UNIT NTSC md APPLICATIONS artesian Plane & Linear Graphs: Let A={i2hand B=G4}ace any two sets. Then the Cartesian product of 4 and B denoted by Ax B ic. Ax B={(1,3),0,4).2,3.2.4)} Cartesian product of a real number set is Rx R= {(a.b)\abeR} A rectangular coordinate system is formed by two perpendicular number lines, one is horizontal and one is vertical which inter- sect at the zero point is called Cartesiom plane. The point of intersection 0(0,0) is called the origin Quadrant-II ¥<0y20 Quadrant-1 x? 0,920 Quadrant-Hll rs 0,y<0 Quadrant-IV r>0,y<0 Its divided into 4 quadrants. In first quadrant, x>0,y>0 In 2" quadrant, x 0 In 3 quadrant, x <0,» <0 In 4" quadrant, x >0,y <0 Each point which we draw in the xy-plane must be in ordered pair form (a,b). Where a is calfed abscissa and is called ordi- nate, Both (a,b) are called coordinate GEE Determine the coordinate of the fo tion the quadrant in whi Ties. Also plot the ps x-coordins lowing points h cach points ) GB) i) (-2, 4) iii) 40) iv (1-3) ‘Soluti i) In the point (-3,1), the x-coordinate is 3 and y-coordinate is 1. The point (- 3.1) lies in quadrant 1 ii) In the point (2-4), the v-coordinate is -2 and y-cootdinate is -4. The point 4), lies in quadrant 11 iii) In the point (4,0), the x-coordinate is 4 and y-coordinate is 0. The point (4,0) lies on x-axis. F iv) In the point (1,-3), the x-coordinate is 1 and y-coordinate is -3. The point (1-3), fies in the quadrant 1V. unit along x-axis, s Scale: 1 small squar Seale: | small square =| unit along y. Suwa The points A, B, C and D are shown in the graph. Write the coordinates of the Solution: The points are A(5,4), B(-6,-5), CB.-6). D(6.0)rectanule. To draw line segment, triangle. square and parallelogram by joining the set | of given points TexAMPLE (7) Draw a triangle ABC by joining the points A(-2,3), B(4,2), C(1,-3). Solutio: ‘Steps of Construction: a) Plot the points A(-2,3), B(4,2) and C(,-3) on the xy-plane. b) Draw the straight line through the points A and B, B and C, A and C to get the sides AB, BC and AC of the triangle ABC. Thus ABC is the trian- h 1g the Draw a parallelogram by joining points 0(0,0), A(1,4), B42) and CG,-2). Solution: a) Plot the points 0(0,0), ACI,4), B(4.2) and C(3.-2) on the sy-plane. b) Draw the straight line through O and | A, A and B, B and C and O and C to the sides OA, AB, BC, and OC re- spectively. of the parallelogram or joinee all the points by drawing straight ¢, OABC is a parallelo- EXERCISE 8.1 ‘Qi: Determine the x and y coordinates of the following points: “ACT.5) ii) BOO, 7) 3,8) iv) DC3,-3) vy) E(10, 12) Solution: i) Given A(~7,5) here x=-7,y=5 Given B(0,7) here a7 Given C(-3,8) here x= y=3 Qa: Mention the quadrant in which each of the following point ACIV2) B(-3, -2) ass) iv) DG.-5) yy EC5,N7) Solution: i) Given point A(-1,¥2) quadrant. ii) Given point B(-3,-2), it lies in 3 i)quadrant iii) Given point C(5.5), it lies in 1 qua- i iv) Given point D(3,-S), it ties in 4” quadrant v) Given point E(-~V5,7), it lies in 2" ‘Q3: Plot the points A, B, C and D on the ay-plan i) AG,1), B24), C(-5,6), DB-3) ii) ACH0), BO-1), C22), DG,3) ) ACA), B(0,0), C(8,-6), DC7,5) tui AGI), B.A), CC-5,6), DGr3) ra cho Pas) te grengt acai 5 bo span ty fi) ACI), BO-1), C2,-2), DBS) . rs ‘| “01 . | oan af sca.a ii) (4,4), B(0,0), C(8,-6), D(-7,5) pes af easy ae, 6| . ews vy ‘Q4: Plot the points assuciated with the ordered pairs AB5), BU3). CES), D(-4-5), F(-4.4) and F(O,5). Ws are A(3.5), B4,3), CS-3). E(-44) and FOS) ‘Their plotting is shown FO.) Hay Vaiss + BG) (Q5: Write the coordinates of the points A, B, Cand D in the given graph. ‘Solui From the graph, the coordinates of points A. B, Cand D are written below: AGB,2),BA,-2),CO.-3), DE-4,4) (Q6: Draw a line segment by joining the points (5,7) and (-7, 9). Solution: Given points are AG, 7) and B(-7, 9) 23 shown in the figure.Qi: Draw a triangle ABC by joining the points A(5,7), B83), C(9.4). Given points are AGS. 7). B(8. -3) and C(9, 4) Q8: Draw a parallelogram OABC by joining the point 00,0), AG-4), B(L-7) and C(-2.3). Solution: Given points are 0(0,0), -AG-4), BC) and C(-2.-3) ‘Theit graph is a parallelogram OABC the points 00,0), AGO), BGS.5), C(0,5) to drav Given points are 010.0). AG,0). BG.5). €(0.5). ‘There graph is « square OABC. 7 ‘QUO: By drawing the graph, that the points A(0,1), B(L,2), C@,1) and D(1,0) are the vertices of a rectangle. Given points are A(,I), BUIL2). CQ.11 and (1,0). Their graph is a rectangle ABCD. y: Equatio Definition: An equation of the form ‘ax +by=c (where a, b and c are constants) is called linear equation in two variables ‘The solution of a linear equation in two variables is a set of ordered pairs satisfying the given linear equation.4[4 yi3[o°fi1 [3 [5 ae “i We plot the points (4,3). (4,0) and (43) ” on the xy-plane. The line passing through = -y=-3e-10 the points (4.-3), (4.0) and (4,-3) is the graph of ‘The distance of line from y-axis is 4 units. we get, rawing the graph of the equation of the form y= 3 +2 > =(-5)42 rt2 > 35) -342=-1 Graph the equation Similarly, Solution: Put x=0,we get y=2 Here m=1, let x= ~3 then yo 3 Put x=5,we get y=5 x0 then y=0 So she ordered pairs (-5, -1), (0,2), (5.5) | x=1 then p=! satisfy the given linear equation. ad fren Note that there are infinite number of or- i dered pairs that are solutions to the linear | *=4 then y=4 equation ¢.g. (10,8), (-10, -4) ete. x a 0 1 2 4 | mE y~T3 ToT1f2]4 ! Draw the graph of y= -2. ‘Now we plot the points (-3.-3). (1.1), (4.4) as shown in the graph. Thus the line join- draw the graph of y=—2,we first con- | ing the given points is the graph of y=. struct a table showing a few values of x andy. EXERCISE 8.2 4[2]0][2 { QI: Determine whether or not each of y | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 J) the tottowing ordered pairs are solu- Plot the points (-4,2). (-2,-2), (0,-2), (2-2), |_tions to the Jinear equations given: (3.2) in the xy-plane. By joining the points |"ay (61), x-Sy=1 4 the graph of y b) G10, 2x+y In the graph of y=—2ihe distance of the | gy (@, 4),4— ¢ is 2 units below the x-axis |) C34) veayn2 Drawing the graph of the equation of the i ra ph of the equation x=a isa ver tical line which is parallel to y-axis. 6 (1) in equation (1) Graph the equation x=4. Stel LHS=RAS (True) We construct a table for some values of x(6,1) isthe solution of given equation (1) b) 5,10), 20+ y=6 Given 2x+ y=6—>(1) Put x=5, y==10 in equation (1) 2(5)+(-10)=6 = 10-10=6 > 046 LHS#RHS Which is not possible. (5,-10) is not the given solution of equa- tioa (1) ©) (0,4),x-y=2 Given x y=2—> () Put x =0, » =4 in equation (1) o- => 442 LHS#RHS (0,4) is not the solution of given equa- tion (1) d) (-3,4), x+3y=2 Given x+3. —() in equation (I) (False) (False) => 942 (False) LHS#RHS :.(3,4) is not the solution of equation (1) Q2: Which of the following p on the line 3x-+2y- 15),453),B,0,2,0,0,2),(0.3) iven equation of line 3x42y-6=0> (1) Put (1,1) in equation (1) 31) +20)-6 =0 = 5-6= = -1#0 (False) LHS#RHS (1,1) is not on the line. Put (4,—3) in equation (1) 3(4)+2(-3)-6=0 = 12-6-6=0 = 12-12=0 = 0=0 (True) LHS=RHS :.(4,-3)is on the line. Put (3,0)in equation (1) 3(3)+2(0)-6=0 => 940-6=0 > 340 (False) LHS#RHS £-,0) is rot on the Tine, Put (2,0) in equation (1) 3(2)+2(0)=6 =0 = 6-€=0 > 0=0(True) LHS=RHS (2,0) is en the line. Check for (0,2), (0,3), (-2.6) Put (0,2) in equation (1) => 3(0)+2(2)-6=0 = 046-620 > -2#0 Point (0,2) is not on the line, Put (0,3) in equation (1) 3(0)+23)-6=0 (True) LHS=RHS :.(0,3) is on the line. Put (-2,6), put x=-2, y=6in eq. (1) 3(-2)+2(6)-6=0 => -6+12-6=0 ‘The point (-2,6) is on the line. (Q3: Construct a table for four pair of values satisfying the equation x - y uti jven equation is x~ six-day Syax-45) Put x=~1 in equation (1)Put_x=0 in equation (1) =0-4=-4 Put = Lin equation (1) yel-4=3 Put 2 in equation (1) ~4e-2 The four pair of values satisfying the given equation are (-1-5), (4). (1.3) and (2.-2) Thus the table is a a1yoTt 2 yer-4> 5 | 4]3]2 (Q4: Draw the graphs of the equations: a) y-2x=6 b) ya lex ) d) y=x Solution: a) y-2x=6 Given y-2x=6 Or =6+2x—> (I) Put x=—4 in equation (1) Put 642(-3) Put Put =—1 in equation (1) 6+2-1) The table is under A 4 [372 y 2 [o [2 b) y=1-x Given y y=l-0 Put x=1 0 in equation (I) =0 ‘The table is under x 2 y 3 Now the graph of o y=2 Given =2 Since 1 is ce tercept (y-ax qnstant and the graph of y s) is 2 and parallel to s-awy Given v=x —>l) Put x=—I in equation (1)=> Put x= 0 in equation (1) y =0 Put x= in equation (1) => y Put x=2 in equation (1)=> y=2 The table is under x Oe ee y 0 1 - [2 in equation (1) 3x-7(15)=21 = 3y-105=21 = 3y=21+1 =9 3x = 126 in equation (1) 304)-7y=21 = 42-7, ‘The graph of y= is: ‘Q5: Complete each ordered pair so that it satisfics the given equation, i) Sx Fy = 215 (15) 14-2, ) i) Sy+6x= 30565, ).(,-5),(.4) iil) 2y+9.x= 365 (6, ),(0, ) (0) 165 ( 52), (0) 0.) 215 ( ,15),14)02, ) Given 3x-7y=21-—>(1) And Sud 2) Hence the complete ordered pairs are (42,15), say (-2-3 } Ans. % ii) Sp +6x= 303-5, )( .- 6), (4) Given 5) +6x=30-—+(1) ‘And Put Iso given (-5, }, ( -6),( .4) 5 in equation (1) 5y+6(-5)=30 = 5y-30=30 ~6 in equation (1) 5(-6)+ 6x =30 = 30+ 6r=30 = 6x=30430 = 6x=60Put in equation (1) Std) $60 =30 doors di 2 by =30-20 Hens the complete ordered pairs are: 512 (3.4) ©5.12).10, 515-4] Ans. iii) 2y + 9x = 365 (6, 140, 5 (40) Given 2y+9x=36—>(1) And also given (6, ), (0, )y¢ ,9) Put x=6 in equation (1) 2y+9(6 = 2y+54=36 Put x=0 in equation (1) 2y+9(0)=36 = 2y+0=36 = 2) yea Put y=0 in equation (1) 2(0) +9x=36 3 0+9r=36 > 9x=36 36 axetnd gw Hence the required ordered pairs are: (6.-9),(0,18), (4,0) Ans. iv) 4x +7 y= 56; ( 2), (0), (0) Giver 4x+7y=56—+()) And ( ,2).( ,0), (0, ) Put y=2 in equation (1) = 4x+7(2)=56 art l4=56 Put y-=0 in equation (1) = 4x +710) $56 = dy 4 0=56 = dx =56 > | Pet x= inequation (1) | 2540) + 1y=56 0+ 71 =56 = 7y=56 “ = yot as 7 Hence the complete ordered pairs are: (32) 04.0).(08) Ans. 2°} ‘Q6: The weight in kilogram and age in years of a person is expressed by the equation y=2.x,where y (in kg) and x (in years). Draw the age-weight graph from the values of the following table: x] 5/40] 15] 20 | 25 | 30 py [io | 20 [30 | 40 ‘Scale: Using the above table and draw its graph in xy-plane 2s follow Let I square= Son x-axis 1 square = 10 on y-axis y ‘Q7: The graph shows the relations be- ttveen the units of electricity consumed and the total cost of the electricity bill Gi) Find the cost of the bill if 300 units(a) are consumed. (ii) The number of units used when the bill is Rs. 1500. 1 ne Cost of the bill is using the graph we shall answer the following. i) We can see from the graph that if 300 units are consumed, then Cost (c))= Rs.2500 ii) When the bill is Rs. 1500, then the ber of units used =150,units, ‘Qi: Draw the graph from the following table by using a suitable scale. x [ot ays {7 y 4 a 6 | 8 Using values of the given table we ean draw its graph as, ‘Conversion of Graphs: IF two quantities in a relation either both are increasing or decreasing then the graph of the relation will be straight line Conversion Graph of Miles into_Ki- Jometers: Let the variable “MP denotes the distance in miles indicated along y- denotes along x-axis the | meters. The relation is represented by the equation f= f(K). y “1M =1.604n MI. 2 3 435] 1. [3.20 [4.80 | 640 | 8.00 unit along y-axi 1 unit along x-axis Note: 1/7 acres. First we write a table in which hectare are converted into acre. .SAwhere H =hectares, A= H 1 z 3 4 5 6 A 125 5 7.5 | 10 [12.5] 15 ‘Seale: Let2 Small squares=TunitIf distance in kilometers are given as 1km, 2km,3km, 4km and Skim. EXERCISE 8.3 (QI: Using the conversion formula I mile =1.64m. Draw the conversion graph of Miles-Kilometers if distance in miles are given as: 1M, 3M, 4M, 5M (M Is used for miles) Solution: Since 1M =1.60Km The table values are; Solutic As 1.60Km=1M 1 Lkm = = 0.625 Se TO Then | x/Km | 1 2 af 4] | wimp | 0.625 | 1.25 | 1.875 12.5 | 3.125 Tae Ti ae Sr Seale: Take 1 Kim=1 unit along x-axis 1Af ~1 unit along y-axis The graph is shown below: y ° % EEEEES Q3: Given that I hectare = 2.5 acres (approximately), draw a conversion graph of hectare. Acre from the given IM) | 2 A 5_| | values of hectare 271, 44, 8H. ¥(G&m) | 160 | 4.80 | 640 | 8.00 Scale: Take 1M = 1 unit along x-axis 1 Km = unit along y-axis The graph is shown below: UL =1 unit along x-axisThe jable values are: 274160 36_| 374=37 unit along x-axis =! unit along y-axis QS: Draw thé graph: @ PKR@a AS, 38, 58) ) PKR (Pakistani rupees) ~ GBE (1E, 28, 38) “5” is used for US dollar and “£ used for pound sterling, where 13 Rs, (60) approximately. stan rupees) ~ U Let 1$=1 uni 30 PKR=1 unit along y-axis Now the griph is shown below: 4s PR oT) US bal ii) Given IGBB=Rs, 100 then, xusSy[ 1 2 3 PKR) | 100 200 [300Scale: i)" Let 1GBB=1 unit along x-axis SOPKR=1 unit along y-axis ‘Now the graph is shown below: Hence the solution of (1) and (2) is the point P(1,1). i) y= 2x42, y=x-1 > (1) Given y=2x+2— yex-1—+(2) ‘The following tables are constructed show- ing the values of x and y° satisfying. both equations. Table for » = 2x+2 ae x] 3]2]-7] [2 [2 vyi+[2[of2][4 fe Table for p= x— ii) y=2xt2yexed x 3 2 1 $ “ + iil) xt 4y=5,2x43y=0 y a fe iv) 3x+5y=2, 3x+5y=8 Take the/poits from both ables on the 4p 313, 2¢43y=13 graph and then draw straight line joining a oF ¥ the points, tn the graph, the two lines are ‘Solution: intersected each othe’ at point P(-3,-4). n2aety aren GH 2xty=3—> (1) — et 1S) S92) The tablesnaré—vonsirmred showing the- . values OF7°Gne-y-sartstyime-both equations. (~—w-s Tablefor 2x+ <3 Pity -Disistie ts ts Table for x —¥=0 rT iT oT 273s [4 y[ -1 [ro Pip 2 ts ts Take the points from both tables on the graph and then draw straight line jo all the points. In the graph, the two lines are intersected each other at point P(1,1). Hei ¢ solution is the point (-3.-4). x+4y=5,2xt3y=0 Given x+4y=5—>(1) | 2x+3y-0-—+ @) ‘The following tables arc constructed show- ing the velues of x and y satisfying both equations, Table for x+4y=5 x[7[3 771 7s]o [5 3 [2 tro [rf2 Table for 2x+3y=0 x[ 3 37679 [2 yl2 to] 2[-4 7-6 [3Take the poinis from both tables on the graph and then draw straight line joining all the points, In the graph, the two lines are intersected each other at point (-3.2). Hence the point (-3, 2) is the required solu- tion: iv) 3x+5y=2, 3x45y=8 Given 3x+5y=2—> (1) 3x1 5y=8—> (2) The following tables_are formed showing the valuesof x anéby satisfying both equa- tions. Table for 3¢+5y ry 1 [0 Because they are parallel, As two lines does not intersect each other, hence the solution set y) 3x-2y=13, 2x+3y Given 3x-2y=13—>(1) 2x43. Te following tables are constructed show- ing the values of © and y satisfying both Ba) equations. Table for 2¢—2y'=13 x ol 1 3 5 7 z 38 3 2 1 4 x] 47-12 5 3] a Plot the points from both tables on the graph and then draw straight line joining all the points corresponding to the given ‘equations. in the’graph. the two lines inter sect each other al point (5,1). y|t 5 Table for 3x +5p=8 vf 5 Take the poinis of both tables on the graph and then draw straight line jeiaing all the points. Keep in mind that in the graph the two lines does not intersect each other Hence the solution set is {(5,1)}. Ans.Revi asc oT Ql: Select the correct answer. The point (5, -2) is located in (@) Quadrant I (b) Quadrant 11 (@) Quadrant IT ¥ (0) Quadrant IV ii) The two coordinate axes intersect at an angle of (a) 30° (b) 60° 4) 90" (d) 45° iii) The point (-3,8) is located in (@) Quadrant | ¥ (b) Quadrant TI (©) Quadrant II (4) Quadrant IV iv) The lines represented by the equations yeland x+ (a) Parallel (b) Inclined () Intersecting (@) Perpendicular y. The point (-6,-6) is located in: (2) Quadrant 1 (b) Quadrant Il (©) Quadrant IIT (d) Quadrant IV. vi. The line x= where ais a real num- ber is parallel to: ¥ (a) y-axis (b) x-axis (©) Both x-axis and y-axis (4) Neither x-axis nor y-axis vii. The point (2,11) is located in: ¥ (a) Quadrant I (b) Quadrant 11 (©) Quadrant 11 (4) Quadrant IV The solution set of the lines y and y=3 is: (@) 53} (b) {4.0} © 0.09) Y@{} ix. The line y=5 is parallel to: (a) y-axis ¥ (b) x-axis (©) Both x-axis and y-axis (d) Neither y-axis nor x-axis Solution set of simultaneous equations QZ: Determine the x-coordinate and y- coordinate of the following points. Also mention the quadrant in which each point lies. ) 23) ii) 4.0) Solutio 2,3) Given point (2,3) x-coorcinate is 2 y-coordinate is 3 Since in (23) the x-coordinate is positive and the y-coordinate is also positive. So the point (2,3) lies in the 1 quadrant. Hence x-coordinate is 2 and y-coordinate is 3 and the point (2,3) lies in the 1" qua- rant. 4,5) Given point (-4, 5) s-coordinate is 4 coordinate is 5 i) 4.5) Since in (-4. 5) the x-coordinate is negative and the y-coordinate is. positive. So the point (-4, 5) lies in the 2" quadrant. Hence x-coordinate is -4 and y-coordinate is 5 and the point (-4,5) lie the 2™ qua-drant. (4,0) Given point is (4.0) x-coordinate is 4 J-coordinate is 0 Since in (4,0) the x-coordinate is positive and the y-coordinate is zero. So the poirt (4.0) lies on x-axis, Hence x-coordinate is 4 and y-coordinate is 0 ard the point (4.0) lies on 3-exis, ‘Q3: Draw a triangle ABC by joining the points A (4.2), CC Sol Given points are A(-2,3), B(4.2) and C(1- 3). Their graph is a triangle. (Q4: Praw a parallelogram by joining the points 0(0,0), AC,4), B(42) and CGB-2). Given points are O(0,0). ACA). Bi4.2) and C32). Their graph is a parallelo- gram. (QS: By joining the points O(0.0), A(S.0), BGS.5) and C(0,5), draw a square. ‘Solution: Given points are 0(0,0), A(S.0). BIS,S), (0,5). Their graph is a square » cw. Biss) ve ty ws a Feetangle by joining the ints A(-65), BSS), C5,8) & D6, Solution: Given points are A(-6,5), B(5,-5), C(5,8), D(-6,-8). Their graph is a rectangle. ’ QT: Draw the graph of the equation xty=4. Solution: Given that x+y=4Put The table is under: x[-[o ft yts 43 The graph of x ‘Q8: Draw the graph of y=3. Since y is constant function ard its graph will be parallel to x-axis, this type of line is called horizontal line which intersects y- axis at y= 3. — a ae ty ‘Q3: Draw a graph from the following table by using a suitable scale. x [3] 4]3|-473 [o[3]o si3[sl2tayatolto Solution: The graph of the given table can be shown in dots. Solve the following system of equ- is graphically, x+y=2, x-y=4 Given r+ y=29(1) x-y=43(2) The tables are constructed showing the values of x and y satisfying both equations. Table for x+ y=2 or y=2-x xPI 70 ;1yT2]5 14 yt3t2;1y]olal2 Table for x-y=4 or y=x—4 z]1[0Ti [273 74 ylst#=[3[2 770 Plot the pcints from both tables on the graph and then draw straight line joining all the points. The two lines intersect each other at point (3,-1). Hence the solution of equa uation (2) is the point (3,-1). RR jon (1) and 910. Ax B={(a,b):a¢ A nbe B} iscalled... (a) Cartesian product (b) Relation (c) Function (4) Ordered pair ¥ Ans. (a) Cartesian product The ordered pair (a,5) = (a) (b,a) (b) -a,-b) (c) Cb,-a) (d) none ¥ Ans. (d) none The two dimensional coordinate system is called... ......plane. (a) Real (b) Space (c)Cartesian — (d) none ¥ Ans. (c) Cartesian If A=m and 6=n elements then Ax B=..........elements, (a) m+n (b) 2" (c) mxn (d) none ¥ Ans. (c) mxn The graph of ax+by +e=0 is. (©)Rectangle —_(d) none (a) Circle (b) Straight ¥ Ans. (b) Straight line The point P(2,~3) lies in...........quadrant, fi" (by 2” (3 (a4 v Ans. (d) 4" Which of the following points lies in 3 quadrant? (@) (2,3) (b) 2-3) (©) (-2,3) (d) none Ans. (b) (-2, -3) ax+by=c if a#0 and 50 is called linear equaton in...........variables. (a) One (b) Three (©) Two (@) none Y Ans. (¢) Two The graph of y= a is...cusseuline (@) Vertical (b) Horizontal (c) Straight (d) none ¥ Ans. (b) Horizontal x=a represents,.........line. (a) Vertical (b) Horizontal (c) Parallel (4) none Y Ans, (a) Vertical