2019/5/28 Security Level:

47pt

LTE Basic Principle

Preparation for C&Wi售前网络规划部
Planning

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35pt

32pt

Charter 1 LTE Network Architecture

Introduction
Charter 2 UMTS & LTE RNP Comparison

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35pt

Mobile communication system evolution

32pt

AMPS GSM UMTS LTE

WCDMA Advanced
Global System for Mobile
Advanced Mobile
communications
Telephone System
CDMA One (IS-95) TD-SCDMA
TACS
Code Division Multiple
Access Based on IS-95 UMB
Total Access
Communications System CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev C
DAMPS（IS-136)

ETACS Digital - Advanced Mobile

Phone System Based on
IS-136
WiMAX WiMAX
Extended Total Access
Communication System 802.16m
Other

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

35pt

3GPP Releases

3GPP 3G evolution：LTE and HSPA
32pt
Foresee the first GA protocol version will be released in the end of 2008. Protocol 36.xxx series are for
LTE.

The first version was planned to finished in September 2007 but has been delayed.

3GPP Protocol ftp：http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/

Page 4

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

35pt

LTE Network Architecture

Main Network Element of LTE
32pt

The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user plane and control plane.

The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW.

Network Interface of LTE

The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling direct
transmission of data and signaling.

S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to
the S-GW via the S1-U

Compare with traditional 3G

network, LTE architecture
becomes much more simple and
flat, which can lead to lower
networking cost, higher
networking flexibility and shorter
time delay of user data and
control signaling.

UMTS LTE

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35pt
LTE Throughput
1 Subframe = 1ms
1 Radio frame = 10ms

RS
32pt PBCH
PSS
Standard RB
SSS
PDCCH, PHICH, PCFIC
PDSCH

One of center 6 RBs: 1RB

One Slot = 0.5ms

- LTE 20MHz, 100 RB. 1RB have 12x7x2=168 symbol per ms

=> Throughput: 16.8 Msps
- Modulation 64QAM (6 bits per symbol)
⇒ Throughput: 16.8x6=100.8Mbps
- MIMO 4x4 (4T4R)
⇒ Throughput: 100.8 x 4 = 403.2 Mbps
- Overhead (RS, PBCH, SS) occupy 25% for controlling & signaling
=> Throughput: 403.2x0.75=300Mbps

With uplink, 20MHz for transmit at UE. It can get 100.8Mbps. After
consider 25% overhead, we get 75Mpbs in uplink.

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35pt LTE Throughput
Main parameters which affect the system capacity of an LTE

Channel Bandwidth
32pt

MIMO Antenna Configuration

Modulation Coding Scheme

UE radio Condition (SNR, CQI etc.)

Duplex Mode e.g. FDD, TDD

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35pt Network Strategies for Providing Voice in LTE Network

LTE PS Data VoIP

2G/3G PS Data CS Voice
32pt
2

EPC Core
EPC Core 2G/3G 2G/3G
PS Core CS Core EPC Core 2G/3G 2G/3G
PS Core CS Core

LTE Access LTE Access 2G/3G Access LTE Access 2G/3G Access

1a CSFB Voice
1b
OUT of LTE

Initial: Data Only Intermediate Solution: Voice CS Fall Back Target Solution: VoLTE

Option 1: To start using CSFB voice solution as an intermediate step

Option 2: Move to IMS/SRVCC (SRVCC supports the LTE+IMS VoIP handover to 2G/3G CS voice when out of LTE coverage)

Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 CSFB: Mobile Originating call

6 7

NodeB RNC MSC-VLR HSS/HLR

4 SGSN
Inter-system change

SGs
UMTS
LTE
Phase Flows
A 1.Ext Service Request (CSFB indicator)
4 MME 2.S1 AP Message (CSFB indicator)
1
2 3.Optional measurement
1 B
3 4.PS HO or PS redirection
5 5.eNodeB direct the UE to G/U
eNodeB SAE-GW
6. Resource located, UE initiate CS call
C
7. MSC processes UE’s calling(IAM)

CSFB MO procedure:
• A: Voice service request is activated from UE;
• B: MME indicates UE fall back to GERAN/UTRAN for voice service via eNodeB, UE sends service request to
GERAN/UTRAN; in the mean time, MME informs GSM/UMTS CS Core to prepare resource;
• C: When resource in GSM/UMTS network is allocated, UE falls back to GERAN/UTRAN for voice service; And then UE
will initiate the CS voice call, MCS processes the UE’s calling request and sends IAM(Initial Address Message) to CS
core.

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 CSFB: Mobile Terminating call
9 1

NodeB RNC HSS/HLR

MSC-VLR
SGSN
Inter-system change

UMTS SGs

LTE
Phase Flows
A 1.IAM: Initial Address Message
MME 2.Paging Request (Domain indicator: CS)
2 3.Ext Service Request (CSFB indicator)
3
4 4.S1AP Message (CSFB indicator)
6 B 5.Measurement
2 6.PS HO or PS Redirection
3 7.eNodeB direct the UE to G/U
5 eNodeB SAE-GW 8.Paging Response
7
C 9.Voice Call establishment

CSFB MT procedure:
• A: GSM/UMTS MSC initiates CS paging to the called party (LTE UE), voice service is requested by LTE UE;
• B: MME indicates UE fall back to GERAN/UTRAN for voice service via eNodeB, UE sends service request
toGERAN/UTRAN; in the mean time, MME informs GSM/UMTS CS Core to prepare resource;
• C: When resource in GSM/UMTS network is allocated, UE falls back to GERAN/UTRAN for voice service;

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10

35pt LTE Key Technology Introduction
MIMO

Downlink MIMO
Uplink MIMO
32pt

MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial
Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO and implement the UL multi transmission and relative power
multi user mode MU-MIMO. supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs

In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is are associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-
used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to control/reduce MIMO is still under study.
the interference among spatial multiplexing data flows.
Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users.

The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to Each user transmits data by single antenna. System
one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation
transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MU-MIMO, scheme.
the data flows are scheduled to multi users and the
MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the same
resources are shared within users. Multi user gain can time-freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-MIMO.
be achieved by user scheduling in the spatial domain. Interference of the multi user data can be controlled by
the scheduler, which also bring multi user gain.
Pre-coding vectors User1
User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
S1
User 1 data MIMO
User 2 data
User k data Decoder User2
Scheduler Pre-coder User2
User k data S2

User k
User k Scheduler
Channel Information Channel Information

DL-MIMO Virtual-MIMO

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35pt

DL MIMO
SFBC (Transmit Diversity) MCW (Spatial Multiplexing)

32pt

S Layer 1, CW1, AMC1

User1 UE2
F MIMO
codeword Mod B encoder
and layer
C
mapping UE1

Layer 2, CW2, AMC2

UE1

Same stream transmitted simultaneously in
Multiple data streams transmitted at the same
certain form of MIMO coding at the same time-frequency resource from different antenna
time-frequency resource from both antenna ports
ports (Rank = 1)

The terminal must have at least 2 Rx antennas

Depending on the environment & number of for spatial multiplexing (SM)
antennas, SFBC can reduce fading margin
by 2~8 dB, to extend coverage, and enhance
system capacity

Page 12
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12
 Charter 1 LTE Network Architecture
Introduction
Charter 2 UMTS & LTE RNP Comparison

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13

 Radio Network Planning Procedure of LTE
Agreement  Coverage area (Dense urban, Urban, Suburban )
achieved by  Quality objective (QoS criteria)
Preparation  Capacity requirement (Subscriber, traffic model)
the operator  Link budget parameters (Penetration loss, Propagation model)
and Huawei
Huawei deliver

 Link budget The output of

Background Interference Test (optional)  Capacity dimensioning
 Propagation model tuning (optional)  Site configuration
 Cell radius in each morphology
 Network development solution
dimensioning is
important criteria to
assess RNP solution

 Site location/ RF parameters configurations

 Search ring specifications The operator provides:
 prediction & Simulation Nominal
naming conventions
 Cluster definition for project management Planning
existing sites information

 Site survey/candidate site search

 Neighbor cell configuration
Detailed Planning  PCI planning Network Deployment
 Cell parameters configuration
 Algorithm configuration

LTE RNP procedure is similar with UMTS

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RS Power Overhead Comparison with CPICH

Type B Symbol: with RS REs Type A Symbol: without RS REs

RS power per RE is 15.2dBm (0.033W) for 20MHz

Total RS power in 10MHz for Type B Symbol is 0.033*2 (RS REs/ RB) * 100 RBs = 6.6W

Total RS power in 10MHz for Type A Symbol is 0

Only two symbols carry RS within 0.5ms and hence the RS power overhead is about
6.6/20 * 2/7 = 9.4% over 1 timeslot

LTE RS power overhead is about 9.4% which is similar to 10%

CPICH power overhead of UMTS

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RSRP and RSCP Signal Strength Comparison

Items UMTS LTE

(e)NodeB power per Tx (dBm) 43 43
Bandwidth (MHz) 5 20
Number of RB 100
RSRP is the received signal
CPICH power /RS power per RE strength over 15KHz
(dBm) 33 15.2 bandwidth while bandwidth
of RSCP is 5MHz
CL (dB) 120 120
RSCP/RSRP (dBm) -87 -104.8
Only 1/6 REs is used for RS
Received RS signal strength over transmission within one RB and
whole bandwidth -81.8 hence the total received RS power
is 10*log10(100*12*1/6) = 23dB
higher than RSRP

RSRP of LTE is much smaller than RSCP of UMTS under same

radio environment

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HSPA & LTE Coverage Comparison
Field Test Results(1/3)
Uplink LTE & HSPA Throughput Comparison

Test Conditions:
• HSPA 5MHz@ PCS, 30W Tx power for SISO
• LTE 15MHz@AWS,2*30W power for 2*2MIMO

LTE has better uplink coverage than HSUPA

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HSPA & LTE Coverage Comparison
Field Test Results(2/3)
Downlink LTE & HSPA Throughput Comparison

Test Conditions:
• HSPA 5MHz@ PCS, 30W Tx power for SISO
• LTE 15MHz@AWS,2*30W power for 2*2MIMO

LTE has higher downlink throughput at cell edge than HSDPA

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HSPA & LTE Coverage Comparison
Field Test Results(3/3)
LTE RSRP & UMTS RSCP Comparison

~ 20dB

Test Conditions:
• HSPA 5MHz@ PCS, 30W Tx power for SISO
• LTE 15MHz@AWS,2*30W power for 2*2MIMO

RSRP of LTE@AWS is ~20dB less than RSCP of UMTS@PCS

band for co-site scenario

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Coverage Comparison Summary
UMTS
Coverage evaluation UMTS uses RSCP and Ec/Io
for coverage evaluation
Power overhead CPICH power overhead 10%
Signal strength Signal strength over 15kHz
bandwidth and is about 20dB
higher than RSRP under
same environment
Data Coverage Worse than LTE (at the same
frequency band)
Voice Coverage Better than LTE (at the same
frequency band)
Handover Soft Handover
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
LTE
LTE uses RSRP and RS
SINR
RS power overhead is
about 9.4%
RSRP is the signal
strength over 15kHz
bandwidth and is about
20dB lower than RSCP
under same environment
Better than UMTS (at the
same frequency band)
Worse than UMTS (at the
same frequency band)
Hard Handover
Page 20
 UE Peak Rate Comparison

Combined uplink and

downlink UE definition

---- 3GPP TS 36.306

HSPA Features Supported UE Category Peak Rate (Mbps)

Downlink HSDPA Category 1~12 13.976
64QAM Category 13~14 21
MIMO Category 15~16 28
MIMO+64QAM Category 17~20 42
Downlink DC Category 21~24 42
DC+MIMO Category 25~28 84
Uplink HSUPA Category 1~6 5.7
Uplink 16QAM Category 7 11.5 DC: Dual Cell
Uplink DC Category 8~9 23 ---- 3GPP TS 25.306

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Cell Average Throughput Comparison

HSPA vs. LTE Average Cell throughput

DC+64QAM

~20% Gain ~100% Gain

MIMO+64QAM

LTE offers higher cell capacity than UMTS HSPA

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Why LTE Uplink is Much Better than HSUPA

• Intra-cell interference of
HSUPA leads to smaller
capacity

•Multi-code transmission
• HSUPA peak rate of HSUPA leads to self-
is about 5.7Mbps interference
using QPSK

• LTE peak rate is

about 14Mbps with
16QAM
HSUPA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 23

 Method for Identify Adjacent Cells
OVSF Code1 OVSF Code2
RB1 RB2

Scrambling code2 Physical Cell Identity 2

Cell2 Scrambling code1 Cell2 Physical Cell Identity 1
Cell1 Cell1
Channel Code (OVSF)
System Bandwidth

Scrambling code Sub-carriers

Signal combine

User1 Data x
Sub-frame
x
User2 Data x Frequency

User3 Data
Time frequency
User n Data resource for User 1
Time frequency
resource for User 2
UMTS DL Data transmission Time
Time frequency
resource for User 3

WCDMA LTE

LTE uses PCI for adjacent cell identification

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 LTE PCI Planning Principles (1/2)
168 S-SCH ID 3 P-SCH ID

PCI1 S-SCH0 SSC0,SSC1,SSC2

PCI7 PCI2 S-SCH1 SSC0,SSC1,SSC2

PCI8 PCI3
…. ….,….
PCI9 PCI4
…. ….,….
PCI6
S-SCH167 SSC0,SSC1,SSC2
PCI5

There are total 504 PCI to

There must be reuse for whole network
adequate distance to
isolate two cell with PCI4
same PCI

504 PCIs could be reused for LTE network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 25

 LTE PCI Planning Principles (2/2)

PCI: 169
Which cell I belong to? Cell
PCI: 168 2
PCI: 168 PCI: 169
PCI: 167
Cell 2
Cell 1 Cell
Which cell should I handover to, cell 1 or cell 2
1
Collision Free
• Adjacent cell should use different PCIs
Confusion Free
• Cells in the same neighbor list should
use different PCIs

PCI mod by 3 should also be considered for 2 antennas

• PCI mod by 3 determines RS

location in frequency domain for 2
antennas
• Different PCI mod by 3 reduces
inter-cell RS interference

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 26

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