D REAM W OR K -

to t he meaning
of its words Ape like the nam es of ani
mals in general is an epithet of opprobrium an d the situation
.
,

of the dreamm
, ,

eans n othing b ut to hurl ins ectives This ”

sam e collection will soon furnish us with further ex am

.

ples
of the use of this simple artifice
mp mila ma
.

An ot h er d rea ro c eeds in a very si r nn er : A

m w
w
the drea er ha s heard tha t the ohild got into this oond ition o ing
to its position in its o ther s
’
o b m T he docto r sa ys that thm
e .

brutha w m m
wu
t ould ha the b in She thin b s that becaus e it is a
m m m m
.

boy it o n t s ufler s o uoh /ro defo ity This drea co n t a in s

a plasti c rep resen tation of the concept Chdd ish i p res m
sions ,
”
m
which the drea er has heard of in the co urse of
explan ations concernin g the t reat m
m
en t
m e the dreamactivity enters upon
.

In the following exa

a difl eren t path The dreamcontains a recollection of a
,

lm
.

w w
excu rsion to the Hi tc ic h near Gra e : T here is a terrible
stormou ts ide ; am mn fl
,

—
w
is e a
r ble hotet the a ter is dr ip ping fi
a am (
is w
a alls , nd the beds a re d p The l tt er pa
rt of t he c on ten t

The dreamsignifies
.

di ectly exp essed than I give it )

l s r r

m
.

“
su e
p fl
r uous The a b s t rac t id ea o c c urring in th e drea
tho ughts is first m
.

ad e eq uivoca l by a certain straining of

language ; it has perhaps been replaced by overflowing
,
“
,

o r by fluid an d super fluid fl uo us ) an d has then been

- -

of dam —
pn ess e verything fluid an d super fl uid That
mrepresentation the spelling is
.
,

fo r the p u rposes of the drea

much less regarded than the sound of words ought not sur
,

The f a
ct that lan guage has at its disposal a great n umber
of words which were o riginally intended in apicturesque and
con c ret e sens e b ut arc at pres en t us ed in a fa
d ed abstrac t
sens e ha
s i
n o th er c s cs a md s e it very e uy f or t he dreamto

w
words their full significan ce or follow the evol ution of their
mean ing alittl e ay bac k am m m that
,

. For ex pl aa a
n drea s
324 T HE I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF DRE A M S
w
w
his frien d ho is st ruggling to get o ut of avery t ight p l a c e,

m m
,

calls upon hi to hel p hi The a s s ho s t ha

n d y si t t he tig ht .

w
w
ords to his frien d , a uL or youll get yo urs elf in to a
Be c ref
’

mer climbs upon amountain fro m hic h

w
Ano t her d rea
he s ees avery ext ra ry b ro a
o rdin a d vie He iden t ifies him s elf .

It wo ul d b e asepa te un d erta
ra kin g to c ollec t s uch mt he o ds

w based So m
w
c ipl es upon hich they a re e of the repres enta
They give the i mpression that they
.

tions are quite it y t .

not repo rted them

ma m that
me which
.

L A n d rea a na s he is as ked f or
however he cannot recall He hi m
, ,

self explains that this

means : I t does not occur to me in the drsam
, .

2 A fem min hich all the pers on s w

.

ab patien t relates adrea

That means she ad ds
.

concerned were especi ally big “ ”

.
, ,

en t ly dl e a s b y tra
in o t her n sla m
t in g ti e in to s pa oe One m
m
.

s ees t he pe o ns a estion a f a t agrea

w
n qu
n d sc en es i s i t dis t a
n oa

m
,

at th e en d of alon g roa d , or a
s i f loo ked a t t hrough t h e
g

8 . A ma n, who in waking l ife shows an inclination to air

wwit h it en o ms in a cert ain

ugh d rea
wa
c o nn ec tion t hat he i
s

mi g i
,

il ro a
at ara d st at io n hil e train is oo n n . B ut t hen t he

hence an abs urd inversion o f the real state of s h ire This

detail is ag ain nothin g b ut an index to rem t som
.

ind one th a e
t hin g el s e in th e dre amsho uld b e turned ab out The analyfl
m
-

of the sam e dreamb rings b ac k t he rec ollect io n of a pie m

.

4 . The sam e dream er on another occasion rel ate s a short

Given by transl ator a auth or s example coul d n t be n an-laud
s
‘
o .
326 T HE I N T ERPRET A T I ON OF D RE A M S
mth What are
mw
t he o er s ays y u d
ooin g l lt o nly c o s ts

2l kreuze r .
”
This b it of drea a immdiat lys e e intelligi ble

dream er s circum stances The lady as a foreign er who

’
. w
had provided fo r her da ughter in an ed ucational institut ion
in V ienna an d who coul d continue m
, y treat ment as lon g as

her da ughter st ayed in the city In three weeks the daugh ter s .
’

On the day before the dreamthe principal of the

w
stopped
d urg ed her t o make up her m
.

in stit ute ha ind to al lo her ch il d

to rem ain with her for another year She ha d then obviously .

worked o ut this suggestion to t he concl usion that in this case

she would be able to contin ue the treatmen t fo r one year
more Now this is what t he dreamrefers to fo r a year is
,

w mai
,
.

eq u l a to 365 d a
y ;
s t he t hree eeks t ha
t re n b efo re th e c lo ee
of the school year and of the treatmen t are equivalent to 21
days (though the hours of treatm ent are n o t as ma
ny a s that)
The num erals which in t he dreamthoughts referre d to tim
.

e
are given m oney values in the dream not without also giving
, ,

expression to a deeper m eanin g for tim e is money

,

366
mall
.

kreuzer, to b e s ure a
, re 3 o rins
fl aad 65 lereuzer . The e

wish fulfilm
-
en t ; the wish has red uced the cost of bo t h the
treatment and the year s in struction at the institution ’
.

os ted relations A young lady ho however has al ready w

been m arried an um
.
, , ,

w
ber of years learns that an a c qu aintan ce
of here of about her own age Elsie L has just becom
,

e
gaged Thereupo n s he dream S he is s ittm m
, .
,

w
s : q in the th
mi
.

ith her hus band , f andquit e u

on e s i
node o
cc up u
ed the orches t s

Her hus ba nd tell s her tha t Els ie L a ud her hus band had a ls c
uxm
.

ted to go but tha t they had been a

,
ble to get nothing but poor
sea ts three /or l fi o rin a nd fiO Iereu zer a nd of cou rse they cou ld
m
, ,

no t take tho s e S he thin lcs that they didn t los e u

’
ch either

Where d o t he l flo rin and BO lcreuzer co e fro m? Fro m m

. .

m
w
an occurren ce of t he previo us d ay which is really d t
The dream
.

er s siste r ih la ha d received 1 5 0 fl orin s a

’
-
s a
-

present fro mher h usband an d had quickly got rid of them

by buying so m
,

w
e jewelry Let us note that 15 0 flo rins is 100
timee m
.

o re tha n l flo rin an d 5 0 kreuzer Whenc e t he S hich .

 T HE DRE AM W ORK -

is an undisguised all usion to a little occurre nce which ha

s

cided to go to the theatre durin g the week an d had been careful ,

to get tic ket s afew days bef ore fo r which she had to pay t he ,

did n o t n eed to be in s ueh ahmy '

.

I t surely a w
s n o ns ens e to arry so early ; th ere a m
s no n eed w
for my being in s uch a h u n y F ro t he cas e o f Els ie L I s ee m
th at I sho uld have got ahusband just the sa e—an d one who m
.
, .

m
w
is a hundred ti es better (husban d sweet heart , treas ure } ,

aw co ld have bo ght
if I ha
d a (antithesis
o nl y ited to t he has te cf her eist er ih -

l ) . I u s uch
u three m en fo r the m oney
(the dowry l ) . Our a
tten tion is drawn to t he fact th at the

mha i thi a b g at a fat w hi h w

ea ing that thw
t he drea s n is c se een re er, c c e n

t p t a m
er re s e d amthought had to ove
n re s r

come apaticulaly g eat amount of inne psychic esistance

r r r r r

overlook the ci rcumstan ce that the dreamcontains an absurd

element na , , w
mely that t o persons take th ree seats We digress .

thoughts It as nonsens e to m w
arry so early The figure .

3 bel onging to a q uite subordina te relation of the two

com pared persons (three m onths differe nce in age) has th us ’

dream The reduction of the act ual 15 0 flo rin s to l flo rin and

.

5 0 k reuaer co rresponds to her disd ain of her h usband in the

su ppressed thoughts of the dream er .
8 28 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF D R EA M S
dream which have brought it into such disrepute A
t he
man dreams : He is sitting at B mily of his earlier
.

—
,

w
s (afa
’

m
w
ac qua in tan ce ) a n d ea a u u u
“
gs 1 t s no s e f y
o r o not to g i
me Amy m”man iage Thereupon he as ks the girl Ho
,

w w
”

s bomiu
.
,

ol d a r yo u?
e A ns er I a A h then ,

yo u a re 28 yea rs old
”

moccurs in the year 1898 this is obviously

.

S in ce the drea
poor arithm etic an d the inability of the dream
,

, er to cal culate

who are always thinking abo ut every wo m an they see The

person who followed him in m
.

w w
y o fi oe re gularly f or several
month s as ayoung lad y who mhe used to meet about ho m
,

he used to as k fre q uently and to who mhe as very anxious

, ,

w ,

t o b e polite This a s th e lady w w a ,

ma a hose ge he es t i ted t
m
.

w
28 yea rs So uch fo r explaining the sult of the appae t re r n

a the yea in which he a m

.

calculation . B ut 1 88 2 s a ied r h d rr .

with the two females whomhe m et at m y hous e —two girls

by no m
,

eans youthful who alternately opened the doo r for

m a d a h did t fi d th mv y p iv h had givm
,

hi n s e no n e er res ons e, e r

mself the xpla ation that they p obably conside d him

,

hi e n r re

a lde ly s ttled gentl em

n e r an e .

adreamdistinguished by its obvious determination , or r ather

having on his go rget the numbers 22 an d 62 o r 26— at all em t s

there were m an y two s o n it Division of the n um
’
ber 2262
in the reproduction of t he dreamat once poin ts to the fac t
.

th at the compon en ts have separate m eanings It occurs to

himtha
.

t the day before while o n duty they were discus sing , ,

w
a furnis hed b y a
s n i
n s pec t or ho had b een pen s ion ed w at
62 years T h e drea er h a
. m
d on ly co pleted 22 yea rs m of

m w
w w
eligible f or a 90 per cen t pension The drea first sh e s

m m
. .

hi the ful fil en t o f a lon g is hed for is h , t he rank of

880 T HE IN T ERPRE T A TI ON OF D RE A M S
la
rg er p i
ec es of difl m t mat nal
n e a
re held t oget her by a

In avery s tric t sens e t his des cripfion is con ec t ,

'
to b e u
e re ,

of the sensational character of a speech and which are d e ,

scribed as speeches
“
The others which have not as it were
gh heard o r spoken (which have no aecom
.
, ,

been felt as thou

thoughts such as occur in o ur waking thought activity an d ,

c on s p ic uous ly in t he d reamas aspeech can be referred t o re d

speeches which have been md e or hea
a rd by the dre amer himsel f .

purposes Here is on e exam p l e i

n pl ac e of ma yn a
ll of w hic h
lead to the sam
.
,

w
e concl usion
are crem ated T he dream
.

aw
A large courtyard i
n hich corps es
er e

m a f m
.

w
sa
“
I o h I a l l a h
”
Not
’ ’

ys : g ing y ro er e c n t oo c t t is (
adis tin ct speec h ) Then he m
.
,

m w
eets t o bu tcher boys a nd as bs :

One o/ thema
.

w
"
Wa did it taste good ? ns ers No “ '

d beeahum
,

w
as n t good
’ ”
As tho ugh it ha an flesh
rm mis as follo s : Aft er
. .

The ha less o c c a s d rea

s io n f c r th i

ab le o ld la
dy is just a
t her tead
even i
ng mal ad ug
e n r e
s hi m(in s

of this word aco m

,

posite sexually s ign ifican t word is jocos ely -

used a mong men ) to taste of it He declines saying that he

nd som e m
.
,

has no a Go on yo u ca n sta
”
ppetite . o re or , ,

an d praise what is off ered . B ut that s good’

! Afte r he

import unity and about the quality of the food he has tes ted
n t stand the sight of it a phrase not appearing em
.

w
I ca
’ ”

ma a s re fm
,

in the drea aot ual sp eech is at ho ught hich ha

s n ~
the physical charm s of the lady who invites him and
,

ence to ,

to loo k et her .
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

The analy sis of anot h er dream hich I cite at this po in t w

fo r the sake of the very distinct speech that forms its n ucleus ,

very distinctly : I have gone to Bru eclce s la to ry a

bo ra t n ight
’
,

w
a nd u p o n hearing a so/t lcnocb ing at the do or l o p en it to
m
,

( th e dece a ed ) P of o F lei hl h en t ers iu th e co a

p g f
n

ww w
s r ess r sc o ,
o

a
w
severu l stra ngers a nd a fter s a i
y g
n a fe o rds si ts d o n t his

m: My friend Fl has come

,

ta b le Then follo s a second d rea

. .

m w wm
wm w wm
hi on the s treet hile he is in conversa tio n ith y ( d e c e a s ed )
m
w w
fr ien d P a n.d I
, go so e h e or oth er i th the s e t o , a d th e y s it

mw
do n op p os ite ea ch other a s thou gh a t a l ittl e ta ble hi l e I s it a t
m
,

w
thc n r o end c f the ta ble /a c ing thc Fl tel ls a bou t his sister
a — m
.

and sags : I s ac quartere d an hour she a s dc a d a

”
s d th
“

m
,

m w
T hat is the th reshold As P do es no t under
“ ”
so ething libe

m m m
. .

w
s ta nd hinaF l tu s to e, a nd a s /cs ho uch l have told
m m
.

of hi s a fi air s W h e
.reu p ,
o n s e i
z e d by s t n g e e ot rb n s ,
1 a n t
to tell Fl tha t P (ca n t possibly know anything because he )
’

m m
. .

is not a live B ut no ticing the ista sel f l sa

“
lce y : N on

m m
.
, ,

w wm
re i t
”
. Then I loo k a t P sea rch ing ly , a nd u
. nder y g a ee h e
—
w
becon s pa le a nd blu rred his ey a orbid bl ue and a t la s t he

m
,

w
disso lves I rejoice grea
. tl y a t this 1 no unders ta nd tha
, t E cs t
F leischel u too a s onl y a n a pp a r it io n a r ev en a n t a n d ,l fi n d ,

tha t it is quite pos sible for s u ch ap erson to ec ist onl y a s long a s

mm ts hi to, a mnd tha t he ca n be de to dis a pp e a r mb y th c

This beautiful dream unites so many of t he character

mi tak
s e in having

the unconstrain ed interco urse wit h

s aid Non vix i
t
de
in ste a
d
w of No n
persons whomthe
,
vivit

c ues a
nd the in tense satisfaction which the inference gives
me that by my life I should like to give a complete
—
solution of these problem s B ut in reality I am incapable
of doing this n am
— ely the thing I do in the dream o f —
.

sac rificing such dear persons to m m

,

y a bition W ith every

tion of the true m eanin g of the dream with which I
.

re vela

mwell acquainted I should have been put to shame Hence

,

a , .
 332 T HE I N T E RPRET A T ION OF D RE A M S
I amcon te nt w ith selec ting afe w of t he ele mmt s of the d rea m,

w
9 8
3 °
The sc en e in hich I ann ihilat e P . by agl anc e forms t he

co py of one re ally a
e rperi
en c ed . I w
a a e denrons trat or at

hours a n d B ru eclce learn ed th a t I had b een la t e several t i es m

m m
,

w w
in get ting to th e schoo l la bo ra to ry So o n e orning he c a e
m m m
.

mw w
p re t
p y l f or t he o p ing of t h e c l a a
n d a ited f or e Wh at .

wm w
he s a
id to e as bri ef a n d to t he po in t ; bu t the o rds did
m
not atter at all What o ver hel ed e as th e terrible
. m

o ld age an d ho h a
s ev er w
s een h im in a nge r an e a s i
l y ima
g in e m
the em
,

w
otions of the young tra n s greeso r on tha t occa s ion

B ut fo r along tim
.

e I as u na ble to a c c ount f o r t h e Non

m w
w
tin c tn ess in t he drea , b
no t ec aus e t hey ere heard o r s p o leen ,

b ut because they were seen Then I kne at once where

am m mm
.

they c e fro . On t he pedesta l of t he s ta

tue of E p e r

Sal uti patriae vis it

non diu sed to tu e

w
.

I ha
d c ull ed f mmthi s ins c ript ion so mt hi g
e n hich a
uit ed
one inim ical train of tho ught in the dreamthoug hts
w
t he
an d which no inten ded to m
w
ean That fellow has n othing
And I n o recalled that t he
w
to s ay he is n ot living at al l
w
"

m as dreamed a fe days afte r the un veiling of the

, .

dre a
memorial to Fleischl in the arcades of the university upo n
w
\ h ich oc cas ion I had again seen B rueche s statue and must ’
,

gif t ed frien d P i
t h his great w
d ev ot i
on to s c ienc e had fo rf eit ed -

m m
.

his ju s t c lai t o a st a tue in theee ha lls b y his pre a tu rs

334 T HE I NT ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA M S
Ce s a mSch ille
w
I presented the scene between Brutus and s r f ro
’
r

m a
w
po e s t o an aud ien c e o f ch ild ren he a
s ab oy o f fo urte en
years I did this with m y nephew who as ay e ar olde r tha n
d co m e to us fromEngland a lso a remnant
.
,

I a n d who h a —
mI mat my fi
,

w
for in hi s ed
rec o gn i the play e of ah y ea
rst childirs

my t hi d y
.

Until t he end of r a
e r e ha
d been inseparabl e had ,

already intim
w
ated this childish re lation ha s consta ntly de
term in ed m m
,

y later feelings in y i
n t erc o uree i
t h p ers o n s of

my own age My n ephew John has since found many in car

.

and I m ust have shown coura ge before my tyran t f or in later ,

years I have ofte n been to ld of the short speech with which

c alled mt e o aus e he hit m

accoun t e This I hit hi mb ec .

childish scene m ust be the on e which ca uses non vivit to

b ran ch o fi i z it fo r in th e la
n to non vi nguag e o f l ater ld
c hi h oo d

shoe polish
-
, to t an , is . .
, to flog ) the dream activity does not

to wards my f ie r n d P .
, which has so little foundation in re ality

infancy . I shall however return

, , to this dreamlater .

(I) Abs urd Dream— I nt el lectual P erformances in the Dream

In inte rpretation of dream
o ur s th us far we h ave co m e
upon the elem ent of abs urdity in the dreamcon tent so often -

that we m ust no longer postpon e a n in vestig atio n of its cause

an d sign ifica nce We rem ember o f course th at the abs tn dity '

of dream s has furnished the oppon ents of dreamin ves t igafiom

.
, ,

with their chief argum ent fo r considering the dre amn othing
b ut t h e m eaningless prod uct of a reduced and fragm en tary
activity of the m in d
I begin with specim
.

. ens in which the absurdity of the

 T HE DREAM -
VV O R K

few dream —
s which acciden tally one is at firs t inclined
—
to think are concerned with the dea d father of the

I . Here is the dreamof apatient who had lost his father

mb l w
w
A te e a dent ha
cc i s occun ed to his faflter He a s ri
ding
tm il mmt took placeJ M seats came
.

in the ni h hen a dera

’

g t zn

m m w w
ww
drea er sees hh n ly g on the bed ith a o und over his left
eyebro , hic h ns ofl ve ea y m
The drea er is ma
rp n s ed m m '

w m
.

that his father ha s ha d a isjortune fi nce he is ded a h ea dy ,

as the drea er a m
dd s in lting his drea ) His /ath er s eyes a re m .
’

so d ear

m m
.

According to the standards prevail ing in drea criticis ,

misfo tune r , he has forgot ten that his father has alrea
d y been

mm y m m
w
an d aus es
w
this e or co es t o lif e, c hi to be s urpris ed
am m
m
a
t his o n dre even hil e he is still drea ing Analysis ,
m
.

however teac hes us that it is enti useles s to atte pt

such explanations The dream
,

er had given an artist an order

.

w
fo r a bust of his father which he had inspected two days
m m m
,

w
b efore the drea This is the t hin g hich see s to hi to
m m
.

ha ve et it h a
n a cci
dent Th e sc ulpto r ha
s n ever en the
m
.

father, and is workin g fro photographs which have been

given hi m
On the very day before the drea the pious son m
m
.

ha d sen t an old serva n t of t he fa i ly to the st udio in o rd er

to see whether he woul d pass the sam e j udgm
w
ent upon the
marble head n amely that it had turned out too narro from
de to s ide fro m tem ple to te mple Now foll o ws t he m
, ,

si ass

of recollections which has con tributed to the form

.
,

ation of
this dream The dreamer s father ha
w
d a ha bit whenever ’

he as haras sed by business cares o r family difficulties of

.
,

pressing his temples with both hands as tho ugh he were

,

trying to com press his head which seemed to grow too larg e
,

f o r him When o ur drea

. mer as four years old he as
,

w w
his father s eyes (his eyes are so clear)
’
. While alive his father
336 T H E IN TE RPRE T A T I ON OF
’
D RE A M S
w w m w
wm w
ha d ha d ad eep rinkle a t t he pla ce here the d rea s ho s

m w w
t he in jury h ever he a
, s t ho ug ht f ul o r s ad Th e f a c t t ha t .

in t h e d rea t his ri s rep la

n kl e i ced b y a o u nd p oi n ts t o c

t he sec on d occ as io n of the d rea The d rea er ha m

d ta ken a m
m m
.

w
photograph of his little daugh ter ; t he plat e had fall fr o
w
w
his ha nd a nd, hen p ic ked up s ho ed ac ra c k t ha t ra n lil re a
vertic a l fu rro ac roes the foreheM and M ed as far as the
orb ita l c urve He c ould not then get the bett er of h is a up er
m
.

w w
tio us forebodin gs fo r on the da befo e h h a
’
st i y
, ,r is o t er s d e t h ,

ap ho t o grap hic plate it h her lik en ess ha d cra c k ed a s he a s

mi
m i mw
Thus t he absurdity of t he drea s on ly the res ul t of an
M u my c of verbd exp hi h
ss o c d oes mt take t he
tro uble to distinguish the bust an d the photograph fro mthe
or iginal We are all acc us to m
. ed to s ay o f apic t ure Do n t ,
‘‘

y u t
o hin k f at h er i
s goo d ? uree t he appea
”
ra
Of nc e o i co

absurd ity in th is dreamm

w w
ight ea sily ha ve b een a void ed If
ere p erm dg m m
.

it is s ib le to pa s s ju t a f ter asin gle exp

'

en ee

ight b e tem
m m
,

o ne pte d t o s ay th a
t th is s e blan ce o f ab s urd ity
is adm itted o r d esired .

m m
wm
drea s (I los t y f at h e r in t h e y e ar 1 8 96 )
After his dea tlt y f a t h emr h a s b ecn p ol i tic a y a ct i a n ga
the Ma m m
mw
a
w
gy ars a n d h as t ited th i n to a p ol itic l b o dy to
m
, ,

w
acco pany hic h I see alitt le in dis tin c t picture : ac d of
m m
w w
ople a s in the Reiohs ta g : a p ers on h o is id in g on on e or

m mm
w
t o ben ches otl ters ro nd a bout hi I re e ber tha t he loo b ed
m
, .

y l ihe Ga r b
i a ld i on h is d e a th be d a nd -
l a gla d fl tat fii s

m mm
,

w
p ro is e has rea fl y co e t e

m
.

This is certa inly a b s urd en o u g h I t a s d re a e d at t he

tim
.

e that the Hungari ans got into alawless condition through ,

fro mwhich K olo man Szell delivered them The trivial ar

’

um m
.

c st an c e tha t t he s c en e beheld in t he drea c on s ist s of sud r

little pictures is not without significan ce for the explanatien
m
of this ele ent The usual visual representation of o ur
w m
.

t o ughts res u l ts in pic tures hich i press us a s b eing lif e

h
size ; m drea pict u e m
howeve r is the rep ro d uctio n of a
y r , ,

wood cut in s erted in t he text o f a

-
n ill ust ra
t ed his to ry of
338 T HE IN TERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE A M S

III In t he exa pl e m w
hich I no cite I c a
n d ete c t t he w
m m
.

d rea activity in th e a
o t of u
p p
r oeel y an uf ac t urin g an

matt er . It is ta
k en fro mt h e drea tha m
t l ha
d a
s are sult of

am il my
tu n a
w w
s s ho rs e carfi age and-

give . orders to drive to

w
sta O/ cou rse l ca na ith yo uon tl te ra il a
‘
tion ot fide y l in e

m an objectioaas tl ug h 1 1sad
.

-
iver a de
tired hi m ut ; at tlte same tim it seem s a
s thou l l ka d ah e a d y
'
o g t

train For this confused and senseless sto ry the anal ysis

m
.

md d
act a

st ra
Th e fi qu
nd dea
n e e
l
xp t
l a
n a
en cy
ith u ha
i
a
i

f mwh ch
s , ro
w
w th wh chi in the drea

i ougr i co ra
n
m
l lc d fo rth un d ue a
e ca
e
h
ea
m
st o s
rsons
en t
d mb c m t k
o f the rea e
t a

e
g
s livin ,
ven ris e t o
s ri
'

g o n n o s
th “ d m
ingl evi en
ha d H
n
d t
ft
o
o w w
An d yet t he e la xp t.

o
naion fo r

e s
ese
en
what w uld h ay t it ? Th d am an exp re s th i if i n c t he ay
.
rea s li

o
y
es ver c lo s e a
ha”v occaion to th i k If father w re til l alive
e
t
e
e
s
re c
n :
s s n
e
o
s
r w ,

tha by p e t tim i ad fi ite ituati n Th u fo

n res n ta ce a youn
e n
g e n s o s, r ins n
man wh gran dfath ha l ft himag at i h ita c dream th at h s
.
,

os e er s e re n er n e, s r
nd d em ad s a acco u ting f him up a
,

gra d fath
n a live a er rs n occa s ion n n n o on
wh th young m ch d f maki g too g eat an x pan di
w
,

en e an ha d been ep oa r r e or n r e
tu f mon y What c ide are i tan c t th e d r am—th bje t ion
re o e e o ns r s s e o e e o c
mad by u b tte kn wl d ge that aft al l th ma i al ready dead —i i
.

e o r e r o e , er e n s s n
rea l ity ac o la ti b cau t h d ad p
o ns d id t hav
on , th ethat x se e e ers on no e rs or e
p ic ca sati faction at th k owledge that he ha
er o or s m to e n s n ore so
A th e f rm f a b ud ity foun d a d am f d
,

no r o o ela tiv c an
s r i re s o r es
no t ex p e f ll y an d abs u d ty b ut v t e
r ss o t th mst ext em r i , ser es o r e o r e
rej ection ; a th ep e e ta ti f arep ss d t ught which on e wo uld
s e r r s n on o re e o
gladl y hav app a omething l eat thought f D ams of thi kin d ar
e e r er s s o re s e
bl f one r call that th d amm
.

on l y sol va e i
thi g de i ed a d real ities Th u f xample am
n s s r
ake
n
di tin cti b t w n
an h n u d hi fa
d ui g hi i k ema d h f l t h i d ath y keenl y mtim aft wad
e

w
t her
s

s,
e
or e
re s no
w o
s
rs e
on
s
e ee

w
.
,

r n s s c n n o e s e ver so e e er r
d r amed th f ll wi g d am Th f ath a
w
, ,

l ivi g a d

w
e l e o o n sense ess re : e er s n n
conc d ith hima uual but ( th emakabl th i g ab ut t) In l ad n ur
,
erne s s e r r e n o r t e
m
,
thd ess died, he did a ot knoso it Th is d rea ca n be u nd er ood if a . ft er
h e ha
wf th
“
d n el ess
m
a
w
nd if a e r ft
b ut he did no t kn o it on e a s tha t (In drea er ha s a dd
“ “
ster
m h
to i d this ish W il e n ursin h is a er, th e son o en is es his a er s g '
ft w h f th
y m
.

d th
ea t t d
in he en er a ine the rea ll co pa s iona te es ire a ( l ath d th t
p u t a n e n d t o h s su
i fl ering W hi l e o ur n in g
'

a f t e r hi s d ea t h t h i
sm v e r y
m m
.
,

o f co pa s s i
o n b eca e an un c o n sc io u s re p ro ac h as if it h a d re a l l y con tri
ck m
,

b td h t f
ue to s or en t he li e of the s i an T ro u the a a enin o f ea h gh wk g
rl y
b c mp b
wj t b c
.

t f g g
inf a n ile eel in s aa inst t he a er, it e a e ossi l e to e res t h is re f th xp
rc a d m
ch a s a r ea ; a nd it a s us e a us e o f th e o rl i e co w d wd mm
m d m m
-

the d rea in citer a nd da y th o ug h t th a t t h is re a h ad to c o e o u t

b dy
so as u w th th
r l ( cf i is,
“
F o r o
. l t h at d ie z ei P m
r iz i p i en w
d o
'

ch
seel is en G eec hc h en s, J a hM , B leuler ,
I II, 1 , d
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

ke m e to are m w
w
aone horse carriage which a
-
s to ta ote street
in D umb a ch The driver however did n ot know the ay
n d kept o n drivin g mthe m
.
, , ,

a ann er of those good people until

I n oticed the fa ct and showed himthe ay n ot sparing him w
a few m ocking rem l Fro mthis driver a train of
,

a
w
rks with a

thought led to the aristo cratic personage who m I a

.

s des

tin ed to m eet later Fo r the pres en t I shall only remark

.

my is that they like to put t hemelves in t he driver s seat ’

.

Does n o t Co unt Th un guide the Austri an car o f state ? The

n ext sen ten ce in the dream however refers to my brother, , ,

I ha
d this year refused to take the trip thro ugh I taly with

w
him
i elf and this refusal as a sort of punishm w
of course I cannot ride with yo u o n the railway lin e
en t for his
wonted complaint that I usually tired himo ut o n this trip

hurried trips and see to o m any nice things in one day That
evening m m m
.

y br other h ad acco panied e to the railr oad

station b ut shortly before gett ing there had j um
, ped o ut ,

at the state ra ilway division of the Western St ation in order

ke atrain to Purkem I rem rked to himtha
,

to ta do rf a t he
co uld stay with m sm
.

e alittle longer ina uch as he did not go ,

w This is how it happen s that in the dreamI rode in the

w w m u uaa
a y
mi
.

it w
a go n a dis tan ce hich o e y fides on the t n In
told m
.

reality however , s , a j ust the opposit

y b ro t her e I
The dista nce which yo u ride o n the state railway yo u co uld
ride in m y co mpany on the Weste rn Ra ilw ay Th e whole
conf usion of the dreamis there fore produced by m
.

y inse r ting
in the dreamthe wo rd wagon instead of state railway ,
”

which to be sure does good service in bringing together the

d river an d m m m
, ,

y b rothe r I then fin d in the drea so e

nonsense which see m s hardl y straighten ed o ut by m

.

y ex
planation an d which al m, ost fo rms a con tradiction to m y

w
earlier speech Of course I canno t ride with yo u o n the rail
ay lin e its elf B ut as I ha ve no occasion whatever fo r
con fo un ding the state railway with the o n e ho rse carriage I -

must have in tentionall y formed the whol e puzzling story in

,

the dreamin this ay w .

840 T HE I N T ERPRE T AT I ON OF DRE A M S

ab surdity in t he drea m ig s fies

ni , and the mt i o ves w hic h a
d

a
c s e in
q u es t ion i
s a s f o llo s : In t he d ream Iwn eed ed so m et hin
g
abs urd a nd incomprehensible in conn ection with riding ”

( Fahren ) bec a use rn t h e d re am tho ughts I h ad a cer tai n ju dg

s c en e of t he s me dreamas the
a hostess I heard t o ridd les , w
which I could n o t solve As they were kn own to the other
members of the party I presented a somewhat ludicro us
.

figure in my unsuccessful attempts to find a sol ution l y

,

were two equivoq ues t urn in g o n the o rds Nachko mmen w

.

(to co me after— o fis p rin g) a n d vo rf ahren (to ride in

adva —
nce forefathers ancest ry ) They rea , d a s follows .

Th e coachm an does it
At t he m as t a s behes t
’

E ver yon e has it;

I t he gra ve d oes it re t
n s .

mm )
w
.

It a conf s ng to find half of the second

s ui iddl e iden tical
r

with the first .

Th e coa ch man does it

At t h e mate beh e t ;
s r s
’
s

N o t ev er y e ha it
on s ,
I n t he crad l does it re t
e s .

( W a
rrin g )
As I had seen Co un t Th un ride in a d vance (vo rf ah rm) so
high and m d m erged into t he Figaro m
,

ighty and ha ood which -

finds the m erit of aristo cratic gentlem

,

en in the fact that they

have taken the trouble to be born (Nachko m mm — to bec ome
m
r

o fis pri
ng ) the two riddl es becam
, e intermediary t ho ng h

with coachm en an d as coachmen were in o ur coun try form

w
erly
called brothers in la t he work of conden sation could emplc y
,

- -

my brother in the same rep men t at ion But the d am

,

nons ens e to be proud o f one s anc es

’
try .
( f
V or a
hr en J I w ordd

j udgment ,
“
it is nonsense , we have the h onem in the
8 42 T HE I NT ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE A MS

c aus ed t he c hild to pay part ic ul arly c los e a

tt en tion to every

with which t he father s pers on ality is surrounded in o ur

’

thoughts especially after his death increases th e censo rship

, ,

conscious
nother absurd dreamabout a dead
.

IV The following is a
.

ticc f ro mthe com mon co unciq my mtive city

ww w
I ana
rec eive

coa cem ing the cos ts of aconfi umthe hoap i l mthe y m

c k fiom mhich 1 m
w
1 85 1 J ohic h rou s neces sitated by a n a da fi a
‘
ed '

I m alce ep m t of the m
.

atteruf or in the first place l a

'
8 aot yet a l ioc ,

the
jo in i
notice

fl g roo

m
he
might
mw
ih
s l
, i
y g
n ere
on
f
re er, is ah eady dea

a
d

—
I go to hi in the a
. d
abed , and ll hi abo ut it w
m
—w
m
m
.

ww
To y a
s ton is hrnen t h e r eoa s tha t ia tha t ye ar l l he a
m
ww
once d nk a nd ha d to bc lo cked up or confined It a s hen he
m
.

mw wm
as orkin g f or the ho u sl T
“
T hen you d a k J oo ?
”

w
I a Y oa a ied soon a a a a
“
sk f ter ? I fig re th t l s bo

m
.

w
in 1 85 6 hic h appea
, rs to e

In vie of the prec ed ing

insistence with which this drea exhibits its abs urdit i as m m
the sure sign of aparticularly r s sio n a
an d pa te c on embitte ed
troversy in the dreamtho ughts With all the m ore ast o n m h o

ment however we note that in this dreamthe cotit

.

, ,

is waged openly a n d the father designated as the p ers o n

gainst who mt he satire is di rected This openn ess seems to
,

a
con trad ict o ur assumption of a censo r as operative in the
.

here the father is only an interposed person while the co nflict

is carried on with another o ne who m
,

akes his appearan c e in

mby means of a single all usion While th e d re am

,

th e dre a .

w
the father is concealed the re verse is true here ; the fath er
as t he m
,

s erves an of st ra t o rep res ent ot hers a

n d h enc e

dreamdares th us openly to concern itself with a

,

th e
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

colleague whose j udgment is considere d infallible had ex

pressed disapproval and astonishm
, ,

ent at the fact that one

the dre ampoin t wit h transparen t disguise to t he fact that

this colleague had for atim e taken over the duties which m y
father co uld no longer perfo rm(expens es fees at the hos p ital ) ;
an d when ou r friendly rel a tions cam e to be broken I as
,

w
thrown into the same conflict of feelings which arises in the
caco c i m is und erst andin g b et een f a
th er a w
n d son in vie of w
the part played by the father and his earlier funct ions The
dreamthoughts now bitterly re sent the reproach that I am
.

no t making bea st p rogress which extends itself fro mthe tre a

, t

know anyone who can get on fa s te Does he not know that

r 3
?

conditions of this so rt are usually incurable an d last for life i

What are fo ur or five years in com parison to a whole life
especially when life has been m d e so m
,

a uch ea sier for the

abo ut largely by the fact that sentonomfromdifferent divis iom

s

con c i

a
lin g
d joining
transi
tion
w Thus th e
o m e leaves the subject dealt with in the
r o ,

preceding senten ces an d fai thft

.

rep rod u
, ces the circum
s en ten c e, l go to hi mia th e

ma n showed at that

a new person I now perceive that t he dreamis allo w ed to

make s port o f my m
.

fath er fo r the a
re son that in the d rea
thought he is held up as an ex ample to another m an in ful l
on of his m
,

re cogniti erit It is in the nature of every censor

.
‘

things rather than truth The next smten ce in which m y

father rem embers having once been M ale an d having been
.
, |

loc ked u i al conta ins o thing which is a ct ually t ue

p j o r t s o n r

of m m
,

y fa th er The
. person who he co v ere is here a n o less
344 T HE IN T ERP R E T A T ION OF DRE A M S
towards m w
w
e as c ha n to u
n ged i n dig ui
s ed ho st i
lity af t a a '

short period of indulgen ce The dreamrecalls to m

w
e hie o n

t em mrt that in his youth he as addicted to the chlorof orm

.

st a

habit an d that fo r this he had to enter a sanatori um It

lls also a second experience with himshortly M ore his
.
,

re ca

death I carried on an em
w
bittered literary controversy wit h
m mal
.

hi con cerning hys t eriain t he

w
e, t he exis ten c e of hic h
he denied , and hen I vis ite d hi mi n his la
st illness and ask c d

to my satisfaction , a
nd to adm
my ato
s itte d what
n is h mt
en , he
he ha d so long a nd so stu bbo rnly opposed But th e fac t that
se m
.

w w
in th is sc en e l ca n u y f athe r to cove r M eyner t is bas ed
no t u po n t he an alo gy hic h h as b een f o un d to exist b et e ar

the two persons b ut upon the slight but quite adequate t e

presentation of aconditional sentence occurring in the dre am
, , ,

thoughts which in full would read as follows : Of course

,
“

of my father The m ost o bvious an d mos t annoying absurdit y

of the dreaml ies in t he treatm en t of the date 1 85 1 which seem
.

s
to m ishable fro m 185 6 as tho ug h a
,

e to be ha rdly disting u ,

it is j ust thi s idea o f the dream thoughts which requim

expression F our or fire yea rs — that is the length of time

which I en j o yed th e support o f the co lleag ue mentioned at

.

the o uts et ; b ut it is also t he tim e during which I kep t my

bride wa iti n g before I married her an d thro ugh acoinciden ce
that is eagerly taken advan tage of by the dreamthoughts
,

also th e tim w
mno keeping on e o f my w
.

it is e du ri ng hich l a
bes t patien ts waiting for the com pl etion of his cure What
are j ivc years ? as k the dreamt houghts t is no tim
.

T ha
" “

m
e

at all f or m t do es n t com e into com tim

.

c — flta
’
idaa r I have
en o ugh ahead of m
.

e a nd ju st as what yo u didn t wan t to ’

believe cam c com

,

t la so I sha ll a
w
e t rue a st plis h t his a ls o
”

B es ides t he n um ted fromt he n um

,

b er 5 l hen s epa ra b u of
the c en tury is determ n ot her m
,

w
in ed in s till a ann er a nd i n a n

m
,

o ppos ite sens e ; tor hic h re a son i t oc c urs i n t he dr ea

34 6 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R E AM S
upon I b ro ke o ff ations
re l w it h the j
o urn aL an d in my let t er

wa m m
w
ldufi f
er th
n ot sc inc i
d ent Th e th ird s ou rc e o f t his

m m
.

d rea is a
n accoun t given b y a fe a l e pa tient — it as fres h
in m m m m— m
wa y e o y at the ti frthe ental disease of h b e o er ro ther
ho h d fa
llen in to afrenzy crying , The

fromaread in g of Goethe s beautiful essay an d that it po inted

’
,

to overwo rk in the patient in the study of natural phil o s ophy .

I though t ra ther of the sexual sen se in which even less cul

ture d peopl e with u s use th e word
“
Nature and t h e fact ,
”

If I d d furth er tha
a t the book of my f iend
r so severe ly

are ha
d been t he opinion of an other critic ) treats of the

lif e to the multiple o f an umber significan t from the po int of

view of biology it will readily be ad m itted that I amputt ing
my lf i th pla my f i m
,

se n e c e of r end in t he drea ( I try to fin d

om xpla atio f
.

s e e n n o the chr onological relatio ns ) . B ut I beh a ve

man e then as the drea

s, mthoughts say ironically Of co urs e
he is the fool the lunatic and yo u are the m
.
,

, an of genius ,

aro und ? No wthis othe w

y a ao u d is
xplicitly r
re p re r n e

sente d in th e dream in that Goe the has attacked the y o ung

,

man which is absurd while it is perfectly possible em to d ay

,

ttack the i m mortal Goethe an d in that

, ,

f or ayo ung fellow to a

I figure fromthe yea
,

r o f Goethe s dea th while I caus ed the ’

paralyt ic to calcul ate fro mthe year of his birth

,

ve alread y pro m ised to show that every dre am

.

B ut I ha
is the result o f egotistical m ot ives Accordingly I m ut
acco unt fo r the fact that in this dreamI m ake m
. ,

w y f rie n d s ’

cause m y o n a n d p ut myself in his place M y ra tio n al .

Now the sto ry of the eighteen year o ld patient and of the

Nature alludes to m
- -
,

various interpretations of his cry ”

y , ,
 T HE DREA M W ORK -

s ay to The sam
myself e kind of criticismyour frien d m et

with yo u will m eet with too and have already m et with to

som e extent and now I m ay replace the he in the dream

,
”
,

thoughts by we ”
Yes yo uare right ; we two are the fools ”

That m m
.

m
, .

a
w
ca res a g i is cl e rly shown by the ent ion of
the short incom
,

parably beaut if ul essay of Go ethe fo r it as

ding of this essay which ind uced m
, ,

apublic rea
w
e to st u

natural science while I as still undecided in the grad uating

dy the

clas s of the Gym nasi um

malso bound to show of another dreamin which
.

VI I a
my ego does not occur t hat it is egotistic On page 228 1
.

mentioned ashort dreamin which Pro fessor M says : My

.

son the m w
.

, yopic ; a n d I state d that this as only a

On accorm t of so m hap p i g
c en n s or other in the city of Ro e m
hild m t fl m
ww
it is ncccs sary f or th
ec n o ee nd this thcy do T hc scene
.

w w
is then h id bef ore agatc a t o inged ga te in antiqu e s tyle (the e

P orta Rom mstill drcaming )

,

w w w
ana in S iena as I kno hile l a
I m lm
, .

w
tting on the edgc of a ell a
n si nd asn ry sad ; l a os t c ep

A f aninin e person n n rsam m b rings out thc t o boys and

, .

— —
w
nds thcmc ver to their f a ho is not m
w
ha thc r y f
s el Th e eld er

m
fi

wma w
f
o the tr a
is dis tinctl g f a f y cldes t son , nd 1 do not see flte ce o

mf a a
w
the othcr ; the a
ho brings the boy s lcs hi
o n or p rting

w
w
s
his . u a
S he is disting ishcd by rcd r se T he boy den ies her .

u a
the /t ic s , b t s ys to hcr a a
tending his h nd to hc r in p r ting
, ,

aw
“
Aaf a a
Ges cs
J nd to both o
f '
’

f
ns u ) a
f
r to one o s
“
A
Ungcs cres
"
I ha a a a a am a
the ide th t the l ttcr ind ic tes n d nt ge
This d amis b ilt po ata gl
. .

aw
re u u n thou hts i d ced by
n e of
g n u
a play a the theat e called a u ( M
“
I s t r , D s ne e Ghetto

my child en who cannot be given anative count y of thei

wanxiet y about b inging themup so that they may have
of r r r

o n, r

We s at by the w
a t ers of Babylon and w ep t . Sierra ,
848 T HE I N T E RP RET A T ION OF D R E A M S

in localities which are known to m Near the Porta Ro m

w
e ans
minated building which
.

of S ienawe s a a la rge brightly ill u , ,

secured with great effort

m
.

Our in terest is a
rous ed b
y the speec h :
“
Art es e

where we m ight expect fro mthe situation ma

intained th rough
—
m Auf Wieders ehea (Au remir) and by its
,

t the drea
”
ou ,

According to information I have received from H eb rew

verb goiser an d m ay best be re ndere d by o rdained

Fromits use in the Jewish j argon one
,

ings fated disaster ”

might think it signified wailing an d lamentation

.
,
“ ”
Ur»
m m
.

ges e res i
s a c o in a g e o f y own an d fi rs t att r a c ts y att en t io n ;
b ut for the present it b a fl es m e The little ob s ervafio n at
the end of the dream that Ungeseres indicates an ad van
.

w
~
,

ta g s ove r G e s ere s opens the ay t o t h e as soc i at io ns

an d to a n expla nation The sam e relation holds good with
caviare ; the unsalted kind is m
.

o re highly prized than the

salted Caviare to the general noble passio ns ”
herein “

lies con cealed ajo kin g all usion to am ember of m

.
,

y ho use hold
of who m I hope — —
,

fo r she is younge r th a n I that she will

watc h o ver the future of m y child ren ; this too ag r ees wi t h
the fact th at another m em ber of m
, ,

y ho u s ehol d o u r w o r th y
nurse is clearly indicated in the nurse (or n un ) of the dream
,

, .

B ut aconnecting lin k is wa nting between the pair sal ted and

unm
,

ited a n d G es ere s — ungeseres This is to be fo und in

nd m
.
,

so u red a is era cd In the ir flight o r exodus o ut of Eg ypt

-

the childre n o f Israel did not have tim

.

e to allow their bre ad

to be leaven ed an d in m em ory of the even t to this da t he
y y
m H I a al fim
,

eat uns oured b re a

d at Ess t er d ti e ere c n so ro o rn

the sudde otion which cam e to m in this pat of the

.

for n n e r

I emembe d how we p om en a
ww
a alysis
n . r d ed abo ut the cit y of
re r

Bres lau, a
hic h s st r n gea to us , at the en d of the E a
s ter

for sa
Note t he rese b la
le a td
d u al —
n ce of
u al
m
td
am
m ad w nd Ungm
a
es tern al so
to the Ger
to t h e G
ma
m
m
a w
n
o rds
q n er
m-l at
n ns e ; n
for so urod and u n son rod W N W .
(
‘
I er .
)
85 0 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA M S

Dos a it n ot seem as t ho ugh t he scen e

w
f erred to in t he
dream with s il ite m
.

w
, adn es s ere putt in g it s n egative
,
on j us t
th is an xiet y ? Aft er t he c hild ha
s aid
s his ord of p art in g
an the one sid ahe alls o ut its O ppos it e on t he otha s ide “
c
'

order to establish an equilibrium He is ac ting as

,

w
though in
l sym meh y
. ,

it ere, in obedience to bi1atera ~ !

in plac es w
here it see s ab s urd In a mmt
ll a
g es t
os h os e ho w
m
.

ha d so ethin g to say a
n d were unable to say it without dan ger
to them
w w
selves gladly put on the cap and bells The liste ner
f or whomthe fo rbidden s a ying as intended as m
.

w
o re likely
t ter him
w
to tolerate it if he as able to laugh at it and to fla
sel f with t he com men t that what he disliked as obvio usly
,

so m ething absurd The dreamproceeds in reality j ust as

prince does in the play who m
.

w
th e ust counterfeit the fool
and hence the sam e thing m ay be said of the dream h ieh
,

mlet says of himself substituting an unintelligible itt i w

w
Ha
ciamfor the real conditions mb ut mad n orth north es”t ;
,

Ia - -

when the wind is so utherly I know ah awk fromahandsaw

Thus m m m
.

y solutio n of the p roble of the absurdity of drea s

thos e b elon gin g to t he d reams of sane persons an d t hat t he

—
drea m ac t ivity prod uces abs urd dreams and dre ams with
in the dream thoughts are to be represented by it in its
mann er of expression My next con cern is to show that the
dreamactivity is prim
.

arily b rought abo ut by the cc operation -

of the three facto rs which have been m —

entioned an d o f a
fourth o n e which re m ains to be cite d that it acco m
— plis hes
n o thing sh o rt of a tra nsposition of the dreamthoughts o h ,
~

servin g t he three co nditions which are prescribed for it and

that the question whet her the m ind operates in the dre am
,

with all its faculties o r only with apo rtion o f themis depr ived
, ,

h d m f
T is rea a h g d x mp th th t
l so urnis es a oo e a l e fo r t he enera
g l es i
s a
d m m ht
rea s o f the sa e n h'

v p t d mm y
th “ th e b e se a rae
wh ch I m
e e o in e or ,
q
n
f m m t mt m t t
,
th e sa e th o ng aerial l he rea s i uaio n in a
'
ro i
c g m ch d f m c ty m m
.

res uin y l
i re n ro t he id fig d
o f R o o re o ver i
s i
s ure b y a
p d b g g m ch h d m
w
,

f c
re eren e t o an e i so e elon in to h t
y il oo T h e . es n t a I
'

on c ter a t
in relaivesy ho cc ea rs a g ot h a
d o a sion t o h eir
th
to ano er soil .
 TH E DREAM W ORK -

of its ogenc y and is inapplicable to the actual circum sta

n ces
c
ms in which j udgments
.

B ut since th ere a re plenty of drea

are pa s sed criticism s m ade an d facts re cognised in which

, , ,

argum ents an d explan ations are att em ed I m

objections which m
ust m eet the
ay be inf erred fro mthese occurrences by
m ,

u
occ rs as an apparent sm ereis e of the cfitioa l faord ty is te be

rsgm ded not a

'
s a n intea ectual a ocm npl ishment of the drea m
activity but as belo nging te the m ater ial of the drsamtho ughts
,

and it has f ound its ay f romthemas a finished stm

,

w c tare to
,

E ven the j udgments which are passed upon the dreamas

part to the latent dreamcontait an d , must be fitted into their

I A
. s tri
k ing ex ampl e of t his I have alrea
dy giv en . A

is to o v a
g ue . S he ha
a person in t he d rea
s m and does
s een ,

not know whether it is her husband or her fath er Then

follows a second dreamfra m
.

ent in which there occurs a

g
‘
man ure can f which gives rise to the following reminis cm
-
’
rc e .

As a young ho usewife she once jokin gly decla , red in the

presen ce of ayoung re lative who frequen ted the house that her
ld be to procure anew m
w w
n ext care wou an ure c an The next -

morning one as sent to her b ut it as filled with lilies of the

.

v alley This part of the dreamserved to repr en t the sayin g

,

w
w
When we co m
.
,
“
Not gro wn on your o n plete
the analysis we find that in the dreamthoughts it is am atte r

w w
of the a f ter efiects of a s t ory hea
-
rd in yo u t h to the c fiect
d given b irt h to ac hild con cem in g homit a
,

ww
tha t agirl ha s

not cl ear ho as the real f a ther The drea mrepresen tation

here goes over in to the waking though t an d allows one element
.

of the dream tho ughts to be represented by a j udgm

,

ent

G m xp essi i equival t
er a ur ug Y ou a
w
“
T h is n e r on s en to c es re n ot
p b
res onsi l e for t ha t,
”
T hat ha t bee
or
“
s no n s eq th ough you
r r o n
efiorts
”
.
( T ransl aets )
85 2 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T ION O F D RE A MS
m m
w
II A si ila r ca se : One of y p atien t s h a s a d re arn

m m m m
.

ww
hic h eee s in terest in g t o hi fi or he sa ys to h i s e lf h edi ‘

ately a fter a a k in g : I us t te that to the do cter

”
The m a .

an a fiair in hic h he ha d b eoom e i w

n v o lv ed d u ri
n
g t h e t res t
men t and o f which he
,

mple fro mmy o n exper ien oe w

w w w
III Here is athird exa
.

I go to the ho sp ital ith fl thro gh arq ion in hreh hou s es

and gardefl s oocm With this co m

w
z es the ideatha t l ha ve a irsa dy
ms several tim I do not lmo m
w w w ww
seen this region in drea y
ay very d l ; P sho s m m m
.

e a a y hi ch lead s.h
t ug h a c e e r

mmd i
w w
Don i and I hea r that she is l ivin g in the ba
eh e n a iifl e
m my
,

ro n ith three children I ge there a nd hils . ,

on the r l

wam fla w mf aw
my w
ifli a er l haee stood ith the or hile A lt it u
d e!
mthae
.

rep ro ch ag inst f f
i -
e or having lej t ths
'
.

this b eing t he f ac t t hat l amno w go i

n g to lea m f m th ro e

an alysis what is m eant b y t he idea I ha ve a l re re e

“
a
dy d amd
of tha
”
1 B u h a al i f h d am a h m hi
m
t t t t t t
'

e n y s s o e re e c e s e n o ng
on the subject ; it only shows m
.

e th at the satisfact ion bd r

m m
w
t he d rea a tisf a
cti on oeer the f a
It is ct at l have ha
s d
child rs u by m m m
.

w w
y an ia g e P is a person in ho s e co p y
s n

ce b ut ho has m
. .

I a lk ed the pa t h of lif e for acerta in spa

'

n ce

tdistan ced m lly and m atm lly whose m

,

far ou e soci a ia — arriage '

.

w
w
paper the obituary not ice of acertain Mrs DonaA— y ( t
of which I m
.

ake Deni) who ha d died in childbirth , ; I a s

s ame midw
if e s he d ha
hers elf ha d a
t th e birt h of o ur w
t o

j cti ” r pu pose c tai ed in t he dream I mu t

Th e in un on r on n
“
s
wh ch cc u i d eam that ae d eamed i th
o
that d ct
t o t he o o r, i o rs n r s r r n e
cou f p ych a a
rs e o l ytical t atm t
s eg u
o- laly c
n p d t a g eat re en r r o rres on s o r
fess i i vo lv d i t he d eama d i ot i f equ ntly
w
,

e i ta c t
r s s t he c
n e o on on n e n r ,
n s n n r e
f ll wed by f g tt i g f t h d ra
o o or e n o e .

t A ubj ct a b ut wh ich a xt iv di cu i ha taken h as in

m f t h R vu Phil p hiqu—( Paramnesiai the D ream{
s e o n e en s e s s s on s
t h v lue o es o e e e os o s n
35 4 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF D R E A MS

ma my acquaintance seems p lausible

w
upon ayo ung of It
m
n

m t hat
w
a T ha
”
to e he s l S ye old . t so un ds q uit e like

w
the result of adull witted calculati on ; and I do n o t kno
w
“
-

moll y hat ysar it is oul d b e an example of uncer tainty

”

bt in the dream
w
o r do u

fro man alysis th at these acts o f judgm

.

w
B ut I h o ent
hic h seemt o ha ve been perf orm mfo r t he first
,

ed in t h e drea

tim e adm it of a diff erent const ruction in the light o f which

they beco m e indispen sable f or interpreting t he dream and a
,

t ,

“
I try to n d so
fi w m
a ef w apla
o m
n ti
yself in the place of m f iend who is a lly ying
on o ths cl onolo gic l rd ti f
I put m y r ct ua tr
to explain the chronological relations of life The sen tence
then loses its significance as a j udgm
.

w
en t th at objects to the
nonsen se of the previo us sentences The in terposition hich
seem s im m m
.
,

w
a ”
p rob ble to e belongs to the s ubseq uent i t se e

m m
,

n a a rd s I ha a
”
p laus ibl e to e I bo ut the s e wo d n s ered
dy who told m
.

t he l a e the sto ry of her b rother s ill nes s

’
It
s eem s im p ro babl e to m e th at t he c ry of N atu re N atu r e h a
d
‘ ’

anything to do with Goethe it appears m uch m

, ,

o re p la us ible

w
that it had t he sexual significance which is known to yo u "

To be s ure aj udgm
.

en t has been passed here not ho ever

mb ut in reality on an occas ion which is remembered
, , , ,

in the dre a
tilised by the dream tho ughts The dream content
,

a nd u

app ropri ates this j udgm ent like an y other fragm

.

en t o f t he
dre amthoughts
The n um eral 1 8 with which the j udgm ent in the dreamis
.

fro mwhich the real j udgm ent as to rn Fin ally I amnot w

w
.
,

certa in ha t yea r it is is intended fo r nothing else than

to carry o ut m y iden tification with the p aralytic in the

exam in ation of who mthis poin t of confirm

,

ation ha d a ct ually
been established
pparent acts of j udgm
.

In the sol ution of these a en t in t he

dreamit m
,

,
ay be well to call attention to the rul e of in t erpre

w
ta t io n which sa ys that the co he re nce which is fab ricated in
t he drea mbet een its constituent parts is to be disregarded
a s specio u melemen t mast
s an d unessen tial an d th at every dre a
be taken b y its el f an d trac ed to it s so urc e The d reamis
,

.
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

acongl o meration which is ,

to be broken up into its elements

call o ur attention to the fact that apsychic fo rce is expre ssed

in drea ms which establishes this apparent coheren ce that —
is to say which s ubject s the material th at is o btained by the
dreamactivity to as econdary elaboration We are here co n
,

fronted with m
.

an ifestations of this fo rce upon which we s hall ,

later fix o ur attention as being t he fourth of the facto rs which

take part in the form atio n of the d ream
mples of critical activity in the dreams
.

V I I select other ex a
which have already been cited In the absurd dreamabo ut
.

the co m munication fromthe commo n coun cil I as k the ques

.

Y oum m w
w w
tion arried s hortly a f ter ? I figu r e tha t l a
s bo in

1 85 6 kich a pp ears to m e a s tb oug f

h oll o ing immed iat el y
This quite takes th e fo rmo f an inferenc e My father married
, .

shortly after his attack in the year 185 1 I amthe oldest so n

.

bo rn in 185 6 ; this agrees perfectly We know th at this ih

ference has been in te rpolated by the wish f ulfilmen t an d th at
.

the sen tence which do m in ates the dreamtho ughts is to the

,

f o llo w in g efiec t z 4 or 5 geo rs , thal is no ti e a ta m

ll , that need no t
en ter the calculatio n But every pa rt of this chain of inferences
be determ in ed fro mthe dreamtho ughts in a diff erent
.

is to
mann er both as to its conten t an d as to its form I t is the
patien t about whose endurance my colleague co m
.
,

— plains
who intends to m arry i m mediately after the close of the
treatm en t The m ann er in which I deal with m y fa the r i n

the dreamrecalls an inquest o r exam

.

ina tion a n d with th a

w
t the ,

person of aun ivers i ty instructo r who as in the habit o f takin g

a co m p let e list of crede n ti als at t he en rolm ent of his cl ass
Y o u were bo rn when t In 1 85 6 Patre Then t he
ve the first n am
.

applica n t ga e of his father with aLatin ending

dents assum
,

an d we st u ed th at t he Aulic Councillo r drew

inferenc es fromthe first n a me of the father which the n ame
w
of the enro lled student would n o t always h ave s upplied Ao
cord ing to this the dra ing of inferenc es in the dre amwo uld
.

be m
,

erely a repetition of the dra ing of inferences which w

appea rs a s pa bject m atter in the drea mthoughts
w
rt of the s u -

Fromthis we learn so methin g n e

.

If a n inference occu rs

in the dreamcon tmt it invariably co m es fro mthe dream

.

,
85 6 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R E AMS

mat erial o r it m s a lo gi
ay serve a cal conn ec tiv e in a s eries
mt ho ughts In any case an inferm m
,

of d rea .ic e in t h e drea

W ith the inquest of the Professo r there is connec te d the re

The j ive years pro vided f or the study of edic i

ne ere a s usual m w
m
w
not enough for e I wo rked along unconcern edl y in the
m
.

w w
suc c eeding y ears ; in th e circ le of y ac qua i
n t an c es l as

considered a loafer an d there as doubt as to heth er I

,

would get through

“ ”
Then all at once I dec ided to t ake
my examin ation s ; an d I got through in sp ite of the pos t
.

w
“ ”

m m m
,

po n e s n t This i
s an e confir ation o f t h e d re a t h o n g ht s

which I defiantly hold up to m

.
,

w y critics : E v e n th o u h
g y o u
are un illing to b elieve it b ec aus e 1 take m y t ime l sh all
ch a conclusion (Germ an Seltlms m
, ,

rea eaning either , en d or

its int rod ucto ry po rtion th is dre am contains se veral

In
sentences which cannot well be denied the characte r of an
argum entation An d this argum entation is not at all absurd ;
it might j ust as well belong to waking thought I n the dream
.

I m ake s port of the com mun ication of th e Comm

.

w w
on Coun c il f or ,

w
in the firs t place I as not yet in the o rld in 1 85 1 an d in tb e
m m m
,

s ec o nd place g f a
ther t
o h n it ight ref er is ol ready M
m v b ut coincide com
, , ,

Both are n o t on ly co rr in ect the sel es

m
,

p l etel y with the argu ents th at I sho uld u s e in case I sho uld
receiv e a co m munication of the sort mentioned We know
f ro mo ur previous an alysis that this dreamh as sprung from
.

deeply em bittered an d sco rnf ul dreamthoughts ; if we m ay

ass um e further that the m otive fo r cen so rship is avery stron g
o n e we sha
, ll understand that the dreamactivity has every

acco rding to the m odel con tained in the dream tho ughts
lysis s hows th at mthis case the dre amactivity h as not
.

B ut ana

had the ta s k of m aking afree copy b ut it ha s been re q uire d ,

he e e ul ts c ct i v al
T s r s p ct my alier tatements
o rre n se er res e s e r s
c cerni g t he p e tat i f l
on n re res lati ( p
n on o re ons .

d c ib d t he ge al c dit io f
es r e n er act ivitty
on
y b ut t hey did
ns o k
t ta
ti n it fin est and mos t caeful perform
, no e
in to c nsidera
o o s a nce r s.
85 8 T HE I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF DR E AMS

s ecting roo mb , nt w itlrout f eel ing my lak c f

o body an d w a ifl out

wu w
w
neet to m e. T he pel vis is evi
s cs r ated ; no the pp sr , no tke

fles hy red hicb

l emp
v en in the drea
n s n h s e fi in k of mm m
m m
h no rrhoids ) a re to be s een

w
Als o so ething kad to be ca
w
ref g
e fl
mm
.

w
p ic ked o ut hich lay o eer tb es e and hic b loo ked l ilce c p l sd
m m
,

tin foil
- !
T hen l as again in posses sio n of g legs an d ade

op ened and a it to p a
ll o w
se into a p a ss a
ed g e tb a t a s e a o pp s d w
m
w w
ofi at the end n d fln a l ly led f urther on into th e op en j A t la s
‘

w mw
I a ndered throu g h ch a n i
g g
n la n ds cap es itlt a n Al p in e q uid c

m m
.

ho ca ed
rri g th in gs H e car ried f o r s.o e a y, ord of co a

wa m w aa
a mw
en t l o n g the edge ; people sat on the gro und a girl n ng fi
m f aa
,

l ike I nd ians or Ggps ies Previo u s ly l k d . o d ys el lo g

so wa ell ble to do it qfter the prepo mti on . a wam

At l ct e c e to e

wa a ww a w me d
M ww
gui
d e s et l id t o ooden bo rds hich etood ia
o n, nd

mc
w a
a
re d iness o n e a indo efll in ot h t in this ha en

m
,

w ow w wa f
ight be bridged hich h d to be cross ed in order to g et to th
a u m
ind No
m ww w
I gre re l l y rightened bo t n lege la
w
w
m
. , .

ww w w w
a f
s te d o a u
the expeeted cros s in l s t o gro n p en l g i

um
-

u p on ood en ben a f
c h es hic h e re o n the ll s o tb e h t nd e m
m ma
w
thing l ilce t o sleep ing child ren nec t to th I t ses s s
ma
.

aw
a e wf
a
no t the bo rds bnt the ch ildren ere intended to lce p oss ible ths
cor ss ing u I ken d ith righten ed tho ghts
who h as fo rmed aproper ideaof the ab un d anc e of
. .

An yone
dreamconden s ation will easily be abl e to im agine how grea t
a n um ber of pages t he detailed analysis of this dreamm ust
fill Luckily fo r the conte xt I shall take fro mit m ere ly the
mple of asto nishment in the dream whic h makes its
w
.
,

o n e ex a

nce in the parenthetical m mer “ro d y en ough

, ,

appeara .
"

Stu n n io l, all u o n t o Sta

si nn ius , t he
p c
t Th e l ae in t he o rri o r o f y c d m
es o f t he o er en a n s s ath n ; t t t d
o ver s t or i n ed m .
 T HE DRE AM W ORK -

Let us take up t he a sion c f t he d ream It is avisit o f this

oc c

lady Louise N who as sists at the work in the dream She

.

Lend me so m m
.
, .
,

says ething to re ”
I o fier her S he by .
,

Rider Haggard A strange book but full of hidden sense

l fem inine the im mo“r
.
, ,

I try to expla in to her t he eterna

tality of o ur em Here she interrupts m
,

otions e : I
know that book already Haven t yo u so m ething of yo ur ’

No m m m
.

own y own i , o rtal wo rks are still unwr itten

”
.

evelatio ns which yo u prom w

w
r ised us o ul d be good reading ?
she asks so m ewhat sarcastical ly I n o perceive that she is .

of the efio rt it costs me to publish even m m

w
y wo r k o n the D r ea
in which I have to surrender so m uch of m m
,

y o n inti a te

w
character “
The best that yo u know yo u can t te ll to the ’

The preparation of m m
.

children ”
y o n bo d y which I a o rde red
to m ake in the dream is th us t he seq anal ys is necessitated in
.
,

the com munication of my dreams The el der B ruec ke very

,

properly finds aplace here in th e first years of m w

.

y scientific
work it happened that I neglected adiscovery until his ener
getic co m mands forced me to publish it B ut the other train s
,

of tho ught which start fro mm

.

y conve rsa tion with L o u ise N

go too deep to beco m
.

w
e conscio us ; they are side tracked by -

ay of the related m ate rial which has been awakened in m e

by t he m ention of Rider Haggard s S he The comm ’

ent .

strangel y en ough goes with this book an d with another by

the sam e autho r T he Heart of the World and n um
,

erous
elem ents of the dreamare taken fromthese two fantastic
, ,

nov els The muddy gro und over which the dream e r is carried
the chasmwhich must be crossed by means of the boards
.
,

that have been b ro ught along co m e fro mS he ; the Indi an s

se fro mthe Heart of the World
, ,

t he girl a
w
n d t h e wooden hou

In both novels a om
.
, ,

an is th e lea d er both trea t o f dan gero us

,

wan derings ; S he has to do with an adven turo us jo urn ey to

the un discovered country a place alm ost un trodden by foot
of m an Acco rdin g to anote which I fin d in m
,

w
y reco r d of the
dream the fatigue in m
.

y legs a s a red se n sa tio n of those

days Doubtless in co rres pon dm me a tired
,

w
ic e with this ca

fram e of mind and the do ubting question : m

.

Ho uch “

further will m y legs car ry m e ?

”
The ad vent u re in S he
 end s w it h the wma o n lea d er s
’
m ti g
es h e r cheath in the
n
my t s erio us fire at th e c en t re of the eart h , in s tead of at t s ining

un mistakably arisen in the dreamtho ughts . The wo odal

t he d rea mativity ha p f md it mat q fi

ti g t hi m t u w
c i ep s er o r e s s e eo e n r re
ll th ugh t b y mm i
aw
sen n ih d i
s f a os n s e -
or o o s e s o

i h f ulfilm t I ha a l a
it w
s dy b i ag a bu t ve on c e een
’

en re n r ve,
a a em
.

mb w it h twt th w
pty E t uscan g ave nea O viet
w
s n a na owr r r r o -
rr

ww
cha er b h all up
o s one hi h th en c es o n e s , on c e

w
skeletons of t o gro n -
up persons had been laid T h e in t en or
’

ml
.

of t he o od en ho u n t he drea
se i oo ks c lik e t his ,
except that wood h as been substituted for ston e m T h e drea
seem m
.

s to sa u a
“
y : I f yo u us t so so on lie in y o r g r v e let it
ve an d by m t im
,

b e t his Et rus ca n gra ea ns o f this in ter p o l a

”
, i it

w
desire d As e shall learn it is unfortunately onl y t he idea
acco m panying an e m otion which th e dreamcan ch an ge into
.
, , ,

its opposite not usually the em otion itself Thus I a ake w

with frightened thoughts even after the dreamh as b een
.
,
”

forced to represent my idea that perhaps the c hil d r en will

,

—
attain wh at ha s been denied to the fa —
ther 4 fre sh all us ion to
the st range novel mwhich the iden t ity of apers on is p rmer ved
thro ugh aseries of generations covering t o thous and years w
mthere is a s imilar
.

V III In the con text o f a n o t her d rea

expression of as tonishm ent at wh at is experimc ed in the

.

dream This however is connected with astriking an d skil

fully con trived atte m pt at explanation which m
.
, ,

ight well he
—
called astroke of geni us ao th at I sho uld have to an al yse the
whole dre amm ere ly fo r the sake of it even if the dre amdid
w
not possess t o other features of interest I amtravel l ing
,

July on the So uthern Railw ay an d in my sleep I hea so me r

Holltham 10 m I im mdiat ly thi k

,

one call o ut inutes , . e e n

p lac e hwere b ro ve n ha v e vainl y mres is ted the d o i t i o a qf mm

m
their overlord
tho u g h it u e re a
Y es , the counter ref o ra
p lae e i
m m
.

n S tg ria th e T y rd w
tion in Au

w m
N o
s tria!

I d is t iue
As
fl y . w
w
see a l ittl e us eu in hich the re a ins or the posses s io n s q
m
thes e en a re pres erved I is h to get ofi, but 1 hesita
. te to do so .
862 T HE I N T E RPRE T A T I ON O F D R E AMS
w au a m int u
w
M
a w a a u
a
hil e to con c e l t heir d is p le e re t y r s i o n y p oli
t e

ma a
.

wma a a w
sau a a
l t tio n s no t ns ere d , nd lt ho gh t h e n nd the

in which w w iding ) the woma ma e ha

o n s t nex t e c h o th er
( a it h t heir b c ks in t h e d ire c tion

ww w um
e ere r ,
n e up
d s t e t o p ro r t -

the doo w
a
t he pl a
ce o p pos it e her n d n ex t the indo it h h er b rel ls ;
a im mediately closed a demons t ati ve maks
r s nd r re r

w
abo ut the open g of wi d ws we e exchang in babl n o r ed . P ro y l

w
a u i kl a a u sed
rec o gn i a erso n h ngry f or f res h ir It
q p
s c y s

a in the co m patm
.

on a sides w
a a hot night a
s th u shu
nd t he ir r en t s t
a am
, ,

ll ost s f ocati g My ex pe sce a l uf n r ien s s

traveller leads me to believe th at such inconsiderate o btrusive

.
,

conduct m
,

arks people who ha ve onl y partly pai d f o r t heir

tickets o r not at all When the conductor came an d I pre
sented m
, . ,

y dea rly bo ught ticket the lady call e d o ut un gra ,

ciousl y and a s tho u

, gh threatenin gly My h us b an d has s

not f ar fro mthe time set for the decay of femin in e b eauty
t hema did t g t a ha t ay a yt hi g at alL a d at
n no e c n ce o s n n n s

the e motionle s I t ied to sleep I the d eam I tak

r s r n r e

te ible evenge on m m
. .

rr y rdisag eeable t avelling c p anio s ; r r o n

n o o newould s uspect what insults a d humiliatio s a n n n re c o

cealed behi d the disjo i ted f agm

n ents of the fi st h al f f th n r r o e

d eam Afte this desi e h a been sat isfied the se

r r d wish r s con

to ex cha ge my co mpat m ent f anothe m akes its lf idmt

. , .

n r or r, e ev

The d eammakes changes of scene so ofte a d with ut ai

r n, n o r n
;

ing least objection to such changes that it wo uld no t have

th e
s t rem arkable if l had im mediate Z replacsd
,

b een in t he lea
my travelling co mpanions by more pleasant ones f o r m
w
rs
y
collection B ut this as on e of the cases where s o m
. e thing

o r othe r objected to the ch a n ge of scen e an d c ons id ered a

w
s

plan atio n of the change necessary Ho did I sud d mly get

into another co m partm ent ? I surely co uld not remem
.

w
ber

wa
h aving ch an ged cars So there as only one explanation :
mut hav l f t th an iag
.

I s e e e c e hil e s leep , a rare oc c urrenec

x am W
w
e ples f which howeve or , r, are f urnished by t he
of the n europatholo gi s t We know of persons ho under
m
.

take railro ad jo urneys in acrepuscular state without bea

their abnorm al conditio n by a n y sign until so me st ation on
the journey they co m
,

pletely recover consciousness and are

then surprised at the gap in their m em ory T h us hilc l .
,

. w
 T HE DRE A M W ORK -

ams t ill d re am in g I d ec la re m y o n c as e t o b e swuc h ao n e of

Aulo m atis m mbrdatoiflef

,

m
ea
’

An a lysis perm its another solution The att em at ex

n ds m mto attribute it to the
.

pl an ation which so a s to u e if I a

dreamactivity is not origin al b ut is copied fro mthe neurosis

,

of one of m
, ,

y p atients I h ave a lre ady spoken on anot he r

page of ahighly cul tured and in cond uct kind hearted man
.

, , ,

who began sho rtly after the death of his parents to accuse
him self of murd ero us inclinations an d who sufiered because
, ,

of the precautionary m eas ures he had to take to insure him

,

self

w
ama
de pai f l
s u f o r hi by the com
n m
pulsion i pell ing hi to m m
dem and an accounting of all the persons he m et a
s to whithe r

they had v a n ished if one of themsuddenl y withdrew fro m

his purs uing glance there re m ained a painf ul feeling a nd a

thought of the possibility th at he m ight have put the m

,

w
an o ut
of the ay This co m pulsive idea concealed am ong other
things a Cain fancy for all men are brothers
.
,
”
Owing to
the impossibility of acco m
, , .

plishing his task he gave up taking

walks an d spent his life imprison ed within his four walls B ut
,

news of m urde ro us acts which have been co m mitted o uts ide

.

con stan tly reached his roomthro ugh the papers an d his con
scien ce in t he formof ado ubt kept acc usin g himo f bein g the
,

murderer The certain ty of n o t having left his dwellin g fo r

weeks protected him against these acc usations for a tim
.

e
m
,

w
un til one d a the e d awned u on h i the ossibility th at he
y p p
r

might have left his ho us e hil e in an uncons cio us condition and

might th us have co mmitted the murder without kn owin g any
,

thing abo ut it Fro mthat tim . e on b e locked his ho use door ,

a n d ha nded the key over to his old ho usekeeper and strictly

fo rbad e her to give it into his hands even if he dem
,

anded it
This then is the origin of the atte mpted expl an atio n
.

th at I m
, , ,

ay have ch anged ca rri ages while in an un conscious

co ndition At has been transferred fro mt he m
— aterial of the
dreamtho ughts to the dreamin afin ished state an d is o b vi
s l y in tended to iden tify m
,

ou e with t he pe rso n of tha t patien t .

mad e my last night journey with this m

w w
ha
d an afew weeks
befo re He as cured an d as escorting m e into the co untry
to his relatives who were s um moning me ; as we had aco mpart
.
, ,
reso lves its elf in to a a w
n t on f an cy to t he efieot th at my t w
changin g love to kens during the night as they ha
w
-
d in ten ded
This f a
n cy ho ever go es b ack to an ea riy c h ihd h o o d eeaic

m
, ,

w
in which , probably i pelled by sexual inq uisi t iv eness , I
m
intruded upon the bedro o of y paren ts an d as d riv m m
m m mm
,

f ro m
it by y father s e phatic co an d
’
.

Allof themwould confirmwh at we have learn ed fr o mthose

which have been already cited nam ely that an ac t of judg e

men t in t he dreamis no t hing b ut the repet ition of a pro to type

, ,

w hic h it ha n t he d re a
s i ughts In mt h
o st c as es it i
o s a u . m
in appropriate repetition introduced in an unfit fin g co nnec tion ;
occasionally however a
, s in ou s t exa ple it is s o a
r la , rt fully m ,

pen dent tho ught act ivity in t he dream At this po in t e w

might turn o ur atten tion to that psychic ac tivity hich w
.

indeed does n o t s eemto co O perate reg ul arly in the fo rmatio n of

-

dream s b ut whose effo rt it is wherever it does tso operate -

to fuse to gether those dreamelements that are in c o n grrrent

, , .

on accoun t of their o rigins in a n u ncontradicto ry an d intel

ligibl e man ner We consider it best however first to t ake up
the expressions of em otion which appear in the dr eam and to
.
, ,

co mpare the mwith the em

,

otions which analysis rev eab to

us in t he dreamtho ughts .

( )
9 mum in the Dream .

A profound rem ark of Stricker s has called our att ention

’
77

to the f act that the expressions of em otion in the dreamdo

not perm it of being disposed of in the slightin g m an ner in
which we are acc usto m ed to shake 0 3 the dreamitself afte r ,
8 66 T HE IN TE RP RE T A TI O N OF D R EAMS
a
fiec t a l a yis
s i
n t he righ twat lea s t a
s fa r as it s q ual it y g o e e ;
its in ten s it y m s c d by m
,

ay even b e in c re a ea n s o f a d is pla ce

ment of neurotic atten tion If a hysteric is s ur p ris ed that

m
it h oo m w
.

he is so very a fra id o f atrifie r if the pa t is n t p ul s in

out of anonentity both of themerr in that , t he y re g ard the

tho ught . Psychoa

nalysis , however shows themt h e
, ght
ri m
and by s earc hing fo r the preeen tat ion which b e lo n gs to it
an d which ha s been su ppressed by m eans of r ep lac em ent
The assum ptio n is here m a d e that the developmen t of afloa t

w
an d the presentation conten t do not constitute s uc h an in
s to m

w
d is s ol uble orga nic u nio n as e are a cc u ed to t hink b et
rt s m
,

ay b e so to sp eak so ld ered to g et h er in
w
th a t th e t o pa
such a ay that they m ch ed fro mo n e an o t her by
, ,

w
ay be deta
means of analysis Dream interpretation sho s th at this
.

parent absence of affect in apresentation content w

h ch i o ught
to fo rce adevelopment of e motion
m
.

w a
I The drea er sees thrce l ions in adcs ert on e o f hich r ic
m m
. ,

laug hing b ut s he is no t a
f id of th e T he n ho ev er s he an d
m m m
, , .
,

ww w
have flc d f r n thc f or she is tr i
y gn to d,i b a trce br d , s h e finda

Mat hcr cor in , ho is atcachcr of Fren ch, is aIrcady p in fic

tree, et c
lysis gives us the followin g m m:
.

The a na ateri al for th is drea

A senten 0e in the dream er s E nglish lesson had bec o m ’
e the
indiff erent occasion fo r it The l ion s greatest beaut y is his '

mane Her father wore abeard which s urro unded h is fac e

w
”

like a m an e The nam

.

e of her English teacher a

. s Mia
Lyo ns ac q uain t an c e o f hers ha
An d s en t her the b a l la
d e of
man Loewe lion ) These then are the th ree
.

Loc toc ( Ge —
r

lions why should s he have been afraid of them3 S he ha

, .
, ,

w w w
s

d as to ry in
re a h ic h an egro ho h a
s in cited bis fell o s to

nted with bloodhounds an d climbs atre e to save

revolt rs h u

him self Then follow fra.

g m en t s in a n to n mo o d l ik e t ho w ,
 T H E DREA M W ORK -

B ia ctter Take a d es ert and s tr ain it ; t h e lione w ill re ~

main . Also a very amusing b ut n o t very proper anecdote ,

about an ofi cia l who is a s ked why he does not ta ke greate r

p a in s to win the favo u r of hi s s u pe rio r office r an d who an swe r s
t he has been tryin g to insinuate him self b ut th at the man
,

tha
d of himis a The whole m atte r beco m
,

ahea l ready up es in
t on the day of t he dream
.

te lligib l e a s soon a s o n e lea rns th a

the lad y had received avisit fromher h usban d s superior He

w w
’
.

a s very polite to h er kissed h er h a nd an d she as not a fraid

m m
, ,

of h i at a ll a ltho u gh he is a big b ug (Ge r a n — G ross es

n im
,

T ier = big a
“
a
l an d plays the pa rt of a soci al lion
in t he ca pital of her country This lion is therefo re like the
lion in the Midsum mer N ight s Dream who unmasks as Sn ug
.
, ,
’

the joine r an d of such s tuff are all dreamlions made when one
, ,

is n o t afra id
II As m m m
.

w y second ex a ple I cite the d rea of the gi rl who

d in aco fiin b ut who I m

.
,

sa her sister s littl e son lyi n g dea ay

’

in o r so rrow thereat We know fro m

, ,

now a dd felt no pa
an alysis why not The dreamonly concealed her wish to
, .

see the m gain the affect must be att uned to

.

w
an she loved a

the wish an d not to its concealm

, ent There as no occasion .

fo r so rro w a t a ll
In an um ber of dream s the e m otion at least re m
.

ain s c o n
us ete d with th a t p resentation content which has re pl aced the
one really belonging to it In others th e breaking up of the .

separated fro mthe idea belon ging to it an d fin ds a place

so m ewhere else in the dre amwhere it fits into the new ar
,

ran ge m ent of the dre amelem ents This is sim ilar to wh at

we h ave learned of acts of j udgm ent of the dream If there
.

is a sign ific ant infere nce in t he dre amtho ughts the dre am
.

also con tains one ; b ut in the dreamt he infe rence m

,

ay be
shifted to entirely difieren t m ate ri al Not infrequently this .

shifting takes place acco rd ing to the p rinciple of antithesis

te the latte r possibility by the followin g dre am
.

I ill ustra
which I have subjecte d to the m
,

w
ost exhaustive an alysis
m
.

w
III .by the sea; a
A f aa d
c s tls
t s it l ies not direc tl y on the

s ea, but on anarro canal that leads to ths s ea A certa in Mr

m
. .

ww w w
P is ths governor of it I stand u nth hi in ala rge s a l on rvith
m a
. .

thres in do s, in fi t r f
o hich rise the projectio ns f
o a a ,
86 8 T HE IN TE RPRE T A T I O N OF D REAMS
lihe ba
w
ttl entents a
f f t 1 belo ng to the gan is o n , p aha
wm a
-
o or s '
p
mai
.

We f car the arris al of ho ile

wa w
a vol nteer r ne o fi c er .

wm
ships , f or e re in astate of a r Mr P has th e in ten tion d
m mti
. H

w
as to ha
w
lea
ving he gives e ins t
; c o ns t rs t b e d o n e in ca
se

the drea ed even t ho p p ens

d . His si
c lc if e is in th e th re ter d
a
w
a ay
w
I ho ld hi ba clc nd as k hi m
in ha t y l s m
h o ul d d m w d
m m
m w
m
,

ahing d s an d fi a afl a
w
hi ne s in ca se of n eed He ys
m mm
.

wm wm w
at onc e j alls over dea I have proba bly ta ed hi t n ec e

w
d . fly
Af ter his dea
w h th th w
ith y ques tions th , hich a b es n o f n rth a r i

m1 idm i t mai i
.

aw
p ress ion upon e, thin k e er e c s o re n n

au m ma d
w
c s heth er I sho u l d give no ce o e e o e oo n o ti f th d ath t th

w w wm mm
in ehief a
-
nd hether l s hou ld lahe over the direc tio n of the ca de
mm
,

as the nez t in co and I no stand at the indo , a d

m m
.

w w mwm
the s hip s a s they pa ss by ; lh ey a re achantsnen th a t da fl d
m
w
po n the d ar lc ater s everal of the ith o re than o n e b
a m
,

s tac k others
, ith bulg ing chs (th at are qu ite s i il a r t o t he

my bmth me ad
ww wm
told ) T hen a
er st n ds n ext to bo th qf us lool
n

mt
.
,

r o f the indo on to the canal At the siqht of as hip e

m Here som m
.

fig
i hten ed nd ca
l l out : es the rship l
”
I t turns

wa a
w wm
w
h n th t No co es al ittle s hip , stran gel y cu
re ret urn ing t
m
.

t it ends in the iddl e of its brea

w
ofi so tha d th cu riou
'

s th in gs l ihr

a
, ,

cups or sa lt cellars re seen on the

-
k We call as tho ugh ilh .

T hat is the breakf a

“
on e voice s t s hip -

m
. .

The rapid otion of t he ships , the deep blue of th e water,

m
the bro wn s oke of the funn els , all this together akes a m
The localities in t his drea a re put to get her fro s ev en l m m
jo urneys to the Adriatic Sea (Mira are , Duino , V en ice m ,

w
Aquilej a) A sho rt b ut enjoy able E a
s te r trip to A q uileja
my b othe afew weeks before the dream as st ill fresh
.

with r r, ,

an d S pain an d the wo rry connected with it abo ut my re l atives

l iving in Am erica pl ay a part Manifestation s of em
,

ot ion
ces in this dream In o ne place an em
.
,

appear a t two pla otion

—
th at wo uld be expected is lacking it is expressly emph as is ed
.
870 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION O F D R E AMS

bread th it closely rese mbled at t he en d wher e it as c ut 03 w

sed o ur interest in t h e museum
, ,

w
an object which ha d aro u s of
the Et ruscan cities This object as a rectan g ul ar c up of
w
.

black clay with t o h andl es upo n which s tood th in g s like cofiee

cups o r teac ups very si m il ar to o ur m
,

w
, , odern b reakfas t table

w
se rvice Upon inqui ring we learned th at this as the tal e:
.
,

set of an Et rusc an lad y with little boxes for ro ug e an d po d a:

,

w
an d we said jokingly to each other that it wo ul d n o t be aba d
ideato take athin g like that hom e to the lady o f t h e ho
The dreamobject therefo re signifies blac k toilet ( Germ
.

a n

toil ette d ress y m

, ,

—
.

—
ourning an d has direct re fer en ce to a
-

death The other end of the dreamobject re min d s us of the

bo at (Germ an N achen ) fro mthe root vixur as a philo
.

s to ld m
, , ,

logical friend ha e u pon which corpses w er e laid in

prehisto ric tim
,

es an d were left to be buried by the s ea With

this circum stance is connecte d the reas on fo r t h e re turn of
the ships in the dream
m
.

Q uietly the old an on his resc ued bo at d rift s into t h e

h arbo ur
w
"

It is t he return voyage after the ship reck (G erman sebifi

.

brus h ship breaking i s s hipwreck ) the breakfas t s hip l ooks

- -

as tho ugh it were broken 0 3 in the m B ut when ce c om

, . .
,

iddl e es
the n am
.

e breakf as t ship Here is where the E nglish

-

co m es in which we have left ove r fro mthe warships M

, .

—
w
fas t a breaking of the fas t B reaking again bel on gs to
ship reck (Schifibmc h ) an d f asting is connected with the
.

mo urning dress
,

The only thing abo ut this b reakfast ship which h as been -

newly created by t he dre am is its nam

,

e The thing ha s

existed in reality an d recalls to me the m rs of m

.
,

erriest ho u
, y
l ast journey As we distrusted the fare in A quilej a we took
so m e food with us fro mGoers an d bo ught abott le of excellent
.
,

Istria n wine in Aquileja an d while the little m a il steamer slo ly

,

t ravelled thro ugh the Can al delle Mes and into t he lonel y str etch
,

-
w
of lagoo n to wa rd s G ra
do
—
e took o u r b rea kfast on deck— e ,
w w
were the only passen gers an d it tes ted to us as few brad s
fasts have ever tas ted This then as t he breakfas t s hip “
w -
,

an d it is behind this very recollection of great en joym

.
, ,

e nt tha

w
t
the dreamhides the sad dest tho ughts abo ut an unkno n and
om ino us future .
 T H E DREAM W ORK -

The detachm ent of em o t ions fro m the gro up s of idea s

which have been responsible f or their developm ent is th e most

striking thing that happens to themin the course of dream
fo rm ation b ut it is neither the only n o r even the m
w
ost essenti al
change which they unde rgo on the ay fro m the d ream
,

thoughts to the m an ifest dream If the afiec ts in the dream

tho ughts are co mpare d with those in the d ream it at o nce
.

w
b om es clear tha t wherever there is an em otion in the dream
,

this is also to be foun d in the dreamthoughts the converse

,

however is n ot true In gen eral the dream is less rich in

,

aff ects than the psychic m ateri al fro mwhich it is elabo rated
, .
,

ve reco nstructed the dreamtho ughts I see that

.

As soon a s I ha

themf o r self assertion usually in con flict with others that

-

rply opposed to them If I t u ck to the dream

,

are sha rn ba . ,

st rains of feel ing Not only the content b ut al so the affec

tive to ne of m m
.
,

y tho u g h ts h as been b ro ught by the dr ea

activity to the level of the in difierent I m ight say that a
m
.

su io f h a h a taken pl ac e T ake f ex a ple

'

pp r es s n o t e fl ec ts s o r

the dreamof the botanical m

.
, ,

onograph I t answers to apas

te pl eafo r m m m
.

sio n a y f reedo to ac t a
s I a acting a n d to a rra n ge
my life as seems right to me an d to me alo ne The dream
which results fro mit sounds indiff erent ; I h ave written a
.

monograph it is lying before me it is fitted with coloured

plates an d dried plants are to be fo un d with each copy It
, .

is like the peacefulness of abattlefield there is no trace left

of the tum ult of b a ttle
It m
.

ay also t urn o ut difieren t ly— vivid aff ective exp ressions J

may make their appearance in the dream b ut we shall first
dwell upon the un q uestionable fact th at m any d ream s appear
in diff erent while it is never possible to go deeply in to the dream
thoughts witho ut deep emotion
,

A co m
.

pl ete theo retical explan ation of this s uppressio n of

em otions in the co urse of the d reamactivity cannot be given
here ; it would req ui re a mos t caref ul i n vestigation o f t he
theo ry of the em otions an d of the m ech an ismof s uppress ion
ll find aplace here f o r two tho ughts only I amforced
.

I sha
— nds to conceive the developm
.

c n ot her gro u — ent of affects

as a centrifugal process directed towa rds the interior of the
body , ana log o us to th e pro c ess es o f m o tor an d
innervation Just as in the sleeping con d itio n t he omin ion
m
of m oto r impulses tow ards the o uts ide world s eems to be
.

s uspended so a centrifugal excitement of emo tio ns through

unconscio us tho ught m ay be m ade m
,

o re difl ic ul t d urin g sleep

Thus the aff ective impulses aroused during t h e disc harg e d

an d there fore th ose getting into the dream w o ul d not be

stronge r According to this lin e of arg ument t he s u
sio n of the afiec ts would not be aresult of t he d r eamac tivity
.
“
m
at a ll b ut ares ult of the sleeping con dition T h is m ay be 00
nnot possibly be all We m ust also t o m em
.
, .

b ut this c a b a tha t
all the m o re co m plex dream s have shown them
.

s elves to be a

co m prom ised result f ro mthe conflict of psychic f ares (h

the one hand the tho ughts that constitute t h e wis h m
.

w
, ust
fight the opposition of acensorship ; on the o t her han d e
have often seen how even in un conscious thinkin g eac h team
.

m
, ,

w
of tho ught is harnessed to its contradi c tory opp osite S ia
all of these trains of tho ught are capable of em
.

w e sha
ot io n ll
rd ly m ake a m
,

ha is ta ke b ro a d l y s pea kin g if e re a
g r d t ht

ppression of em
, ,

su otion as the res ult of the restrain t wh ic h the

co n trasts impose upon one another and which the c om m
imposes upon the ten den cies which it ha
w
s supp re ss ed Th
rdin gly be the second m

m
.

w
res tra int of a o u acco a “
’

fiec ts l d e l : of :

drem n cens or a s the disfi g ur em n l oj the d mea m as th e

I sh a ll inse rt an example of adreamin which the ind ii~

f eren t a fiect ive tone of the dreamcon tent m ay be ex p lain ed by
aco n tra st in the dreamtho ughts I h ave the foll owing short
d reamto rel ate which every read er will read with dis gust
.

nd on it eo m
,

w
IV A bit of ris ing ground a
.
, ethia g libe a todd
in the o pen ; a very long bench a
wm
t the end of hic h is a le q ¢
m
,

Io ilet a A ll f th ba k d i lh i ld d ith
m
per re o e c e g e s c y cov e re

heaps of emem nd degrees o f res hms

.

M
w
of a ll s izes a
e
f A
m
.

beh ind the bench I a rina te upo n the bench

. along s tr .
d

re mai ned at the end n everthel es s

Why d id I expe rien ce no disgus t in this dream9

.

Because as t he an alysis shows the m o st ple a sant an d s atin

ve cc operated in the form s this dm

, ,

fying tho ughts ha ati o n a

-
874 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION O F D R EAMS
audience went with m
my
w w
B ut one of e ; he beg g ed fo r per
miss ion to sit it h me hile I drank my oo fl ee an d g ulped
w
do n m m
w y ro ll an d b eg an to s ay fiat t s rin g th i
n g s to e H e

to ld m muc h he had leamed fro mme an d t hat bc

, .

e ho

now looked at everything t hro ugh diff eren t ey m that I ha

,

d ,

w
cleansed the Augea n sta bles i e the theory of t h e neuro ses , . .
,

—
w
of i ts erro rs a n d p reju dic es in s ho rt tha t 1 as a very great '

man My mood as ill s uited to his son g o f prais e ; I s t ruggled

,

with disgust and went ho m e earlier in o rd er t o ext ric ate m

.

w , y self .

Bef ore I en t to sleep I turned o ver t he leav es o f Rabelais ,

a nd rea d e shot t sto ry by C F Meyer entitled D ie L eide . .

w
eines K no bcn (The Hardships of aBoy )
mhad been dra n fmmt hese materials an d the
.

The drea ,

novel by Meyer added the recollection of child is h scenes

(f
c . the d rea m a bo ut C o unt Th u n last scene ) The m o od of the , .

da y cha r acte r ised by disg u st an d annoy a nce is c o n tin ued in

min the sen se that it is permitted to furn is h n early

, ,

t he d rea
t e entire m aterial fo r the dr amcon te nt B ut d uring the
h e
.

self assertion
-
w
an d dissipated the earlier m
a awakened
s o od

mhad to take such afo rmas to accommo d ate the

,

The d rea

in t he sam e m aterial This co m pro mise form ation res ulted

w
in an ambiguo us dreamcontent b ut likewise in an in d ifierm
.

t ,

st rain of feeling o ing to the restraint of the contra s ts upon

each othe r
A ccordin g to the theory of wish ful film m
.

en t th is d re a -

co uld not have happen ed had not the suppressed b ut at the

same tim
,

e pleasurable train of thought concerning per sonal

ndisem
,

aggra ent been co upled with t he opposing tho ugh ts of

disgust Fo r disagreeable things are not inten ded to be re
presented by the d ream painf ul tho ughts that have occurred
.

d uring the d ay c an force their ay into the dreamonly if they w

lend acloak to the wish fulfilm en t The dreamactivity can -

dispose of the affects in the dreamtho ughts in still another

.

a
c n ch ng e a the mi t n o th eir oppo a
ite . We have already bc

waell s by itself . On e a
c n n ever t ell a
t th e o ut s et w het hu to
 T H E DRE AM W OR K

go tinto popul ar conscio usn ess dreambooks very o ften p ro

ceed acco rdin g to the prin cipl e of con traries in their in te rpre
tation S uch t ransform ation in to opposites is m ade possible
by th e in tim
.

ate concatenation of a s sociation s which in o ur ,

every other displac em ent th is serves the purposes of the censo r

lso often the wo rk of the wish fulfilm
,

b ut it is a en t fo r wish-

ful film
,

w
en t consists precisely in this s ubstitu tion of an uh
elco m e thing by its opposite The em otions of the dream
.

opposites j ust as well as the ideas an d it is probable that this

inversion of em otio n s is usually brought abo ut by th e dream
,

in soci al life as the current an alogy for the dreamcenso r has

shown us above all fo r purposes of dissim
,

— ulation If I
con vem e with a pe rso n to who mI m
.
,

ust show considera tion

whil e I amsaying unplea sa nt things to him it is al m ost m o re
importa t I should conceal the exp ression of m m
,

n t th a y e otion
f ro mh im th a n th at I m odify the wo rding of m y tho u ghts
k to himin polite wo rds b ut acco m pany themby
.
,

If I sp ea ,

looks or gestures of hatred an d disdain the s fiec t which I

prod uce upon this person is not very difieren t fro mwhat it
,

wo uld have been if I had recklessly thrown m y conte m pt into

his face A bove all then the censo r bids m e su ppress m y
emotions an d if I amm rt of dissim
.
, ,

as ter of the a ul ation I

lly show the o pposite em otion s m
, ,

ca n hypocritica — iling where

I sho uld like to be a ngry an d prete nding aff ection whe re I
,

sho uld like to destroy

We already know of an excellent ex ample of such an in
.

version o f emotion fo r the purpo ses of the dreamcenso r In

the dreamabo ut m n fo r m
.

uncle s h a d I feel g reat a ff ectio

’

y e r y
friend R at the sam e tim e that and because the dre am
thoughts berate him a s a si m
.
, , ,

pleton We h ave drawn o ur

first pro of fo r the existence of the censo r fro mthis ex ampl e
.

of the inversion of em otions Nor is it n ecessary here to

ssum e that the dreamactivity creates aco unter em
.

a otion of
this kind o ut of nothing it usually finds it lying ready in the
376 T H E I N T ERPRE T A T ION OF D R EA MS
m
w
t hs p y
s c hic fo rc e of t he rs s is t in g i pul se un t il a p o h t is
re ached where the mti
e o on c n a be on o ver f oa t h e o r- anor '

f m

an in fantile so urce (as the contin uation of t he d re amwo uld

w
suggest ) f o r the re lation between unc le an d n eph e w ha s

beco m e the so urce of all m

,

y friendsh ips an d hat re d s o ing to

the peculiar n ature of m
,

y childish expe rien ces (f

o an alys s
i .

on p
ms des ervin g t he desa
.

T here is s s of d rea
ac la a “
hypo
'

g n t io n

critical which puts the theory of wish fulfilm mt t o a severe

w
”
-
,

test My atten tion as called to them when Mrs D r M

.
. . .

Hilferd in g bro ught up fo r disc ussion in the V i en n a P syche

analytic Society the dre amreporte d by Ra n g er w h ic h is ,

w
rep rinted below

ldheim
.

In Wa at vo l x1 Ros eggs r rites as fo l l ows in hi

sto ry F rem d gcm
.
,

, acht p 303 , .

have usually enj o yed healthf ul sleep b ut I h ave l o st the

I
rest of m any anight With m m
,

a
w
y odest existence s ast ud ent
an d lite rary m
.

an I ha ve fo r lon g years dragged alo n g it h m

. e

the shad ow of averitable tailor s life like aghost fro m which ’

I co uld not beco m

,

e separated I cannot say that I have

pied m
.

o cc u yself so often an d so vividly with thoug hts o f s q

pas t d u n g t he d a
ri y An a s sail er of hea ven a nd ea r th arisi
ng
fro mt he skin
.

o f t he Ph ilistine ha s oth er things to thin k about

shing yo ung fellow think about m
.

No r did I a s a da
y noo
ms ; o nly later when I got in to the hab it of t h ink
, ,

tu rn al d rea
ing abo ut everything o r when the Philistine within m
,

w
e a gain
asserted itself it struck m t hen ever I dreamed I as w
w
e th a

always the jo urn eym

,

an tailo r an d a s a lways wo rkin g in

my master 3 shop fo r long hours without any remun eration
,

w
’

As I s a t there an d sewed a n d p ress ed I as q uite aware th atI

w
n o longer belon ged the re an d that as a burgess of a tow n I ,

ha d oth er thin gs to attend to b ut I as for ever having vaca

w
~

tions an d go ing o ut in to the co un try an d it a s then tha tI

m I ft f lt badly an d
my b
. ,

s at ne r a os s an d ass is ted hi o en e

eg etted the loss of time which I might spend fo better a d

.
,

r r r n

mo e useful pu poses If omthi g did not come up t the

r r s e n o

mau md ut xactly 1 had t ub mit t arep aoh f m

.

e s re c e ,
o s o ro ro
378 T HE IN T E RPRE T A T I O N O F D REAMS
had n ot
dis c ha
given

m
my bos s n o t ic e first in s, m
ad of al to w ing hi mt
o

wm
rge e

how rem
.

“
An d arkabl e it is , a
f ter the n ig h t h th

of m — m
w
tailo i g f this expe ie ce which l a i t h t
y n
r o r n
y n e re o e

past which in its simpl icity as really h ap p y an d which

, , .

nevertheless threw a long shadow over t h e lat er years of

,

I In this drea t he series o f t he poet m h o , in h is y o u w

m
nger
m
.
,

years has been a jc urn ey an tailo r, it is har d to re c o

m m
,

w
the do ination of the wish fulfil ent Al l t h e d elightfu l .

m
w
t hings o oc urred du ring t he akin g state , w h il e t h e dr
m
s ee ed to d ra a a
w
g l o n g t h e
gho s t l ike sh d o o f an un h appy
existen ce which had been long forgotten M y o n dre a s of m
asi milar n ature have put m
.

e in a position t o
g i ve so e m ex
planation f or such dreams As a young docto r I f o r a long
time worked in the chemical institute with o ut b ein g ab le to
.

never think in my waking s tate about this un fr uitf ul episode

in m rfe of which I a m a am
w
y l really sh ed O n t h e o t h er h nd
a
it h as beco m e arecurring dre amwith m t I am o rkin g in
.
.

e th a

the laborato ry m aking analyses an d having exper ien c es thus

a mination dreams these dreams are disag ree
, , ,

re ; lik e the exa ,

w
able an d they a re n ever very distin ct During t h e an alysis
of o n e of these dream sm w
.
,

y atte ntion as directed to t he md

an alysis which gave me the key to an undmt an d in g of
these dream s Fo r I had since beco m
,

. e an “ an alyst ”

ana
w
lyses I then understood that when I gre w proud o f t h e
an alyses of t he waking state an d wanted to boast ho m
.

uch
ccom plished thereby the dreamwo ul d hol d up t o m
,

I ha d a , e

at n ight those other unsuccessful a nalyses of which I had

n o rea s on t o b e p ro ud ; t hey a re the p un it ive dre ams of the
ups t art like those o f the ta ilor who becam
w
e aceleb rated po et
mto place it sl at th e s ervice
,

B ut ho is it possible f o r t he drea
of self criticis min its conflict with parven u pride and to take
- ~

tional warnin g instead of the fulfilm

,

as its conte nt ara ent of

a prohibitive wish i I have alrea dy m ention ed that the
 T H E DREAM W ORK -

conclude that the foun dation of th e w

dream as at first formed

suppression and its abas h ment reach ed the dream co n tmt

might be attributed . B ut amo re thorough investigation of

elem an indistin ct subordinate portion of one of m

w w
ent In y
ms I as j ust at th e age hich placed me in the
.

labo rato ry drea ,

career ; I atill had no pos itio n and no means of support when

I suddenly found that I had the choice of m any wom en whom
,

I c oul d m w
w
arry ! I as therefore young a g an
i an d wh at is
more she as young again the wo man who has shared with
, ,

—
, ,

w
me all th e hard years In t his ay one o f t he is hes which
,

w w
ma w
.

c o nst an tly fre ts t he heart of t he ageing a a n s reve led a

s

the uncon scious dreamin citer The st ruggle ragin g in the

other psychic strata between vanity an d self c riticis m has
.

certainl y determ mconten t but the more deeply

w
ined the dre a
mad as ad ream
,

ro oted is h of y o ut h ha
s alc n e e it pos s ibl e .

wa m w
w uw
it is nice n o
very , nd ti es ere o n c e very hard ; b ut it
as nice too even th en , yo ere s till so y o ung
m m
.
, ,

In c on si
d erin g drea s report ed b y a poet one ay o f ten
assume t hat he has excl uded fro the repo rt those details m
unessential His dream s then gi ve us a riddle which co ul d
be read ily solved if we had an exact reprod uctio n of the dream
.
, ,

0Rank has called m

.
y attentio n to the f act that in G rimms ’

fairy tale of the valiant little tailor o r Seven at o n e Stroke ”

mila d am f a up t at i lat d Th tail

, ,

a very si r re o n s r s re e e o r,

who be am e t h he o a d m
.

a ied the king s daughte

ed one ight w
’
c e r n rr r,

d am
re hile with the p incess his wife about his
n r

t ad e ; the latte becom ing suspicious o de ed am

, ,

w
r r, ed guads , r r r r

w
for the following night who should listen to what as spoken
in the dream and who sho ul d do a ay with the dreamer
,

w
.

B ut the lit tle tail or as warned and knew enough to co rrect ,

88 0 T HE I N TE RPRE TA T I ON O F D R EA MS

th oughts n ally b eco m

fi e t h os e of th e dre a may
:
rn

observed in the suitable synt hes is of complet e ly an alyst

,

in the drea mw
hi h c furnish ex mples
a of so m e of t h e c ues

In t he drea mab o ut t he odd t ask w hic h t he eld e e w ke

W ho’ve r is ab m ia h t e d mmit df s . No w t h is is c

analysis w ac c om a w m
w
hioh I plis h s it ere ,by p n b lis hin g y
m m ht
, ,

boo k drea and hich h a s b en dis ag e eabl t t

s,
e e
r
on so o e s

w w
dis rega rd t his f eel in g of c pp o sit io n a n d f o r t ha t rea s o n I fea
l
m m mm
,

n o ho rro r ( Gra hic h a ls o ean s to g re g y

n e fi n t h e d s

mm
,

—
.

w w
I sh o uld a ls o like t o es c ap e t h e ho rror in t h e o t her (G )
— m
wm w
sense o f gro ing grey ; for I a alrea d y gro in g grey fnst
m
,

an d t he grey i n y h air arns e ith a l t o h o l d b aek no

to get to the goal of their difficult journey .

mo me ts immd iat ly aft aw

to the n a k ni g e e er e n , atis tac
this s

a mti at d b y t h xp
am w
ec t a

w
ti i i th
on s n e on e o se o v e e e fio n t h at l
gnoi g t l a ha
o nt i ma t
o b y l
e rn s e n
“
ha ve a lm ‘dy

that th at which has been announced by asign is no w g o i

n g

felt at the arriv al of m seco n d so n Here th e s me em t ions

y o

that do m inated in the dreamthoughts have rem

.

ain ed in the
dream b ut the process is probably n o t so si m
wa a
ple as this in
m am
,

ever
y d rea . If the t o n lyses are ex ined a lit t le , it

m m
wmm w
the censo r rec eives an addition fro aso urc e which us t ies t
t he c ens o r ; a nd the e o ti o n d ra u f m t his soure e ould
c erta in ly arou d nc t c lc a
se op p osit ion if it d i k its elf in as i ilnr m
m m
w
e otion of satisfac tion that is willi ngly ad it ted , if it d id
no t , as it n b ehi
eie , snec k i nd the o ther Untc rt u na tel y , l a . m
38 2 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON O F D RE A MS

b een s up pres s ed , w hic h c an es t abl ish in t he ass o c iat io n s s

fin d elease fo r its em
r otio ns thro ugh the ven t which th e an
objectionable an d adm itted source of em
w
otion open s Our
t em
.

atten tion is thus called to the fa c t tha ay not con s ider

between the suppre ssed an d the suppressin g psychic judg

ment The cases in which the two j udgments brin g ab out a
pathological em otion by cc operation and m
.

utual stren gth

-

en ing deserve j u st as m uch attention The reader is req ues ted

to apply these hints regarding the psychic m ech anismf o r the
.

purpose of understanding the expressions of emotion in the

dream A satisfaction which m akes its app eara nc e in the
dream and which m
.

ay readily be found at its proper pla ce

in the dreamthoughts m
,

ay not always be f ully expl ained

by m
,

ean s of this re fereric e As arul e it wil l be necessa ry to

search fo r asecond so urce in the dreamthoughts upon which

.

the pressure of the censo r is exerted an d which under the pres ,

sure would have resulted n o t in satisfaction b ut in the oppos ite

em
,

—
otion which however is enabled by the presence of the
first source to free its satid ac tion affect fromsuppres s ion and
, ,

to reinforce the sa tisfac tion springing fromthe other source .

by the confl uen ce of several tributaries an d as tho ugh

over determined in reference to the materi al of the dream
,

j a
oin c ch other in the drea mati ity i c v n ordcr to p roduoe it ‘

So m fro m
.

e insight in to these tangled relations is gained

ana l ysis of the a dm irable dreamin which No n vixit c on
st it u tes the centra l point (cf p The expressions of emo ~

tion in this dream which are o f diff erent qualities are ferc c d
. .

w
together at t o po ints in t he m
,

anifest conten t Hostile and

,

painful feelings (in the dreamits elf we have the phrase s eiz ed
.

by stran ge em
,

otion s overlap at the point where I des t roy

my an tagonistic frien d with the two words At the end of
the dreamI amgreatly pleased an d amquite read y to bel ieve
.

in apossibility which I recognise as absurd when I amawake

,

a
.

xplained t he xt ao dinary afl oat of r

pleur ;
e e r
 T H E DREAM W ORK -

namely that there are rem

, nan ts who c an be put o ut of the ay w
have not yet m entioned the occasion fo r this dream It
w
I .

is an es sential one and goes along ay to wards explaining it

d received the news fro mm m
.
,

I ha y fri end in Be rlin ( who I

have designated as F ) that he is about to undergo an opera
tion an d that relatives of his living in V iennawould give m
.

the operation were not m a xiety I re assuring an d caus ed e n

l d ha lik d b t t g t himm m
, .

w
sh u o ve y el f b ut at t
esh at t i l o o o se e

inful disease which m ade eve y m

,

a a ff ect d with a pa
s e ove r

me t ato tu f m I lean f omthe d eamth ughts th at

the life of my dea f ie d I k ew
n r re or e . r r r o

I feaed f r or that his r r n n

o ly siste with whomI had not been a quainted had died

.

n r, c ,

mw
w
about his sis nd s ay s I n t hre e q uarters of a n ho u r s he -

d ) I m ust have im
,

w
as dea
”
agined that his own constitution
s not m

w
a uch stronger a n d tha t I sho uld soon be travellin g
in spite of m
, ,

y he al th i
n ans e r to f ar wo rse news — an d tha t
ch m
,

I should arrive too late fo r which I should reproa yself for

This re proach about arriving too l ate has becom
,

ever ‘ e the
central po in t o f the dream b ut has b een represent ed in asc en e
.

in which the honoured teac h er of my student years B ruec ke —

,

reproa c hes m e fo r the sa me thing with aterrible look fromhis

bl ue eyes The cause of this deviation fro mthe scen e will
soon be clear ; the dreamca
.

w
n not reprod u ce the scen e itself
in the m an ner in hich it occ urred to m e To be sure it leaves
the blue eyes to the other m an b ut it gives m
.
,

e the pa rt of ,

the a nnihilato r an in version which is obviously the result of

the wish fulfil m My concern fo r the l ife of my friend m
,

en t -

y
self reproach for n o t h avin g gone to him m m
.
,

y sh a e (h e h a
d
tedly com e to m m m
,

repea e in V ienna ) y desire to co n side r yself

excused on account of m m
,

— a a a
w
y illness ll of this k es u p
te m pest of feelin g which is distinctly felt in sleep an d hich
ged in every part of the dreamtho ughts
,

w
ra .

B ut t here as an other thing a bout the occasion fo r the

thi fa cy f mt h u c i u d amth ught which p
I t is s n ro e n o n sc o s re o s erern
to r il y d m ea ds vi it i t a
n nond f vi it
s Y u ha v c m t
ns e lat o non s o e o e oo e,
t he m
w
.

is no lon ger a live Th fact that"

a if e t it uat i
e al t d n s s on so en s

ha bee me ti n ed page 334

.

to ard “
s on vi vit
n
”
s n n o on .
384 T HE I N T E RPRE T A T I O N OF D REAMS
drea mw
hi h c had qu ite t he o ppos it e e fiec t W ith the m
a
.

favourable n ew d u
s
rin g t he first days of t h e o p er tio n, I abs

my di t i I k w
w
dist rust of of co u
s cre on t h at t h i u ! ne rs e , s re cs
q
did not p oceedf o mm
.
,

y f i nd b ut tha t it a d u to lm
r e

idity on the pat of t h m m but

r r s e e
excessive tim
,

n os e o r r e es ee er.
al d p ah m d m f l m
w
a a
w
the c on oe e re ro c
y b d l y b a it e e ee v er ec e
a altogether unj ustified Only repro ac h es hic h ha
w
s n ot ve
so m ething in them have power to irritate as ev er y on e kno s
.

ww w
ww w
Fo r lo ng befo re in the oa
w
, s e o f two perso n s ho ere f ri dly
t o ea c h o t h er and ho ere illin g to ho n o ur m e it h their r

frien dship I had quite needl essly tattled w h at t h e one hi d

,

said abo ut t he other ; to be sure this in c id en t h ad not hing

irs of m
w
to do with the a fia y friend F N o r h av e I fo rg otten

t t im
.

w
t h e repro a c hes hich l ha d to lis ten to a t tha
m
e One
of the two friends between who mI as the tr o ub l e m
.

w s c hl ; the othe r o n e I m
-

as Professo r Fl ei ay n ame Joseph a .

who appears in the dream

Two dreamelements first inoomp icuoud y md sec o ndly
.

the question o f F l as to km
to P
om uc h of his afi a
,

irs I ha
give evidence of the re pro ach that I amin capab le of
.
W ond
,

w
keeping an ythin g to m yself B ut it is the admixt ure o f th at
.
,

w
reco llections which tra n sposes the reproa ch fo r ar riving too
late fro mthe p resen t to the ti me when I as living in B r ueekg s ‘

labo rato ry and by replacing the second pemn in t h e arm flit

lation scene of the dreamby aJoseph I s ucceed in rep rm ting
-

n o t on ly the first rep ro a ch that I arrive too late b ut also a

secon d reproach which is m
.

, o re rigo ro usly suppres sed t hat I .

keep no sec rets The con densing and replacing acti v ity of
this dreama s the m
.

s w ell a
, otives fo r it are now obvious , .

My anger at the inj unction no t to give anything awa y

o riginall y quite insign ifi c ant receives con firm ation from
.

so urces that flow far below the s urface an d so beco m

,

w
e a
swollen streamof hostile feelings towards persons ho are in
,

re a lity dear to m e The so urce which furnishes the co n firm

.
r

tion is to be found in childhood I h ave already said tha

w
t
my fri endships as well as my en mities with persons of m
.

ag e go b ac k to m y childish re lations with m y nep he

y o

ho
n

ww ,
ex c i
te m en ts o b t a
in in g in t he d rea tho ugh ts as

w w
t h m
e b o wa l of
m From
,

fountain c o llec ts th e s t rea s of ater fio in g in to it .

w
It s erves u q uite righ t if you hnd to vac at e y o n r pl s cs
y o

m hy d id yo u t ry to f o rc e m t of m
w
fo r s ; e ou y p l a c e i I
m
w
don t need you ; I ll soon find so eon e else t o pl ay ith ? “
w
’ ’

Then t he a ys are o pen ed t h ugh hich th es e t h o n g h t e a gfi m

n

follo w into the rep resen tafion of the dream Fo r s uc h an

'

6te to i que je my m m
.

I on oe ha d to rep ro ac h
“ ” ’
-
et te
y do

c ea s ed frien d Jos ep h He ha d b ear next to m e in t h e li ne d

m
pro otion in B ruec k e s laborato ry b ut advan cemen t than
.

'
,

his place and yo uth became impatient

a ww
w
wa w
My fr ien d ho
m a m
.
, ,

w
kn e t h t his ti e of lif e s a
li it ed nd ho s b o un d by
a ama se io usly ill the wi h
,

no tie to his s uperior , s n r ; s for his

movedby so m ething besides prom

w
he otion Se ver al years
before the sam e wish f or fre edo mhad n aturally b o more
.

in tense in m y
,

o n case ; whe r ever inw the wo rld th er e are

grad ations of rank and advan cem en t the doors are o pe ned ,

fo r wishes needin g suppression S ha kespeare s Prin ce Hal ’

.

even at the bed of his sick father But as m ay eas ily be

unders tood the dreampun ishes th is ruthless wish n o t upon
.
,

me b ut upon him
,

w
‘

mbitious I slew him As he could not wait

.

w
As he a s a

f or t h e othe r m an to m ake ay fo r him he him

.
,

self has been

p u t o ut of the ay I h ar w
bou r these thou ghts i mm e dia te ly
,

af ter atten din g the unveiling of the statue to the other m

.

a n

at the university A part of the satisfaction which I feel in

the dreamm ay therefore be interpreted : J ust pun is h m t :
.

w
it served yo uright
At the funeral of this frien d ayoung m n m
.

a ad e the f o ll o
in g rem ark which see m ed o ut o f place : The pre acher tal ked
ldn t exist without this one hum
,

w
a s though the wo rld co u an
’

being ”
The d ispleasure of the sincere m
. an whos e so rro ,

It is t ki g that t h ame J ph play uch a lagepen in

s ri n e n os e s s r
dreams ( mab ut m u cl ) I a hide m n t he drer:
behi d
of tb e
n
see

fif mm
r
ap
o
t he d ea
oo m f thi o am w
r
it ypaticula a f
rd sr in
s n J
y
o
e
i

th e Bib le
m
as t he na e
.
n
r
e .

r c
c n
s e, or w i
 T HE D REAM W ORK -

B ut with this speech are connected the d am though t s w

No one is really irreplaceable how m any men ha ve I
already esco rted to the grave b ut I amsti ll livin g I have
rvived the ma imthe field
, ,

Such athought at the

w w
su ll I cl a
moment hen I fear th at hmI travel to see himI shall find
, .

my friend no longer amon g the livin g permits only of the

further developm ent that I amglad I amsurviving som
,

eone ,

that it is n o t I who have died b ut he —that I occupy th e field

,

as I once did in th e fa ncied scen e in childhood This satis .

claimthe field co vers the larger part o f the em otion which

appears in the dream I amglad that I amthe survivor
,

I express this sentim ent with the n aive egotismof the h usband
.

w ho says to his wife : If o n e of us dies I shall move to Paris

I t is such am atter of course fo r m m

, .

y expect ation that I a no t

to be t he one .

in terpret o ne s
’
drea m ad
s n to rep o rt th e m . It is nec ees ary

noble so uls with who myo u share the breath of life . Th us ,

t hey are w
a n t ed , a
n d th at t hey c n a be o b vi ated by a w is h .

B ut m
the revena are the successive in carnations of the friend
of m y childhood ; I am also s atisfied at the f act t hat I have
replaced this person fo r myself again an d again and as ubs ti
tute will doubtless soon be fo und even for the frien d who mI
,

Why does it not raise the m ost em phatic objection to atrain

of thought characterised by such brutal selfishn ess an d change ,

the satisfaction th at adheres to it in to profound repugnan ce l

I think it is beca use o ther unobjectiona ble trains of tho ught

stratumof thought I said to m yself at that festiv e unveiling

I have lost so many dear friends so m e through death so m
, e ,
 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EAMS

w
38 8

ma mm me t ha mw wm all fmm
waa w
uli
w
e ns o n the o th ho l sh

no on l ys ret ain at t he a
, ge hen it is n ot e as y to tor m
m
substitute fo r lost friends c an be taken over int o t h e drea
without interferen ce but behind it there sn eaks mt h e M eal
satisfaction fro mthe infan tile so urce Childish afiec t io n un
,

w
do ub tedly ass ists in st rengt h enin g t he ju fiabl e
st i afiec t ion cf
to da
-

y ; but c h ld
i is h hat re d has al s o fo un d it s ay int o firs

besides this there is dis tinct reference in th e d reamto

w
B ut
another ch ain of tho ughts hich m ay m anif es t i ts el f in the
,

daughter born after long waiting I kn ew how much he had

grieved f o r the sister who mhe lost at an early age an d I wrot e
.
,

to himth a
,

t he wo uld transfer to this child the lo ve he h ad felt

f or her This little gi rl would at last m
. ake h im f o rget M

of the latent dreamcontent fro mwhich the ways s p read out ,

in opposite di rections : No one is i rreplaceabl e Y o u see

nothing but rem s lost com
.
,

na nts all that one ha e s ba c k And .

w the bonds of as soci ation between the con trad ic to ry ele

ments of the dreamthoughts are more tightly dra n by the w
ww wa
and th e s is t er of m
my
w
a ju
ho s st o n y o
g ld
e es t frien d
and antago nist I have hea rd the n a
. me Paulin e
“
ith
satisf ad io n and in o rd er to a ll ude to this c oin c id en c e l ha ve
ced one Joseph in t he dreamby another Josep h an d have
,

repla
not overlooked t he sim il arity in so und between t he nam
,

e
.

not be chosen acco rding to the fashion of the day b ut should

be determ ined by regard fo r the m emory of belov ed p m
The children s n ames m ake them ra
’
veno u s And finafiy " "

is not the having of children the only access to im mortality

.
, ,

wemaks a
for us a ll !
‘

I s ha ll add o nl y afe r r b o ut t he e
u
mti
o on s of thc
890 T HE IN TERPRE T A T I ON O F D R EAMS
new ass umption I ases
have in h ere o n e ” mi d n c w
aston ishm m an d fl rat too
.

ent anger o r res is t a nc o i n adrea

m
, , , , ,

ag a
in s t a pa rt y o f t he d rea c on te n t its elf M o s t o f th esc

ms are n o t d imct ed
.

exerc ises o f t he critioa l fa cu l ty in drea

against t he dreamc on ten t b ut pro ve to be po rtio n s o f dm sm

material which have been taken over and suit abl y mad e me
,

sort , ho w ever, c an n o t be d isp osed of in uch a

s w
a y ; their

for ins ta ma t b y th it i i m t i f q u t i d am
n c e, is e n e cr c s no n re en n re s

Well it s only a d eam ? This i g ui

m u h a l might mak if l w aw
“ ’ ”
, it i i r f s e en ne c r c srn o

w
ak
m
th d a e re s c sN t a t ll e ere e . o s

w wm
in fre quently it is the forerunner to a h ng ; still a it
is prec eded b y apain ful feel in g , hic h subsidee h t he m
B ut it
’
s on ly adream , oc c urring during t he d ream has , m
mouth of the beautiful
w mi imi w
thro ugh the Helen vo n O fien b ec h
it an ts to n se s hat ha jm
oc curred a n d s ec u
t rc in
t is to follow Its purpose is to res u me and
w
d ul gen ce fo r wha
m
.
,

so to s pea k p ut t o s leep ac erta in insta n ce hic h at t h e gi

mo ment has every reason to be active and t o fo rbid t h e c on
,

tin uatio n of the dream o r the scen e It is pleasan t “ to go

—
on sleeping and to tolerate the dream becaus e it s onl y a
.

’
,

B ut it
’
s on l y m
adrea , en te rs in to t he drea mat t h mm t e o en

it ha u b y t he ahea dy a d itted drea m m

m
s b een s rp rised It is
m
.

w
too l ate to su ppress t he d rea an d t he in s t an c e t,he n
carries with it that note of fear or of pain ful feeling h ic h pre
s en ts itself in t he drea m . It is an expres sion of th e ag it

m
d
’
al ier o n the pa rt of the psychic censo r

m
es o

In this exam e we have faultless proof that no t e

.

w
thin g hic h the drea mcontains comes fro mthe dreamth o n ghts
t a psychic function which cann ot be difim
.

w
b ut tha e n fiatsd
fro mo ur aking t ho ught s m ay m ake con trib ution s to th e d ream
content The question now is does this occur only in alto
.
,

g at he r exception al cases o r does the psychic inst

, an c e WE c ll
is us u ally a c t ive on l y a s c en s o r t ake a reg u lar pa rt in th e
form ation o f d ream s i
 T HE DREAM W ORK -

is
we h ave so far recog iised only in limitations and omissions in

eas ily recognised ; they are reported irresolutely prefaced

by an as if they are not in them
,
“
,
"
selves particularly vivid ,

sequence between two sections of the dream They . manife t s

mmate ial ; if t he dreamis sub ject

w
the d re a r to forgetting they
ms trongl y
.

are t he firs t to fall a ay and l a

, inc lined to b elieve

that wa e h ve forgott en mt os of this and have re mmb e ered

is t o be fo un d for th e mi th d amth ught B ut

n e re o s aft er
am mu t d ig at thi a a a a
.

c aref ul ex in ation l s es n e s c se s r re one ;

in the dre amthoughts which however can claima place in

the dreamneither on acco unt of its own m
, , ,

erit no r o n acco un t

tion which we are now considering aspires to the original

, ,

dreamact ivity is its tendency This function proceeds in a

mann er similar to that which t he poet spitefully attributes
.

to the philo so pher ; it h its scra w

ps an d rags it stops up the
breaches in the struct ure of the dream The result of its
,

start fromapossible situation continue it by means of co n sis

— —
,

tent changes an d end p although this is very rare with

u.
 39 2 T HE IN T ERPRE T AT I ON OF D RE AMS

to the most thorough elabo ration at the hand s of a psychic

am ea n in g b ut this mean in
g is very far re mv o ed fro mth e

l signification of the dream

,

rea . If they are analy s e d , on e i

s

a
littl e
s
p os s ib l e T h es e a
re t h e dreams hic h h ave s o to w
speak already been interpreted before we subj ec t themto
.

el abo ration has b een s a c s rt ain p o in t ; up

ucc ess firl onl y to
t o th is poin t cons ist en c y seems to b e d o min an t t hen t he drea m
beco m
,

es nonsensical o r confused an d perhaps fin ally it lifh

itself for a s ec ond t im
,

e in its c o urse to a n a pp ear an e e of

w mmuld ing po w
ww
I do n ot is h to den y to t his fo urt h drea -
o a
mt us afam
,

hic h ill soon s ee o il ia —

r on e é t is in re ality the

fam —
w
ili ar I do not wish to deny this fourth factor the c apability
of creativel y furnishing the dream with n e contr i butions
,

t of the others m
.

B ut surely its infl uence like tha , anifests ,

its elf preponderatin gly in the preferring and choo s in g of

already created psychic m aterial in the dream tho ug ht
w
Now t here is acas e here it is s pared th e ork fo r t h e m w
.

ost
part of bu m
,

, ildi n g as it were afa

,c ad e to the drea by
, t h e fa ct ,

that such ast ructure waiting to be used is already to b e found

, ,

mth w hic h l ha mi d amin th e habit

m
of the drea o ughts ve in n , l
of designating as a “
phantas y ”
; perhaps I shall a

m t m mad ahighl y pro m

\ it
ni
fic
see

anoe
s o e,

of t h e day dream h
e

as no t
is in g beginnin g
y e t escaped th e
Tho ng
un erring
.

insigh t of poet s ; the descripti on of the day dreams o f one

of his subordin ate characters which A Daudet gi ves rmin .

Revs , pet it roman—da

y d am
re , s to ry .
89 4 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T IO N O F D REAMS

titio n uc h aday fa
of s n c y afan oy hich h as p erh a s
p w m ai d ne
— m
,

w w w
unconscio us as for insta nce the drea o f t h e b o y
, , tha ho t
is ri ith t he heroes o f t he i
din g an a r in a ar a
c h ri
ot

In y m
drea “
A ut o d m
idas kes

m aday ph an tas y —l n rm
w
drea is the faithful repetition of ls!
—
in its elf about my d ealin gs it h Prof ess o r N T h e fac t th t

the phantasy th us pro vided m m

.

o re of ten fo r s o n l y on e pon d
t he d rea m , or t hat on ly on e part o f t h e p hant as y t hat mak es i
tl

w
as a ho le In m y d ream s pa rts o ft s n o c c ur h i c h a re pln w m '

sized by an im pression different fromthat of t h e re st The!

.

seemto m x to b e m
.

e to b e in asta te o f fl u ore o o h eren t a

nd d

me time mo re t ransien t than other piec es o f tk um

,

t he s a

get
never s
in to th e drea
ucc eeded in
mb y virt u

s teri
regi ng
e of

su
assoc ia
their
ch apha n ta
t io n
sy
b ut I hs'e
F o r the .
,

-
w
tho ughts are j umbled to gether and condensed one o ev ud
m
, ,

up b y ano ther and t he l ike ; b u

,
t t here are al l deg fio n

t heyare represen ted in t he dreamoon ten t b y on ly o n e of thir

elemen te o r b y a rem n el em

w w
o te all usio n to such a
m
en t 1h .

exten t to hic h the ph an tasies a re ab le to it h s t an d t he

urse als o dec is ive o f t heir fato a m g th d amt h ¢ ta

on e re

h m
co oo r

my am m
,

a a a
s in which u omm
In c ho ice of ex pl f
es dor ly i
rel n s s s
where ver pos sible avoided those d eam

w
, r nc on

duction of this psychic elem ent wo ul d have necess it ated 0 °

tensive disc ussion of the psychology of unc onsc io us

B ut I ca nnot en tire ly o m it the phantasy even in this n o“
of exam ines b ec aus e i
t o ft en g et s fully i
n to t he d naamd
still m o re of ten distinctly pervades it I m ay m
,

en t ion ca
w
n

more dream hich seems to be composed of two dis finct ad

.

m
,

opposed phantasies overlapping each other at

, pl eas .
 THE DRE AM W ORK -

of which the first is superficial whil e the secon d beco mes a

s , ,

The dream it is the onl y one fo r which I have no careful

—
notes is abo ut to t his effect : The dream
— — nm
w
er eu u arried
young m —
an is sitting in a n inn which is se correctly ;
several persons come to get him am ong themso m
,

eon e who
wants to arrest him He says to bis table co m
,

wa
panions I“ ‘

mc omin g bac k B ut they c all to him

.
,

ill p y la a
ter , I .
,

laughing scorn fully We know all about that that s what ’

everybody says ”
On e guest ca.lls after him: There goes

w w
an other one He is t hen led to ana rrow ha
”
ll where he finds
a om rm
.
,

an ith ac h ild in her a s One o f his es c o rt s s ays :

A co m missioner or so me other official

.

That is Mr Miiller . .

is running thro ugh a bundle of tickets o r papers repeating

a question which he answers with Yes He then takes

a look at the wom
.
,

an a n d notices that she has grown a

,

is s uperficial is the phan tas y oj being arrss d w ; it s eemt s o be

p hantas y ofam
n d this m
a iac naterial on the con tra
s, ry has

m
, ,

undergo ne b ut slight change a t t he ha n ds of th e drea

ac tivity The features which a re co m mon to both phantasies
com e in to distinct prom inence as in a Galten e co m
.

posite ’

photograph The prom ise of the bachelor to com e back to

le t he sc eptic is mof t he drin kin g co m
.

his la ce a t t he c lub tab

p
panions sophisticated in their m
,

any experien ces the calling

after : These goes (m —
, ,
“
arries ) another one all these features ,

w
can ea sil y be capable of the other interpretation Likewise
the afiirm
.

at ive ans er given to the o fi c ial Run ning thro ugh

the bundle of papers with the repetition of the nam
.

e co rre ,

I have
analys ed a ood exa
g m p l e o f a drea m o f this kin d ha vin g it s
( rig mi n t he s t ratificat ion of several phan tas ies in t he M M aim
hysteriaAnal ys t, 1906 M oreo ver I un dervalued t he s ign ifican ce o f such
w
,

p han tas ies fo r d reamformat io n as lo n g as I as wo rking chiod with my

w
.

ms , which were bas ed rarel y upon day d reams , mos t

,

o n d rea uen t ly
upo n dis cuss io n s an d m

drea
en ta l co nflicts
muc h eas ier to prove t he f ull onalogy bd m ths nod mm w
With o ther pers o ns it is o ften
.

l dreamond tltaday
m I t is o ften pos s ible in an h s terical pat ient to replace anattack by
a dream; it is t hen o bvio us that t e p ha m
.

n tas y of da d rea
y s is t he firs t

s t ep fo r bot h psychic fo rm at io ns .
39 6 T HE I N T E RPRE T AT ION O F D R E AMS

co urse are all a

d dress ed t o t he s am me
e na In t he matmi rn

the bride s personal appearance in this dream t h e ma iag

.
,

w
’
rr e

m
,

p han t as y has even go t th e b et te r o f th e arrest p h t as

y hid

I ca n expla in froma n in qu —
iry I ha d no ch a noe t o m ake a n

analysis The dream

w ww
er ha d on the p revious da y c r o es ed t he

l e to m
.

st reet ith a frien d ho as just as host i arriage s:

him self an d had called his frim
, rd s at ten t ion t o a b ea utifnl
’

rem arked : Yes if only these wom en woul dn t

,
'

g et M
w
as they grow ol der like their fathers ”

m m
, .

Of co urse there is no lac k o f el e en ts in t his dre a on hich

m m m
,

th e drea dis fig ure en t ha s do ne ore t ho ro u g h w o rk Til t!

m
.

w w—w
the speech : I will p ay later ,
“ ”
ay have ref eren c e to the
conduct of the father in la in the atter of do ry - -
hich m

transformation to ascene of arre st

mat ivity
.

w
Let us ret urn t o t he t hesis that the drea
lih ! o
to m ake use o f a phantasy hich is fin ished an d at ha nd

m m m
.

ins t ead of c reat ing o ne afre sh fro the aterial of t h e drsa

d dl es o f
ri t he d rea mif w
e keep t his fact i
n mi d
n I have on

m
.

w
pa g e 21 re l ate d the drea of M aury who is str uck on the ,
“

back of the n eck with astick and who awakes rn the po er

of a long dream —a complete romance fromthe time of the
,

French Revol ution S inc e the dreamis represented as cc

heren t an d as explicable by reference to t he distur bing s tim
.

ulus

alone about the occurrence of which stim

m
ulus the sleep er could
suspect nothing only one ass um io n seem s to be lef t nam
,

ely
t the whole richly elabo rate d dreamm ust have been c om
, , .

t ha ~

po s ed an d mut s have t aken pl a n th e sho rt spa

ce i c e o f ti c m
between the fall ing of the stick on Maury acervical vertebra ’

a n d the awakening induced by the blow We shoul d not feel

j ustified in ascribing s uch rapidity to the waking m
.

ental
398 T HE IN T ERPRE T A TI O N OF D REAMS
fearlessly upon the sc afiol d ! O r pefl ra
p s ambition is th

w wm
mw
in t he pl ac e o f o ne o f t hos e po erful ind iv id uals ho srelg.

md th i fi y l m
w w
b y th e fo rc e o f t heir t hin king er er e o qn lt
th e c it y in hic h the heart o n n s f ma ki d i b at i e ng so c vd

vel y ,
si who a m
re i p l led by convict ion t o sen d t ho usands d

tran sform m
wa m
ation of Europe ; who , eanwhile , are n o t cure d
their o he d s
n m
and ay on e da y l ay t h e rn n n d e r t he
m
,

o f th e gu illo t ine, perhaps in t he rfil e o f o n e o f t h e G i nfi i

o r o f t he hero Da n to n ? The feature ,
“
ac c o mp an ied by a
n

to sp e ak ,
“
to uc hed

ays a m
ofi .
”
What I mea
n i
s

in Don J ua
If af e nc ta
this : w
are uc k an d T hat is fiea
“
st r sos eo ne s n :

Figaro s Wedding by Mozart mm

,
”
’
e ories sudden l y s urp up
within m n in the next m om
,

e non e of which I c a en t reca ll

ee s ervma
, .

to co n s c io u sn es s The c haracteristic phra s a n eu

tion fro mwhich aco m plete whol e is s imul t an eod y
.

t ran cc sta

put i m oti o n It need n o t be difieren t in the c as e of un

n
conscio us thought The psychic station which 0p m t he m
.

to the whole guillotine phantasy rs set in m wm

.

otio n by the a ;
sti mulus This phantasy however is not pamd in revie
.
, ,

mw w
as a ho le There is withal n o m m
w
the d rea a a s re g rded ea

of m s rem em
.
, ,

aking s ure th at one rea ll y ha b ered a n yt h in h i h

m
g e

ha s b een d rea med The same explanatio namely thg t cas

.
,

is dealing with finished phantasies which have been s et in

motion as wholes by the waking stimul us may be ap plied to
still other dream s whic h proceed fro ma waking st imula
,

mof Napoleon at the explosi m

w
w
f or ins ta n c o to t he b a tt l e drea
c f t he b o m b I do not m ea n to a ss ert tha t a ll a kin g drea m
dm m
t t he pro bl em
.

a it o f t his expla na tio o r t ha of t he a oce

di ch g
s a r e o f id eas in d r s am s is to b e a lto g eth er s o l ved i
n th f
n

We must not uegl ect th e relation of this s ec cn d ary el aben

 T HE D REAM W ORK -

t io n of m
the drea oon ten t t o t he o ther fa n t he dre a
c to rs i m
creating factors the im pulse to condense the necessity of
evading the cen sor an d t he regard for dram
, ,

atic fitness in the

m
,

p y
s c hic res o urc es of t he d rea — these firs t o f all c reat e apro

vis ion s ] drea mcontent and this is then subsequently modified

,

hardly probable . It is necessary rather to assume that the

in one of the conditions which the dreamm ust satisfy a nd ,

that this condition j ust like those of condensation of censor

ship an d of dram atic fitness sim
, ,

ulta neously afiec t the whole

mass of material in the dreamthoughts in an inductive and
, ,

selective m ann er B ut of the four conditions necessary fo r

the dreamform
.

ation the one l ast re cognised is the one whose

exac tion s appear to be least binding upon the dream
,

That this psychic function which undertakes the a o called -

secondary el abo ration of the dream content is iden tical

,

with the work of o ur waking thought m ay be inferred with

waking (fo mons c io us ) tho ught behaves towards agiven object

of perceptio n j ust exactly as t he fun ction in q uestion behaves
to ward s the dream conte nt It is natural fo r o ur waking
thought to bring about order in the m
.

ateri al of perception
tionships and to m
,

to con st ruct rel a ake it subject to t he re

,

far in doing this the tricks of pre stidigitato rs deceive us by

takin g advantage of this intellectual habit In our eff ort to .

in acom pre hensible mann er we often co m mit the most bizarre

errors and even disto rt the truth of the m
,

aterial we have
before us Proofs for this are to o generally fam il iar t o n eed

more extended consideration here We fail to see errors in a

.

printed page because o ur imagination pictures the proper words

.

The editor of awidel y rea d French pa per is said to have risked

-

the wager that he co uld prin t the words fro min fron t o r
“

frombehind in every sen te nce o f along article witho ut an y

of his readers noticing it He won the wager A curi o us ex
am ple o f incorrect associations years ago caught m
. .

y a ttent ion
in a newspaper Af ter t he session of the French cham
. ber ,
400 T H E I N T ERPRE T AT I O N OF D R EAMS

w
appare ntly already heard sev eral spea
ha
w
other who d kers
me idea ith th e variation ho e ver that ha
, .

w
had go t th e s a
m
, , ,

su s ed th is s hoo tin g to b e as i
g n o f ap p r ec iat i f ll i
pp o o n o o

an es peci ally s ucc es sful s peech .

subjects it to prelim
brings abo ut a co m
inary interpretation an d in do i so
plete mis understanding of it is no other
,

,
m
b e in every c ase to disreg a
rd t he ap paren t c o here n oe of ths

re cl ea
a r o r co nf us ed , t o fo llo w the am
s e rsgres sive
p at h to tlir

has failed see m u

c o nf s ed . S in c e the u
con f s ed p art s ol tb

we may concl ude that the secondary dre amwork is als o -

re »

If I were n o b jec t of c om
a
to s eek p a ris o n for t he d efin i
t i w
form ation of the dreamas it m a n ifes ts its el f u nd er the in
d uenes of norma thin king none better o fi rs itself th an those
l ,
e
so l o ng amused a
d ers
its The re a
re der is s u
.
pp os ed t o find a
Latin inscript ion conceal ed in agiven sentence whic h for the
m
,

sake of con tra st i n di

s i alec t and a s sc urril ous a s po a
'

b le
si

significance Fo r t his purpos e t he let t ers are taken fre mtheir

,

.
402 T H E IN TE RPRE T A TI ON O F D R EAMS
co mparable to it It do es no t in gen eral thin k c al culate “
judge at all b ut limits itself to transform
.
, ,

, in g I t c an be ex .

at its creation are kept in mind . This produc t the dream

, .

purpose the drea mat i ity mak

c v es use of t he d ss p lacemca t oj

p y
s c Mc in tc ns ities up to t he tra
n s val uat ion o f a ll ps yc hic

w
mat
w
repro d uc ed in t he eri al of vis u al and ac ous t ic t ra
c s s ct

memo y equi rem ent secures fo r the d re arm ork

w
r an d this r

a hich meets the req uirem

,

the reg r ad f or its/ , en t by

t o b e pro vid ed t ha
ab ly ) n a re ea c h nig h t at t he d is p o sal cf
m
the drea t ho ugh ts , a n d t his p urpos e is s erved b y t h e pro li fic
c ndens a
o ti n is u
o which r a nde t ken with the comp nent p t
o a rs

The afiec te of t he drea mt h ught o s un dergo leseer c hanges

than thei r present ation content . As a ru l e t hey are sup

pm at ions a
en t n d pu cco rdin g to th eir sim
t together a ilari
ty
Only one part of the dreamwork the revisi on varyin g in
— -

at all agrees with the con ception which the author s have tri d e
to extend to the entire activity of dreamform ation .
 VII
m s PSY CHO LOG Y o r TH E DRE AM ACTI V IT I ES

An o n o the dream s which I have heard fromot hers there is

w
o n e which at this point is especially worthy of o ur attention
It as tol d to m e by afem
.

w
ale patient who in turn had heard
it in alec ture on drea ms Its o rigin al so urc e is unkno n to
.

w m
w
lady , as sh e en t so far as to i itate it i e to repeat the
m m m
. .

ele en t s o f t his d rea in a dnea of her o n in order to

express by this transference her agree ent with it acertain m m
point .

Fo r da ys and nights afather had watc hed a t the sick bed of -

his c hild After t he c hil d d ied he ret ired to rest in a n a d

join ing roo m leaving the door ajar however so a
.
,

s to ena ble
himto look fro mhis roo min to the other where the co rpse l a
, , ,

surro unded by burnin g candles An old m an who a

,

s left
y
w
as awatc h sat near the corpse m urm
.
,

urin g pra yers After

sleepin g a few ho urs the father dream
.
,

w
ed that the child stood
ne bie bcd clas p ing his a rm s a nd ca lling ou t reproa chf ully
mburning
,

Fa ther don t yousee tha t I a The father woke

’

an d no ticed a bright light co m ing fromthe adjoining roo m

,

Rushing in he fo und the old m

.

an a sleep an d the covers an d

one armof the beloved body burned by the fallen candl e
, ,

The m eaning of this aff ectin g dreamis sim

.

ple en ough an d
the explan ation given by the lecturer as m
,

w y p atient repo rted

it as correct The bright light com
,

ing thro ugh the open

door into the eyes of the sleeper produced the sam e im
, .

pression
o n him as if he ha d b een a wake ; nam ely that afire had been,

w
started n ear the co rpse by afalling candl e It is quite possible .

that on going to sleep he feared that the aged guardian as

not equal to his task .

We can find nothing to ch ange in this inte rpretation We

t the contents of the dreamm
.

ca n a dd only tha ust be over

600
4 04 T HE I N T ERPRE T AT I ON OF D R E AMS

m
w w
deter in ed a nd that the ta
, lking of the c hild o on s is ted of
p hras es t hat i
t had ut tered hil e s till livi
n g hic h reoa ll ed te

m m m
,

the fath er i port ant events Perhaps the co p l aint , I “

m
.

burning , recalled the fever fro which the ch il d died, and

”

Father don t yo u see rec alled an

“
the words q uoted ’

em
, ,

wa
otional occurrence unknown to us
ma am
.

wu
the drea
w a
B ut after e h ve rec ognisc d s efix
l

w
occ urren c e hich c n b e c o rrel at ed it h o r p y
s c hic exis tence

may mh
.

it be surpris ing t hat a drea s uld h

o ve t d cen ph n
under circ umstances which necessitated suc h immed iate
awaken in g We a ls o
. n o t ic e that th e d rea md oes no t lac k the

fat her it s elf ; it co m

an d c lups his
es t o his bed as it m
w
probably did on the occasion which gave or igin t o th e first
part o f t he sp eec h i
n th e drcam It as for t he s ak e c i this
.

dreamtriumphed over the conscio us reflection becaus e it cod !

we notice that in spite of this fac t the dreamstill prese n

from o ur conscious thi n king and thus clearly demands an

ex planation Afte r clearin g up all the problem
tion e caw
.

n st ill feel how i

s oi int erpa
,

mperfect o ur psyc ho lo g ot fit
-
w
dreamis
,

of o ur journey . Hitherto al l the paths wa

e h ve fono wd
4 06 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D REA MS

dreamcontent m
w wa
For, when we pay atM tion t o o ur drea
mplai m m
.
.

w mm w w
e o ften find c aus e to co n thath ve d re a ed u
e ch

m o re than e re e b er ; t ha t u n fortu na tely , e k n o n othing

m m m
,

ore t han this one frag e n t , an d t h at eve n t his s ee s t o ua

ta
rily but a
ls o del usi n d fa
vel y a ls el y . Jus t a
s on t h e o ne hnnd

w mm
may wd w a amw w
co nnected an d c o nf us ed a
s e re e b er it , so on t h e other
hand e o ub t aa
het hera
s dre s s c o n n ec t e d

te it ; whether in the attem

w
rela pt at repro duc t ion we have
n ot fill ed in t he g aps exis tin g or c aus ed b y f orget f ul n em i
th

b elliehed u
ro n d ed o fi, a
nd p p
re red a the drea m so t ha
t sfl
j udgment as to its real content becomes im
,

possi ble . In deed .

m t wa
w w
all it in da
wm
our atte pt o rec Thus e re nger of having

d f m u ha d t h
.

res te ro o r n s e very s ub jec t hc s e valn e e h

In o ur dreaminterpretations we hav e th us f ar
.
g
i n
ored

most insignificant a d most unce t ain ing edient n r r s of the

d amcont nt than in those containing the disti ct
,

w an d dc
re e n

fi it pat
n e I th d a m f l ma i j ti
rs . n e re o r
’
s n ec on e read
“
l ,

sm all addendumwould not have gotten into the dreamif it

had no t had as pec ial derivation Thus we reac hed t he hist ory .

of that unfortunate patient to whose bed I quic kly called

m w
which treate d the difference between 5 1 and 5 6 as qua d-ll “

u m m
w m m a
s the n u be r 5 1 as repeatedly entioned Inst e d
g ,
.

‘
of fin ding th is s elf eviden t nr ind ifl ere n t e infe d fro fl
asecond t ain of thought mthe ta t cont t of the d m
-
,

wu u w
ru
r [s r en

n umbe
a w
which led t o t he By
r 5 1 fo ll o ing p th is ol e o
am a aa m
.

c e to t he fe rs a
hich p l c ed 5 l ye rs s l i it o f life thh
m m m
,

being in os t arked c o ntrast to ado in an t train of thought

PSYC HOLOGY OF DREAM A C T I VI T IES 407

which boastful ly knew no lim it to life In the dream Non .

V ixit I fo un d as an insignifica nt in terposition that I at first

overlooked the sentence As P does not understand him
,

Fl as h m The interpretation then co m

, , .
,
”
. e &c ing to a
standstil l I returned to these words and foun d thro ugh them
, .

, ,

Seldomhave yo u un d ers to od me
Seldomhave I un d ers to od you
,

B ut wh en w
e got in to t he m ir e
We at on ce und ers to od eac h o th er
,

insignificant features of the dreamare indispensable to the

if ww e a sens el ess o r ins u c ien t ording

ere co n fro n ted by m w
betraying an unsuccessful efiort to transl ate the dreamin the

In brief what the autho rities have considere d arbitrary

, i m
treated like a sacred text . This contra
d iction req uires an

It is in o ur favour witho ut disparagement to the autho rities

Fro mthe viewpoin t of our newly acq ui red un d erstanding con
.
,

perfect agreement . It is true that we disto rt the dreamin

stood secondary elabo ration of the dreamthrough the in flu

ence of no rmal thinking B ut this disto rtion is its elf only a
part of the elaboration to which the dream tho ughts are
.

dreamdisto rtion m ost obviously at work to us this is of little

importance fo r we kn ow that am
, o re prolific work of dis to rtion ,
408 T HE IN TE RPRE T A T I O N OF D REAMS

mmy mm tay i t ti m
w
b e far fro o en r n en on J us t as f ar fro utt
‘

a t h mdifi ati m m
.

w w
t rary re e hi h c c o ns c the d r ea ex peri cu
thro ug h t he s ion
revi of t he aking st ate T h ey . nn i
n m
they ta
may
k e, a
nd serve to wu
s ho w
a s t he y to t h m
°

c w w t en t , hich

am w a m
t elf
is bo the subs tit te fo r no thcr u a
amac c uston ed
.

wc
In t he ana lys is of dre s ith p ti it s l
to institute the following proof of this assertio n h i h his
m
,

never prc ved unsuc c ess f ul I f the report of adre a q ipun

m m
.

w
to e at firs t difi c ul t to understand J ie ques t t h e d i
to repe at it . T his he a
r rely does in thc s ame o rds . Th

kno w n to m a the s e wa e k po in ts of th e drea m di g ui w ’

hi ll s s s e, c

are of the same servic e to ma e s the emb id d mak

ro ere r on

the drea m a d immd iat ly

, n e e , under t he i puls e of m ces is t ance ,

w u ww m
mment w
als o dra c on c l sion s as to the a
c re ith hich the dre fs

m
ia wove s n

The authors are however les s jm

.

im
t ific d in giving s o
portan ce to the doubt hich o ur j udgm
,

ent en c o untcu in w ,
410 T HE I N TERP RE T A TI ON O F D REAMS
Whether t his or that as containc d in t he dreaml w dc not

know b ut the following thoughts oc cur to me in th is M n

”

m lf
, .

B ut he n ever express es an d it is jus t th is dis

hi t hus ;
m
se

turb ing influence of doubt in t he analys is that s t am it a s

an o fishoot and in s trum en t o f the ps yc hic res is t anc e Psyche .

w
analysis is jus tl y su cio u
sp i s On e of its rul es rea d s : WM .

the cont inu ation of thc ork is arcs istan ce

forgetting o f dream too rem ains im t ho m
.

w w
s fa ahle u , ,

e do n o t c o nsidcr t he forc e of the p s y c hic c s or i

n
aa
its expl n tion The i deed
. re a
feeling , n ; , th a
t on e has d m
t
great d eal d urin g t he nigh t a
n d has retained o n l y a l it t le c f it
may have an other mean ing in a numbn of c as es It may '
.

thro ughout the night and has left behi n d on ly t hmshort

t ib ly
'

dream There is however no doubt of the fact that th e dream

,

.
, ,

in spite of pai
n ful efio rt to re mmb e er . I bel ieve, h o wevcr,

knowledge judging the mby t h

urring in t he d rea m e a
g ps occ

m
.
,

All tha t has b een los t t hro ug h f o rge tt in g in ad re a c o n t uit

m
m
can o ften b e b ro ugh t b k t h ro u g h an a lysis A t leas t i n a
whole series of cases it is possible to disco ver fro mo n e ai
.

rem ain ing fragm ent not the dreamto be sure which is o f little
,

im portance b ut all the th o ughts o f the dream I t requires .

, , ,

.
,

that is al l . But at,

t he s ame time this sugges ts
, t hat t h e for

A convincing proof of th e purposeful nature of dream

forgetting in the service of re sistance is gained in an a
, lfi s ,

This part of the dreamsnatched fromforgetfulnc mis al ways

the m ost im portant part It lies on the shortest road toward
m and for that very reaso n it rm
.

t he sol ution of the drea

most objectionable to the resistance Amon g the exempla cf
,

drea ms that I have collec ted in con nec tio n it h this aunties
.

w .
PSYC HOLOGY OF DREAM AC T I V I T IES 41 1

of its b ein g in part co a

rse and na
s ty Th e part o mit t ed re a
d
m
.

I sa id about a book by Schiller, It is fro b ut cor

re c ted myself , fo r I n oticed the mistake myself ,

‘
It is by .
’

w w
correctly
The self correction in dream s hich seem
.

-
s so o n derf ul to
som e authors does not m
,

erit consideration by us I shall rather

s how fro mm m m m m m
, .

y own e o ry the odel fo r the gr a a tical

Engla m
nd fo r the first t i e, an d s pen t aday on the sho re of the
Iris h Sea I na tu
. rall y a u s ed y s elf b y c atcmhin g t h em se a

with as tarfish ( the dreambegins with Holl th urn Holothurian )

—
when apretty little girl cam e over to m sked m
,

e a nd a e Is ,

it astarfish I ans wered Yes he is alive

w
Is it a
“
live
med of my mistake and repeated the sentence
, , ,

but a s then a s ha

the dreamsubstitutes another which is quite com mon with

Germ ans Da s Bu ch ist von S chiller should not be trans
late d by the book is f romb ut the book is by That the dream
.

.
,

the Germ an adjecti ve from m(pious devout ) no longer surprises

us aft er all t hat e ha ve h eard aw
bout t he aims of the dream
, ,

B ut what is the m eaning of the harmless recollection of the

seashore in relat ion to the dream? It exp lains by m eans of a

tie.that I have put he the word denotin g the sex o r the

,

sexual where it does not belong This is surely one of the

ms Who ever has heard o f the
.
,

keys to t he so l ution of d rea .

412 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AMS
oc ulos that t he forgett ing in drea mi
in greas t pa
s r t du e to thc

m
w
a c tivit y o f res ist anc e A pa t ien t tell s rne tha t he h a s d rea sd

m
.
,

c asc

w w
b ut tha t th e du ea ha s va ni s hed ith o ut leavin g a tra
W
w
if no thing ha d ha pp en e d e c o n ti n ue t o o n k h o c v e r ; l
m
.
,

s tri ke ares is t a nc e hic h l ake p ain o t he pafien t ; b y en

l t - o

co u ra i
g gn and u r i
g g
n I hel
p h i mt o bec o e reo o n c il m
ed t o s o e m
disagreeab l e tho ugh t ; an d as soo n ss l have s uc c eeded ho
The

caus ed himalso to fo rget t he dream By o m m ing thi

nce I b ro ught the dreamtc m em
.

w
re sis ta o ry

w
me ay the patimt may on reac h in g a c cctd n
.
,

pa
or m
rt
In the sa
o f t
o re da
he o

b
wr

e
k
f
,

or
r

e
ec

a
a
n
ll
d
ad
h
r

i
e

c
a
h
m
wh
w
as
hi
r
c

e
h to

s t ed i
ok
n
p
o
l
bh
a
c

v
e

i
t hr e
,

c , m
ys o n

ll t his tim
,

ou t a e .

proo f of the fac t that t he forget t ing of diea m d p md s m

s e

w aut horit ies h m bc

mm w
t he a king and sl eeping st ates , ss thc

w w
lieved I t of ten happens as ell a
s t o the o t h er anal yu
h
and to patient s un der t reatm
.

en t t ha t e a re a a k ened frc n
,

wu w
w
o l d ha pp e n t h a t af t er t he a aken in g l h a ve jus t a s c c in

m
w
p l ete l y fo rgo tten th e i
n t e r pre t at ic n o rk as t he d re a o o n t u it
its elf , t ho ugh s s a a re t h a t I ha d drea c d a n d t ha m
t I ha d

taken alon into forg e

g
tfulness the result of e
th in t erpretati m

am m
w
ex l e o f a n es ia fo r diss o c i
a t c d st ates and th at t he in
p
m m
,

pos s ib i
li t y o f h a r o n i
s ing y t h e ory ith o t hcr t yp c s af
amnesiamakes it also valueless for other purposes He that
makcs the rand er suspect t hat in all his dmcriptien of n ch
.
414 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION O F D R EAM
hysterical attac k of anxiety hic h the pat ien t a o man orer w , w
w w
forty years of lags had experienced in her fift e en th year ‘

may an in form al ay to so m
.
,

ww
I no pro c eed in e fnrthc r

ms hic h ill pahs ps

ww
o b s ervations on t he in terpreta t ion o f dre a
d er ho is hes to tes t m
,

be o f servic e to the rea y as s ert io n by

the analysis of his own dream s
No o ne m t ions o f h is d rm s
.

ust expect th a t th e in terpret a

is req uired even fo r t h e p m ptiee on of en d o pt ic p h en o mm

al t hough t his gro up of perc ept ions is not opp o eed by my

wa m w
w
t o d o t h is ill h ful fil the require en ts la
ve to id do n in thia
treatise Obeying t he rules here given he ill strive d uring the
m m
.
,

work to curb in hi self every critique ev y prej udice, and ,

'

be mi df uln of the prec e pt of Claud e B ern ard for t he exp eri

-

—m
ww
un e béte eaning he should be j ust as persisten t b ut a lso
md
,

jus t as un oon c e e abo ut th e

He res ult s . ho ill fo l lov
these coun sels will sure ly no longer find the task difficult The
interpre ation of a dreamcan n ot always be accomplished in
.

t
one sess ion ; yo uoften feel afte r following up aco n c at anon
, m '

w
of thoughts that your working capacity is exhaus te d ; the
m ill n ot tell yo uan yt hin g mo re o n that day ; it is th m
,

drea

the dre amthoughts . We may call this the fr wma t io ry

"

p ret
It is
atio n o f dream
most
s to
difficul t

finished tho ugh he 18 in possession of acom

t o in d u
re c o gn i
se
ce the
the fa
b egin ner in the inter
c t t ha t his tas k is w
w w
plete int erpretation
of the dream hic h is ingen io us and c on nect ed and hich
ll the elem ents of t he dream Besides this ano ther
,

expla ins a
superim posed in terpre tation of the sam e dreamm
.

w
ay be pos
sib le hich ha s es c aped him It is real ly no t sin. l e to fo rm m
m T a lated b y A A B ill appeari g u de t he titl e Sd t d P p - n
r ns . . r ,
n n r oc c o i

Hy n ia
-
.
PSYC HOLOGY OF DREAM AC T IV I T IES 41 5

st riving fo r expression in o ur minds , a

nd to believe in the

wit h its ambiguous manne f exp essio seven flies with

r o r n, one

s t ro ke, like the jou neym

r an t ail i the fai y tale Th
or n ad r . e re er

ww a w
squand ering his ingenuity , b ut s ha
anyone who ha d experien ce
of his o n ill le rn to kno b ette r .

be answere d in the n egative On e must not fo rget that in the

work of in terpretation o n e m
.

ust cope with the ps ychic forces

which are responsible fo r the disto rtion of the dream Whether
n bec o me m
.

on e c a aster o f the in n er res is tan ces through his

becom es a question of the prep onderance of forces I t is

always possible to m ake so m
.

e progress On e can at least go

gh to become convinced that the dreamis an ingenious
.

fa r eno u

construction generally far enough to gain an ideaof its m ean

It happens very often that a second dreamconfirm
,

in g s
med fo r the first A
.

wmm w
an d continues the interpretation a s su

m m
.

ho le es of
seri drea s runn in g fo r eeks o r on th s res t s on

a co on ba
sis, a s th erefore t o be in t erpre t ed lu con
nd i

n ec tio nIn dream

. s following eac h other it m ay be often ,

w
observed how on e takes a s its central point what is in dicated
only as the periphery of the next o r it is j ust the other ay
so th at the two supplement each other in interpretation
, ,

That the different dream s of the sam

.

e night are quite regu

larly in the interpretation to be treated as a whole I h ave

Inthe best inte rpreted dream s we mus t often leave o ne

portion in obscurity because we observe in the in terpre tation
that it repres en ts the beginning of atangle of dreamtho ughts
which cannot be unravell ed b ut which has furn i shed no new
contribution to the dreamcontent This then is the keyston e
of the dream the place at which it m
.
, ,

oun ts into the unkn own

mthoughts which we come upon in the in terpre
.
,

Fo r the drea

of thoughts . It is fromsome denser portion of this te xture

416 T HE IN TE RP RET A T I ON O F D REAMS

mycelium
w m m m
.

wm
Ie t us n o ret u to t he fac n dre a f org ot t in g a s ve -

m
,

ha
w w
ve rea ll y n eg lect ed t o dra a n i porta n t cou el n s io n f n

m If t he a k in g lif e s ho s a is t ak ab l e in t cn tiou m
w
the n u n

m m m
.

t o toag et t he d rea fo r ed at n i
g h t eith er as a h o l e , h
, n edi

the d ay, a f
nd i w e rec o gnis e a
s t he c hief p ut ic ip at o r i
n mfi

ww
a ay ith th e dreamas t hough it ha
w
d never h a pp en ed B
m m
.

w
e take in t o c ons ideration th e p lay o f t he p y
s c h ic f n

are fo rced to ass ert th a t t he dream ould have nev er c em s

We c on cl ude then that th e re s is tnme

w w
as d uring th e day
e lm
. ,

w
lo s es a pa rt o f its f orc e d u n g t he nigh t ;
ri th at n
m
o

as no t b es n ext in g uished as e have dem on s tmted its in t

h
in the dreamform
,

ation in the production of the dis t o rtion

.

We have then forced upo n us t he poesibility t hat it ab atcs ot

night that the dreamfo rm s beco m e po mhl e v id
, ,

ation ha
'

w w
stand that havin g regained its full power with the awakening
mmdiat l y dm m
, .

w
it i e a
si de ha
e t it a
s f o rc ed to a
s et s it as l

as it a s in a beyanc e Descriptive psycholo gy t eaches us

t the chief determ mfo rmation is t h e do m
.

t ha inan t in d rea t

dation T he sleeping state

: mak ad eamf m
e ati M
r or on t,
m
di in ishing the en do peyt hic cens or .

t he o nl y o ne po s s ible mmt h
fdrear fo
q eet tfa
gctsand of m m
m m
,

w
to develop fro it further deduction s co nc ing the [no
m
w w
p o rt ion s o f en ergy in t he s lee i
p gn an d aking s t at Bu t .

e s ha ll s to p here f o r the p rc sen t When e have p enet n tul .

thoughts co mi g n to cons c i u
o s ness may perh a
p s in cl uded
41 8 T HE I N TERPRE T A T I ON O F D REAMS
equivalent of the dre am B ut all this is ac co mpanied by
arbitrary procedure and over ingenio us exp l oit at icmof c an
.

- .

ciden ce Anyone who will go to this us eless tro ub k c an in

.

If such objections are really a d va nced against us we m ay

greemen t o f o ur dreamint erpre
,

ref e r in o u r defen ce to the a

the surprising connections with other dream

w
tations to
elem
,

en ts which appear in follo ing o ut the difiere n t particula

r

m amin tap re
w w
perfectly covers an d explains the drea a s ou r M

tat ions do co uld b e gain ed o t her ise th an b y f o llo in g psychio

selves by the fact that the method of dreamanal ys is is iden tica

l
with the m ethod used in the sol ution of hysterical sym p tom ,

the el ucidation of the text by the in terposed ill ustration.

finds corroboration B ut we have no object in avo id ing thb
problem how one can reach to a pre established aimby
—
.

following a chain of thoughts spun out thus a r bitrarily and

aim —
lessly fo r though we are unabl e to solve t h e pro blun
, ,

w
we can get rid of it entirely
dem
.

I t is in fa
w
ct onstrably incorrect to state that e
ab andon ourselves to an aim less course of thought hen “
in the interpretation of dream
.

s we relinquish o ur reflection
,

are familiar to us and t hat as soon as these sto p t he un l o n mw

m
.
,

or a s we s ay ore precisely the unconscio s end pa

u ~ e s entv

tions im mediate ly come into play which now det ermined the
, ,

course of the unwished for presen tations A m

, ,

-
ode of think .

ing without end ideacan surely n o t be brought about throu

-
gh
an y influ ence we can exert on our own m enta l l ife ; nor de l
know either of any state of psychic derangem mt in M
have in this field m uc h to o ea
r ly rejecte d the solidit y of the

ps ychic structure I have ascertained that an unreg ulated

streamof thoughts devoid of the end presentat ion occurs a
.

littl e in t he red mo f hy steriaa aas in th e form

, ,

nd pa ra no i at lon
PSYC HOLOGY OF DREAM AC T I V I T IES 419

or solution of dream s Perhaps it does not appear at all in

.

w
the endogen ous psychic efiec tio ns b ut even t he deliri a of ,

confused states are senseful ording to the ingen io us theory

om ission s I have co m
. e to the sam e con viction wherever I
have found opportunity for observation The deliri aare the
work of acen so r which no longer m
.

akes an y efiort to conceal

its sway which instead of lending its support to arevision no
lon ger obnoxious to it cancels m
, ,

g ardles s l y that which it raises

objection s against thus causing the rem
,

, nant to appear dis

newspaper censor on the fron tier who allows to fall into the
,

o rganic brain lesions . What however is taken as such in

, ,

of the censo r on aseries of thoughts which have been pushed

has been considered an unmistakable sign of associ ation fre e

( or pictures ) were con nected with one another by means of

thro ugh al l those ass ociations which we allow o urselves to

make us e of in wit and pl ay upon words This distinguishing
mark proves true fo r the connections of thought which lea
.

d
us fro mthe elem ents of the dreamconten t to the collaterals
an d fro mthese to the thoughts of the dreamproper of this
,

we h ave in o ur dream analy sis fo und m

w
any surpris ing ex
am ples No connection a s there too loose a n d no wit too

s abridge fro m
.

object ionable to serve a one tho ught to another

nding o f such tolerance is not rem
.

B ut the correct understa ote .

aaobno ious w or mp er c ic l
fi association J here aleo exis ls acmect

Jun g
ha b
l lia ty c bo ated thi tateme t by a a ly e
m
ri of

m gy f
s n l o rro r s s n n s s

De m a Praec ox ( M P
en t i . M ooD um fi P t n - s l
oa t e
rcd n by
F . Pt
e erson an d A A Bri. ll ). .
4 20 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON O F D REA MS

to the resis tanc e oj the cen s or .

m
w
trafiic , g sa n in unda tion sho ul d ren der i pas s able t h e long
ve t o b e m
. .
, ,

an d b ro a
d t h o roughfa res ; trafiic onl d then ha ain
tained thro ugh incon venient a nd steep f ootpa ths ot h erwise

w
es sen t i all y one . In t he first a
c se th e c ens c r is direc t e d only
against the connection of the two thoughts , hic h , having

t wtho ghts
o then enter suc cessively into c o n s c io us nca
u
their con nection rem
w ww wwu
ains concealed ; b ut in its pla
c e thae o c cuu
tous as uperficial co nn ec t ion b et een t he t o hic h e o ld
not otherwise have thought of and which as arul e onn ects c

with another angle of the pre sen tation com

,

plex ins te ad of
with the one giving rise to t he suppressed b ut mentiel con
n ec t ion Or in the second ca se both though ts on ac c ount of
their conten t succumb to the censor ; both then app ear not
.
, ,

in their correct but in am odified substituted form; an d bot h

thro ugh asuperfici al association the essen tial , rel ation which

Under the pressure of the censor the displa

c e ent of an or sl m m
an d vital a
s soci ation by asuperficial and appa ren tly absurd
one has thus occurred in both cases .

m
mc d t t yh d
The sa e on si eraio ns n au ra ll ol tru s a ls o fo r t h e ca so v hsn
p fic
s u er ia c t
l a xp d
aio n s a
s so i d m
re e n t he rea , a
os e i s, a 9 in b
p t h M rs
m
w
—
.
,

w mm w w
ed by M y
—
aur M M
60, ags kilo etsr
ia Lopsr I kn o fro y o rlr it h n eu ro t ic s hat
m c c
re in i s en e f tre eren i t f th m
al] re to i s el in is a n n er I t 5 t bs
.
4 22 T H E I N TE RPRE T A T I ON O F D R E AMS

b
( ) R io
wthat we have guaded against objec
egress n .

No r t io n , or at last
indicated where o ur weapons for defence rest we n eed n o lcnp ,

wa
delay en tering upon the psychological inves tigatio n s fo r which
e h ve so lon g prepa
Let us brin g to g et h er th e
red a
in m
m
.

res ults of o ur in vestigations up to this po in t T he drea is

mm m m
.

w w
a o ento us psychic a ct its otive power is at all ti es to
fulfil a wish ; its indisc ernib l en s as s is h an d it s any m
m
w
peculiarities and absurdities are due to the in fiu rc e of tho
psychic censo r to hich it has b een sub jeoted d urin g its frr
m ation Apa rt fro m
the pressure to withdraw its el f fro this m
m
.

cen sor, the following have played a part in its for ation : a
strong tendency to the condensation of psych i c mate ial r . a

of these propositions the road leads further to psyc h ologica

l
postulates and assum
wm wa
ptions Thus the recipro cal rel ation of
.

t he is h o t ives a
nd th e fo ur conditi
ons , as ell s the

w
elations of these conditions to one another will have to be
m
r

investigated ; and the dream ill have to be b ro ug ht in

At t he b eginnin g of t his ch a
ptw
er e cited adrea in m osd u
to re mi d n us of t he ddl es
ri th at are st i
ll un s ol v ed . Thain

w
although it a
difi c ul t ies , s not perf ectly given in o u

sense We asked o ursel ves why it as ne

that the father sho uld dreaminstead of awaken in g and
.
r pu ma“
aft er all w w ,

w .

s ed th e
reco gn i w
is h to repm t the chil d a s l iv in g a s the
,

after later d isc ussions For the present therfi ore we m a

y y
sa
that fo r the sake o f the wish ful filmen t the m
.
, ,

en tal p ro m of -

the wish real isation is m

w
If ade retrogres sive on l y our
q uality still rem ain s which separates the t o form
,

s of ps ychic

rren c es fro mea ch other The dreamth ought m

w
occ u igh t hv r
I see a glim mer comin g fro mthe roomin hich thr
.

rea
“
d :
c orps e repos es . Perhap s acan dl e hu been ups et an d t he child
PSYC H OLOGY OF DREAM AC T IV I T IES 4 28

is burning The dreamrepo rts the res ult of this reflection

un changed , b ut represents it in asituation which takes place

experience in the waking state . This however is the

, , most
dream; at ho ugh t us ually th e o ne ished fo r is in the dream w
made objective and represented as ascene o r according to o ur
, ,

, ,

B uthow are we now to explain this chara c teristic

peculiarity of the dreamwork or to speak more modestly

-
, , ,

how are we to bring it into relation with t he psychic

processes ?

perhaps the other is the transformation of the thought

into visual pictures and into speech
The transform ation in the dreamtho ughts which shifts
.

in this particular dreamnot so very striking . This is probably

which the dreamwish does n o t separate i elf in sleep fro ma

-

contin uation of the waking tho ughts e g the dreamof Irm as

w '

injection Here the dreamthought rea c hing repm

, . .
,

sen tat ion

is in the optative If Otto co uld only be blam ed fo r Irm
.

as
’

The dreamsuppresses the optative and replaces

,

sickness l
it by a sim Yes Otto is to blam e for Irm
,

ple present “
as
’
, ,

dreamundertakes with the dreamth ought

wa
the undisto rted
m
.

B ut e sh ll no t s t o p long at t his firs t pec uliarity o f t he d rea .

We elucidate it by a reference to the conscious phanta s y,

the day dream which behaves sim

, ilarly with its presentation
content When B audet s Mr Joyeuse wanders through the
’

street s of Paris un empl oyed while his daughter is led to be

. .

lieve that he has a position an d is in his o ffice he likewise ,

to obtain protection an d a position . The dream therefore

 4 24 T HE IN TE RPRE T A TI ON O F D R EAMS
righ
w
t as the day dream The pmen t is the t s e in hich
t he is h is repres en t ed a s fu l fil led
. m w
The second quality however is peculiar to t he d reamas
.

distinguished fro mthe day dream namely th at fi e pres ent»

, ,

, ,

w w w w w
tion content is not thought b ut changed in to p erc ept ible
im
,

ag es to hic h e g i
v e c re d en c e an d h ic h e b el i
e ve e

with Professo r N is of that nature ; it contains hard ly more

perceptible elem
.

ents tha n if I had thought its con t en t during

which have experienced the tran sform

not ation in to t he per »

cep tib le, an d which are simply thought o r kn own as we a re

imag es do es n o t o cc ur in dreams on l y b ut also in h all uc i m

health or as symptom
w
s in the psychoneuroses In brief the .
,

w
tion which we are investigating here is in n o a
rel a y an

excl usive one the fact rem ains however that here thh
m mt
, ,

aa
c h r c ter o f th e drea c cc urs it appears to us a
s the cs

mth
,

note worthy so that we ca n not think of it a part fro e

dreamlife Its explanation however require s avery detailed
,

.
, ,

discussion
Am ong all the observations on the theory of dream
.

s to be
found in authorities on the subject I should like to lay s t res
being worth m
,

m
upon one a s entioning The great 0 T . . .

Fechner expresses his belief (Psychopltysib Part 11

“ 3

in connection with so m m
. .
,

e discussion de voted to the pdrea

t hat the se at of th e drea mi s else w here than i
n the wma
.

q ualities of the dreamlife .

The ideawhich is pl a c ed at our dis p c s al is on e of p y

s c bic

psychic apparatus with which we are here M ing is aho

fully avoid the temptation to determine t he ps yc hic lo cality

426 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DR EAMS

ap p anat us aeem
We thus ascrib e to
w w
in inn ervations ihle th e
an d am e fin d as y s t em hich
.

o to r en d ; at th e sensib l e en d
receives the perceptions a nd at the m oto r an d an o ther which
,

takes ite co urse fro mth e perc ep t io n en d t o th e mt ility

o end

The most common scheme of the psychic apparatus ha

s there

‘
ll xo . l .

B ut this is on l y in co mplia nce w ith the de ma d n lon g funilin

to us that the psychic apparatus
, must be cons tructed like a

psychic activity
We have now reason to adm
.

it afirst differe ntiat io n at e

sensible end The perceptions that co m e to us l eave atra m
w
in o ur psychic apparatus which we m m
.

w
ay ca ll a “
M e ory
trace ”
The function which relates to this m em o ry tra ce e

call the m em
.

ory If we hold seriously to o ur resol ut io n to

m mm y t a
.

co nn ec t the ps yc hic pro c ess es in to s ys te s , the e or r ce

mmt d th
w
c an t hen con sis t on ly o f l a
s t ing cha
n ges in th e el e s e

systems B ut as has aliead y b een s ho n in o t her ph cm

me systemfai thf ul ly
.
, ,

n d the sa
obvious difficulties arise if on e a
pres erves cah n gesin its elemen ts and st ill remain e fres h a
nd
capable of adm itting new m otives for change Fol lowin g the .

princ iple which directs o ur undertaking we shall distribute ,

t hat afirs t app a

s ys t e ra mf
t us takes up the s t ixnul i of
c t he
percep tion b ut retains nothing fro them that is it has no
m —
memory ; and that behind this th ere lies a secon d sy st e m
, ,

which transform s the m om entary excitem ent of t he first int o

PSYC H OLOGY OF DRE AM AC T I VI T IES 4 27

of o ur psychic

Fro . 2 .

It is kn own that fro mthe percept ions that ac t on the P

syst em we retain som ething else as lasting as the content

m
en ti lac king in memo y r , it certainly cannot preser ve

perception Hence we must on the contrary ass ume that

the m em w
ory systemis the b aof the association The fact
, ,
.

—
of the association then consists in this that in consequence
of the dim in utions in resistance and asm
, , ,

oothing of the ways

fro m one of the Memelem -
ents the excitem ent trans mits
rd Memsyste m
,

itself to aseco nd ra ther tha n to at hi -

.

not one but m any such Men s yst em s in which the sa me

excitement propagated by the P elem
,

en ts experiences adi ver

-

while in those lying further away the same exciting m aterial

will be arranged accord ing to other form s of co n c urx
e nc e ;

represented thro ugh these late r s ystems . It wo uld naturally

 mt wmm material d
—
ww
of its ie l ations to el e en s o f r a e or y y nt is
aprofo und er theory in t h e g radafiem
.

if e is h to poin t to

We may in sert here an ohs erv ation of a gen eral n atuie

sy st e mw
hi h c p o ss ess es no c apabilit y of pres er vin g c h ng a a
an d hence no m emory furn ishes fo r o ur consc io usness the
,

entire man ifoldness of the sen sible qualities O ur m em

,

ories .
.

a be
c n mad e
conscio us b ut there c an be no doubt that they
,

develop all their influences in the unconscious s tate What

w mu mm y
.

e ter o aa
r c h r c te r is b a
s ed to b e s ure on t he e or

traces of our m imp sio

, ,

i presno ns , and indeed on t hes e res ns

that have afiec ted us most st ongly r , those of o ur early yout h

become conscious again they show no sensible quality o r avery

md that mm y a d qual ity w

aw
be c on fir e du d ah fi a]
e or n e e c o er, s .

s mi u ai th l y t mia M amost p misi g

o o sn es n e ‘’
e s e co n ro n

insight al it lf to u in the dete m

rev e inatio s f the n m
s ee s r n o e oti

mt
-

w
ex cite

Wh at e have so far ass um ed c o n c ernin g th e c o m os i

.

p t ion
of the psy chic apparatus at the sen sible en d follows regardl u
of the dreamand the psychological explanations derived from
.
, w
it The dream ho ever serves as asourc e of pre o f for ths ,

knowledge of another part of the apparatus We h ave sea:

that it becam e impossible to explain the dream f o rm
.

w
un less e ven tured to a ss u
afion
me tWO psychic in s t en c es o ne of ,

which subjected the ac t ivity of the other to a c r itique a s

a consequence of which the excl usion from c o n s c ioum

closer relations with consciousness than the crit io med

'

The
form
.

er stands between the latter and consciousn es s lila c a

screen We have m
. oreover fo und essential reasons fo r it!»
, ,

If wwa
e no repl c e th es e inst a n the devel o
n c es i mmt of o r u
theory b y s ys te m ths, e cri
ticis ing sys te mi s then t o b e a
ecrihed
480 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON O F D R E AMS
dream thoughts gain ad m
w
ission to consciousn ess b ut the ,

w
question arises in what ay an d because of wh at ch ange If
th is ad mission as rendered possible to the dre am thoughts
, .

through the fa c t that the resistance watching on the bo undary

between the un conscio us an d foreconscio us s inks at n ight ,

The sinking of the censor bet ween the two systems Unc
an d Force can explain to us only such dream
.
,

s as Auto
“

ms like the one of th e burning child

,

d ida b ut not dre a

”
s ker

which we have taken as a problemat the o utset in these

, ,

ll ucinatory dreamwe c an de
w
Wh at takes pla c e in the ha

scribe in no other ay than by saying that the exc it em ent

takes aretro gressive course It takes its station not at the
moto r an d of the apparatus but at the sensible en d an d finally
.
,

w
c hes the s ystemof the perceptions

w
, ,

rea If e c all t h e direc

tion to wards which the psychic process contin ues from e
.

ths n s peak of th e drea ma hai g a

aa t er
s vn regres sive c h r c

This regression is surely one of the most important peculi

.

arit ies of the dreamprocess ; b ut we m ust not forget that it

p res en t ation ac t to t he a
r wma tcrial of t he mm e o ry t ra
ces

backward does not reach beyond the m emory pictures ; it

is unable to produce the hall ucinatory vividn ess of the per
c ept ion pictures Why is this diff erent in the dream3 When
we spoke of the condensation work of the dreamwe co uld not
.

avoid the a ssum ption that the intensities ad hering to the

the dreamwork -
. It is probably this modification of the fo r m
s

m sensual

w
s ys te of P to it s full vividn es s in th e o p pc ei
te

w
di rectio n fro mthought
t we are far fro mdel uding o urselv es abo ut
.

I hope tha e

im portance of this present discussion We have do n e no .

PSYC HOLOGY OF DREAM AC T I VI T I ES 431

mo e than
r give aname to an inexplicable phenomenon . We

ba
ck perceptible im
to t he age fromwhich it once origin ated
B ut even this step dem an ds j us tification Why this nam
.

w
. ing ,

if it does no t teac h us an ythin g new 2 I believe ho ever

that the nam
, ,

e Regres sio n will serve us to the extent of

“ ’

connecting afact famili ar to us with aschem e of the ps ychic

apparatus which is supplied with adire ction At this poin t
fo r the first t im
.
,

e it is wo rth the trouble to construct such a

schem e Fo r with the help of this schem
,

e an y other pec uli

arity of the dreamform ation will beco m
.
, ,

e clear to us without
further reflection If we look upon the dreamas a process
of regression in the assumed psychic apparatus we c an readily
.

understand the em pirically proven fact that all m

,

ental relation
of the dreamthoughts either is lost in the dreamwork o r -

ca n co me to expression only wi th difficul ty Accordin g to o ur

schem e thes e m
.

ental relations are co n tained not in the first

Momsystem
,

-
s b ut in those lying further to the fro nt an d in
t he regre ssion they m
, ,

ust forfeit their exp ress ion in favo ur of

the perception pictures T he structure of the dreamthoug hts is
mb mv mtw
.

in the reyres s ic roleen up in to its r ial .

assumption There must evidently be so m e alterations in

the ch arg e of energy belonging to the sin gle systems causing
.

the latter to become accessible o r inaccess ible to the discharge

of the excitem ent ; b ut in an y such app aratus the sam e eff ect
upon the course of excite m ent m ight be brought about thro ugh

us of the state of sleep an d of the m any changes of energy

this state pro d uc es at the sen sible en d of the apparatus
During the day there is acon tinuo us co ursin g streamfro mthe
.

‘lfl sy st emof the P towa rd the m otility this curren t ceases

at night an d no longer hinders astream ing of the current of
excite m
,

ent in the opposite direction This wo uld appear to

be that seclusion fro mthe outer world which accordin g to
.

the theory of so m e authors is supposed to explain the psycho

of t he r egression of the dreamwe shall however have to con

, ,
48 2 T HE I N T ER PRE T A T I ON O F D R EAMS
w ates In thes e o ther form
w
a kin g st s the c xp la na t io n just

given plainl y leaves us in the lurch Regre m t akes ph ce

.

in spite o f t he un in terrupted sens ible c urren t in a p ro gred ve

vis ion s of mentally no mal pe sons r r , I c an explain as ac tua

lly

to this trans fo r mati on as are in in ti mat e c on n e c t i

on with

t w el ve y a
e rs old , ww
a ho s pie ven te d fro mfalli g n a
s leep by
T he so urce

mm y wm m
w
abo y he ha d o ften s een d u
m
e or of ho rin g f o ur ye

m m m
,

an d ho o ffered hi a deterring exa fl e o f an y c hi li

of his own reproac h His m other had noticed at the tim

w m
e

that the com

.

plexion of th e ill bred boy as M b a n d ti -

he had red (i s red bordered ) eyes Hen ce the terri ble vfi on

which con stantly served to rem mof his mother s warning
. .

in d hi
’

that such boys becom e demente d that they are un ab l e to m ake

m
,

p g
ro ress at s c h oo l a
n d are d oo ed to an earl y de a th A
am
, .

a t f t hi e t ru
d i tiei
o n t h e cas e o f the litt le patient ;
p r o s pie c n c

he could not successful ly pursue his high school studia and

as appeare d on exam
, .

w
ination of his invol untary fan cies h e etccd
d o f th e rem
,

w
in grea t drea ainder of the pro phec y Ho ever
after ab rief perio d o f s ucc ess ful treatm
. .

w
en t his s leep as re ,

sto red he lost his fears an d finished his scholast ic y u r ith

, ,

tome b y a hy t i f t y y a f ag a havi g u d in
n s er c or e rs o e, s n oc c rre

mal lif O p i g h y m i g h b h ld
mh b th w h mh k w
h er n o r e . n o en n er e es on e orn n s e e e

w
i th
n e roo t b
er fi d inro er , o s e ne o e con ne

a i a ay lum H l itt l
n ns ne s a al p b y h .id er e so n s s ee er s s

Ie st th e child s ho ul d b e frighten ed on sc eing his un olaa fll

fall in to c o n vul s ion s , she pull ed the sheet o ver t h e htib
one ; this do ne , th e phan to disappeared T his v i i h m mm
w
‘

m
.

w
the re c as t ing o f o ne of her infannle re in is c en c es hid l
'

most intimately
.

altho ugh conscio us is , c onn ected ith c ll tb

mag may
i es b e t he re mlt
i of the atuac fio n'
emt r ed by the

des crib e t he drea a m

s a odi m
fied sub s t itut e f o r t h e inftn
m
w
t il e s c en e pio d uc c d b y trans feren c e t o rec en t at erial Die
m m
.

in f t ile c a n no t en tore e its ren e a l a nd us t t h eref ore be

m m
,

sa t isfied to tu rn a s ad rea .

(cr o f t heir phan tes t ic mp t ifi

e on s y amamas nn er fu ishh m
ass um mad by S chern er and h is pu a
°

l f
’ '

pt ic n e p s s o n inncr

excitem m
,

w
source of ent Sc herner a ssu es a state of visua“
l
m
.

excitation of internal excite ent in the organ of rig ht ho

abundanc e of vis ual elem We need no t o b jec t to fi

w
en ts

mption but may be satis fied ith establis h ing s uc h stete

.

ass u ,

of vision only ; we shall ho ever assert t hat th is state of w

excitation is fo rmed th rough the memory an d i s merely a
, ,

m
.

act ual a ation

w
refres hing o f th e for er vis u l exc i
t I ca nnot

fro m m give a good exam

. .

w
y own expe rience p l e s ho n
ntil e rem my m
,

su ch an infl uenc e of inf a iniscence ; o n d re

are surely less in perc eptibl e ele en ts t ha
ric h n l us t fam nsy m
t hos e of o thers ; but in y o s t b mm
eau t if ul an d o s t v i
v d
i m
m
dre a o f la t e years l c an ea s ily tra c e t he ha ll uein at o ry fi
m
tin c tn e o f t he drea m
c o n t its to t he s en su m ou s na t urc d

dreamin which the dark blue colour of the water t he bro wn

col our of the smoke iss uing fro mthe ship s funn els and the
,

wa w
’

mb md
,

so re bro n n d red o f t he b uild in gs hic h I ha

d s een e e

if any m ust be attributed to visual excit ation B ut wha t

ght m
.
,

ha s brou y vis ual o rgan into this excitabl e state ! It

which my c hil d ren erect ed a grand s tr uc ture fo r my dm

a i

red co l o ur oo vere d the large blo c ks and the same bl ue a

nd
PSYC HOLOGY OF DREA M AC T I V I T IES 48 5

impres s ion of m m
w
y last jo u rney in I taly the char ing b l ue of ,

the Isonzo an d the Lagoon the bro n hue of the Alpine region
The beautiful colo urs seen in the dreamwere b ut arepetition
.
,

of those seen in the m em o ry .

w Let us review wha

hic h the drea hes
t we have learned abo ut this peculiarity
m of tran sf o r mi g it
n e ccn ten t o f ideas i
n to

the dreamwork -
nor trac ed it to kn own laws of psychology ,

an d designated it by the nam

wa
e of the r egredient character
mi
.

Wherever t his reg es o n has o cc urred , e h a

ve reg rd ed it

w
a
s a
n of the resistance which opp oses the pro gress of
efiec t

the thought on its norm al a y to conscio us ness as well a

s a ,

the dreamby the cessation of the pro gressive streamrunning

moment there m ust be co mpensation in the other form s of

regre ssion thro ugh a £0 of the other m a
otives of re

m mgm i ma i th d amt h p
es o f ss o s n f t a f
e re e roc es s o r n s eren c e

c l amgy m-
u t b difi
s t f mt ha
e t f th g
eren i f ro c e re res s on s o

n r o mal psychic life a it ende s possible afull hall ucinato y

, s r r r

s r c ibed in the a
nal ysis of the dreamwork as -
Regard for

is quite possible that this first part of o ur psychological

It
mdoes n ot entirely satisfy even us We
w
utilisation of the drea
must ho ever console ourselves with the fact that we are
.

compelled to build in the dark If we have n o t altogether

, ,

s trayed fromthe right path e s hall be s ure to reac h abo ut w

.

the sam e ground fro manother starting poin t an d th ere after

,

-
,

The d mamd t he b urn i

ng c hi
ld cited ab o ve afio rds us a
welco me opportun ity appreciating the diflic ul ties con
fo r
wish fulfilm That the dream
fronting the theory
w m
of

w
en t -

ld b e n o th in g but a ish fuIfiMen t sm ely eeem

.

s ho u ed s ge
-
436 T HE I N TE R PRE T AT ION O F D REAMS
—
to ns all and t ha
t no t alon e b ec a
us e of th e c o n t red ic ti
c m
Aft er lea n g fro
rn i mth e first ana
l yt ical exp l an at ic n s ths t

to the correct b ut concise defin ition of Aristotle , the dream

isacon t in uation o f t hin kin g in sleep fin o n e sleeps ) s o far as .

Co nsidering that d uring the d ay o ur thoughts pro d uc e s uch a

tions expectat ions inte ntions &c ou r s leeping — why should

thoughts be forced to con fine them
, , , .

selves to the pro d uc tion d

wishes ? Are the re no t o n t he con trary m any dream s that
presen t ad ifierent psychic ac t in dreamform an as o licitude
, ,

, , ,

above of j ust such anature 4 Fro mthe gleamof light fa

“
lling
into his eyes while asleep the father draws the soli citous con
elusion that a candl e ha s been u pset and m ay hav e set fire
to the corpse ; he transform s this conclusion into a dreamby

tense What part is played in this dreamb y th e is hd nlfit w

ment an d which are we to suspect the predominan c e of the
—
.

thought contin ued fromthe waking state or of t h e thought

,

in cited by the new senso ry im pression 3

tions are j ust and fo rce us to en ter m
All these considera
deeply into the part played by the wish ful fil m ent in t h e dre
ore,

-
w .

to separate dream ps We have fo un d som

w
us s into two gro u e

dream s that were plain l y ish fulfilm

.

an d o t hers h
w
en ts ; -

which wish fulfilmen t co uld not be recognis ed an d as fre

-

q uen tly concealed by every available m

.

mamw
eans In this lattu '

m
.

w mw
cl as s of d s s ed
e rec o gn i th e in fiuen c e o f t he d rea c ens or.

w
T he un dis guis ed is h drea s ere c hiefiy fc und in c h ildreo
yet fleeting open hearted wish dream
.

-
s se ed (I p urposely
em ph a
s ize this wo rd ) to occur also in ad ul ts
We may now as k whence the wish fulfilled the dream
.

in

”
I think it is to
'

we refer this whence ? th e c p p c d ticn

 w m
w m
and th a ith the for u la
“
t c her , t she rcpl ies I n cs s c cf
m m
wa
”
s ubs eq uen t orders it ill s u c e t o en t io n t h e n u bu

m m
.

w
Fina lly , h ve lea
e rned frc n u ero us analy s es t ha
t tln
is h in m
all drea s that have been subjec t t o d ist tiou m
mt w w
w
to co e o perc ep tio n in the a ate Th us it o uld
kin g st

are of the sam

.

appear that all is h es e value and f c r c e h r the

Iamat presen t unable to pro ve that the s tat e o f afis lu

is rea mstro ngly in cl ined to as s ume s m¢m
ll y difiese n t but l a ,

w m
wm
lea ve no do u b t th at an u n fu lfil led is h c f the d ay ay be ths
m
w w
ins tigato r of the drea B ut e . us t no t fo rget t h at it is
a fter all , the is h o f ac h ild , t ha t it is a is h feel in g o i in h nfl e
~

w m wu ad reamin an s d el t
w a w
ld s ufi c e to c rea
ieh fro the da y o te
It ould r th er see m tha t as e lea rn t o c o n tro l o ur impulsu

tio ns ; so m e ret ain th e inf an tile t ype o f ps yc h i

e p m - a
ce

w m
w
In genera l ho ever, I a of the o pin ion tha t un fulfilled
m
,

is hes o f the day a

re i
n s ufi cien t to prod uc e adren in ad ults

b ut t hat is pro ba b ly all The drea mwuld o no t ori

g in ate if
einforced fro m ano thc
.

the toreco ns c io us wish were not r

w
so urce .

ww
Tha t sc u I bel ieve tha u ciou
m
s th e u ou

mm m
rc e i n c o ns c i t ths
m
s co

m
.

M is ad i od y i f d c eds in a r o

tion s obt ained thmugh the ps ycho ana

lysis of the neu m l
PSYC H OLOGY OF DREA M AC T I V I T IE S 489

a dream; but a sligh t peculiarity

w
alon e has b een re alis ed in
in th e fo r mati on o f t his dream ill put us o n the trac k o f th e
mm tal w
w fi mth u
l g d ay Tita w
a
s it ih
ere, i iu all th
or s es o e n con sc o s rec e

e en h f mtim im
r mm ial ha b ns th o ro e e or ve o rne e

po de o us m
n o untains which we e nce olled upon themby th
r r o r e

fro mthe convulsions of their mighty limbs ; I

w
s ay th at these
is hes fo und in th e rep res s io n a f th m lv
re o e se es of an inf an tile

of th e neuroses . I should like therefore to withdraw , , t he

mwish o igi at s w
w w
t he drea -
r n e an d replace it by another as fo llo s
ih m mm t bs aa iafantsls one In
, ,

T he a if t d i th e drea
'

s n se s s .

the ad ult it originates in the Un c while in the chil d where .

, ,

no separation and censor as yet exist between Force an d .

is a
n un fulfilled a
nd u es s ed
n repx w is h fro mth e w
a kin g st ate .

de m onst r ated , even w w

a here it s no t s us p ecte d a
nd , t hat it

stat e are theuef o re rel egated to t he b ac kgro un d in th e d ream

form ation In the dream00 t ttrib ute to them
, ,

I sha ll a
ttributed to the m
.

o nly the pa rt a ate rial of actual sensations

during sleep (see p If I now take into a c co unt those
.

whic h a re no t w is hes , I sh al l on l y adh ese t o the line mapp ed

m We may
w
out fc r b y this tra in of
e th ought ucc eed in s

mm m
.

pro vis ion all y ter atin g the s u o f en ergy of o ur ald ng

that a eall y u con ci u —that i with p lmact b lo g g t t he

hey s hae t his characte f i d t uctibility with all p ychic at
a
T r r o n es r s c s
re r n s o s s, s s s e n in o

s ystem f t he u c scio u o l y T h pat ar c o s t a tl pen a d

o n on s n . es e e n n o n

ve fall i t dis u ; t hey c d uct t he d chag e f t he excl

se p c on is r o ro ess
d wed with u c s i u xcitem t
ne r n o
a fte a it b c m

m
s o n s e o es en peak o n on c o s e en o s

meta h ri ally th y ufi t h am f m f a ihilat i a t h had f

ww w
.

'

o c e s er e s e or o nn on s e s es o
lif t he mm t
t h y mu
the i t he Ody y h a ke t
n n ne sse , o o o e o en
d p di g t he f c c i u y tem
ba
n d
re
s
s r
on
The
a de t uctible i a dif
e c
t ay T
t his difierenoa
h p y
s cnh c t he apy f t h u eren
re es ses
i w .
e en
e
n on
r
o re o n s
o
o s

e n e ro s es
s s
s
44 0 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON O F D R EAMS

w
t ho ugh t s b y d ec iding to g o t o sl eep H e is a g o o d s les pe r

m
.

w
hc c a n do t his ; Na l I is rep u ted to h a v b a o d el
e
p o eo n ee n

om
.

of thi so
s rt B ut do e n ot a a
lw ys s cceed u in a cc li p sh
cco m p oblem
.

ing it o r in a
, pl ishing it perfectly Unsolve d . r s ,

ing activity even d uring sleep , maintai ing n psychic prom o

power ,the unsolved 3 that hich has been reje cte d and
,
w
suppressed during the day This unites with a powerf ul
gro up (4 ) formed by that which has been excit ed in o ur Unc
.

wma a
e y gro up dd
( )
5 consisting of the indifi m en t an d hares
unsettled impressions of the day .

in to sl eep b y these re ma t n n s of w
a kin g life, es p eci ally thoso
em anating fro mthe group of the unsolved These excit ations .

surely con tinue to strive fo r expression during the night and ,

mental p ocesses
wa wa
conscio us of o ur r even during th e nig ht in sc

mtu t
, ,

far e re no t as leep I shall no t v re o st ate h t ch angb

mby th mg
.

is pro d uc ed in the Fo rec . s

ys t e e sl eep5 st at e , bu
t
there is no doubt that the psychological character of sleep is
essen tially d ue to the change of energy in this very s ys tem .

w
para
l ysed d uring sleep In contradistinction to this there
mt mt
.
,

see s o be no th ing in t he psychc l ogy of the drea o a rrs nt

the assumption that sleep produces an y b ut secondary changes

in the condition s of the Un c syste m Hence for the noo . .
,

This excitation m ust seek reinforcem ent fromthe Un c . a

nd .

follow the deto urs of the un conscio us excitations B ut wha t

mi u day ma t m
.

is t he relation cf th e fo reco c o s re n n s to the drsa l

44 2 T HE I N TERPRE T A T I ON OF DR EAMS
We can wa m
u w
nc s h rpl y defin e the sign ific s n c e o f t he
m m m
aw m w
c onscio s is h for the drea It ay b e ad it t ed fl n t
mm
.

th ere is a ho le c l ss o f drea s in hic h t he in c ite t

m
w
a
n n ts of da ily l ife ; and I b elieve th at even y c h eris he d
des ire to b ec o e a m t so m e fu tu m
re ti e a
“
p f es eo r e xt ro

ordinari us ”
woul d have m
allowed e to s lu b er un d isturbed m
w a w a mu
w
still a
c tive B ut th is lone uld not h e d c sd

w uw aw a w
orry o ve

adream; t he m am a
.

w w mm
o tive p o er n eeded b y t he dre h d t o be

w a am w
n t fib a
d by is h , n d it th e fid r o f t h e o rfi t
to prc c ure f or itm
s elf su c h i
s h s ot ive po er c f t b e dres .

plays the part of the contracto r (entrep reneur ) in th e m

drea .

have in mi d n , a
nd ho w des iro us he may be of p ut t i
n g it i
n to

capitalist who suppl ies the psychic expenditure

,
f or th e d mm s

no matt er wa
h t the na ture o f t he
s es t he ca a
a
k in g tho ug h t w
m
ay b e m .

In o ther c a p i
t l ist hi s elf i
s th e c o n tr ae tor tor

m m m
w
t he drea ; t his , ind eed , ses s to b e the c re u su al cose
ww
.

An un c ons cio u is h is prod uc ed b y t he d a

’
s y s o r k , hi c h in

md m
m aew
w
s hip e here a
s a
n ill us t ration Th us , th e en trep ren

may cont ibut s me capital hims lf

.

r e o e or several p i -
n

may k th aid f th am apitali t

,

see e o e s e c s , or several eap it alid l

What wa m
mw w a
and are o f further in teres t to u
no s . e h ve l eft
fin is hed in t his disc uss ion o f t he drea ish -
e s h ll b e abb
t o devel o p lat er .
PSYC HOL OGY O F DREAM AC T I V I T IES 448

t ion o f the
of the dre
w
amw
is h fulfil
-
-

ork by
mt; en

apro c ess
for, if w e und o th e dis
of ret ro gres s io n ,
m
w e fin d t hat
ts

t he ps y ch ic in tensity of t he ele mt en s in the d rea m t ho ughts

ment have f req

to b e des c en d nts a
w
u
a
tl y
of i w
nothing to do with
f ul t h u h t
its
hich
cm
a e , but
prove
o pp os e the wish
p n o g s .

able themto mt
wu
en co e o exp resnon T hus , the fo rc e o f ex

m
.

pres s ic n of th e is h f lfil
-
en t is difiused o ver ac ertain s p here

ano tha the spheres of the individual wish f ulfilm

w
'
en t s ; the -

a
g ps in the dreaml k
i e i
s e c an of t en b e explai
n ed a
s bo u n d ary

nevertheless be worth o ur while to give themsome attention

m m m
.

Fo r t hey ust b e an ec essa ry i ngred i t i n th e for ation o f

m m
t he drea , ina
th a
m
s

m
uch a s exp eri

w
enc e reves l s t he s u

t every drea sho s in its c on ten t ac o n nec t ion

rp1is in g faot

it h so e
m
w m
w
i press ion o f arecen t d ay c f te n o f t h e ,os t i
n d ifis re n t kind .

S o fs r e ha ve failed to s ee a n y necess ity fc r t hi s a d ditio n t o

the dream m ixture (p This n ecessity appears on ly
.

when we follow clos ely the part played by the un conscio us

neuroses We th us learn that the un conscio us idea as s uch

.
, ,

is alto gether inc apable of entering into the forec ons c ic us an d ,

that it can exert an in fl uenc e th ere c n ly b y uniting with a

it trans f ers its in t ensit y an d under w hic h it allo w

s its elf to b e

an expl n a atio n for so ma y n s urpris ing u

o c c rrenc es in the

The id ee f mm
the foreco ns cious hic h t h us o bt ain s a n w
m
un erited ab un dan oe o f in ten sity ay b e left un c hanged by m
m
t he tra feren ee, or it m
ay have foroed upon it a o difioa t ion m
44 4 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION O F D M AMS
m
w
fro t he co n ten t of t he tra n s teuing idea I fi us t the rea
'
der
'

m m mm
.

ill pa rdon y fon d n es s for co p aris o ns f d ail y l ite but

m m
,

I feel te pted to s a y th a t t h e relat io ns exis t in g f o r t he

Moreo ver jus t a

s it is naturally no t the b us ies t p hyl iciam
who formsuch alliances with dental practitioners so in the
,

mi u m
,

p y
s c hi
c lif e o nl y s uch forec on s cious or co c c s id eos
c hos en a repres sed id ea a
to co ver s ha ve not t hem s elvu

c ted m
attra uch of the a ttention which is op erative in the

preferentially either those impressions an d id eas of the tort »

conscious which have been left unnot iced as in d ifl erent or .

rejection . m
r fa
I t is a fa ilia c t fro mth e a wa
o ci fio n st udia

intimate connections in one direction assume an almos t n eg tia w

wa um a am
a w wa
If e ss e fo r t he tn n s f aen c e of the
t h t the s e n eed

wm m
uw w
a
repres sed id e s hich e h ve le rned to knc fro t h e a lya ia
ma m
wa a a w
u
o f t he n e rc s es kes its in fi c e tel t in t he d rea as ell
m
.

ec n t o nce expl in t o rid dl es o f th e drea , viz t h a t every .

feren t character . We may add w

hat we have al ready learned

frequen tl y into the dreamcontent as asubstitute tor the mos t .

deep lying of the dreamthoughts for the further reas on tha

-
t
fear from th e res ist ing censor But
,

th ey ha ve less t to .

ence fo r trivial elements the constant presen ce of w t eh

m
,

en t s p o in t s to th e fac t that there is aneed for tr a ns ferenc a

bec ause they have o fiered no in d uc e mtf

en or ext en five a
n ocit
44 6 T H E I N T E RPRE T A T ION OF D REAMS

s timulus reaching it fromwithout sim a

w w w w
fun iu
B ut this pl e

m
.

a sdis t urb ed b y the a n te o f lif e hic h l ih is e f u is h the

m m m
,

w a
i pu ls e for t he further develop en t c f the a pp t us The
m m m
.

a n ts of lif e first anifes ted the s el ves to it in th e tor c f

m
w wm
the grea t phys ica l needs The exc ite en t a ro u s ed hy the
m
.

inn er a n t s eeks a
n ou t let in o tility , hic h a y b e d es ig n at ed
a
s

T he hun gry l d cries

c hi or fidgets helplees ly but 1te situation
em m
,

r ains unchanged f or the excitation proceed ing f ro an

mm
,

inner want requires not a o entary o utbreak b ut a force

m
, ,

working c ntin uousl A cha nge can occur on ly if in s o e

o y
.

of the child must b e thro ugh —

outsid e hel p in order to r emove
th e inner excite mt en . An es s ent i al oo ns tit uent of t h is ex »

in o ur exam l
p )e , th e mm y
e or pic ture cf w fta
hic h t h erea

w w
Thank s to the ab l ished connec tion there res ult s at the
est ,

wm
next a pp earano e o f t his an t ap y
s c hic f eel i
n g h ic h re v i
v es

t he mem o ry pict umof the fomer per pfio an d thus m lh

the fo rm er perc ept i on i ts elf i e it a c tu ally re est ab l inh es h
, . .
-

w
w
wis h ; th e appea ranc e o f t he perc ept ion c ons t itu
re t es t h e ish
m an d the f ull revival o f th e perc ept ion b y fl re ant
w
ful fil en t ,
excite ment constitut s the shortest road to the is h ffi
e ~ '

ment We may as sume aprimiti ve con dition of the ps ychic

w w w
.

apparatus in hic h this roed is rea l ly fo llo ed i c h ere the , . .

ww
activ ity theref ore aim
w
s at an identity of perc eption is , . it s ins
at arepetitic n of t hat perc eptic n hich is c onnected it h

w w
an o ther
w
a
w
res p ec t c rry it h it t he res ult hich inev itehly
tollo s th e revival o f t he sa me perc ept ion from it ho ut n o .
PSYC H OLOGY O F DREAM AC T I V I T IES 44 7

w
w
gr atific atic n does not ta ke pl a
ce a
n d th e an t continues In
m m
.

o rder to eq ualise the in te a l ith t he extern al s u o f en ergy ,

happen s in the hallucinato ry psychoses and in the deliri ums

to the o b ect
j des ired In ord er to mak e rnore appro priate
of the psychic force it becom
.

us e es necessary to inhibit the

m xt
,

ull a
fimage of memo y whe ce it
regrees ion so

r
s t o prev en t it fro
n c a
n select other pa
e en d i

ths leading
ng b eyo n d the
,

dom inates the voluntary m otility is through whose activit y

the expenditure of m
, .

otility is now devoted to prev iously re

rep reeents

m t by experien c e
adeto ur hich ha
‘
s w
f orc ed upo n the ish f ulfil
Thinking is in deed n ot hin g but the
be w w -

m
.

equivalent of the hallucinato ry wish ; and ii the drea be

dre amwhich in fulfilling its wish es follows the short regre ssive
path thereby preserves for us only an exam ple of the prim
,

ary
formof the psych ic apparatus which has been aban doned as
,

w mt
w
th e ps ychic l if e as s till yo ung a nd u n fit see s oha ve b een

ba nis hed in to th e sleep i n g st ate, just as e see again in the

of grown -
up humanity T he drea mi s af ra
g ment of the aban

modes
.

do nsd ps ychic lsf s f ths cb d d In the psychoses these

’

o .

suppressed in the waking state reas sert th em selves and then , ,

betray their inability to satisfy o ur wants in the outer world .

themselves during the day als o and the fact of transference ,

and the psychoses teach us th at they endeavo ur to penetrate

Le Lo rra in u j
st l y x
e t ol s t h e is ul l en of t he w hf fim t dream Bans
fatig n e s érieus e, sans ét re o li e do recou
g rir b et e l u ac t tte pi fito n re et
rss a
”
lon g ne qui us e et corro d e les jou uc es po urs uivies .
4 48 T HE IN TE RPRE T A T I ON OF D REAMS

m
w
ing thro u gh t h e s y st e o f t he f orec o n s c io us It is th eretor e

mm
, .
,

w w
th e c en so r lying b et een th e Un c a n d t he Forec t he u p
m
.

tion o f hic h is forc ed upon us b y t he drea t h at e ha ve tc ,

re co gnise a n d ho n c u r a
s th e gu ard ia n of ou r ps y c hic hea lth .

a on t he pa ua
w
B ut is it no t c reles s n ess rt of t h is g rd a
i n to
m
di in ish its la
vigi n ce du n g the ni
ri g h t an d to a
l lo t he s up
press ed e mt i o o ns o f t he Un c to co mt e o express io m th us a
p i
n

making
.

possible the hallucinatory regression think

w
? I not .

that his slum —

ber is not profo un d he takes care
t o close e

gate to m otility No m atter what feelin gs fro m the other

wise inhibited Un c m mabo ut on the scene they used
.

w
ay ro a
mai haml b au t h y m
.
,

no t b e in terfered it h ; they re n r ess ec se e

unable to p ut in motion the moto appaatus which al m r r on e

exert a m
m
odif yin g influence upon the o uter wo rl d Sleep .

guaran tees the security of the fortres s whic h is un d a gu

Conditions are less harm l ess when a dis pl acemen t of fem
is produced not through anocturn al dim in ut ion in the opera
tion of the critical censo r b ut through patho l ogical em
,

feebb
men t of the latter or through pathological reinfo rc ement of
,

is charged with en ergy an d the aven ues to m otility are open .

The guardian 18 then overpowered t he unconscio us excitation

subdue the Force ; t hro ugh it they do m
,

inate o ur speech sud

actions o r they enforce the hallucinato ry regres s ion tho
governing an apparatus not designed for themby virtue of
, ,

the att raction exerted by the perceptions o n t he dis t rib utim

w
of o ur psychic en ergy We call this condition apsy ch os is
We are n o in t he best position to co mpl ete o ur ps ycho
. .

logical construction which has been interrupted by the in

t ro d uc t ion of t he two system s Un c and Fore e We hm
,

still however am
.
, .

ple reason fo r gi ving further con fi den tia

w
l

s the sole psychic m

, ,

to the wish a otive po er in the M

We have explain ed that the reason why the dreamis in every
a a w is h a
l is at ion is because it is apmd uot of th e m
em
c se re

which knows no other aimin its activity b ut the fulfi m

of wishes an d which has no other forces at its dis pos a l bu t
wish feeli n gs If we avail ours elves for a m om
,

-
ent lo ng s“ !
bo rate h o rn t he dream in terpretation m
.

th e right to ela ch
45 0 T H E I N T ERPRE T A TI ON OF D R E AMS

unconscious fa ncy fro the ti m me of p ub a ty t h a

'
t s h e ght
i m
m am
,

be contin uously p g ran t and have ulti tude o f children ,

have th e mf ma ma y m
rc s n wa s po s s ib le . Ag ain s t th is i m
as the vo m might spoil th
wu
iting e patien t s figure and beauty
’
so

m
.

w w
that s he o ld find fa
no t vo ur in th e eyes o f an k ind , ths
m m
w
sy p to as t here f o re in keep ing i
t h h er p un it ive t re nd c f
m m
w
tho ught , and , being thus a d is ible h o bo th s ides , it a s

m m mmm
w w
allo ed to b eco e a reality This is the s a e . a
n g to a
of c on s ent i ish fulfihn en t -
hic h t he q ueen c f the

ha
d u nd ert aken the ca paign o ut m of gre ed for go l d , s he c aused
m
w
o lten go l d to b e po u
red intothe throat of t h e c orp s .

“
Now hast thou what thou has t longed for A s yet e "

know of the dreamonly th at it expresses awish f ul fil m

.

ent d -

sc i
o us permits t his o n ly afte r it has sub jected t he w is h t o so m e

gularly astreamof thought antagonistic to

w
re M th e M
mm
wa w ( My
h ich is rea lis ed in the d a a s in its co un terp art

m
.

no n d t hen ha ve e fo u n the drea

nd i trac es o f res cti es

m
for ations , as , for instance , the tend erness to wa rd fri d R m
in the uncle drea
“
( p m B ut the cont r ib ution f ro
missing may
.

the foreconscious which is , here , be foun d is

on t he w
is h t o sl eep . t he d rea
w
mmay b i g t
mth U
rn o exprees ic n w ith
m an ifo ld disto rtion s a ish fro and
m
alis e thl

w
'

e nc .
, re

wish by producing the necessary ch anges of energ y in

psych ic apparatus and may finally retain it thm
. ugh t h e en i

w
duration of sleep ‘

m
.

This pers is ten t is h to sl eep on t he part of th e to

scious in gen eral facilitates the formtion of d m l s!

w
a t he rea
us refer to the dreamo f t he fa mo f hghi
.

w
t her ho b y t he glea
fro mthe death chamber as brought to the co ncl us ion tbs!
,

the b od y has b een s et o n fire

,

We h ave sho n t h at on s d w
mfi
.

th e ps y chio fo rc es dec isive in c ausing th e father to fo r

revive
This ideahs s b een b o rro ed fro
d hyp t c
no i in ves i aion i tg t
n ou r
w
fl u Theory
a s ( Du
m
dy .

P ari
s,
P SYC H OLOGY O F DREAM AC T I V I T IES 45 1

gleamof light
w w
c oncl usion instead of being awakened by t he
m
, ,

a s th e is h t o p ro lo ng th e lif e of th e c hil d seen in t he drea

by one mome t Othe n . r wishes proceeding fro mthe repression

B ut as asecond m otive power of the dreamwe m ay m ention

the father s desire to sl eep for like the life of the child the
’

ther is prolonged for am om ent by the dream

, , ,

s leep of the fa

n derlying m Let the dreamgo on otherwise

.

w
T he u otive is
I m mso also in all ot her dreams
,

ust a As in t his drea

”
ke up .
,

the wish to sleep len ds its support to the unconscious wish On

m m
.

p age 104 we repo rted d rea s which we re a pparently d rea s of

c onvenience B ut properly speaking a
. ll dreams may claim
, ,

m t aily g i d i th w ak i g d am w
this designation The efi ca c y of the wish to con tin u
. e to sleep
is the os e s hi hrec o n se n e n re s, c so

t a
r nsfo mthe objective senso y stim
r ul us a to nde it m r s re r co

w
p a tib l e with the con tin uance of sleep they interwe a ve this
s t im ul us ith t he dre amin o rder to ro b it o f a n y c laims it

might make as awarnin g to the outer world B ut this wish

t o contin ue to sleep m te in the form
.

ust also pa rticipa ation of

all other dream s which m ay disturb the sleeping state fro m
w ithin only Now then sleep on why it s but ad ream ’

th is is in m
.
, , ,

w
any ca s es the su ggestion of the Force to conscious
mgo es to o far ; and this also des cribes in
.

w
n es s hen the drea
ay the at titude of o ur do m
w
agen era l inating psychic activity
to a rd d rea ming though the tho ugh t remains tac it 1 mus t
, .

directed to akno w
an d that it is direc ted
ledge of the fc r m er,

to aknowledge of the latter only on special occas ions when the

cens or is unexpectedly surprised Against this object ion we .

with the conscious faculty of guiding their dreamlife S uch a

dream er when diss atisfied with the co urse taken by the dream
.

, ,

breaks it 0 6 Without awakening and begins it an ew in order ,

who on request gives ahappier ending to his playOr, at

m mi
.
, ,

ano t her ti e, if pla

c ed b y t he drea n asexually exciting
si
t uatio mh e t hin h in his a
lec p : I do no t c are to con tinue

this drea ma d n aust m yexh

s d f b y a p oll ufio n ; I prd c to
defer it in favour o f area l sit u at l on
’

d
( ) Waking caued by fl w Drm —
m c f u cfio u of fis

w m
w We have ab ov n
led ge o f t his proc e a lrea
d y ga
w
the kno in ed
m mm
.

that t he a kin g a c t ivity b aves day re n an ts f v hrfi fi

ac t iv it y revives d uring th e day on e o f t he un c on s c io n s wa

is h

w m m w
w
u is h has a
co ns c io s lrea dy a d e it s a y to t he d a y re n an ts

m
,

eit her d u n g t he da
ri y o r at a
n y t e i
t h t h e b eg in nin g of d esp
ns f m c e to it
.

and ha s efiec te d at ra This prod uc es av ish

ns ferred to t he rec en t m aterial o r the sup premed reoent
.

w
tra
ish c om m m m m
,

es to life a ga in t h u gh a rein foroe t f t be

u
con scio s n ess

through t he fo reoons c io us
on t he
hic h in dee
m
w
no r

m
mal path
w o e s
of t he m t al p u
en

d it b lmg t hmufl
”
roos es

w w
one of its const itu t ele ents I t is con ron e , o ver . f t d h we .

t he c ensor hic h is still a et ive , a nd t o th e i n flu en ee of hicb

m
,

w
it now succu bs It now takes on the distort ion for which
.

w
th e a y has al read y b ee n p av ed b y its tran s f ere n c e t o t he reou s
m ateria l Thus far it is in the ay o f b ec o ing eo ethb g m m
m
.

rese blin g an obsession , del usion , or the like , is a t hought .

wm
rei n fo rc ed b y a tra n s f eren c e an d dist o rte d i n exp r es s ion by

t he cens o r B ut its furt her pro gress is no ch k ed W

m m
.

the dor ant state of the forecon scious ; this sys te ha s

its excitem ents The dre amprocess there fore takes t he m

.
, .

es s ive co urse which ha

s just been O pened by t he pec uliarity
gr ,

exerted on it by the memo y g oups

r r which m l mmthe se v

a lat d i t t md
,

w
in part o nl y as a
vis u l en ergy no t yet t r ns e n o er s

the later sys te m s . On ite a y t o regres s on i th d a mtabl e re l

45 4 T HE IN T ER PRE TA TI ON O F D REAMS
B ut o nc e t he drea b ec o m
apercept ion it 18 then c apable ot m es ,

w
exciting conscio usness thro ugh the qualities th us gain ed The
sensory stim c co m
.

ul us a plishes what it as really des tin ed for

nam ely it directs apart o f the magy at the dis p o eal of ths
,

'

Force in the fo rmof atten tion upon the st im We m

,

. ulan t us t .
,

is it puts in to ac t ivity apart o f the dorm

w w
an t fo rc e o f t h e Forec
m
,
.

This fo roe it o the drea t ha t in fl uen c e hic h e have

des ign at ed as s ec o nda ry elab oratio n for the sa ke of c on nection

an d co m
prehensibility This eans that the drea is M ed . m m
by it like an y other content of perception it is s ubjected to
the am dea
e i
s s o f exp ec tatio n as far a t least as t he m at eria
l
dm
,

a its As far as the direct ion is con oerned in this t hird put
mit may be said t hat here again the mo m en t is
.

o f th e drea ,

avo id m
To is un derst anding it ill n o t b e amias t o say c
few words about the temporal peculiarities of thes e drea m
, w
processes In a very interesting dis cussion app arart ly stg '

gested by Maury s puzzling guillotine dream Go b l o t tries

.
,
’"

to d em mrequires n o ot her t ime thm

,

te t ha
ons t ra t the drea

m
One is in c lined to b elieve t ha
w
period t th e fin al p ic t e d
m m
.

t he d rea is so st ron g t ha t it fo rc es th e drea er t o a a leso :

m
w w
b ut , as a att er o f fa s pict u
c t , t hi re i s s trong on l
y b eo auaa
the drea er is a he a m
d y very n ea r a a ken in g hen it a pp e m
Un revs c est un réveil q ui co
’
ence ”
mm
m m
.

w
It ha s alrea d y b een e pha sized b y D u g a
s t h at G oblet
a fo ced t epudiate m
s r any facts in o de t g aali h
o r r r o en ce

theo y The a m eove d am s f omwhich we do m

s in which we d eamthat wd ea
r re t re, or r, re r

awaken g so m e d eam m
.

w
e r r e r

F o m u knowledge of the d eamwo k mea

. , .
, .

it that it xte ds only ove the pe iod of aw

r o r a by r -
r e c n no ns

dm akmin g O
,

a e n r r n
the co t ay we must conside it p obable that t h fi t put
.

mwo k begin d ui g th day when wa fill

n r r , r r e rs

of th d a e re -
r s rn e e re s

phase of the dreamwork viz the m odification through e -

, . m
censor th e attraction by the unconscious scenes an d t he pure
t io n to perception m
, ,

tra ust con tin ue th roughout t he M t

And we a re p robably always right when we as s ert that we M
PSYC HOLOGY OF D REA M AC T I V I T IES 45 5

assume that up to the time of becom

, ing conscious the dream ,

w
wish then the disto rtion of the censo r an d consequently the
, ,

c hange of direc t ion t o regres sion a

n d so o n We ere forc ed
to formsuch a succession for the sa
, .

ke of des criptio n ; in

most expedient dist ibution

fro , until finally , owing to the r o ne

which em F mce tain

,

particular grouping is secured ains r ro r

pe sonal expe iences I amm

.

r yself inclined t believe that the

r o

mwo k oft n equi es mo e than one day a d one night

,

d ea
r -
r e r r r n

to produce its result ; if this be true the extraordinary art

,

In my opinion even the regard

, fo r co mprehensibility as an

To be s ure fro mnow on the

attracts co ns c io us nm to itself
process is accelerate d as the dreamis henceforth s ubject ed
.
,

to the sam e treatment as any ot hm perception It is like

,

'
.

fireworks which require ho urs of preparation an d only a

mo ment fo r ignition
,

Through the dreamwork the dream process now gains

.

tim e or profundity of sleep o r its intensity being ins ufficient

it m it un t il it meets the attention which is set in m
, ,

ust wa otion
im mediately before awaken ing Mos t dreams seemto o perate .

larlyperceive so m ething dreamt on being suddenly aro used

fro maso und sleep Here as well as in spontaneo us awaken
.
,

ing the first glan c e strikes the perception content created by

,

fromwi tho ut 9

ter theoretical inte rest are those dream

.

B ut of grea s which
are ca pable of waking us in the m idst of sleep We m ust bear .
45 6 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I O N O F D REAMS
m
w
the ful fil en t of t h e foreoon
sc io us is h a. uThis is pro b b l y d e to cn ta
'
in rel ations oi

ins ght w
i should p obably find t at the
e r h fies d o mg ive n to the
drea ma d n th e exp en dit ure o f a certain amount ofi detac hed

c hec k at n igh t jus t a

s d ur i
n g t he day kn o We wm fro er

m
.

perien c e that the drea ev en if it in terr upts sl eep nep e at edly

during the sam e night stil l remains co m
, ,

patible with sleep We

wake up fo r an ins t an t an d immediately res ume our s leep It
, .

is like drivin g o ff s fly d urin g sleep e a ah e ad l o and ww w .

when we resume o ur sl eep we have rem

, ,

oved t he dist urbance

As dem onstrated by fam iliar examples fromthe sleep of wet
.

n urses &c , th e f ulfil m en t o f t he w

ish to sl eep is quite co m

wm m
w
B ut e us t here ta ke c ognisan ce o f a n o b jec ti r t ha t is
bas ed on a b ett er kn o ledge o f th e u n c ons c io ns p roc essss .

a
s always ac tive we have , , n evertheless , wted that t hey a
re

ww w
w w w w
perceptible B ut hen an d the un c on sc io us ish
e sl eep ,

formadream an d rth 1t te a aka1

.

ha
s sho n 1ts p o er to
the foreconscious why then , , , does this powe beco r me ex

it not seemmore probabl e that the dreamshould continually

takes plea sure in retu i ng m a

g ai
n a
n d again l What jus tifies
our assertion t hat the drea mm re o ves the dis turb an c e of s l eep l

umof
s excitem ent m akes us e of them Moreover arem ark .
,

able pecul ia
rity o f the u ncon scious processes is the fact tha t
they rem ain indestructible Nothing can be brought to an end .

in the un cons c io us ; no th ing can ceas e or b e fo rgo t t en This

impression is m
.

ost strongly gained in the study of the neuroses ,

w hich lea d s to the disc harge th ro ugh a

n a ttac k b eco ss m
pa ss ab l e aa
g i
n as soon a
s there i n a
s a ccu ulat io n ot as ufi c i
e n t m
 45 8 T HE I N TE RPRE T A T I ON O F D REAMS
safety valve for the latter and at the sam e tim
w n su
-
e it i res ,

the sleep of the fo cons cio us at aslight expen diture of tin

m mmm m
wm
t he d rea o fiers itself as a co p is e s ervin g s i nl o

tan eo us ly b o th s yst e s b y f u m
lfilling b o th is h in s o far as

they a co m
w ill s w
patible with eah othe
re A la e a Robe t c r. g nc t r s
’

“
elimnation theo y
i efe ed to on page r ,
”
that r rr 66, ho

dete mination of
r am u w u
th e fun c tion of the dre th o g h c difi
m mi m m
,

fro hi n o ur hypo theses a

n d in o ur tre a
t en t of t h e drs

The ab o ve qual ific ation —i

n so far as the wwa m
t o is h

t ha
t the latter a
c n no l o ngs r mai tai n n its res t , the dre a mth w
of its ta
sk It is then a at
n d rep la c ed by
o n ce broken o fi,

com
.

w
w
plete wakefulnes s Here to o it is not reall y th e fault
m if hile o rdin arily the guard ian of s leep it h
.
, ,

o f th e drea

here co m
, , ,

pelled te a pp ea r a
s t he dis t ur b er o f s lee p no r s ho ,

w w
this ca use us to ent erta in an y d ou bt s a s t o its efi c a Tlns
'

cy

s min
.

is no t the o nl y c ase i n the orga ni hich s n o t her isa

as soo n as so m e ele mmt r is c h ngeda in the condi

t io n s o f in

I n aturall y bear i
n mi d n the c ase of th e an xiet y dreamond ,

appea
ra

w
in o rd er no t to have t he n oe o f try ing to exc l nde this
testimony against the theory of wish fulfil m
w
en t herevu l -

enco unter it I ill attem p t an expla n at ion o f t he a n x i

c ty
dream at least o fiering so m
,

e suggestions
That apsychic process developing anxiety m
.
,

ay st il l be a
\
wish ful film
-
en t has lo ng c eas ed to im pre s s us as a c o o t n db

wish bel ongs to one system (the while by the ot hd

P SY CHO L OGY OF D REA M AC T I V I T IE S 45 9

The subjection of the Un c by the Forec is not co m plete

even in perfect psychic health ; the am ount of this suppm io n
. .

shows the degree o f our psychic norm ality Neurotic sym pto m s
show that there is a conflict between the two system
.

s ; t he
sym pto ms are the results of aco m prom ise of this conflict and
they temporarily put an end to it On the one hand they
,

.
,

a
nd s erve it as a s ally p ort , w
hile, on th e o th er hand they
,

extent It is highly ins tr uctive to consider e g the significance

. , . .
,

of an y hysterical phobia o r o f an agoraphobia Suppose a .

neurotic incapable of cros sing the street alone which we wo ul d

j ustly call a sym pto m We attem pt to rem ove this sym ptom
,

w
”“

by urgin g himto th e a hic h he deem s him

.

w
c tion s elf incapable
of The res ult ill be an attack of anxiety just as an attac k o f
. ,

a n xiety in the street ha s o ft en been t he c a us e o f establishing

a n a goraphobia We th us learn that the sym
. pto mhas been
constituted in order to g uard agains t the outbreak of the
a nxiety The phobia is th rown before the anxiety like a
.

Un lees w e en ter i
n to by the afiect s in these
t he part played
pro cesses which can be done here on ly im
, perfectly we cannot ,

continue o ur discussion Let us therefore advance th e pro

.

m
pos ition that the reason why the s uppression of the un co n
scious becom es abs olu nec essary is because if the discharg e ,

of presen tation sho uld be left to itself it would develop an ,

pleas ure , ince the appearance of the repression

b ut which , s ,

b ears the c harac ter o f pa in The ann a s well as the result of

'

the suppression is to stop the developm

.
, ,

ent of this pain The .

s am
a otor secon dary activity the key to the in nervation
or ,

of which is located in the presentations of the Un c Through .

it were throttled and inhibited at the exit of th e emotion

developing impulses The dan ger which is d ue to the fac t
,

.
,
460 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EAMS

—
w
taken pl a
c e c an o nl y b e perc eived a
s pain or an x iet y

m
.

T his da
n ger is a
rel e s ed thro ugh t he f ull s ay o f th e drs a

fact that repressions have taken place an d that the , s upp re md e

structure Were it not fo r t he fac t that o ur subject is

connected through j ust on e factor nam
.

ely the fre eing of the

Un c during sleep with the subject of the developm
, ,

ent of
nxiet y I could disp ms e with d c um nxiety dream m
.
,

a , ion of the a ,

and th us avoid all obscurities connected with it .

As I have often repeated the theory of the anxiety ,

belongs to the psycholo gy of the neuroses I would say

m ma d
.

w
t hat th e a
n xiety in th e drea is a
n a n xiet y pro ble n not

a dreamprobl em . We have no thin g further to d o it h it

s ub jec t of the drea mp roc es s There is on l y one t hing left

mt
.

w
for e o do As I ha ve a ss erted t hat t he neu ro tic an xi
ety

m m
.

o figi
n ates fro aexual so ur c an sub jec t s n xiet y d rea s

Fo r goo d a
re s on s l refrain fmmciting here any of the

b ut I recall one fromm y seventh o r eighth ye ar which I s ub

tion about thirty years later The dream
w w w ww
jec te d to interpreta
m m m m
.

a s ver
y v ivid an d s ho ed e y be lo d o h
t cr iflt p uli b
l msleep ing coua m can ied inlo the roomo nd laid ou fis
, ,

aw
ca tena '

I o ke crying

m m
w
an d s crea in g a n d di s tu rb ed y paren ts Th e v ery t a
ll
— m
, .

figures d ra p ed i
n a pec ul iar ann er— ith b eak s I h a d t aken
m
,

ww
fro the illustrations of Philippson s bible ; I believ e t hey ’

represented deities wi t h hea ds of sparro ha lrs fro a

n m
Egyptia m
n to b re lief The analysis also introduced the re
.

us ch ildren on t he mad e o w in fron t of the ho use ; I wu o ld

4 62 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DRE AMS
wm m
altreat a In p a m w
w
ho he us ed t o n d l o c k do n rt ic ular, he

m
.

rec alled an o cc as io n hen he st ruc k his bro t h on t h e hea d '

he bled whereupon his m other remarked :

w w
with his boot un til
ill kill himsom m
,
“
I fear he e day
”
W hil e he a s s ee in l
gy
thinkin g of the subject of violence a rem iniscen ce fro mhm
.

'

late a
nd w en t to b ed w w
a
hile he s feign in g sleep . B e a
c on

and he c o uld als o mak e out th e pos ition of his paren te in b ed .

violence an d wrestl ing an d th u s reached a sad istic con

m
,

c ept ion of t he coit s u a

ct , a
s of t en ha ppen s a on g c h il dren .

c hil dren w u m am amu

ho c er i d a t he l dare ea
s ee fe r mm y i
s

afact of daily exp erien ce . I have exp lain ed t his f ear b y the

a
st nd ing ,an d is pro b ably a ls o in a
c c ept able to them beca use
their parents are involved in it For th e sam e reason this
excite m
.

ent is converted into fear At astill earlier paio d of

life sexual em rm
.

otion dire cte d towa rd the pa t of opp osit e sea

does no t meet with repression b ut finds fre e expres sion as we .

have seen above (pp 209 .

frequently found in children I would unhesitatingly give the,

the incomprehensible an d rejected sexual feelings whic h if

note d would probably show a tem
, ,

w
poral periodicity for a n

enhancem ent of the sexual h bido m

, ,

ay jus t a ell b e produced

'

accidentally thro ugh em otional im pressions as thro ugh the

spontaneous an d grad ual processes of development
mat tiom
.

I la
c k the n ec ess ary eri l to sus ta
a in theee expl n aa

to lac k the point of view which alon e makes co m

w
prehen sible
the whole series of phen om en a on the somatic as ell as on ,
PS YC HOL OGY OF DREA M AC T I V I T IES 468

st

thesis on pa uoctumus by Debacker 1 881 (p "

w
andin g o f s uch cases l ill relate acas e hich l fo und in a
A
w w
thirteen year old boy of delicate health began to beco m
.
,

- -
e
an xious and d rea my ; his sleep became restl ess and about ,

with hall ucinations The m em ory of thm e dream

. s as in w
w
variably very distinct Thus he related that the devil shouted
at him Now we have yo u now we have you an d this a
.
,
”
s , ,

w
followed by an odo ur of sulphur ; the fire burned his skin
This dreamaro used him terro r s tricken He a
.

w
s u nable to -

screamat first ; then his voice returned and he as heard to

, .

m
,

sa a ”
y distinctly N o no no t e ; why I h ve done nothing
. , , ,

or , Please don t I shall never do it again ’

, Occasionall y .
,

also he said Al bert has not done that ”

Later he avoided
id the fire attacked himonly
.
,

undressing beca use a s he sa

w Fromam
,

id these evil dream

, ,

w
when he a s un dre ssed s which
menaced his health he as sent into the country where he
.
,

, ,

recovered within a yea r an d a ha lf but at the age of fifteen

er m
,

he once confessed Je n osa is pa s l avo u ais j épro uvais ’ ’ ’

,

par ties ; ala fin cela mé ’

a
n ervit tant que pl usieurs fois
m j t pa laf ét
, ,

a
j p
’
i en s é e e er r en re audo rto ir .

pra
c tised mastu bation r in former years , that he probably

wro n gdoing (his confession : Je ne ls ferai plus ; his denial

Albert n a j am ais fait ca) 2 That und er the pressure of
’

pubert y the tem

.
,

ptation to self abuse through the tickling of

w
-

the genitals as reawaken ed 3 That now however astruggle

of repre ssion arose in hims uppressing the libido and changing
.
, , ,

it into fear which subsequently to ok th e formof the punish

,

Let us however quo te the concl usions drawn by o ur autho r

, ,

(p T h is obse rv ation shows : 1 Th at the in fl ue n ce of

puberty m
.
,

w
ay pr od uce in a boy of delica te health a conditio n

o f extrem e ea kn esaa nd th at it m ay lead to avay nmbcd '

4’ T he ita
lics are my on th ugh o t he ma i g i plai
e n n s ug h witho utn en o
m
,

7 T he italics are in e .
characte r ,

be traced to the influences of religious education

subject underwent as achil d
4 A ll m
.

. anifestations disappeared a
s aresul t of
sojo urn in the co untry bodily exercise and the, ,

the father s chronic syp hilitic state

’

The concluding rem

.

arks of the a u
avons fait entrer cette observation dans ls
apyrétiques d ina r c est a
n it ion c a l is c hém
'
ie
’ ’

In venturing to attem pt to penetrate m ore deepl y into the

psychology of th e dreamprocesses I have undertaken adidi
s k to which indeed m
,

cult ta y powe r of desc ription is h ardly

equal To reproduce in description by as ucc em
, , ,

ion of words
the sim ultaneo usness of so co m
.

plex achain of eve nts and in ,

do ing so to appear unbiassed thro ughout the expositio n goes

irly beyond m
,

fa y powe rs I h ave now to aton e.f or t h e fact

psychology to follow the histo ric d evelopm ent of m y views

The view points for m m
.

y
-
conceptio n of the drea were reac hed

w m w
w
roses , hic h I a no t s upp osed t o refer here , but t o
to hic h
m
I a repea tedl y forc ed t o refer, herea s I s ho u ld pref er to
p ro c eed n t h e o p pos itc
i direct ion an d s ta
rt ing f ro th c m
dream to establish a connection with the psyc ology of the
, ,

h
neuroses I amwell aware of all the inc on ven im arising
,

mthi w w
.

fo r th e re a
d er fro s d ifi c ul ty b ut l kn o
, a o f no
g to

As I a diss a m fia
t isfied ith this state o f a w
irs I a gla d tc m
m
,

dwell upon another view point which see s to raise t he value

-

m
of y eff orts As has been shown in the intro duction to t he
.
 w
w
for t his in terpreta tio n hich ha s b een ld t u n d ec i
d ed b y tho
autho rit ies The in terpre ta tion tcl lo s in s u ch a a nn er that m
m
.

th e perc eived o b jec t is ren dered ha r l es s a

s as leep dis tu rbcr

do no t dm
a it a al
s s p ec i so urc es of t he d rea mt he s ub jectivc
state of excitement of the senso ry organs during sleep which
seem s to have been dem o ns t rat ed b y Trumb ull Ladd e
“
,

w
are n ev ert helemable to explain this excitem
,

en t through t he

md m
w w
o p a
rt
es t i
n o ur conc ept ion has a
l s o b e as s i
g n ed to t he

inner organic sensation s hich are on t to b e t ak en as thc

—
sensation of falling flying
re ady material to b e u
,

s ed b y the dream
, or
-
w
inhibition s t an d a
s a

ork
n

t o expre mth
eve

d reamtho ught as often as need arises .

s ee mts o b e true fo r the perc ept io n th ro ugh c on s c i

o u m ess of

dreampro cess pro bably take a slow fluctuating course

t he
mcon
.
,

We h ave solved the riddle of the superabundant drea

u ures fro mt he psyc hic l ife

s t r ct Tha t t he d rea is d is figu rsdm
mm
.

an d disto rted by e ory we found to be correct , b ut not

m m
w w
tro ubleso e , as t his is on l y the las t anifest o peratio n in the
o rk o f dis figure en t m hic h ha s b een a c tive fro th e begin m
m
nin g of the drea work In the bitter an d see ingly irrecon
. m
cila bl e controversy a s to whet her the psychic li f e sl eeps a t
nig h t o r c an a k e tmhe s a e us e o fmall its ca p ab il itie s a s d ing m
the day , we have been able to agree with both sides t hough
m
.

not fully with either . We have found pro of that the drea

eruplo yin g almost every means furnished by the psychic ap

even the theo ry c f partial sleep bas com s into pla y ; but tke
characteristics of the sl eepin g state have b een fo un d no t in the

of the psychic systemdominating the day aris in g , fro mit s

PSYC H OLOGY OF DREA M AC T I V I TI ES 4 67

the repre sentation of the dream That we should reject the

.

able the psychic life does not there by becom

b ut e aim less
we have seen that after the abandonm
,

f or ent of the desired

w
nised , we have placed under its control a far greater
but
territo ry than could have been supposed we have ho ever , ,

an d sen s eful c ne To be sure e too ha w

ve c alled th e dream
absurd ; b ut we have been able to learn fro mexam
.
, ,

ples how

do not deny any of the fun ctions that have been att ributed

an d that according to Robert s a

s sertion a rm
ll kinds of h a ful
’

material are rendered harmless through representation in the

, ,

dreamnot onl y exactl y coincides with o ur theory of the two

fold wish fulfilm m but in his own wording
,

en t in the drea
-
, , ,

him self The free indul gence of the psychic in the play of
.

its faculties finds expression with us in the n on interference -

The return to the embryonal state of psychic life in the

dream an d the observation of Havelock Ellis ’3
an a rcha ic
s t em m
otions an d im rfect tho ugh ts appear to us as
,

world of va ”

happy anticipations of our ded uctions to the efl ect t hat prim

,

i
tive m odes of work suppressed during the day partic ipate in

w
th e form ation of the dream; an d with us a s with Delage the
‘5

an d m aterial beco mes the main s pring of the dream

, ,

ing .

We have fully recognised the role which Scherner a s c ribes

to the dreamphantasy an d even his interpret ation b ut we

h ave been obliged so to speak to conduct themto another
,

departm ent in the problem It is not the dreamthat pro

, ,

duces the phantasy b ut the unconscious phantasy that takes

the greatest part in the form ation of the dre amtho ughts We
are indebted to Sc hern er for his cl ue to the so urce of the dream
.

tho ughts b ut alm,

ost every thing that he a s cribes to the d rea m
46 8 T H E IN TERPRE T A T I O N OF D R E AMS
work is attributable to the activity of the uncon s cio us which ,

not only fo r dre ams b ut for neuro tic sympto ms as well . We

wa ab a ma
w
Finall y , e h ve by n doned t h e re la
no tio n o f t hc
e ns

m mental disturbances b ut on the con trary e have

drea to
given it am
, , ,

w
ore solid fo undation on new ground
Thus held to gether by the n e m
.

w
aterial ot o ur t heory ss
by asuperio r un it y e fin d t he m os t va
, ried and m o s t c ont m

some of themare difl eren tl y dispos ed only afew of , fir ma re

Fo r, disre garding the ma y ob cu ities

n s r which we have n eces o

p y
s c h ol o gy , wa wa a
e re no pp ren tl y e mba a rr s s ed by a ne w
while on the other hand we have found am on g the dream
tho ughts a num ber of entire ly abn ormal m
, ,

en tal pro cesses

which extend likewise to the dreamconten ts These con .
,

Al l th at we have termed the dreamwork -

seems so re mote
the m t f th auth a t
severe s t ud
j g en s o

mi g seemt u well founded

e o rs e o the l o w p s
yc hic

activity of d ea r n o s .

Pe rha ps only through still further ad vance c an en lighten

m ent an d i mprovement be bro ught about I sh all pick out
one of the constell ations leading to the form ms
.

atio n of drea
We have l eamed t hat the dreamreplac es a m im
.

b er of
tho ughts derived fro md aily l ife which are perfectly fo rm ed
logically We cannot therefore doubt that t hes e tho ughts
n ate fro mo ur n ormal mental life A ll the qualities Which
.

o rig i

we esteemin o ur mmtal operations an d which disting uish

.

these as complicated a
,

w
c t ivities of ahigh o rder we find rep ea ted
in the d reamtho ughts There is ho ever no need ef ass um
,

ing that this m ental wo rk is perform

.
, ,

ed during sleep as this ,

may
wa
of sleep we have hitherto adhered to These thoughts
mth m
.

jus t a
s ell h ve o ri
g i
n ated fro e day, a
nd , i n ot iced by
470 TH E IN TE RPR E TA T I ON OF

the attention of consciousn es s through which ,

receives a
“
surplus of energy ”
We shall be
what later to elucidate our assum
.

ption

w
disapp ear spontan eo usly or contin ue .

c on c eive a
s fo llo s : I t difius es its en ergy thro ugh all the
a
s sociation paths eman ating fro mit an d thro ws the en t ire ,

cite mt en equiring an o utlet into dorm

r ant energy .
“
l
If this

a fo r the drea
c n oe mformation B ut other en d -
presen tations
ate fro mthe s o urc es
.

are l urlring in o ur fo rec on s cio us t hat o ri

g i
n

thus left to itself establ ish a connec tion between it an d the

,

the unconscious wish Henceforth the neglected or suppres sed

train of thought is in aposition to m
.

w
aintain itself although
this reinforcement does not help it to gain oess to conscious
,

ifthe foreconscio us train of thought had fromthe beginning

been connected with the uncon scious wis h and for that ,

tion ; o r if an un c o nscio us ish ere m

—possibl y so m atic —
a
de a ww
ct ive fo r o ther

rea sons an d of its own accord soug ht a

transference to the psychic rem nants not occupied by the
Forc o All three cases finally co m bine in one issue so that
there is established in the foreconscious asneamof thought
.
,

p at ion eceives occupation fro mthe unconscious wis h

r

The streamof thought is henceforth subjec ted to a seriu

, .

p s y c hic p m c es s eshi a
nd
c h giv e w
u s as u rp rising s ul t via m
0f t he significa
. n t o bs ervation s by J B reuer in our Stadiu mHM
.

189 5 , aud 20 d ed 1909 . .

 PSYC HOLOGY OF DREAM AC T I VI T IES 4 71

endowed with m arked inte sity Thro ugh the re pea

n te d re

currence of this process the in tms ity of an entire train of ideas

.

we became acquainted in t he chapter on The DreamWork -

.

impression of the dream for we kn o c f nothin g a na logo us w

to it in the norm
,

al psychic lif e accessibl e to conscio usness .

tho ught ; b ut this validity does no t manifest itself in any

mo er intensive In the process of condensation the entire

psychic connection beco m n sfo rm
.

es tra ed into the intensity of

the pre sentation content It is the sam e as in abook where
.

s tres s is laid fo r t he un d erstandin g o f the text In s peech t he

sam
.

e word would be pronounced lo udl y an d deliberately and

exam ple taken fro m the chapter on The DreamWo rk -

(t rim ethyl am ine in the d re am of Irm a s injection ) H i

s
’

ll o ur attention to the fact that the m

.

to ria n s of a rt ca ost
a n cien t histo rical sculptures follow a sim ilar principle in ex

w
pre ss in g t he a
r n k of the pers ons rep res en ted b y t he size of

the st at ue The kin g is m

ade t o or t hre e m
ti es a s larg e as
his re tin ue or the vanq uished enem
.

y A piece of art however

fro mt h Ro m an period m akes use of more s ubtle m
.
, ,

eans to
e

are seen cowerin g at his feet ; b ut he is no longer represented

mong dwarfs However the bowing of the subor
a gia nt a
w
.
,

din ate to h is s uperior in o ur o n da

y s is o nly a
n ec h o o f th at
mo eove and in the service of condensation M
w
r r, ay
m m m
,

p res en tatio ns — o pro is es a

s it were —are fo r ed (q the

n umerous exam ples ) This likewise is som

.
,

ething unheard

w
.
, ,

q ues tion of selection and retention of the a

e
p p er p m
formations occur with ext ra
o rdinary freq uenc y when we are

a to which the tho ughts

c e s es

rationally formed are subjecte d

work As the m
. ain feature of

an d the actual sign ifican ce of the psychi c elem en ts to which

d here beco m e a matter of secon dary im
,

thes e energies a
po rtance One m
,

ight possibl y think tha t the con tin uation

an d co mpro m ise form
.

ation is ef fected only in t he s ervic e 01

sy n thes is of dreams which lack regres sion toward [nw

e
 4 74 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON O F D R EAMS
be ref uted B ut in ord er to expl ain th e re al eanin g of the m
term m
.

rep ress ion , which we ha ve e ployed so freely , we shall

be o bl iged to mak
e so m fu the
e r r a
d dit ion to o ur ps y c hologica
l

itself free fromexcitem ent For this reason it as constructed w

tus ; the m
.

afte r the pl an of areflex appara ot ility o riginally ,

the psychic results of afeeling of gratification an d we , might

t hat do n t c on c ern u
o
s —is perceived a s pain a nd se e mm
apparatus in m otion in order to re produce afeeling of grat ifi
o

as pleasure S uch ac urrent in the apparatus which em ana tes

fro mpain an d strives fo r pleasure we call awish We have
.

said that nothing b ut awish is capable of setting the apparatus

in m otion an d that the discharg e of excitem
, ent in th e apparatus

pain The first wish m ust have been a n ha ll ucin atory occu
m m
.

p a t ion of the e o ry f or gratific ation B u t this hall uc i

n s »

tion unless it were m

.

,
aintained to the point of exhaustion ,

proved i n capable of bringing abo ut a ces sation of the desire

a n d conseq u ently of sec uring the pleasure conn ected with

w
gratification
—
.

Thus there as required a second activity in o ur ter

min ology the activity of a second system which shoul d not
—
perm it the m em ory occ upation to advance to perception a nd

therefromto restrict the psychic forces b ut should lead the

excite m ent emanating fromthe craving stim
,

ul us by adevious
path o ver the spontaneo us m otility which ultim atel y should
so change the outer wo rld as to allow the real percept ion of

w
the object of gratification to take pla ce Th us far we have.

elabo rated the plan of the psychic apparatus ; th es e t o

in the fully developed apparatus .

In o rd er to be in apos ition s ucc es sf ul ly to ch ange the c ata '

PSYC H OLOGY OF DREAM AC T I VI T IES 475

well as amanifold fixation of the relations which are evoked

now proceed further with o ur assum ption The m anifold

acti vity of the second system tentatively sending fo rth and
.

over al l memo y mate ial

r r , b ut on the other hand it wo uld be

the transformation of the o uter wo rld In the interests of

expediency I therefo re postulate that the second systems uc
.

is entirely unknown to m
e anyone who wishes to follow up

w
the ay fo r adem onstration of the pro cess of m otion in the
stim tion of the neuron I m
w
ula erely hold to the idea that
w
the ac tivit y of t he first j s y stemis direc ted to the f ree ordflo
.

r-

brings about an inhibition of this outflow through the energies

em anating fro mit i s it produces atransf orm ation into do r
m ant en ergy probably by rais ing the level I therefore ass um
.
, .

e
that under the control of the secon d s ystemas co m
.
,

pare d with
the first the co urse of the excitem
, en t is bo und to ent irel y

has finished its tentative mental wo k r , it removes the in hib i

xcitemen ts to flow o ff to the m

w w
e otilit y .

An in teres t in g train of thoug h t no pres en t s its elf if e

consider the relations of this inhibition of discharge by t he

secon d systemto the regul ation through the principle of pain .

th e so urc e of apain ful mti

e o on . Th is w ill th mb
i e f o ll o wed
W6 T HE IN T E RPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AMS
frompain but on the reappearan ce o f the perc ept io n this m
,
a
ni o

men t a
w
of flight ) un til t he perc eption has g ain d s a a re i ppe d
m
.

B ut t h ere ill h ere rerna in n o tend c y aga in to o c c upy the

t ion or in
an y o ther m
fo r . On th e a
c o n tr ry , th ere w
ill be a

c ilita
is fa ted also by the fac t that , un l ike perception , memo y r

t hereb y to att ract to its elf ne w en ergy . This a an d

e sy reg u

pai
n f ul memo ry p res en ts to us t hs md o el a
nd the firs t en ample

of p y
s chi c rep ress i
on . As is gen eral ly known , mu hc of this

ostrich c an be re adily dem

, onstrated even in the normal psychic

By virtue of the p rin c iple of pain t he firet s

ys te mi s there

t h ing b ut wis h . If th is re mai n ed so t he m tal at i ity

en c v of

two ways are now O pened : the wo rk of the second system

co tin ues its co urse paying no heed to the painful reminis cence
n ,

as to in hib it its dis cha rge n d hen c eu a

a ls o t o inhl b lt thc
disc harge co ma
p rab le to a mto
o r
a
inn erv tion f o r t he de
wa e rs
478 TH E IN TERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EAMS
and m ore fro mexclusive adjustm
w
ent by the princ iple of pain
an d through th e o rking of the m
,

ind to restrict the aff ecti ve

This refinem ent of the ac ti vity m ust have b ear att ained
thro ugh a recent over occ upation of energy broug ht about
-

by consciousness B ut we are aware that this refinem

. ent

This however is not t he breach in th e f unction al efi

, ,

cien c y of o ur psychic apparatus through which t he tho ughts

form ing the m aterial of the secondary m
w
ental work are n o

abled to m ake their ay into the prim

w
ary psy chic process
with which fo rm ul a we m ay now describe the ork leading
mama d mpt m
w
to the d n t o the hys terical sy o s Th is a
c s e of

esul ts fromthe union of the t o factors from

.

in s ufi c ien cy r

the histo ry of o ur evol ution one of which belon gs sol ely to

t he ps yc hic apparatus and has exerted ad etermining in fluence
on the relation of the two system s while the oth er operates ,

into the psychic life Both originate in the infantil e life a nd

lt fro mthe transform nd som

.

res u ation which o ur psychic a atic

organis mhas undergon e since the infantile period
Wh en I ts rm
.

ed o ne o f the psychic p rocesses i

n the psychic

apparatus the prim ary process I did so not only in con sid era
,
»

tion of the order of precedence an d capability b ut also a s

adm itti n g the tem m

,

p ral relations to a sha re in the no en

c lature . As f ar as o ur knowledge goes there is no psychic

it is a theoretic fiction ; b ut so much is based on fac t that

beginn in g while the secondary processes develop grad uall y in

the co urse of life in hibiting and covering the prim
,

ary ones
an d gainin g com plete m aste ry over themperhaps only at the
, .

unconscio us wish feelings can neither be sei s ed nor in hibited

,

by th e fo reconscio us whose part is once for all res tricted t o

the in dication of the m
,

ost suitabl e paths fo r the WM f ga m

PSYC HOLOGY OF DREAM AC T I VI T I ES 479

establish for all subsequent psychicefforts acom pulsion to hich w

they have to subm it an d which they must strive if possible to
d ivert f ro mit s co urse an d direc t to high er aims . In c on s e

large sphere of the memo y mate ial emains i

r r r n accessible .

ful fil mt en s of which have en tered into arelation of con tr a

dic

fulfil mt en of these wishes would no longer produce an affect

m
ww
of p l ea s ure b u t on e o f p a in ; a n d it is ju s t th is tr a ns f or a t io n

ww
of a h a u h a u f ha a a “
'

fl ”e ct t t con s tit tes t e n t re o t e d e s ig n te s r e

p res s io n in ,hi ch e re co gn is e the inf an til e fi rs t s tep of p as s in g

in what w
adverse senten ce o r of rejecting throu g h re a s o n To in vestig a te

a a th ough what m
.

oti e fo ces such a t ans

y nd r v r r

that s uc h a transf o r ation m of afiect oc curs in t he co urs e of

w
life of disgust which as originally absent ) and th at it is
ry syste m The
,

connected with the a c tivity of the seconda .

hibited . It is j ust on acco unt of this affective development

scious thoughts to which they have transferred their wishing

power On the contrary the prin ciple of pain com
. es into
play and causes the Forc e to devi ate fromthese tho ughts of
,

transference The latter left to themselves are repressed

, .

s the existence of asto re of infantile m em ories fro m

.
, , ,

an d th u

the very beginnin g withdrawn fro mthe Fo rec becom

,

es th e
prelim
.
,

inary condition of repre ssion

In the m ost favourable case the developm ent of pain term
.

thoughts of transference in the Force and th is eff ect charac

,

is difl erent however if th e repressed unconscious wish receives

an organic en forcem
, ,

ent which it can lend to its tho ughts of

transference and through which it can enable themto m ake
4 80 T HE IN TE RPRE T A T I ON OF DREAMS
a rds penetra
n effo rt to wa tion with their excitement even aft er ,

subsequen tly this leads to a pmet ration by the thoughts of

transference (the carriers of the uncon scious wish ) in some form

by the unconscious wish feelin g and abandoned by the fore

-

p ro c ess a
n d strive only fo r moto r discharg e ; o r, if t he path

in co rrect p roc ess es describ ed are en w ted on ly w it h t houghts

primay r in th e ps ychic a pp a rat us ; M

w wm w b o mm
w u W ma m
tho ughts abando ned by tloe f oreconscious a
oc a
p f
tio n re le t to

m
the s d ves , and can filt them s elves ith the n in hibited gy,
striving f or dis cliarg f
e ro m tlie unc on scious a e .
y dd a

c es ses des ignated ncorrect

i are re all y n ot fals ific at ions of

that the conn ection of t he foreconscious pres en t atims with

to adduce proof that an increase of work necessarily res ults

fro mthe in hibition of these primary courses from the fact

through laughter if , wa we llo thes e strea m of th ught t

s o o c ans to

develo p tamm
l period of childhood Thes e are capable of
mmn a d th
.

ret u n g to a
rni c tivity at al ater pefiod of devd op n cn

have the fa
culty of being revived ei ther , aa
s qm oons e c e of
48 2 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T ION OF DREAMS

s is ea
a s ily possible in s uch adifi cul t matte r, in an erro neous

the in terpret at ion of a

t he ps yc hic c en s or
n d o f t h e co rrect

an d of the a bn orm al elaboration of the dreamcontent the

c t n evert heles s rem
,

fa ains t h at s uc h pro c es s es a
re a c t ive i
n

analogy to th e pro c ess es o bs er ved in t he fo r atio n o f ths m

hys terical sym mp to s The d re a is no t a p a tmho l o gic al
m a d it d mt
.

ph en o enon n oes no t lea nd a

ve behi n en f eeb le en

the m
,

wa
of ental faculties The objection that no d eduction
am mm
.

a
c n b e dra n a
reg rdin g t he d re s of he l th y pereon s f
m own d eams a f o mthose of ne otic patient ma be
w w w w
y r nd r ur s y
re ec ted
j u mm m H ence
itho t co a rt .
, hen e dr c on cl n

ni
se tha m ha i mmad u f by th u
t t he ps y chic ec n s e se o e n e ro s es

is not c eated by am
r o bid distu bance of the psy chic life b ut
r r ,

the inhibition and the co vering of the one activity by the

—
other the relations of both to conscio usness o r whatever
may o fier amore correct interpretation of t he actual condi
,

tions in their stead —all th ese belong to the normal st ructure

of our psychic instrum ent and the dreampoin ts o ut for us
,

one of the road s leading to aknowledge of this structure If

in addition to o ur knowledge we wish to be con tm
.
.

rt ed with a

minimumperfectly established we shall say that the dream

,

uppress ed m
,

gives u s proo f t ha t t he aterial cont inues to aid

s

even in the no n na l person and rem ains capable of p sychic a s itu

cti
The dreamitself is one of the m anifestations of this suppressed
m aterial ; theoretically this is true in all c ases ; according
mber
,

to subs t a n tial ex perien ce it is t rue in a t least agrea t nu

of such as m ost conspicuously display the prom inent chara c ter

mThe suppressed psychic m

w
ist ics of drea life ate rial which
s b een p reven ted fm mexpres s ion and
.
.

in the a kin g st ate ha

cu t o ff fro m
inte rnal perception by the antagonistic ad justu aea t
PS YC H OLOGY OF DREAM AC T I V I T IES 4 83

At a
n y rat e the in terpret at io n of drea mi s s t he via regia t o a
knowledge of the unconsci ous in the psychic life
nalys is of the dreamwe have m ade so m
.

I n foll owing the a e

progress to ward an unders tandin g of the co mposition of this
most marvellous an d most mysterious of instruments to be
w
sure we have not gone very far b ut enough of abeginning has
mad nc e fro mo th er
, ,

b een e to allo u s to d va
a so c -
alled path o

Disease at leas t that which is justly term

— —
ed functional is
no t d ue to th e des t ruct i
on of th is apparatus an d the estab
m
,

lis h en t of new spl ittings in its interior ; it is rather to be

ing of the com pon ents in the play of forces by which so m a ny

ac t ivities are concea led d u ring the norm al function We
have been able to show in another plac e how the co m
.

position
of the apparatus fromthe two system s perm its asubtilisation
even of the norm al ac tivity which wo u ld be im possible for a

(f ) The Unc ons ciou

s and Cons cio u
s ness —Rea
l ity .

On closer inspection we fin d that it is not t he existence of

two system s near the m oto r an d of th e apparatus b ut of
two kin ds of processes o r m odes of em otional discharge the
assum pt ion of which a s expla w
ined in the psychological dis ~
,

fo r us fo r we
, must alway s be ready to drop o ur auxili ary ideas

be erroneously fo rmed as long as we regarded the two system

w
s
in the crudest and m ost obvious sen se as t o localities within

The d eami
r s no t t he on ly p h en o m en o n te din g
n bae p ych
to s s o

a s h t
or series of u fi i hed aticl e
n n s r s
484 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R EAMS
the terms epression
r a
nd pmt at i
e r on . Thus , wa w h i
‘
e

fore oonsc io us in o rd er lat er t o penet ra

t e oon s c io us n ess , “
do n o t eamn t hat as econ d id eais to be fo r ed s itu ated in a m

Wh en wa m
wm
o f lo c al ity .
y t h at afo rec o nsc
es io us d
i eais rep re ed
and subs equen tly talren up by the unc on s cio us , e ight b e
m
te pted b y these figu rs s , b orro ed fro the ideaof as t ru w
ggle m
me that an arrangement
w
over a territo ry to a
s su , is re ally
b ro ken up in one p y
s c h i
c locality a
nd rep l c eda by ane one

these co m
wa w w
in the other locality Fo r parison s we s ubs titut e
mt
.

h t o uld s ee o co rres pond better ith the a

l
re st ate of

withdrawn fro ma c ert ain arran gemen t so t ha

t t he ps yc hic

of presentation by adynamic ; it is not the psychic formation

t hat appea rs to us a
s t he mvi go n fa
c to r b ut the inn ervatio n
of t he same .

system s We s hall avoid an y m isapplication of this m anner

of representation if we rem ember that presentations tho ughts
.

n d psychic fo rm
, ,

a at ions should gen era

l ly not be loc al ised in
the organic elem ents of the nervous system but so to s peak , , ,

c o rresp on d ing to th e m Everyt in g tha t ca

h n b eoo ma e n
mag s in
.

object of o ur intern al percept ion is virtual , like the i

the telescope prod uced by the passage of the rays of light
wa m m
.

B ut e re jus tified i
n a
ss u in g th e exis t sn c e of t he s ys ts s,

which have nothing psychic in them selves and which never

beco m
w
e accessible to o ur psychic perception correspo nd ing to
hic h des ig n the im
,

a
w
the lens es o f the teiesco pe g e Ii we
contin ue this co mparison we m
.

ay say th a t the censor

, b et eai

pa s sage into an e medium w

Thus far we have m
.

ade psychology on o ur own resp oni

b ility ; it is now time to emam in e the th eoretical o p in ions
48 6 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D R E Al VIS

fo ran y correct in sight into the behavio ur of the psychic

In the words of Lipps the unconscious m
.

ust be a c c ept ed a
, s

the gen eral ba s o f t h e ps yc hic li

si fe The unc on s c io us is th e
larger circle which includes within its elf the sm
.

all er circle

step in the unconscious whereas the unconscious m ay st op

with this step and still claimfull value as apsychic a
,

c tivity .

wa mw u a th
Properly spea king the un conscious is the real psychic ; its
,

m
w
in ture is yust as u nl o n to ality of the
’

n s s e re

orld , and it is just as i ps rf ectl g m p t d t re or e o us th ugh the da m

ts
of u
cons cio s ness as is th at mal m ld th
e e rough th e in d i
c atio as

older authors will be laid aside when the old oppos ition be

unconscio us psychic assigned to its proper pl ace Th us m any

of the activities whose perform ances in th e dreamhave ex
.

cited o ur adm ira tion are now no longer to be attribute d to the

dreamb ut to unconscious thinking which is also active during
m
,

w
t he day If a c co rd i
n g to S c hern er t he d rea s eerns t o l
p ya
with asymbolising representation of the body we kno t ha
.
, ,

t ,

w
this is the work of certain unconscious phantas ies which have
probably given in to sexual em otions and that t h s phan
m m b ut
,

ta
s ies co e to expres s io n no t on l
y in drea s als o in
hysterical phobias an d in other sym pto ms If the dream .

continues an d settles activities of the day an d even brings to

the drea mdi gui a af at f d eamwk a d amak f

s se s e o r -
or n r o

asistance f o mobscu e fo ces in the depth of the m

s r i d (q th
r r n e

devil in Tatini s sonata d eam

.

w
r ) The ’
intellect ual ta k a r s s

uh m am p y hi f
.

s cu t b at t ibut d t t h
s e r ehi h o e s e s c c o rces c

pe fo mall such taks d uing th day We a p obably fa

r r s r e re r r

much inclined t ove estimate the c nscious d amte

.

too o r
-
o i e r

even of int ll ectual a d atistic p oductions F omth

e n m r r r e co

munications f some of the most highly p od uctive pe n s

.

o r rs o

such a Goeth a d Helm holtz we lean indeed that th m

,

s e n ot r e s

am t th mi
, , ,

t ia
ess en l ad igi al pat i th i
n or at i n r s n e r cre on s c e o e n
P S YC H O L O G Y OF DRE AM AC T I VI T IES 487

w
finished There is nothing strange about t he assistance of
.

the conscio us activity in other cases where there as acon

cc ite d efio rt of a
-
l l the ps ychic fo rces B ut it is amuch abused .

privil ege of the conscio us activity that it is allowed to hide

fro mus all other ac tivities wherever it participates .

It wil l ha rdly be wo rth while to ta ke up the histo rical

significance of dream s as a special subject Where fo r in
stance ac hieftain has been urged throug h adreamto en gage
.
,

in
,

abold un d ertakin g the s uccess of hich ha

s ha
d th e efiec t w
of changing histo ry anew problemresults only so long a s the

dream regarded as astrange power is contrasted with other

,

, ,

ww hen e reg rd a the d rea ma af m f

fo r feelin gs s or o exp res s ion

which are burdened with resistance during the day an d which

can receive reinfo rce ents at night fro deep e otional m m m
sources ‘ B ut the grea
. t respect shown by the ancients for

is ahoma
g p
e aid to the uns ubd ued and in d es tru n t he
c t ib le i

wish and which we find again in o ur unconscious .

Not in advisedly do I us e the expression in our un con

scio us fo r what we so designate does not coincide with the
,

unconscious of the philosophers nor with the unconscio us ,

of Lipps In the latter uses it is intended to designate

.

a
s unconscious , b ut th at so me of it may exist also a conscious s .

phenom ena of the dreamand of the hysterical sym pto m

form ation ; the observation of norm a
l life alone su ces to m
establish its co rrectness beyond any doubt The new fa ct

that we have learned fromthe analysis of the ps yc ho patho

.

logical form ations a nd indeed from their first m em ber

dream
, ,

—
w
viz s is that the unconscio us hence the psychic
te s ys tem
.
,

—o c c urs as af u c n o f t c s ep a
n ct i ra n d t ha
s a t it
o cc urs as such even in no rm al psychic life Co nseq uently .

h re ( p e . 82) t he d am(Ea m)
re -
r of xander t he G reat at t he
Al e
s iege f T y u
o r s.
4 88 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF D RE AMS
there a
re t w o kinds of unco ns c io us , which w e do no t a
s yet

sc io us in th e psyc ho lo gical s ens e ; b ut in o ur s m se t he first ,

secon d we term Force because its em

whereas
after th e
t he
a
o bserv n c e o f c ert ain rules ,
.

a a
c n re c h c o ns c i
c
otions
us nw ,

b ut s t il l reg ardles s of th e Unc . sy ste m . The fa

c t t hat in

una lterable series of even ts or succession of ins ta

n c es as is ,

betrayed through their alteration by the censo r has hel ped

w acom parison fro mspatiality
,

w
us to dra We described the
ations o f th e t o sys tem mem
.

w
rel s to ea c h o ther a ou
nd to c on s c i

b y sa i
y g
n t hat th e s y st em F o rec is like a s c re
.m b et e en t he

bars access to consciousn ess b ut als o con tro ls the en tranc e to

voluntary m otility and is capable o f sending o ut asumof m
,

w
obile
en ergy , aportio n o f hic h is fa miliar to us as atten tion
We mus t also steer c lear of the distinctions s up c o sc io us mu
.

and subconscious which have fo und so m uch favour in the

more recen t literature on the psychon euroses for j us t s uc h a
dis tinc tion seem s to emphasize the eq uivalence of th e psychic
,

w
an d the conscio us
Wh at part no rem
.

ains in o ur des c riptio n o f t he on c e a

ll
powerful an d all overshadowing con scio usness ? Non e other
-

t han t ha t o f a s ens o ry orga n f o r the perc ep tio n o f ps c hic

y
qualities According to the fundam
. en tal idea of s chem atic

commends its elf

mw
the abbreviated designation Co ns This
mila i it m ha i al h aat
. .

sys te e c o n c eive to be si r n s ec n c c r c en

is tics to the pe ception systemP hence excitable by qualitie

r , s

a
n d incapable of retaining the trace of changes . is
. . it is devo id

organ s o f the P s ys tems is tu

-
rn c d to the o u
, t er orld i ts eli
s i w ,

the outer world fo r the sen sory o rgan of Coc a ; the t el eo

here once m ore confro nte d with the principl e of the suc ces s io n
of instances which seem s to dom inat e the structure of t he
49 0 TH E I N TE RPRE T A T I ON OF D REAMS

do mination is so , much mo e r easily ac co mp lis hed with to

there is no increase in occupation through the exc itm nen t of

the psychic sensory organs When an ideato be rejected ha s

on ce failed to becom e con scio us because it has succum

.

bed to
repre ssion it c an b e re p ress ed o n o t her oc oa
, sion s ouly b ecause

g o unds Thes e are hints em

r ployed by t herapy in ord er to
bring abo ut aretrogression of accomplished repres sio ns
.

—
.

The val ue oi the over occupation which is produc ed by

th e ie g ul ating infl uen c e o f th e Co na s ens ory organ on the
mobile , m
quantity is de onstrate d in the te leological connec ~

series of qualities an d conseq uently anew wagul t ion which

in g t he mw
hi h c as w wa
e kn o re to b e held in a
s pos ib le
c hec k

to en dow themwit h a
, , ,

dist urban ces of thought . In order

qualitative remnants of which sufi ce to draw upon th emthe

atten tion of conscio usness which in turn endows th ought

a n be exa mined only thro ugh an an alysis of the hysterical

m
c

mental procom Fromthis anal ysis we receive the im ed c n

that the t ransition fro mthe foreconscious to the o c c upau
.

'

on
of consciousn ess is also connected with a cens om hip sim ilar

w
to the one between the Unc an d the Forc e This censorship . .
,

too b egin s to act o nl y ith the reachin g of ac ertain quan ti

t few intense tho ught form
,

ta t ive degree so tha ation s s ca pe

s e of detention fro mc on s c io usn em a
,

it E very possible c a
. s ,

well as of pen etration to conscio usness under restrict ion is

fo un d included Within the picture of the psyc hon eum
,

w
tic
phenom ena; every case poin ts to the intim ate and t ofold

concl ude these psychological discussions with the report of

PSYC HOLOGY OF DREA M AC TI VI T IES 49 1

On the oc c as ic n of a c ons ul tation a fe wa ye rs a

go th e

attire as straw
n ge ; w a awma
here s o
’
n s garb is usuall y gie o md e

an d two of her wa ist buttons opened S he co m plained of .

w
pains in one of her legs an d exposed her leg unrequested
Her chiei com
.
,

w
plaint however as in her own words as
f so m
, ,

follows : She had afeeling in her b o dy a

s i eth i
ng as

through an d through . This sometimes made h er whole body

at m; e the complain t w
a quite plain
s to hi m . To both of

girl s h e had no ideaof t he i port m of her w o rd s o r sh e w o ul d

never have allowed themto pas s
,

her lips Here the cen so r

that under the m
.

had been deceived so successft ask of

of a boy of fourteen years who as s ufiering fromtic coa w

vu f
l si hyst
,e rical vom i t ing headac he & c by a ss u
,ring him , .
,

that after closing his eyes he would see pictures o r have ideas
which I req uested himto co m municate to me He answered
, , ,

before com ing to m w

as visually revived in his m em
w
e ory
yed agame of checkers with his uncle an d now sa
.

He h ad pl a ,

tions that were favourable o r unfavourable on moves that were

not safe to make He then s a adagger lying on the checker
. w ,

w
board eu object belonging to his father b ut transferred to
, ,

w
the checker board by his phantasy Then asickle as lyin g on
-
.

mw
the boa rd ; n ext as c yt he as ad ded ; an d finally he beheld
m
, ,

the l ik iess of a
n o ld peaa
s n t i g th o n a in fre n t o f
e gr s s

the boy s distant parental ho m

’
e . A few days later I discovere d

relation s ha d m ad e t he b oy n ervous It as t he case c f a w

strict an d crabbed father who lived unhappily with his m
.

other .
 T HE IN TERPRE T A T I ON O F DREAMS
a nd w
ho s e ednc a tional m ethods c ons is t ed in t h rea

ther fre mhis tend er a

ts ; o f t he
te m
w
s ep a t io n or his fa
ra nd deh c a o th er
'

and the rem arryin g of his father ho one day bre u@t hom
,

, e

km
u a a a
w
Z ted h is fa
e s c s tr t her ; the nd the l i
sc yt he es s oi the

m
w w
pea s ant rep res en ted K r c n c s t he v iol en t o l d a n ho ea ts h is

m
,

children a nd u p on h o Z e us rea k s v en ge an c e in s o u n fil ial

am an ner The m
. arriage of t he father gave the b o y an oppor
tunity to ret u rn t he repre a c hes a n d t h rea ts o f his fa t her

t he dagger ww
ith hic h a person may b e killed ) . We have

w
w
hic h , un d er the guis e of sen s eless pict ures ha ve slipp ed i nt o

oon s c io usn ou
s b y d evi s path s lef t o pen to the m .

I should then expec t to find the theoret ica l va lue o f the

a foresee the im
c n por tance of a tho ro ugh kn owledge of the
structure and act ivities of the psychic apparatus when em
ou r p res ent st a w
te of kno ledge prod u s aha w p py t h era p eut ic

in fl u en c e in the cu rab le fo rm s o f t he ps yc hon eu roem? Wha t

lue of s uch study som eone m
w
about the practical va ay a sk ,

for psy chic kno ledge a n d fo r the dis c o veri ng of t he s ec ret

peculiarities of individual charac ter ? Have not t he un o

mt he value o f real
w
ou
co ns c i s feeli n gs revea led b y the drea

w w w
fo rc es in t he psy chic lif e i Sho ul d e ta ke light ly t he et hica l
sig n ific a n c e o f th e s upp r es s ed is hes hic h as th e y no

ms may so me day create c ther things i

,

crea te drea ,

I do not feel jus tified in a n s eri w

n g thes e qu mtions I
have not thought further upon thmside of t he dreampro bl sm
.

w
'

I believe however that at all events the Rom an Em

.

, , peror a s

the latter dreamt th at he ha

d killed the E mpe ro r . He s hould

dream; mt os p ro b abl y it w
a wa s no t h t it md t
see e o be . And
 L ITER ARY IN D E X

by Ben d er .

b y Friedrich S K r aus s Wien 1 88 1

La Mem
. . . , .

a e la Durata d ei RM
"
3 B en ini, V
. . c ri S o gni .

mw w
4 B inz , C Ubs r dsn T m um Bon n 1 878
un im
. .
. . ,

5 . B orn er, J . Da s A bp dr flcb a s Bs find -

ri a
un d V a nt- .

Wiirs b urg 1 85 5
Mo vem m
, .

6 . B ra
d le y , J . H . O n th e Failure of en t in Drea -
.

Min d, Jul y 1 894

m mm
.

7 Bran der R De chl a f d das T u l ebar 1 884

mM
. , . . ,

8 B urdach Dis P hys iologis a ls E rj a

b ru gs L 3 Bd

mw
. . .

1 830
m md m
.

9 B iic hs ens c h iitz, B T ra s T ra a i

y n Aha -

w
. .

1 0 Cha
.s lin . Ph . D uRdls d uRé wam
d l E vol
’
ion duD élia
e -
. n o»
d e Pa ri 1 887
m
s

m
. .

1 1 0h a ba n ei x Ls S ubcons cis M chs z les Arfis la 8 0 ud

m
. .
,

lc ri v ns aris , 1 89 7 P
m
. .

1 2 0a. 1kin s . Ma ry Wh itc n S ta t is t ic s c rea s Ann a l d

. .

P M , v" 1 89 3 .

1 3 Cla
. viére La R a p.id ite d e l a Pens ée da ns le R é ve M .

w
p h l
i os op qhi u s , X LIII , 18 9 7 . .

m
14 Da . n ol o ,d G
LaOos cis nsao l S en n a . a d ov a , 1 889 . P .

1 5 De1a U "
.
g e , Y ve s n e T h e or ie d e R é ve
. 343 .

II Juli 1 89 1
m mm a
.

M
w
16 D elb u f, J Ls S o s il lss Révss 1 886

w
m
. . . .

1 7 Deb a c lcer T s n oa n a d ss E n a T i d Pa ia
. .
f n ts h n es e r .

1 88 1 .

18 . Du a
s g . Ls Souven ir d u Revs .
”
Revue p l o

La D urée a a a “
20 E gger, V d 8 s vu
"
.
pp e
r n t e es .Rév e . e pb ib
s op h iqus H Ju

m
l i 189 5
gg Ie Souven ir da M
"
21 E er
. . n s le R éve .

XLVI 1 888 .
 LI TE RARY IN DE X
m
22 Ellis Ha
w
O n D rea in g of th e Dea ck P c
“
. vel o d The sy h o

S p t mb
. .

logica l Revie , Nr 5 , e e er 1 89 5 .

m md
.

23 E llis Ha. velo Th e S tufl a Drea s are ae of "

ck . th t .

Ap p la op u la r S ci P
e nc e Mon thly , Ap ri l 1 89 9
'
on s

m
.

24 E llis Ha. vel oc k

“
A No e o n Hy pn ogo gic Pa a M ind ,
ra n s s i . t .

p
A ril 1 89 7
m
.

25 F e ner , Th ch
E le en ts def s y hop hy s ik 2 AuflG 1889 P c
m w
. . . . .

26 E .e, J H cht
“
s o lo i e
”
D ie Leb rs vo be uss ten
. . P ych g
Goiste des M en s chen I T eil Lei zi , 1864 p g
m m
. . . .

27 G ie ler, M Aus d en Tie en d es h a Hall s 1890 f

mm
u l eb ens
mm
. .
. . .

28 iess l er M
. G D io p hys iolo gisohon B oz ioh gr, der zor
.

a H a ll 1 8 96
m
g gn s . e , .

29 o le . G b t
S ur le o uven ir des R eves . R evue p hd os biquo, S .

X LII 1 896
mma d m
. .
,

30 . Grafiun d er . Tn n Trau deutung . 1 894 .

heito m 3 Aufl 1 871

un d T raiim m
. .

32 Hafin er P Schlafen en M f tfl
’

md
. . .
,

zeitge s se B roscMiron , 5 B d Heft 1 0

m FL an d mC
. .
, .

33 Hall a A Sarah Weed

u o f the Drea St d y on

m
. , . .

s cio u ness
s .
"
A er . J of P sycholo gy , V IL , Nr 3. A ril 1896
. . p .

34 D Hervey
’
Lee B évss ot les Moyens ds les D ivigor Paris
(ano n yrm
. . .
,

mm
1 86 7 ) .

35 Hild eh ra
. nd t F , . W . De n and coins V ofl osrt ng u fiir

Lobe» Lei z i , 1 875 p g

m m
. .

36 Jessen . V er ch oiner Wis is chq fd ich ou B egriin d ung der

.

P c
m
sy holo gie Berlin , 18 5 6
aP c
. .

37 Jo l r ds y ho l o gies u a r . 1 896
-
S t ttg t
mm m
. . . .

38 K a n , J t
Anl luep ologie in p g a t ischer fl i id d K ir ch
m
. . .

ch
ann s e Aus a e Lei zi , 1 880 g b p g
mm mW m
. .

39 K u , A
. Der in n i ah ns in n Ange eine Z eitechri
.
ft S .

f raP cs y h ologie X V u X V I 1 85 8 1 85 9 -

m
. . .
,

40 La d . o n ri u i on to t h e d .s o l o y of is uaC t b t
l Drea s P ych g V .

Mind , A r il 189 2 p
mm S mm g
.

4 1 Leid es dorf , M Du e T u lebon Wien , 1 880 a l un d er

m
. . . .

Al aMaer
"
t .

l ogique ari
s . 1 885 P
mm m m
. .

4 3 Lieb ea ul t , A
. Lo S o oil p voqu é et lee E ta te Iogua . .

P aris , 1 889
m
.

44 Li s , Th G n dtal sapp
chen doe S dl ordobsn e B on n , 1 88 3
m
. . . .

45 Le Les ra u
“
-
. in Le R t ve
"
R p h i
l os o ki
p q e J uli 1 89 5 . . . .

47 Maury A An alo gies d es Ph en o en es d u R evs m et de

m
. .
,

l Aliena Men tale An n a l ee ed p s y h 1 85 4 p 404 c

'
tie n
mm
. . .
, , .

48 . Maury A Lo S o
, l et les R évs e
oi . aris , 1 878 . P .

49 Moreau J De l Iden tite de l E ta

’ ’
t d e R evs et d e Fo lio
m
.
, . .

An nal ee ed p s ych 1 85 5 ,
. 36 1 p . .
49 6 T HE IN T ERPRE T A T ION O F D REA M S
5 0 Nelson, J
. .
“
A S t ud y of D rea m s.
”
AM . J . o f P s ya
h logy ,

w
I 1 888
m m m m
.

fib er ein e ge i e Ges et a a
m
“ "
l i d h
'
51 Pilc z ss i
g t in en
-

m m
. .

Auto rref t in M ond s s c hri

f j
t fl r P s yc hol ogio d d o g ia '

1 899
mml b md mu g mb
.

Das Tr e en i s oiM De n c da

M
M Ra
in Wa g
m
riers H d aeM da P b gs iclogio 1 846
W TN M
m
M
w -
. .

m
d to c h P S Ls ip zig, 1 878
mm mm
. .

5 5 R o b ert , W D er T a a le N a v id igb s ic er 1 886 -

m
. . .

5 6 8a n te d e Sa n c t is L ss Ma la diee enta les et la Rb u 1 89 7

m m
. . . .

E xt ra it d es An lss do laS oc iétede Médec i de Go nd

m
.

S t S ct pp
m
57 an e d e an is
.
“
S ui ra o rt i d Iden t it A. di S o iglia
. nn
'
,

di Ana lo giae di E q uiva lena afraSog io e ia

"
Riv-s la
m mm
.

do P s ieolog ia, P s1 ch , N oi l og ia 15 , N ov 1 89 7
m
. .

5 8 S c h ern er R A Da s L ebs n des T ib aee Berlin 1 86 1

m
. . . . .
, .

59 . Sc
h o lz, Fr S chq und T ra . L sip z ig , 1 887 . .

damit mammen h a
ngt
6 1 Sc h leierin ac hu,
.

Fr
P mP s ycholo
an d Paral ip omena 1 B d
i d t d L
, . , 185 7
G eorge
.

.
'
.
g s .E i e b y . .

Berlin. 1 862 .

-g

S imo Mo n de a Paris
mw m u m
63 . n, M . Le d es R ves . . 1 888 . B iblio

64 . Sp itta W , . D ie S ehq d cfl ic hes

S ea
m
ls 2 Aufl
mu d m D d mg u
. .

65 . S tin np f , E . J . G . Dor Tro u n soi si i .

66 . m
S trii p el l , L . D ie N m ud
r n g der m 1 M .

1 877
mi
.

67 T a n n er
. S ur la Mey . o rs dan s ls Rév e . M M
sop hique, X L V . 1 89 8
a
. .

68 T is s ie, P h
. Les R ves .
. Ph ys io l o gic et Patho lo gie .
”
1 898 .

69 l itc hen er
. . Tas te Dreams . A m er . Ja wf . o Psych ol o gy . VI .,

1 89 3
m a
.

70 Th o a 8111 l aS ignific a q uel ques Revu

”
.
y er .
‘
t io n d e R v es . e

u
ne rologi
q uo . Nr 4 1 89 7 . , .

I nternatio nale is cha j tl wm

ieh e B iblioth eb , B d 4 7
w
mm
.

S t ttg t
.

72 V o lks l t , J
. D ie T ra p h la . si
e u a r , 1 875 . .

73 V o ld J Mo u
. r ly
, . E xp erienc es s ur les Réves et en par fiou
.
lisr

74 . V o id . J M o nt l y “
E in i ge E x periments a
ba ca
ntons-b d. a
49 8 T H E IN T ERPRE T A T I ON OF DREA MS
revre w of t h e b roc h ure of t h e s a m am b y K al Ab
e n e r e hl m ( J al b uc w
h
WW W W .

albl
-

a w
amlyoe
.

a
j Pr

9 3 Freu
s yck o

. d S , .
, I Ja
( Wi
.

e
hrg 1 9 10, He
n ) : N acM rd go
. ft . 1
ou
)
r ” w ll o in g .
( E b en d a .

Heft
94 . Hits ch mann Ed ( Wien ) , . : F reud
’
s No w e s enlek re. Nash il mm s

19 1 1 (K ap V Der I ra “
u ‘ ‘
m
m
. . .

w
Jon es
95 E rnes ( T oron o ) t t Freud ’
s T heor y of Drea s.

m
. ,

( A er ican J a ria
-
l of P s ychology , A pril
m
S o e I ns t a
w
nc s s o f t he I n fl u
“
96 on c e o f

m m
.

Drea s on Waking Li e f .
”
( T he J a a
-
o f A b no r al P s yc.ho logy ,
Ap ril May
m
-

97 n C L Analy ee d os R ( D AM
’
. .
,

98 . Jun g C G
, . .
( Z u
rich ) : Ass o ziaio n , T raurn t an d hy s ta ia
ch es

m Ps ych opa
ie n“ th o lo gie h rg n oe . m .

p g
L ei zi 1 9 10 .

99 Jun , .
( Z ric g C G
) : Ei n . B ei ra z
. ur s y u h
o l o ie d es t g P ch g
Geriic h t es
"
( Z on t ra lb l a a f r P s ych o a n a l y os I J ah r g 1 9 1 0 aH a r t
m
.
, , . .

Al p ho c ( Z u
w
100 Ma e er , . d ric ) :
“
Es sa i d In t erpré ta
'
t io n do h
q uel q ues R e ves
"
( Ar c hi s d o P oy c bo l o g i e t V I N r 2 4 A r il p
S ymb k
. , , , . . .

101 Ma e er , Al h o ns e ( Z iiri
. d ch ) :
“
Die p o li in d en Loga n

Woc hen s c h r . X Jahrg )

. .

il bor die E le mt en s def P s ychiec ben F un /d i mV

: .
( Wr . kli n . Rd s c h “

f
1 03 O n u, B ( Ne
. Y k or ) :Drea ms a d their I t pr tatio n
. w “
n n er e s

as tc
D ia
g n os i an h p t c ds in Psy cho l gy ( T h J u al f
d T era eu i A i o
"
e o rn o

Ab o m
.

al Psyc h lo gy F b Ma
n r o e -
r

Wab ao orstea mig and S ch ale s olb ot

. .
,

w
1 04 Pfis t er Os ka iric h )
r (Z i : r

d ein o T mm maly e b leuchtet ( Sc hweiz Blatt a f iir

.
,

noo d nAq .
-
r r i e o . .
-

S c hulg es undh eits p flege, 1 909 , Nr

m
.

105 Prin e, Mor o n ( Bo s on ) c t t : The Mech a

n ir an d In erpret a t
m m P c
.

tion o f Drea s
"
( T he J ournal .
f
o Abnor al s y holo gy , O c t No v -
.

Ra
1 06nk , O t t o ( ien ) : Ein Tra W
u , d er sich s elb s t deute t m
m
. .

( J ahrb u cli j r p y
s c ho an a l yt aid s
p y c hop ath ol og F ore c h fl n g fin . B d . . .

IL ,
1 07 Ra n , O to ( . k
ien ) : E in B oit g su N a t rzieois o W ( E en a m m m . b d .

B d III ,
. .

1 08 R a n , O o ( in ) e : kB e is iel s i
n c e tt
v erka pp t a i W
O di p us ~ p
m m
.

t rau a (Z en t lblaaj iir P s ych oan alys s I J a

"
s hrg .
a m m m
. . . .

ia u- b d
m
1 09 . T b e ader Z a h us (E en a) .

1 10 R a n , O t t o (Wien ) :
. Dako V erlienon a l s S yn nb a u-d l uag .
 LI T ERARY INDE X

zuden F ehlleis tung en des A lliags lebe ( b en d a)

E m
m m
. .

w
1 1 1 R o b its ek , Al red ( ien ) :
. D ie An af W
lyse vo n E g o n t s Trau .

( J a
h r b f p s y choar l yt u p a
. .
y chop o tho l o rsc.h un gen
. , B d II . F . .

W Beric h t Meth od s

w
l 1 2 S ilb erer ,
. Herb ert ( ie n ) iib er ein e ,

z u b eo b ac h ten .
(J a
hr B lo er F reud , B d I
.
-
.

1 1 3 Sil b erer,
. Herb ert ( ien ) : P ho nta W
s ie and Mythos .
( E ben d a ,

Bd
St okel Wilhelm ( Wien ) u Traum
.

1 14 .
, B eitrlige d eut un g
z r .

( J a
h rb uch f ur p y
s cho analy nacb e an d s
p ychop athol og F o rsc h un gen. ,

Wilh elm (Wi ) N evva

w
1 15 . St ek ol , s e Anga tzus td n de und ih re
en -

B eho ndl ng ( W ie un d B e li 1 n r n,

Wilhelm ( Wi ) D ie S p rache dos T raum

.

1 1 6 St ek l o a A en

f t h e sy mbolis ma d i t erpretat i n o f t h e Dreama d its

. .
,

d esc ip t io
r n o n n o n

r el ati to the
on mal an d abn rmal min d for physic ians a d psy c h
n or o n o

( Wies ba
w
l gi ts
o s d en
b od aHerm ann D ie P eriod en des mem ch lich en Orgon iomm
.
,

1 17 S . o . .

( W i un d Leip zig
en

ms as a Cause o f
,

1 1 8 Wa term a George A ( B ost o ) Drea

mM
. n n

m
.
,

S p s ( T he J ournal o f Abn or a
l Pa
ych ol .
,
—
O c t No v
. .
5 02 T HE I NT E RP R E
C mpul si
o u
o n ne rosi
s, 207, 212, 221

—w k or of th e d am re , 26 1 , 283,
288, 316, 368,
Con d ena ing ac t ivity ol the drea m277
,

— ol the w
Con fiic t oi psy c h ic f c rc es , 372
ill, 208, 312

ality
an d re , 7
Cons cio us d ay pha tasi
n es , 39 3

Co n so l ation d am
re , 232

D an n a , B 264
Da nd et , A 268, 39 2
Da vi d , J J , 280 . .

Da y p h an t a
s iea, 39 3 , 394
Dea th w h t w
is
-
o a rd s aren s , 218 p t
b ck
De a er, 1 14 , 463
De B ira n, M aine , 76
c
Def en e n euro peyc h os ee, 1 9 6
-

De en erag tio n , 21 2
D Hcrvey ,
'
M qar uis , 20, 6 1
g
Dela e , Y ves , 1 62, 46 7 uo e , 67, q td
68
Ba lb o nf , J 8, 42, 48, 1 62 ;
q td
uo e , 1 6, 43, 88
— theory o£ , 62, 63
m
Del iriu s oi h unger, 44 7
Del usion s , 76, 46 2

De 8a s , 8a
nc t i n te, 74, 79
“
id ea
"
Des ired s , 86
— g in ol
o ri t he, 407
28, 1 86 p aramn es iain t h e
m
-
,

D aa
‘

g rc eab le r ea s d
1 12 1 36
m d m
, ,

D is fig ure en t o f rea s , 1 16. 184 ,

306, 366
D is fig nrin g a c t ivi 01 ty d m
rea s , 327

m
Dis p lac e en t in d rea or ation , 314mf m
 I NDE X
Drea m appa t duati
s, ren r on o f , 63

child d eam 107 1 12

ren s
’
r s, -
, 166,
438
c mpo iti i 300 30 1
o s on n, ,

c ut w
o h h 1 33 1 36
n er- , ,

— u
reg | o n of
si th e, 431 — din g reea bl e, 122, 136
— relation of t h e, t o t he waking d fig m t
is ure en o f,
s tat e, 4 7 — cl uflg u
'

t ty
ri ac ivi o f , 327
n
g
d t t
is o r io n tn , 1 13 137, 4 16 -

efio logy of , 24, 33, 64

exm t a in aion , 230, 231 . 378
exh b t i i ion , 207, 267, 31 1

f g tti g i 262, 405 421

—
or e n n, -

t he guadia r n 0 4 s lee , p 19 7 f mati f

or on o , 186, 198 200, 262,
th i 6 1 73
eor es , 25 3, 273,
th ught el me t
-

fra o na in te rpret a
”
o s, e n s of t he. 284. cti ry tic n ol ,

m ti e f th o o ns o e, 376

aled upon a
nal ys is
ma u
reve , 169
st re o f , 431

waking au ed by th 462—468 c s e,
wish 429 437 438
es , , ,
hy p c itica
o rl . 122, 376

wi h W h am f th 76
s -
o e,
withi th d am 31 3
n e re ,

w k t h 260 402
or e, -

am ab ut fi 239
,

Dre s o re,
ab u d 69 327 334 364
s r , , ,
-

acc l at i
e erf th ught i 39 7 on o o n,
alamcl ck 21
r o nerve- e xciti g 34 n
am
, , ,

biguity 4 126 0 o f co i c 106

n ven en e, 24 1
90 102 1 16 —
, ,

a al y
n f s es 120 o -
o f d ath 216 218
e
—
, , , , ,

124 128 . 1 31, 143 146, 166 16 7,

- -

160 1 66 , 16 7 183, 19 3 19 6, 20 1
- - -
236
203, 219 221, 227 230, 232 269 ,
- - — ol ialling , 239
— c l icar,
-

264 283, 308, 309 , 312, 317, 31 8,

-

320 36 4, 366 376, 378 38 9 , 39 7,

mt
- - -

39 8, 460 4 62 - — ol in tes t in al exc ite cn 72

mt — m
,

and en al dis 73 79 oi in vers io n, 303

—
,

ol n a b ed nea s, 207
a xiety 27
n 28, 136 , 1 37,
, ,

199 , 200, 226, 231 , 24 6, 24 7, 4 1 3,

436, 4 68 4 64 -
60 4 T HE I N T E RP RE T A T I ON OF DREA M S
m th t
Drea s o f irs , 106, 24 1 E n d op t ic ph enc m a 4 14
en

tm t
,

of visu al s i ulaion , 19 1
p tt
ar i io n of , 29 3 E n ig m ot the d a
re m 36 6 ,

p ia
eren nl 169 . W 2
p ll uti 310
o on , E ss en c e ot c c n s cic usaeq lt i
p ph tic p w f 3
ro e o er o , E t h ic al teeling s in t h e drs a , m“
p yc hic u c i 33
s so r e o , 132
p ych l gical i tigati
s o o n ves on

p culiait y i 39 40
e r o , ,

pu iti 378
n ve,
scie tifi c lit atu e
n 1 79 er r on , -

sel f c cti i 4 1 1
-
orre on n,

— org ns a a
nd 186
mat i
,

so n oi,
c orig i “
so urc es o i, 1 38 269 -

m
sy b o lin n in , 24 9 269
w
-

t he f u m
l fil en t ol is h es , 103 1 1 2, -

39 3
t heoret ica l va lue oi t he st n d y c l ,
‘

49 2
— t heory o i th c o rig in oi. 29 , 127

t thah 189 190

oo c e, ,

t th xciti g 72
oo e n
t a f mi g ac tivity f 327
,

r ns o r n o ,

typical 131 1 37 203 269,

-
,
-

w
wi h 1 13 123 128 219 3
s
i h f ulfilm t i 104
, , , ,

t en n,
d m
-

w d c i ag i 279 281
or o n e n, -
g tt g
For e in in rea s , 36 37. 26 2, -

Dre am ig ch l gy f 1 64 o 406 421

p
n y s o o -

mt d m
, ,

F or a ion of rea s , 186, 198 200 -

.

262, 26 3, 273, 276 , 277, 266 28 7, ,

322, 389 , 390, 400, 4 29 , 466 ,

481
E mmv 21, qu t d o e 38
m ms
n ,

E go t is in drea . 229

E lemt en s oi d rea m th o ug ht s , 284 ,

Fran c aAn a tt uo t ed , “
ck q d
E ll is , H a velo uot e , 14 , 60, 467 W , Dr 238 237. 25 6 279
mt d mth ght d m
.
, . . 9

E o ion s of t he rea ou s , 376 ct

Fun ion s o f t he rea , 6 1, 46 8
p ych c f
o f t he s i li e, 19 7 Fun m
c les , 1 94
th y eor o f t h e 371 .

dg p y hc
E n o en o us s c i a fl eot ions , 4 19
d ych c c
E n op s i en s or, 4 1 6 Ga m fi)
60 6 T HE IN T ERP RE T A T I ON OF D RE A M S
K y
e s to v ol un tary mbility o 4 29
d eam 4 16
,

K ey t s on e o f t he r ,

K o c n ig s tei
n, Dr 264
m
.
,

K os er , 86
W e, 10
K raus s A , .
, 30, 77 ; qu t d o e , 76

LAD D , T 26, 27, 4 66

Lan u g g
a e o f rea s , 104 d m

Laen
k
l i n er , 280
t td m rea c o n t t , 1 14 , 1 38, 16 7,
1 67, 1 71, 1 73, 206, 228, 24 0, 260,
w
w
362
c
La o f a
w
us ali , 42
La s of As s o iaion , 49
ty
c t
o f th e rea o r aion , 23 d mf m t
g d
Le en o f K in ( Edip us , 222 224 g -

o f Na us i aa, 208, 209 k

Le Lorra in , 21, 6 3, 39 7, 447 Nels on , J I3
Lel ut , 76
m
Nerve s t i ul i, 1 86 , 1 86 . 19 6
Leuret , eo r of , 4 19th y
Lié b aul t , A , 460 .

pp
Li s , Th , 4 86 , 486 ; uo ed , 188 q t
d m
.

t
Lit eraure o n rea s , 1 97 -

th ught 29 1
o s.
Luc tiu qu t d 6
re s o e ,

Ly n k us , 79

Ms c ms n quo ted I9
— in ves t ig ation
,

Maeder A 246 of t h e,
439
— ps yc h olc gy
, .
,

of th e, 44 3, 460
Man ifes t dream co tmt 1 14, 138, n ,

1 69 , 1 66 , 1 73, 1 8 1 , 24 0, 243
M f d t m t m
an i o l de er in aion o f t h e d rea Neuros es , th y
eor o f t he , 374

tc f
Neuro i ea r, 136
Ma t i p w
n f d a
s m 3 o er o re s, c p ych
Neurot i s , s oa na y
l s is o f , 420
Ma chi tic wi h d am 1 36
so s s -
re s, Nightm are, 2

M at ial f t h d am 7 16 138—269
er o e re Nigh t t
erro rs , 462, 463
M au y A I 9—
-
, ,

r 21 26 28 4 9 63 64
, .
, . , , , , ,

74 76 168 396 39 7 4 20 46 4 ;
, , , , , ,

qu t d 6 9 12 46 6 1 60 6 1
o e Nord en akjo ld 0 III
tati i th d am
, , , , . , , ,

Ma f p
e ns o re res en on n e re , Nova q td
l is uo e , 69
288
M cha i m f d amf mati 29 7
e n s o re or o n,
f p ych
o u 1 72 s o ne ros es ,
M dical th y f d amlif 77
e eor o re e,
M i 18
e er,
M m y fadi g 467
e or n
m 7 16
, ,

i th d a n e re ,
-
,

t ac 426 430 446

r es , , ,

d rea m ad s n ,
—
73 79
 INDE X
ma m m
O rig in oi drea
— oa
o f hy s t eri
theory
l s y p to m m
of
s,
t b e,
44 9
” Pro ble s o f th e drea , 3, 260
w
Prephet ic p o er o f drea s , 3, 27
tm
Ps i sy s e s , 426,
-
m
O uter nervs st i muli , 1 86, 198
62, 40 1
4 31 .
d iagra m s of .

— oens or. 422

— d eamstimulir , 33

func tion in drea f or m mat i o n, 39 1

mp
i uls es , 221

— eouroe of dren n, 33 m
— at ete ot oieep , 4 68

mp t mat l gy 187
sy o o o ,

P y h a aly i 84 209
s c o n s s. , . 235 . 236 .

— ol nd u1t u
n e rot ice. 219

ol tbe nc uroeee 438 ,

mth de atm o en t 78 49 1
of tre
m
. ,

Psy ch o log ic al charac t er o f t he diea .

6 2, 423, 431

of t he u
n e ro s es , 439
p culiaity f d
e r o re ams
,

P ych l gy f chil d
s o o o ren . 107

of m
d rea in g , 164
of d m
t he rea , 4 16, 4 64
P res en tati c t t
on on en , 210, 366. 367, of t h e n eu rc eee, 8 7, 433. 460
389 , 424 of th e s p ych
oneu r os es , 4 33
of g
t h e s leep in ct ete . 184
m1
le , of c c
t he un ons io u s , 386
Pl y oh c n eurooee, 283.
P im
r ay p y hi p c
r 1 62
s c o ro es s , 31 8, 366, 39 3, 480 . 49 2
P i M t
r nc e. 12 or o n , emch an is of t he. 172 m
P bl m f
ro e i 4 90
s o oons c o ns nes s , — e
p y e hc l c gy o f t h e, 4 33
f d mi t p tati 80
o res n er re on , — oexu n1 et io lo g y f or , 34 7
— f epre- ion
-

o i 4 79
— of slecp 4 .
,
608 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T I O N OF D REA M S

S eHc o m ti c on in M l l

W y n ne “
m
.
-
uecular, 30

W P 88, 4 8,
quot ed . 6. 76.

M 0 " 78. qu ted

o .

—
timuli 1 7—
B eg ard u en t a
fo r pu N lit y . 313 322
s 27 1 87 1 89 464
— m431
. . , .

cl the drea , ( bj ct iv ) 186

o e e .

( ga ic ) 71
or n .

(out a d i er) 96 n nn er ,

di oc es es . 73 79 —

—
w
cl

m
eeo .
o i oe
74
lity to orn el fi 284
et i
oJogy .
28 1
— tcr pcychoneurooee.
y.
— d am t o m
w
of t he re th e waki gn or a g
n- an d dc ea o.
etc te, 4
W M IW sy mb ol . 8 19
R ep s i
re c n, 4 78. 4 79 . 484
Requir m e t. e n of d am f
re o un ation .

S hakes peare q
mm
322
R es tr ain t o f afle 372 M A ” q u ted o . 48
Rid l ee o l t h e d rea . 33. 84, 444
d 8
3 M
S leep . pro bl e ao f . 4 m
— p ey c hi
c c t et e c £. 468
S c uroeo c f a fl ec te 382
— m
,

Ro biteek . Dr R . .
, 8 1, 82 of d rea o, 1 38
gg
Ro a er ( 1q 376, 377. 378

Bow
Sch me
en

. R a
’
s d am9
re
A , 30, 31. 33. 69 71. 80.
.
—
th y f s timulati
. .

189 19 1. 310. 4 34 . 4 67. 4 86 eor o on , 1 86

m mm
-

Sc herner o
'
et b o d o i d a in t er BM W J G 4 1 47 . . . 5 0» 5 5 . 76 .
p tt
ro aio n . 319 406 : q u t d o e .

Sc h enin g uecb o o l of 3 S tek el . W .

. 78, 232. 24 1. 248. 26 1 .
Sch q td
iller“ Fr
-
uo e , 86.
mmm
.

80 h1e her Fr 40 69 . 86 accid en tal -M idi

S t im m, 16 —
.

16, “ M uli of d rea 36

m
8c ho pen h er, 29 . 64, 76 — o( p m p ti e on . 4 26

— theoriee o f the dream 80 .

-
lx
p y oic al . 71, 77
5 10 T HE I N T ERPRE T A T IO N OF D REAM S
Wey gan dt W , 6. 20. 28, 34 , 4 9 ; Wis h f ulfl lmen t
-
of t he m
d rea , 76,
qu t
o ed , 106 104 , 206, 229 , 233, 38 9 , 4 23, 436
462
Winc kler Hugo 82 th
eo ry o f ,
374 , 376 , 45 8
Wis h dreams m t
, ,

-
219 -
p
Wo rd lay an d drea ac iv it y , 316
mao h i ti 136 Work o f dis lac e en , 283—288 m t
,

s c s c, p
Wis hes , f bid d 209
or en , d
Wun t , 23, 34 , 4 8, 4 9 , 71 . 1 87, 188
forecon ec ic us , 4 66 q
uo t ed , 76
rep res s ed , 199 h
t eo ry o f , 19 8
supp res s e , 1 99 d
, 209
un c o ns cious , 4 38, 44 3. 46 7, Z ak stan gel n 1 83 ,

49 3 Z o la E
, 1 82 .
,

mm
Printed b y B ALLA n '
,
HANSO N 00 .

Ed in b urg h 6 '
Lo nd o n .