AUT i | } eQU OF PRETIRE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT© Public Warks Department poscgpue seen: No part of thus publintion sin be repre, wered Ash cate travers, eprinced of (canssaltied ih amy form OF any Ween in seiner! wonanlent, phosocopring. recording oF, eiereien who estinton in onting rs tne Chel Enger, Pubs Werks Pepasinen Published by : Dhiaka-1000. [STRICTLY FOR OFFICIAL USE Second Edition : July 1988 Compiled and Edited by * A.B MO. MATIUR RAHMAN Superintending Engineer (MD. NASEEM ‘Superintending Engineer ABDULLAH AL SHAPI Executive Engineer ‘Te contents of thia book are related to the consis choc process pene undertaken By Publ, i ATE Pegportient which bave bear dexcribes Paeetaner in brlel theortieal form ag gulde Unes. ‘Aa suck no chapeer,aruce, elrupe, avbxclaune her Sior ‘be referred (0 ‘a VALID TERPS in the event of any arbitration, lictgelen ‘pecured, made or clalencd By any person: opine, ctolenease, WHAteoevel ep yan be cane nny De URGE ony ereumetance® Written mugestions far update/cevision may please Meringjrevaed 12: Member Secretary. Editorial Beard Prige + Tk, 1,000.00 us ¢28 LDeaignces Procossed ect Printed by? i Peeters Wa Torr exteneler vl (2nd fhoort Fautneg Bi 8 Phone’ 407e0:PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Though wriling preface 4@ the Book of Specification ved Code of Practice is very evaty, the work towards publishing, such a beak for the Publie Works Department, the principal building, construction agency of the Govt. of Bangladesh is really tough: The first edition of the Book of Specilication and Code of Practice was published in the year 1965. The purpose for which this book was originally written 38 well ag ils scope and limitations were stated in the pretace to the first edidon, In the intervening yeacs, with fast development in the technological fields, numerous changes in specifications, requirements of construction materiale, construction methodology. process of initiating projects, ete, have made a thorough revision of Book of Specification and Code of Practice imperative. This edition of the Book of Speciticaticn and Code of Practice is the up-to-date version which covers more or less all the fields of work executed by FWD. although not capzeceed theoretically in detailed form. It is true that Ure Book of Specification and Code of Practice should have been updated long. before, but due to some unavoidable circumstances inspite of all sincere efforts and goodwill, this noble lask could cot, however, be accomplished. At long last the second edition of the Book of Specification and Code of Practice hay been published due to a Jong tinng, ceaseless and sincere group efforts of the committee entrusted with the task of updating the Bock of Specitication and Code of practice. Tne committee was given the lask of updating the Book of Specification and Code of Practise with the Intest technological developments in the fiuld of building construction works, In this respect I respecttully recall ihe name and goodself of former Chief Engineer of PWD Mr. Md. Emdadul Haque who during his tenure inirated the process of updating the Book of Specification and. Code of Practice of PWD. ‘As has been said belore this new edition of Book of Speeifivation aul Code of Practice covers almost all the fields of construction process that is being followed in PWD which includes code of practice. material specifications, items of works, construction methodology and modus operandi. ‘The book has been divided in three parts namely: Part-I Codes of Practice, Part-II Spetification and Description of Materials, tems and works ard Part- IM Specification. Description of E/M Installation works. Part-I contains the code of practice followed in PWD. It explains the administrative part of construction process and related matters, Various executive orders, charter of duties of officers and relevant information have been included in this part, All these information have been expressed in generalised form and sample formats have been given as guide lines. Ail engineers specially the field engineers should follow these guide lines applying their mind, experience and skill which 1 hopeiully expect to be exercised properly, judicially ‘on the part of the engineers associated with construction work. Part-ll of the Book contains a brief description of construction materials and items of various works encountered in the construction process. l appreciate that all possible efforts have been inade to make this part comprehensive and complete by itself packed with as many details as possible elucidating fn simple and plain language. One of the welcome features of this book is the inchision of a new part namely Part-I refating to Electrical Installations ond Maintenance specifications of works. It will not be out of place to mention here that in the past years very little importance was given to thie field although E/T work covers quite a good portion of a project and is ‘of great intrinsic importance. This part of Book of Specification and Code of Practice reflects the vibdetailed informacion about E/T works, its various: components and day to day maintenance work procedure. Thope that this book will be very much helpful (0 the officers and stafle of PWD. It is expected that all officers and staffs of PWD should go through the book and rigidly fullow the procedure diseribed therein, I would very much demand from the Superintending Engineers and Executive Engineers to org training coustes on the Book ef Specification and Code of Practice regularly. It is ay firm belief that field engineers and sta‘t will be highly benifitted if they follow the guidelines. Suggestions towards further improvement of the present edition will be highly apprecisted and will deseeve due consideration In the aext edition. Tnepite of best efforts by the committee some printing mistakes stil may remain which may be taken gracefully. Date : 1st July, 1998 vill Ts fine 1 express my heartielt appreciation to the members of comunittee consisting of (1) Mr. Morshed Uddin, Superintending Engineer, (2) Mr. Shawkat Ali Siddique, Superintending Engineer, (3) Mt. A.A. Md. Matiur Rahman, Superintending Engineer, (4) Mr, Md. Nescem, Superintending Engineer E/M 6) Mr. Abdullab-Al-Shafi, Executive Engineer, (6) Mr. Sayed Jahangir Kabie, Executive Engineer, (7) Mr. Md, Shah Alam, Executive Engineer, (8) Mr. Md. Joynal Abedin Bhuiyan, Sub- Divisional Engineer, (9) Mr. Mq. Syed Azizul Haque, Sub-Divisional Engineer, headed by Mr. Shaikh Muzibur Rahman, Additional Chief Engineer for their efforts in publishing the Book of Specification and Code of Practice after more then three decades, It will be my pleasure and pride to see that this Book of Specification and Code of Practice would be of utmost importance 10 the engineers and staff of PWD in their day to day ‘work management, DD vate MO, SIDDIQUE ULLAH Chief Engineer Public Werks Department Govt. of Bangladesh DhakaEDITORIAL BOARD Shalkh Muzibar Rabman ‘Aiticoal Che! eager AV Md, Matar Rahman Boprintending Fetes Morshed Uddin Superiatendiog Erainces Md, Shawkat All Siddique Superiniending Uretieet Mu. Naseem supectatenig Wogtaees ‘Abdollah ALShat. nective Engineer syed Jahangir Kabir recut Baetacee Mé, Shahi Alam eetulive Eaglocee G.M. Jalnu! Abedin Bhutyan "Sub-biviatond! Baghneet Syed Aatoul Hug, ‘sub Diesianw Enymesr Convener Member Member Member Member Member-Secreiary Member Member Member MemberPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ‘This booklet contains the Specification and Code of Practice for a field Engineer as is necessary for proctice in ihe actual field of construction. Though ‘rot comprehensive in its ‘minute theoretical detail, itis expected (o serve all aspects it practical angles, and if carefully followed 1t will enable a field Engineer to execute the building works in 9 proper and engincering-Like manner, For an Engineer his works in profession, hie knowledge in the technique of construction and his success in constructing a building is a thing of great pride for him. ILis his professional religion and tis the setfeeatisfaction aroused in him which enables him to apply his body and mind so deligently in the ardove and diffitult task of the construction. This feeling of ptide and the unspeakable satisfaction make his job pleasant and make him completely forget(ol ofthe strains of his hard work and Isbour. He ix not only @ builder of buildings but also ultimately is builder of the nation as well. ‘the responsibility on him, hewever, junior he night be, even #8 a Work Assistant, is very great indeed as a single brick in the foundation plays a vital role in the stability of the massive structure standing over ihe same. It is to be bore in mind that the knowledge of affecting economy in a construction consistant with its strength and durability really makes « men an Engineer, It should therefore be a constant struggle by an Engineer to obtain the maximum emount of durability and strength with a mulnimum amount of 1 12,02.1965 expenditure. The question of durability and strength, however, should always have preference as the failuze of structures meens losing the entire economy: Building engineering like all sack branches in the technical field is a matter of streng commonsense and the application of the specialisect methods and procedure in the various lines in the construction. ‘The field engineers should therefore be very eenly alive to his own serve of examination and judgement and shoald rigidly follow the course of preceduro and specification hereinaiter described. It is, however, pointed out that knowledge in science is very mach dynamic and progressive and ‘50 aleo ie in the case of knowledge and technique in the building construction. There should always be an effort in improving things and any suggestions for improvement will be welcomed. Without deviating much anc not in a big scale the senior officers should think of better technique and more ‘use of the indigenous materials of the country. Buperimentation in the field is always 9 very helpful support for the research work in the laborntory Let us fervently hope that we strive our best to acquire knowledge and experience, apply the same in our day to day construction and not only improve in our efficiency and strength, but also contribute in the Improvement of the knowledge of construction in generel. {Md. Salehuddin) Chief Engineer.PART - i SPECIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS, ITEMS AND WORKS MATERIALS Chapter 1D iain 163 12 First Chass tricks 103 1.3 Reinforcing Steel 104 13.1 MS, Plain Bar 104 4.42 Delommed Bar 104 La Timber for Door & Windows 104 1.5 Cement 105 16 Sand 305 17 Aggregate 106 17.5. Khna Brick chips) 106 17.2 Stone chips 126 . 1k Water 106 19 Suki 106 110. Aluminium Door'Window chaneels 106 1.11 Gins 306 Chapter SIT OF CONSTRUCTION 2 21 Selection of sites 107 22 Stability of thesoil at site 107 23. Accesability of site and ils bearing on construction coe! 107 74 Drainage facifitic in the wile 108 25S Preparation of the site 108 26 Laying oul of the building — 103 3 y Maintenance of the site during construction and Enishing the site after construction 109 2.8 Improvement of site 108 Fa sile office Workshed, Godown, Guard shed inthe site a0 2.10 Arboriculture operstion in thesile 0 Chapter SOIL INVESTIGATION 33d intotuaion 1m 32 Types of activities i 33 Trial pits 4 34 Datareyyirements 12 Ss Number anc positions of tial pits and bore holes a2 3.6 Depth of exploration nz 37 Method of exploration and record uz 3.8. Laboratory test 13 Xe Approximate bearing capacity based on &PT 13 3.10 Field load lost us m4 31 Conclusion ContentsTable of Contents 15 Chapter FOUNDATION 4 4.1 Introduction 42 General requirement 43. Types of foundation 4.3.1 Spread footing 43.22 Mat foundation 43.3 Pier foundation 434 Pile foundation 4a General design consideration of foundation 4.41 Wall footing 442, Toolated column footing 4.4.3 Combined footing ad Strap footing 44.5. Strip fooung, 4.4.6 Mat foundation 4.42 Yile foundation 4. Negative skin friction 4.6 Constr 46.1 Pier foundation 4.6.2 Pile foundation ALT Foundation on expansive coi 8 Effect of weather chase 49 Retaining wall 4.9.1 General deseription a2 Types of retaining all 4.10 Basic design considerations: 4a1 Safety factor 412 Factors affecting active press! 413. Approsintateize of camponés ded. Design steps of etaining wall qs Back aft ‘1p Method of Constructions 4.7, Precautions tie Waterproofing & Damppronting EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION ‘TRENCHES Chapter SA Scope uation 5 $2. Method of Constr 53 Precautions Chapter SOLING INFOUNDATION 64 Scope 6 EB Method of Construction al method for deep foundation 115 a6 ne 6 7 W ne 8 ns 129 wa 12 2 Br 3 14 4 Sy 33 333 133 13 wt 12 196. 1% 6 136 ww BS 9 139 ut at wae wo waTable of Contents Chapter MASS CONCILITE Iv FOUNDATION BA Senps 4 7 7.2 Materials 4 2.3 Metiudl uf Construction 1 74 Machine mixing 14s 7.8 Placing of concrete 145 76 Curing “5 7.7 Precautions 145 Chapter BRICK WORK IN FOUNDATION éPLINTH 8.1 Scope M6 8 52 Maesiais Ms 4.3 Method of Construction 146 As. Dricle work upo plinth level in verarndah 18 8.5 Precautions: 148 Chapter BACK FILLING IN FOUNDATION ‘TRENCHES & PLINTH 9 31 Scope 149 9.2 Method of Construction ing 93. Precautions, 130 Chapter DAMP PROOF COURSE 101 Definition 15 10 = 10.2 Causes and sources of dampness 151 10.3 Effeci of dampness: 1St 10.4 Materials 15 105 Method of Construction 182 106 Precautions st Chapter UitCK WORK IN SUPERSTRUCTURE IU Scope 153 T1122 Method of Consteuction 183 AL3 Reinforced brick wall 183 14 Brick arches: 153 115. Presautions 154 Chapter PRICK Wolk WITH SPECIAL QUALITY SORTED OUT BRICKS 121 scope 185 12 122 Matedals 158 123. Method of Construction 155 12.4 Precautions 156 Chapter PRICK WORK WITH 10-HOLES MACHINE MADE BRICKS 131 Scope 87 13132 materiale 1st 12.3. Mcthod of Construction 157 157, 134 Precautions Contents ait‘Table of Contents Chapter FACING BRICK WORKS . 141 11 Scape 3s TA 2 iateal 138 143 Method of Construction 158 3158 144_ Precaution? 4 FACING BRICK WORKIN FLOOR/PAVEMENT Chapte! 15.1 scope 159 45152 Mates 6 5.3 Method of Construction 19? pb) + 15.4 Precautions o REINFORCED CONCRETE WORK Chapte 16.1 Scope 16 ea Coten ie 163 Aggregate 16 Teer Cewite aggreEste 16h 1632, Fine aggreste we 164 Water 162 16 Steel reinforcement 162 16.6 Concrete strength 162 16.7 General design requizements 163 16.8 RCC. work in saline zone 167 16.9 Admixture . 168 16.10 ‘Water cement ratio 168 1et1 Concrete mix proportion 169 4622 Preparation before mixing of conerele 170 76.13 Mixing of concrete in 16.14 Handling end placing of| conercte * 1A AEIs. Compaciieg of eoncrete 2 46:16 Surface finishing 73 16.17 Curing WS spes and conduits 14 174 36.19 Embeed p' 4619 Form work and ccaffolding Ww Chapter PLASTERING T71 Scope 17 172 Surface preparation Sd . 17.3 Maleriale Ww 474 Application WF 175 Curing 178 47,6 Precautions: A7B Chapter LIMETERKACING . » IBA. Seo } 48 182 Matias . 1p 483. Mixing % ye. Surface prepasalion‘Table of Contents 10 ii 1 12 _ Precaution 161 Chapter WHINEANY COLOUR WASHENG 191° Scope 182 ‘19 192 Materiets 182 193 Mixing 182 Wd Surface preparation 182 39.3 Application 185 194 Precautions 183 Chapter PISTEMPER ANDPLASTIC PAINT 3.1 18s 20 STS ge : au D012 Materials 18% 20 Suriace preparation 188 WL Miaing and application 8 ALLS Precautions 185 20.2 Plastic paint 185 202.1 Materials 185 202.2 Mivng 185 2023 Surface preparation, application & precautions: 185 ’ Chapter PAINTING, VARNISHING, COALTARING,OLLING 2d Painting 186 21 211. Seepe 186 2112 Materials 186 213 Storage 187 2144 Colour & sample 187 2115. Protection 187 21.1.6 Surface preparation 187 188 21.1.7 Application : 4.8 Completion 189 21.2, Vemishing 189 ZED. Inirodection 159 2622. Type el vam 0 5.23. Application 0 21.2.4 Covering Capacity of Paint & Varish v1 21.3. Coaltsring v1 21.4, Oiling wood work 191 Chapter CEMENT PAINT AND TEXTURED PAINT 221 Scope 12 22 212 Meleiat 12 22.3. Colour and Sample 132 224 Mixdng 192 325. Molhod of application 12 193 22.4 Precautions Caner wTable of Contents TEXTURED PAINTINGIOONTILE WORK 227 Scope ry 228 Materials 13 229. Method of application 8 22.10 Precautions PATENT STONE FLOORING: Chapter 2b scope 14 23 232 Materials 194 253. Method of Construction 4 BA Coloured flooring 195 18 235 Precautions Chapter CASTAIN-SITU TERRAZO FLOORING TAL Scape 196 24 42 Materials 19% 24.3 Preparation 196 waa ‘Methed of Construction 196 aoe eons terran fToor with glass vider? 398 14.6. Cast-i SSitu Terrazo Wail and skirting 198 Chapter TERRAZO TILE FLOORING 25.1 Scope 9 25 282 Materials 9 26.3 Method of Construction: 9 Chapter GLAZED TILE WORK 263 Seape : 200° 26 26.2 Materials 200 00 Chapter REPAI 7 mw 270 m2 273 8 278 6 x7 Chapter 2 28 2 283 rsa IR METHODOLOGY BY: FERRO-CEMENT LAYERS Materials ir Methodlogy ‘Repair of wrider cracks Rehabilitation of Distecssed Beart Precaution Rehabilitation of Distressed cola Precaution BERRRES CORRUGATED IRON ROOFING & FALSE CEILING Scope Method of Construction Hard Boarditarticle Bosrd/Gypsumt Board False ceiling Precautions BEBE‘Table of Contents Chapter STHELTKUSs wou 221 seape 29 232 MMebod et Conovustion Be Chapter D00KS & WINDOWS: 30 Suh ses om 302 Materials 2B 30.3 Method of Construction 208 3U3.1 Weed work 208 30.4.2 Steel work 29 30.3.3 Aiuminiun 8 Chapter PEt? TURE:WELL 31-1 General Description no 31 38.2 Selection of Devp Tupewell 20 21.21 Water requirement for Domestic Use no 31.3 Method of Construction 22 31.3.) Testotservation well 22 41.3.2 Shrouded Production well u7 Chapter axTHFrRMITE wouKs 321 General Nole = 32 322 importance ns 52.9. Termite Control 2 324 Anli Termite Treatment as 32S Protecting buildings against termites 2 32,6. Protection of New Buildings Against Atiack by sub-terrancary Termites 2 ‘The Chemical Trealment 27 Overall Foundation Treatment a Treatnient af Lhe Foundation Walls: Per) Treatment uf Stob on Ground 2s Feeatmunt of Water Pipes, Drains and Services 21 Trontinent of Raeod fle sal Bram za Entrance Sleps, Garages atid Car Porch 232 Peruneter ot the Beokhing 2 Walls 233 nr 233 327.1 Foundation and Floors 3 32.7.2 Slab on Ground 233 32.7.3 Baserneats Fo Protection of Timber, Doors and Windows Pea Erauicitumn of Teamite lofestations BH Sublerrancan or Soil Terinites ‘Slab-on-Ground Construction 34 Ground Floors with Crave Space Underveah 2s Pans, Terrien, Werandhas and Enforce Steps xs Ropar aad After Treatrent 238 wi ContentsTable of Contents 528 Preparation af Hepiachlor a0WP Solution for Treatment 25 Seo preparation of Polooned Concrete and Sand Cement Mortar 2 32:10 Safety Measures Be Chapter WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGESYSTEM 334 scope of Work 27 33 332. General requirements 27 332.1 Drawings a7 33.2.2 Specification Be 332.3 Cutting & Repairing 237 352.4. Protection of fiotures, materials & equipments 27 33.2.5 Location of pipes t 3328 Pipe supports BI 332.7 Cradients 28 3328 Laying vf 9ipes Be 39.20 Teencning, Bedding & Back ling 2a 32210 Specification of pipes, fxiares S11 = 39.2.6 Pipe Installation Be 33.3, Water pipe, fltings & connections 20 3231 Piping & stings 240 33.32 Insiallabon 20 30.83 Disinfection 240 33.34 Jointing 20 33.35. Alignment & Slope 24 39.36 Testsaf water supply pipes mt ‘aa. Soil, Waste wales, Rain water & vert pipes ma 334.1. Installation 2 33.6.2 Pipe fittings 2 33.4.3_Jointing Pipes 22 Chapter EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT MASONRY STRUCTURE 34.3 Introduction 23 342 Daste Considerations 23 343. Factors affecting damages in buildings 1B 444 General concept of earthquake resistant design eo 348. Structural Design 246 346. Tequirements of Structural safety 6 34.0.1 Foundation 246 347 Causes of Damage in masonry buildings 26 328 General Constraction aspects 37 248.1 Morar 7 3482 Wall enclosure Mw? J4B.A Opening in walle 27 34.84 Masonry bond* us 3485 Horizontal reinforcementin walls a8 348. Size and reinforcernent of bands m9 449 Dowels at comers and junctions ug ‘34.10 Vertical reinforcement in wall 250 0 34.31 Seiemic Zoning of Bangladesh & minimum requirementsPART - IIL SPECIFICATION, DESCRIPTION OF EM INSTALLATION WORKS: Chapter Usimns 11 vinible Linht 256 T62ittenination 38 122 Priicyple of Lightings 256 123 Planing the Brightness pattern 259 1.23 Laminance dnd Iuminalion 20 124 Lighting Coteutation 261 425 Recommended illuminotion values 2m 1.3 Light Guings 267 1.31 Chusilication of lamp tttings 267 522. Calculation of number of fleod light fittings 270 VAR Compcaps 271 134 Maintenance of feorescont lamps an Joi aad lighting and Seemity lighting zz 15 Mlumination tevet m 1.6 _ Some anpiications m Chapter SLECTRICALINSTALLATION 2 T Housewiring 2 21.1 Types of House wiring 207 21.2 Girowit wiring in a Building 278 21.3 Wiring using conduits 278 214 Service entry 279 2.1.5. Main disvibution Boards. 279 24.6 Wiring of $.0.B 29 2U.7 Power & Telephone Cable 279 218 Layout and inslallation drawing 2a 218 bihing/Fistuies ane Acceserios 2 2.2. Lad Estimation 283 221 Maximum demand and diversity 286 22.2 Minimurr load densities 29 22'3 Lead Forecasting 29 22 Final selection 290 2.3. Arrangement of 5.D.B, Circuits 2a BA Cable laying condition mw 24.1 Cable in Air 22 242 Cable un proud 262 24.2 Devieted conditions 232 Dal Nocossary clocks in cable laying 23 2A Size uf neuiral cable wire mB 23° Overhead lines for internal disteibution 293 25.1. Unstalletion checks ce 2.2. Maintenance of OH. lines 2 26 karthing 2 26.1 Circuit and system Eorthing cd 2.6.2. Letuils of Barth Glectrade 2S 26.3. Methods of Earthing, 28 2.7 Tooting of Installation. 28 291, Polority Test of witches 8 oe ContentsTable of Contents 4 8 a 2.7.2. Continuity Test of witing 3.73. Insulation resistance of WME 7.7, Insuletion resistance test witheart 275, Yarth resistance Test uh Glacrical services Shoft & Canteol Non) 28,3. Senvice shalt 28.2. Bus dud 2.8.3. Electeical control ro0m 2.9 Protection of Circuits 210 System of Supply 11 Lightning protection of Building SALA. The surmber of arrestors required fe ynstallation Zan2, Surge Arrestor Selection iz. Tetecommonication & Miscelieniout Services 213. Operating Test 21a Electrical Shock & Hazard Ist. General iden a2. Necessary checks 214.3. Precautions TMA, Mensurce alter geting shock 2.14.5. Instmctions 2.45 Necessary checks in Hletrical Installation 216 Inspectian of the Installation 2G. Cantractors work Sapervision 16.2. Completion Report 2 appendices Chapter ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION 8 SESRR RET SE RRS SSSEEESESE 3.4 General a8 3 32 Layout 35 3.3 Location 35 ga. Advantage 316 35. arerDeeription of Eqipment& e006 316 3.1. Teansfonner 316 352. HT Switchgears 319 Gea, Let circuit breaker at BEE est on FLV. Acz siecit breakers 33 35.5. Interiocks 35 Jeb Avloreclowure 325 $7 Conductor 38 358 HRC Fuse 35 359 Tre CT. ws 33.10. The PT. 326 351 Reay 6 35.12 Trip tru 326 35:13. tsolators we 3.544 Eacthing switch 3? S15 Auxillary evitehes a? A516 Lightring Arcestor a7 ets —_———Table of Contents 35.17 Load break swllels 15 1 Drop oul fuse 35.19 Permissible duration of aver load in Uausformer 3.6 Insulation Test 37. Maintenance of Cireuil Dreaker 3A. Routine Maintenance Tests of Releys Dak.t, Relay meintonances SRA Relay maintenance test 3.9. Continous Observati 3.0, Neconsory Checks Appendives Chapter STAND by SUrrLY 44 Shert Deseription 4 44.1 The Engines are fitted 412) Alternator 44.5) Control panel: the filled with the following, 42 Capacity 4.2. Rastallation’Commnissios 43.0 Unpack 4.3.2 bnstlation 4.3.8 Prvparation for Running 434 Initial Rew 45° Salety 4.4, Maintenance 44.1 Caution 442 Generally, : 44.3 In special cases a standby 44.4 A fault ut occure quite frequently 4.4.5 The basic maintenance schedule should cover the following services: 45, Fault Dingnosia So. Mainwenanes of Lew Acid Datiery 4.6.1 The do's 46.2 The do is Chapter PUM? 51 Types of Pump : 5 52 specification 5.9 Cenirfugal Pump 541, Total ead Actua horse poser tasiallntion tion of pms Staratella aperotion Abaormal operating conditions Location of troubles and thelr causes 37 37 307 38 331 331 3 333 337 Be HB m8 Me 8 oy 350 350 w1 ‘Conens xTTable of Contents 54. Rotary Pumps 353 5.4.1, Starting & Operation 353 5.4.2. Location of troubles and their causes 353 5.5, Deep Well Turbine Pump 355 5.6 Installalion of Submersible pump 35 5.6.1. Equipment for pump Installation 35 5.62 Checking instaltation 355 5.63 Check chast for vertical turbine pump 38 5.64 Pump Faihors end remedies 382 5,7 Storage Temperature 3S 5.8 Storage capacity of Hot water xB 5.9 Hol water Heater x8 5.10. Cold water supply Connection to water Heater 35 STi Dedign Consideration of Hot water piping, x5 5.12 Vent pipe 6 : 5.13. Safety device forstorage of Hot water 6 Appendices er Chapter LIFTINSTALLATION 6 3 mm Stretcher facility a Siard by power a Conformity with Electrical Act 373 Safety Considerations 313 LiftCars 3, Lift well and lift well enclosures, a4 Landing doors 315 8, Guide raile 338 62.9, Lift pits 35 62.10. Bulfers 376 62.11. Liftmeehine room 336 62.12. Hall Buttons, Hall lanternsand special signs 7 62.13, Blocteical witing & apparatus a7 6.3. Design Consideration 38 63.1. Number of lifts & capacity 373 6.3.2. Shape and size of fits 39 63.2. Handling capacity & interval 380 6.3.4. Location and arrangement o lifts 38 6.3.5. Location of ma;chine toon 3L 633.6. Control system 31 64 Inspection and Certification 38h 65 Operation and Maintenance 384 65.1 Operation 34 65.2 Sundry Precautions 2385 65. Installation take over hand over check points 385 65.4 Maintenance with detail work schedule 386 Appedix 39h Chapter AIR-CONDITIONING 7 7A. Heattsaoter wm 72 Pureaubstance 2m 73 Phage transformation at constant Pressure 392 74 393 Contents iTable of Contents 23 26 WT 78 19 719 wa raz 1B mW nas as a7 Design Asped Inside design condition ‘Outside design condition ‘Ventilation Air Noise & Vibration, Fire Damper Equipment installation . FALL Genoral 7412 Location ZA Retin aie snl auteiee aie TAL Vurkoged air-conditioner, Kofrigerants. Ventilation system. : 7.13.1 Natural Ventilation F132 Mechonieal Vertilation 7133. Recirculation Inspection, Testing & Commissioning 7141 Inspection 7182 Tesing PIA Commissioning Installation Cheek points Maintenance Aupe:ts Flot General 7.162 Maintenance Policy 7.463 Posindie mamtenance schedule Concept of Maintenance Appendix 33 398 398 398 308 401 401 401 40 am 303 403 403 408 905 405 405 405, 106 30 06 sor 10 43 CratersPART-II SPECIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS, ITEMS AND WORKSCHAPTER MATERIALS Lt 1 INTRODUCTION ‘All the buitding structures are compesed of different types of materials called building materials or muteirals of construction. It is very essential for an Engineer or Contractor to become conversant thoroughly with these building materials, The knowledge of different types of materials, their Properlies and use for different purposes provides an important teol in the hands of the builders in achieving economy in materials cost. In addition to materials economy, the cortect use functional efficiency and aesthetic appearance. The quality of the work depends mestly on the gutlity of individual building materials used in the construction work, Therefore, the knowledge about the quality of materials and proper choice of them by an Engineer will definitely lead the ‘onstruction works to be durable and structurally sound with a minimum amount of expenditure, Canstruction materials must conform to BNBC 93. Any deviation if necessary for Structural or ‘Aschiteetural reesone materials must conform to ASTM/BS standards. of materials results in better structural strength, FIRST CLASS BRICKS Common building brick is most extensively used material of construction. Depending upon the nature o! soil from which the bricks are mada, the moulded finish and the quality of buming, the bricks aro classified into different categories. The ctasses of kiln burnt bricks used in the works of Public Works Department arc ; First class bricks, First class dats, Picked jhama bricks, Jhamia bricks and Jhama bate, Specifications of First class brieks according to BDIS 208 are follows : 9) Bricks sholl be of uniform colour, shape and size having sharp square sides and edges and parallel faces, i) Bricks shall be sound, hard and well burnt homogeneous in texture end free from flaws and cracks. 4) Bricks shall emit a clear metalic sound when struck with a emall hammer or enother brick §) A First class brick should not absétb more than 1/th of its dry. weight when imersed in ‘water for 24 hours, A First class brick shoutd not break when struck against another brick or when dropped at T= Position on the hard ground from a height ol 3204 f, Vi) Standard dimensions of bricks shall be 240muu1 15munx70mm, 4 vii) Allowable varialions is dimensions shall be : Rp i1 43d 132 14 v0 a) ln length not more than 6m bb Jn breadifs net mere than Sm ‘la height not more than 1.5m vin) Une seoight of bricke sall De 1100s8/ un cap Compressive streagit of brick shell be tor a) Halves beach, mean of 12 bricks :28 MPA(H000pS)? ly Miniqnu (ee individual bricks : 21.1 MPa(2000ps1) 2) Range of efflorescence for 3 fist class ick call be slight to nik REINFORCING STEEL MMS. Hain Dar BOS - standard Mild sel sound bars conforming 4© BS 1319 : 9 A36-91/BNBC 5.33 BS 4449 re eon stated ela shall be used as reinforcing Stee] yy Ht tess than 278 MN/s,10 (46,000PS1) cyan 400 MN /Sqm1 (60,000psi) cequnvatent reqstten + Yok serge inmate tensile slew: Noo less elongation (Gursm gouge) : Minimum 22% © Reinforcing sicel must be of siandard dimensions Mirlace Haws, laminations, jagged and imperfect edges. seo from loose rust ard coats of paint eff, and = Percentage all reunioscement shall be ‘eluch may destroy or reduce bond Deformed bots. BNBC $32 BOS 1333 Tensile steegnth : Grade Nominal Sie Teno 50 all sizes 250 2 ws . 75 0 50 ° 360 “ 400 ” 400 2 500 ” 500, a ais the sominal dia of the srform of BIDS 131391 LozSe where Lo, is the gauge length of the test piece, Daformation requirement and Yond classification shall co TIMBER FO DOOR AND WINDOW BNUCZI04 All locally available good quality tionber except nan pacalel fo the grain, nt ese thas 17 parece a door and window frames ond slsutlats vseransih N/seant Minim. elongation gouge length (U2) {2500 Pa) and beading steess not les than 241 ¢ or ASTM A:36 oF ‘and (ree from any defects such as cracks, cor other materials 9 test piece go having ultimate compressive strength (3800 Psi) shall ed, free from knots and other defects _-Tiraber shall be well seasoned. dry and straight gedin Thactng bs appenrance, Sirona ad durably met confor (2 NBC 611.1 or Sawn timber DNBC Table 6.112, 6123, 6104, 6115 For tolerance BNDC 1.4.4.2 For eading BNBC 1.45.1, hd, 52 For suitabitly BNBC 11.46 for permssible stress BNBC 11.5.4, 1.5215 CEMENT Specitications of Portiand cement BS 12 oc ASTM C-150 BDS 232 1998 BDS 612 BNRC 2.47, 521 1308 232 or its equivalent must confonm lo the following requirements. - Water for normal consistency 6th - 39% + Fineness. + 280 Sq.ma/Kg. (By Air permeability method) a) Initial setting time + Not less than 45 mins, b) Final setting time ict more than 8 hours ~ Compressive strength (standard mortar Cube Osun size) 9) 3 days =13MN/sq.m. (1800 Psi) b) 7aays = 19 MN/Sq. (2300 Psi} ab days =29MN/Sqm (4000 Psi) - Tensile strength (standard mortar briquette) a) 3deys 1.00 MN/Sqm. (150s) b)Pdays =19MN/Sqm @75Psi) 1) 28 days. = 24MN/Sqin. Gs0Psi) 16 SAND Should conform to the following requirements and DDS 243 : 1963, ASTMC 40-92, C 87-89 (1990) = Organic materials content shall not exceed 5% + Sill and other fine materials content shall sot execed. 6% - the grading shall be within the range Seve Ne [Noni]. 50 No 69 No. 100 % Poasing 300-52 AD. a7 050 6 = the fineness modulus of sand shal be = Type of work. Minn P.M. Concrete 18 Mortar 15 Filling sand 06 7 AGGREGATE (COARSE AGGREGATH) 7A Khoa (Brick chips) Khoa made from bricks shall conform to the following requivements tt must be made of firet class and picked jharma bricks, = Nominal size : The grading shall be within the following limits (for 19mm down graded). Tuafswve [tam | omm_ [Nod [Noe *Passing | 95100 [2585 | cig 8 “opearance . shall be-complctely non plastic and chall be completely free fcom all organic and ewiut deleterious materials. + Unit weight : unit weight shell not be less than 1200 kg/cu.m. + Water absorption : ». percentage of the dry weight shall not exceed 14%, —_—— 105 pier172 18 ey 110 106 + Percent wear: shall not exceed 40% tested by Los Angeles Abrasian Test + Compressive strength : not less than 21 MN/Sq.m. (3000 Ps) Stone chips must conform to ASTM Ces-93, £88-80, C227-90, C131-99 + It may be made of erushed stone or gravel Appearance shall be completely non plastic and free from any organic ox other deleterious interns + Unit weight shall noi be Ress than 1570 kg fea, ested by Los Angeles Abrasion Tock + Percent wese shall not exceed 3 ‘Nominal size same as khoa (brick aggregate) Grading same as brick aggrogale ~ Compressive strength shall not be less than 26.1MPa MN/Squn. (5240 Psi) WATER Wotur used in costruction works shall be clear, fee feo oil, acid, alkali satts, organic materials and shall be drinkable SURKE Surku shovld be made from weil burnt 1st class bricks without Jhama, must pass through 6 mesh, free frum clay or any ether cteleterious materials. ALUMINIUM DOORWINDOW CHANNELS ‘The aluminimum channcts must conform ta the specifications of the United States Architectural Manufactures Association. BNBC 2.11 Channel thickness far doors 2 1.82,5mm. ‘Channe} thickness for windows #1.2-L.8mm. Anodization thickness #1 microns img. per Sqm. Density of anodizativn Gtass Glass for aluminimum door and window tinted or clear should be Smvn thick and there should be no undulations For smaller wooden panel/M.5. glazed shutters glass should be 3mm thick and there should be no unduttions, Tell ChaptersCHAPTER SITE OF CONSTRUCTION 21 SELECTIONOF SITES. 23 Field Engineers should play an importantrolein the sletion ofthe site for proposed construction. Selection of sites should be based upon considerations of various factors affecting the site towards is development, the cost and the stability ofthe proposed structures. The dlificulties which may bs ae ered in the consiruction of ¢ structure dus to inaccessibility of the sile should also be considered. ‘The sile selected should be as far as possible fairly high abave the normal flood level, requiring the The sie seed an ting, For an exienaive scheme = topographical survey should be undertasen jad a contour map prepared to find the xmount of excavation or filling involved and the facilities for drainage existing in the site should Be determined. Whether water and electricity would be ‘easly available or nt should also be considered. tow lying area, the field Engineer should inform the requiring body ‘While selecting a sité in & ial type of foundation and floor. about the additional cost involument due to earth filing and spec STABILITY OF THE SOWL AT THE SITE shall invariably be exaruined for ascertaining the sakare of the ground and ile bearing capacity, the probable behaviour of the soll wrdet seasonal weather Ghatjen and/or chaoges in ground water lavel, conditions of probable unsiate slrpes SO rise to if under ground pits, wells, old foundations or water courses, ‘Tne behaviour ofthe existing buildings, if any, in the aeighbowmood may be © guide is aaciding he iype and the depth of the foundation of the building 0 be constructed. The ie selected should be eis safe distance from the banks of eroding rivers, stteams or canals, ACCESSIBILITY OF THE SITE AND IT'S BEARING ON COST OF THE WORK ‘The ste selected should be easily accessible and the length of the sppreach reac from the nearest see eas the aite should be as shott as possible. The area of land to be acquired should be ae roi fos al the phases af accheme. As it may be diflielt to secure the ideal condiigns alt cise deevouie thall be made to select asite which would have the maximum of the advantages lunder the given conditions In cane if it 5x not possible to have an ideal site, the difficulties and di tncountered in the'construction of the work shold be recorded in wring, srestings of the site eolation eammites, 60 thatthe extra cost may be incorporate. the scheme. GF 107 Capel While selecting a site the soil conditions soil movement, ar the exiatence ot isadvartages which may be in the proceedings of the {in the estimate of2.4 DRAINAGE FACILITIES IN THE SITE ilities for the easy drainage of White selecting tne site, it should be examined, whether natural faci ree ler existe in the area and whether the seme ean be secured effectively and economically. Fan oUIN be taken inthe selection of the site fo eneure thot no accumulation of rain water in the Give may geet and the possiblity of the Back flow af the weter in the devine deom the outfall towards the buildings is eliminated. 25 PREPARATION OF THE SITE fa) Refuse of superfoous earth f any, on the site shall be cemoved as quickly as possible, Shrubs and sistnpe of teees, il any, shall be uprooted and removed outside the site. If iis not possible to do so, these may be stacked near the houndazy of the site for the time being, ‘Any valuaole materi! devived from the chasing ofthe site should be slored and disposed off according te the rules in the code. {p) The taves shall be cut and Qhéir roots totally uproated as direcied by tke Sub-Divisfonal Engince:, No tee, however, shall be cut waless itis absolutely unavoidable. The survey eePor nitat be mubmitted and sanclions obtained before the trees ere disposed off. I! white ants are Joant ta exist in the ttoes, their nesis should be loented and dug up and the queen ant be Gsournyed. Holes let after uprooting of the tees should be backiiled with sand or earth. care tong enken To see that on compaction the fll gains Cersity ofthe original surrounding soil {Before starting the work, permanent bench marks must be established at a sultatle point with reference to which the Sub Divisional Engineer himself will layout all the important levels. The Trench lines of the building should be correctly taid out and the locations for the storage and Nacking ol the materials defintely set on she ground. The position of the godowns, the guard SRet and the access and exit roads for the irucks and carts should also be laid out and demarcated on the ground, (4). Boundary pitlars of standard designs should be fixed on the ground fo define the boundary of he site fe) The site should be cleanei, dressed and graded properly with outward slope for the drainoge of rainwater, Dressing of site shall include excavation of high area and filling the low area ns required for which no seperate payment shall be made to the contractor. (f) The materials atthe ste shall not be spread isregutarly, these shall always be kep! in defined places and the site maintained neat an clean throughout the construction work. {&)_ Record plans of the site showing the boundary pillars should be sept in Sub-Divislonal and Divisional offices as soon as the site is taken over. 2 LAYING OUT OF THE BUILDING/STRUCTURES Before commencement of excavation of trenches for foundation, the layout of the bulleling /senucrare Maste be linalived ae par ground fioor plan of the building, All die centre lines of the Architectural and Structural drawing shall have to be compated and checked for correctness. ‘One of the methods of laying out the building i to set out the centre line of the Longest outer wall of the building in relation le boundary wall or other important points as shown in the Architectural tayout plane It may be done by stretching a string between wooden pogs with small nails fixed cmactly on point on the head of the wooden peg. Wooden pegs should be 3nn away from the trench eh foundation. This serves as a referexce line for making centre line of ail the walls of the building. ‘The centre Line of the wall which is perpendicular to the Jong wall is marked by setting up a right angle. High! angle is set up by foraving Iriangies with sides 3.4 end § units Long. If we fo the to dics of the trisngle to be 3-0" and 4-0", the hypotenuse should be 50", The dimensions should be sel out with a steel tape. The allemate method of setting out of ght angle is by theodolite. The instrument i sls0 helpful in setting out of arute or obtuse angle. Some tight angled projections are ‘usually set out with mason’s squaze. a 108 Giapier2 pe e408 jagSmall brick pilacs 10°xt0" are constructed at a distance of 3m from the trench encasing the wooden peys eaciier fixed wilh nail on lop. Before oncasing the wooden peg its position should be finally Are ced When all the ceutre lines eve fixed, strings are stretched and fixed to nails and ench centre Tine distances are checked again, Far rectangular and square rooms, diagonals should be checkeg also. Beloce starting the excavation, strings are stretched on the cutting lines ate fixed by lime powder. If neceseary, the Kodali. MAINTENANCE OF THE SITE DURING CONSTRUCTION AND FINISHING "THE SITE AFTER CONSTRUCTION IS OVER a) As far as possible the site should be kept clean during construction. Materials should not be Hacked haphazadly here and there but kept in a planned manner ia proper stacks. Care Should be inken co maintain the site with proper drainage of rain and stagnant water. (6) Tho site stivull not be spoiled by tunning of trucks or carts all over it. The proposed ronde chould be laid out and sed for carriage Of materials. Base of the road may also be laid end maintained during construction, The rejected materials ie. under clasaified bricks, poor quality sand, ete dismantled materials and sach other things not te be used in the construction should be removed from the site as goon as it comes in, fa case of delay of its removal under unavoidable circumstances, it should be carried to furthest comer of the site so that there i no chance of it being used by the workmen, (2) After the consiruction end improvement of site is over, it should be nicely levelled, dressed trith proper grade for drainage of rain water, The site should give a finished look on aesthetic angle also. {e) The ground immediately edjncent to the slope not fess than 1: 12 for a minimus of the wall. Consideration shall be given to possible additional establishing the final ground level adjacent to foundation. ‘outside lines of the foundation trench and. fines may be marked on the ground by 27 foundation shall be sloped away from the building at ‘distance of 2.5m measured perpendicular to the toe I settlement of backfill when 28 IMPROVEMENT TO SITE . In case where it is necessery to zaite the site, the provision in the sanctioned estimate should be followed 5 to whether easth will be carried from outside or eaxth obtained by digging tanks from site itsell: If the provisien in the estimate is not fully explicit or requires some modification according to the changed circumstances, instructions of the ‘Superintending Engineer should invariably be sought, In case of tank digging, the site plan showing the tank, building ete. should be approved by the Superintending Engineer. The tank digging should be planned in such a way that the maximura depth according to the locality is excavated befers the monsoon gets in. This wit nat only save the cost of further excavation in order to obtain the maximum depth for getting the pasiniam amount of earth but also for full utlity of the tank by the users of the buildings tndercenstruction. Measurement must be taken before the filling up of the tank with water. . an estimate of the earth required on a carefully prepared pre-work contour survey should be prepared in relation to the permanent bench marks eid got approved by the Superintending Engineer, along with ztes of earth carriage even, though itis on 2 competitive tender before taking up the work. The contour survey shall fonm a part of tender document. The contractor shall verify the contour survey befare starting the work and no subsequent claim shall be entertained. Meaturoment should be on the quantity ‘of earth filled as per measurement of the contour and not on the slack of carried earth. There shail not be any: question of Payment (o cosiractors on measurements an trucks oF certs, Anybody doing this shall be held perronally respor: ible for this, Final payment shall be made after 12(twelve) months from the dite Ercompiction of work, The contracior shall eupply additonal earth at his own cost if required, 60 Dring the site te proposed level. TF 107 We hap When the earth is to be carried from outside,sfTe OFFICE, WORKSHED, CODOWN, GUARD SHED IN THE SITE 29 hat it will not be necessary 10 dismantle o¢ setting of tke above should be judiewusty done «© © Sein before finally completing the work ané handing Ove the site. In order to minimise the em ihe abuve, prefabreated houses of tee, cOnErete OF NMEY should geadually be introduced. se eink ahd, a site office chould give a presenvable 100k with preferably steo! furniture. All are ve emaaver, wil depend on the magaitude of the propose! construction and the money spent art pod bec a reasonable prepartion oie cast ofthe proposed work, 4.0 ARBORICULTURAL OPERATION IN THE SITE Dae importance should be given to asboricultural operation al gtarted. Suitable trees should be pl site, the trees are grown sufficient Siete \asvorieulture Division shall be sored wll in advance f and approval by competent authorily. t the site as soon as the work is veited and maintained, so that at the time of handing ove the ily. Care should be taken not to plant [ress feo ness te the for the preparation of estimateCHAPTER SOIL INVESTIGATION at 32 33 INTRODUCTION Knaiwledge wf she ign a a ive 1s prerequisite tothe economical design ofthe we vtnucture cleiaents. Attemp: 10 save tlle money PyPIsSo soil investigation only to find after Sete aarevged inal the foundation conditions encountered the design is completed and construct ue Citate a new design is 2 fae economy. Por major struc ‘sie investigation is necessary but for smaller structures there ig a wide pracice of litle or 10) exploration. “TPES OF ACTIVITIES Subsoil exploration process may be grouped into three tYPeS of activities 1) Reconnaissance : This method includes geophysical measurements sounding or PrCbing: 2} Exploration : Exploratory methods involve various driling techniques. 3) Derailed Investigation + The detailed investigation usually requires undistu field tests. White planning the exploration programme, the Engineer should keep in mind the purpose of the programme and the relating cost ‘ivelyement, Tt may be more economical 10 provide # vepearvative foundation design, if the history of the poll life eveals chat the soil condition is good ceoetty go for elaborate boring and testing programme, CH oe indication of the extent of aft exploration programme can be S timated fom the history of foundation sucess ‘and failures in an ear ie ahave of the prograsumc experiance of the aren is Ver helpful. Reconnaizearce of the rer ahe form of field trip can reveal informetion on she tyPe ‘and behaviour of the adjacent Structures, such 26 cracks, noticeable sags el TRIAL PITS After reconnaissance of the aces, a preliminary ite investgayon n the form of test pits to establish dhe types af materials, stratification of the sol and possbly the location of ground water level ™Y ane tr en, Por small projet this step say be aulficien’ slablish foundation ezlterion in be undertalie exploration progiamine i finished. Ground investigation is normally doce bY Dore aaah carshese orly shallow depths are to be savestigated land where ground water problems sre pekenvisaged, tial plts may prove more vermalile and economical. Boreholes may be necessary On mole logget ites where it is impzacteable to excavate Wal pits without dewatering: ‘These trial pits should be sulficient in number to sepresent conditions over the entire arse of the proposed building. The dap of pit should not be Fess than $-0", 5, Such 85 3 bed samples oF Before going ‘or 4 detail soil investigation Site Engines should explore sail by test pit and if ne fs BAe the vest pit investigaion is not enough then only. he ‘shall propose fer detail sol! TiMM 35 36 investigation. The Site Engincer should keep in mind that in most of the cases, atest pit i enought lo doterinine the parameters for foundation desiga, For important proeets or where the soil is of poor quality and/or erratic in nature, a more detailed investigation may be undertaken in which case samples are collected for shesr-strength delermination and settlement analysis. DATA REQUIREMENTS ‘The suilsite investigation should provide data but not limited to the fellowing items: Lacatyon of ground water level Bearing capacity of the se Seluction of alterowiive ty pee and/or depth of foundation Da Saltlanent predictions Potential problems concerning adjacent property End hearing valve and skia friction for pile design NUMBER AND POSITION OF TRIAL PITS AND BORE HOLES ‘The location and spacing of pits and boreholes shall be such that the soil profiles obteined will permit a reasonably accurate estimate of the extent ard character of the intervening soi] masses and Nilidisclose anportant itregularities in sus-surface conditions. For building structures the following guidelines may be followed: a on soil parainlers and psopertion weypeune {op For large aroas covering residentia! colonies or big projects, the geological nature of the terrain will hejp in daciding, Cac number of boteholes of trial pits, The whole ares may be devided into geids al at the discretion of the Sile Engineer, the numberof tral pit or borehole points s selected. At teast 3rd of the required number of barings or trial pite shall be located within the area under the building. ) In compact building sites, one borchole trial pit in each corner and one at the centre shat be adequate, (¢). For emall and fess important buildings, one borehole or trial pit at the centre will sufiice. DEPTH OF EXPLORATION ‘The depth of exploration shall depend to tome extent on the site and type ef the, proposed structute, on ceriain design considerations such as safely against foundation failure, exeessive settlement. seepage and earth pressure, The following guidelines shall be followed in determining the depth of exploration, {@) Normaby, the depth of explorotion shal! be two tines the estimated width or least dimension of the loouing Below the foundation level If pressure bulbs for a number of loaded areas overlap, the whole of the area may be considered as leaded and exploration shal be carried down te ane and half times the least dimension of the building. In weak soils, the expleration shall be continued to a depth at which the loads can be catried by the stratum in question without ndesirabale settlement or shear failure, (1 In case of pile foundation, the depth of exploration shalt be qual to the width of the structure, subject toa maximum. of 30m keyond the tip of the pile. {© The depth io which weathering process alfeste the soil deposit shall be regarded as the minimuzn depth of exploration fer # site anc this shall be taken as 20, METHOD OF EXPLORATION AND RECORD: 37 Listed below are seme common methods of sub-soil exptoration other than trial pit a) Auger boring bp Shell and auger boring . i Pal Chapier3 nt 1:0 em iWash boring 4) Sounding/ probing ) Geophysien! method fh Pereusion boring gi. Rotary boring the choice of method shell depend on the topography, type of ground 10 De investigated. ground Timer conditions, the type of building we gaged and technical requiremensy ‘amount of existing expected variability of soi, reermal constraints such as availability of plants, access, cost should be information, n rather than ip and time aveitsble, But technical requirements ofthe investigasio ast ering factor in the selection. of investigatory method. The secord of all boring, shail include but not limited to the following information: 2) Size of the casing (Gf used) by Number of blows per 300m" required to drive the sampling $779 The elevation of the ground surface referred to an established datum 44) Location and depih of boring ane #8 relation to the proposed construction fe). Elevation at which samples a7 taken f)_ Elevation ofthe boundaries of 30 sit . Deceription of soll saa encountered wand any particular unuoval or spetial condition such 95 fone of water in the earth and rock ree a boulders, cavities and obstructions ¥s° of special (ype cof samplers, traps ete. hy ‘The level of ground water together wit a deseription offhow and when ground water level W8S observed LABORATORY TEST “The following soil test shail te performed in the laboratory {oF proper evaluation of soil parameters: 1, Grain size analysis: 2. Specific gravity <3, Unit weight (wet & dry) 4, Natural moisture content 6, Direct shear 5, Unconfined compression strength 7. Consolidation test APPROXIMATE BEARING CAPACITY BASED ON SPT ‘The blow counts (plows pet 300 aun ot i been correlated with the ang een par, Tarzzagh) and Peck has givest the follow: ‘of cohesive soil 300mm oF 12 in} Below 2 ~ Very soft Below 5 ‘Below 0.25 2 Soft 25-050 025-050 “a Medium 30-100 05-10 BAS geet 100-200 19-29 0 Very stiff 200-400 20-40 Over 30 Han Qver-400 Over 40 “The indicative » ues of unconfined compressive strength correlated to peneteation number shold beused cautio: These values mey DE rise only oa a guideline. 113 ———————— Par crapier}