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    36 views97 pages

    Quality Control

    Uploaded by

    Shreya choudhary

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    otity Control Astitva Ranjan Srivastava Quodity es AIR 01, ISS 2022 Telegram: astitvaranjaniss Astitva Ranjan Srivastava AIR 01, ISS 2022 Telegram: astitvaranjaniss T. Statistical Process Product Controls Quality of & produc, yeeok “fre quot covttol » baie Conept of prow control, pros capability ¥ produch wutrol - General reo vovihito| chants , Causes f wortachionds in quality 5 conbiol Lindh » Aub grouping summa as out ot wowdrol onrtetia » nant fre aku butts — Pre mp eat 5 chout for variables — Ks, R-chat - whut is Quality? "Runkity ” memns fitness of use Qualiby Be measure + how do wn item confornas to He tect Hitations. Im general, we say- teat a product 4s of good quality i dk gives ter devined worult sebirfretioly « Pen Tara ee tate, Man > Mack W . Wha a Quo tiny Cotrol ? ; ity Control’ cam be, defined as “thre frocews by- which, we measure ae 4 chara coristion “if the Produce» Compare Yaom with or standard. and take auidable actiong . whenever 6 i fowen ce between actual quatity and tae speck ications ov standard * Whok is Stodistical Quatiby conlel (sac)? SQc ie defined ab Me technique ing stactiatical seid based on theory ot probability and saanpling to otoblish guoditiy stondatd and to maintain at dr the rework _eeonomital nanner- fetor ding Duncan, “SAC mau be Isronclly defined ar tat iindurtrial cnanngemont Hehnique by mand of wihide prodatk of uniform acesptoble quality ane reanufa ctared- te modal concerned wl. setting Yvan ipa voter Aho disown and rejecting nope. rnade wrong.” Ts, Sac is a powerful wolection o€ problem - 40 Ining. techniques deft te actioving, provers stobitity and “omapravng- capability nougtn reduction of rininhitity, “Neel for QuaLoby control - uotidy covilrol « ecured {oUawing- reeds - 1) for ereouragermont of Auatluay consriouancts WW) fv Solisfaction *t vonkUmer - AD Reduction ww produdion vost - N) for most effet utiliglion of mesourves. Y) Reduchion im inahee tiow, cot . Bonefit, oF sac 1) A obvious aduneuclage ¢t Sac ia the control, maintenance ANd Tabrovement An Wee quality standards. yt AW us whun to Laue a process along and when Ay take artion +40. Lonreet — fronbla , us preventing Freq ent and unwarranted adj usttmont - MYT Auting 4 dlostructie , 0 proves in wovtrol gives te confidante din. tat _qualiy of undested product wht HDL he cade othomnlae. ‘wy SQC Weoluce waste sh fine andl material 40 “ae absolute minimum by gory early. wraviniong, aloout We otewrence, t defects - * Cloritication t SQC Techurques Prous’ Control Produtt Covtral | I Control Unartk Accebton x Sarapling ; AS: Aes: Ce ces fre anion foc addfvibules i cm * Prousss Control and Product tontrol — Stoaticnk trowess Condtral’ Js oc technique used. for wh undoishanding and monitoring Whe poocess by volletivg dec on quality chanactexisti cs _poriooteabliy Fron ee thom and touring suitable actions Process , analysing J whenever Hroe is a oliffornce between axtual quality and the specifications ov prandard - me U mean auncts tn puch “Product corcheyl’ rmaans “bo covchret tee _ pro A uray “Haat these are free fom difeets anol vonform to wir specifications + Courses, of vaniation - Variation in mannfactiired product is tnowitable; it is a pak of nature and tmelustrial Life. Even whan a Production proces we well designed or carefully maintained, mo two products ave. idontiol. the existence of variation i products Hed qualify. So the aim rf SAC ts to trate te kourees Uf gue vanisclion bv try to eliminate “Hoon as for ay possibly. The causes of wariaclion ore broadly duusicied inte tun wtgoriar YD Chance Cau wy Assignable (AUses. ) Unance Camses- In ony production, PLUS , Tegarollers of nowy well designed oi earefuby maintained itis, & Corton avount fF vert A tt wnieg ol ology is th natured veo bitty or_ “background noise? xs Ho tutraudg ve effect of roan anal , enertiolly unavridalle couse, Such causr are Known aA ‘chance comes f variation ”. ‘AM vartintion dite to hese causes 44 bejpord th. control sf fuman hand and connor be prnented or eliminatiol urdur font cuammabences. A pous *hat y vhotocling with only, Unounee cases vrarotion, pron ix said be im _statictical_vontial « ti) Assiynable Causes - We Aecond “tebe ae yetiaton attributil 0 oa porduction Proves & due to m-random or oinnable comers & is Jered promenkalole wat ioction “ht amiprnalale causes nay web i ot oes Rrage Whe pour, vig from ae. arnt “te We _ cow mabeninls 40 He final delivedy ¢ f The_ goed. Ane Wao it dure +0 ardigmalole candes i generally larger Haan “We warinertity ome to Chance causes ond ik usually represents an unacceptable tovel of prowess performance. A process Anat A oberakin ‘we tL presence ff aBiyrable cautes 4s Kaid fo be an “Ouk- Of - control "process Difownce bebween nance and Asgnadle Causer- Chance coulses : Aistanable Causes + Consist rf m ‘indivi nad causes, + Corus of just fon indrwidaral comes. . one nance cause vesultp in) « Any ONL aaignable code wera tn only a small aenount Hf | Lore. amount +t _watiotion . eration - \ + Cannot be _tliminnsed from. Can_be ebittraled oma procs, Process - ‘ . Not _towctvo Uoble . Cortrol able » Ramnonts ~ Sly tok vibvation sfermchinal « Re asors' ies RE susan: - Vo = Wo Wage fu ckenactions {= Debeetive yaw _y — poor i — Fowbey aoe - viptohility un pardoned v = Miscensling vf 4 sues, stodistical Baris of he tovill Chart - Te wittrol cnart is % qraphieal dlichley of a quatity Unaroctenistiie trot hax been measured from a poumpl. veuur Aa, wumber or time. Me dnart tonrtarns % Center Line CL that represents tre average walne of th Gualty dnorackeotutic Lorvesbonding- to the im- vowtrol Atate. Two other hurizontal Linus, tle Upper lordrol rol Line Crebrewnte Lower value. rf warintion im WY quality unametaistic), LEL , are also drown one chart. the tontiol Lmits OR Unogen 40 Hnrat at the process 44 tm vovitrol , nearty- a Wnt samble poonty fall between trem. Ae Lowy a sng pote plot wrtrin the wntrol Lreniip 1 Yne_process is assumed +0 be im ctatatical control , and no achon Ys necemary. However, & point rat plo outa iol ¢ Tne tontrol Limdtp is trtocpreted as ovidlence “frat tre Process HK out Of wnbyol 5 and inwerbiqation kh wrrective action Me required + tind and eLiraienocte he aasignalle causes *eeshorriele for Wis belraviour. f-—-—- — - He He Soenpie qualihy craractoitic—> > Semrbir Nuweley oy ine —> A Typial_tonlrol hart Ly Control Unerte & Hy botherix Testing - f Tee 4 @ clase umetion belween vordrol charts 2: huppotnasts seating TS Ubustrile wis vonnecion > suppore Hol jcoh od dm Figd is tr comp avenge % . Now, af turret wolune of % platy belweun Hae writol Limity 5 wre cone bad tat WL proces mean A in antral int Lt ts equal to tome value Mo- One ovr handy Af H exceeds either wndlrol Limit, wre voninde that Hu process. mean 44 vat of vovitrol ie - ih euor_to sore vale ty (+ Mo). In_a deme, Hun, Me vontiot Unat * at {| botwses rot War process is wan state of L_umbrol « & poivk plotting whitain sea _umbvol Birnith & quivalent 20 fading to eet we in atediatical control, and _% wt “photting outnide a wvdvol Binkiy Jy equivalent fo rejecting, Bas Wghotezsts _xtotaticod tonto) - Pe ee vet Fig - HAY gualely cate es Sanmpr No. ot Tart —> Ture wre some diffvunces war point between corttrol onart, ¥ wyhothest tating - For cxamble , wun ta bing- sodigticnl hypotheses » we vas chook. we _vediolity af wusunnbtions » whureers corto! Una, ove used 40 olutect deparcuures from an _arhumed Stats ot stoctisticn covtval. . \n genera 5 we arowlA not worry too nel about assundtion, auth as te foom of clitrtbution or ‘independance: whom We OMe sping contvol tharky toa process to reoluce Variability anime Astatusticat cortrol. Ly Cavite ef tontrol Dimita ~ “eee tipbeg ae control Limit ty one of We critical cision rok rwwt be male mw oLaening a wrlwl chart - By mowing. ne vordvol Lewy father from the center Line , we drcrease Wa aek So TbeT ovtor— rae a Hu viak Gf & poivst fouling beyond he covdtol Limi , tnditocling an out - of - uontrol wondchon when nwo tusignablt. Carus in proaenk- Haverty wicheriong He wortrol Lewith Wl otto ineregue the AWK a a Type ervor- that Wy he vik ef a pint falling bebween Pre vowitiro, Lintp wohon the pore tb veaLay out of contol It we move he vowtrol Ueits choperto the Conder Line ee eppositr ete iy obtained be. “the vik ef Type L exror is ineweaneal , while te ink ef Type uror a4 dtLoreaned - Ly Rachional Swoyrovps- \t means Haat Aubyromps 0+ Aounplas Ahoula_be selected Ao thot it oa pen alo, CAMAEA ate present , rhe chance hr i ; inked , usbile Hioronees betton the Aulepronps vse mrarirnked , usba! Ae dance foc Aiffoionces lar to these _asstgnable tau within a Swharoup with be rmarimiced . Le Uae ot Bo Bw sm vonstvuctiow o4 Control thorts > ‘nw most shuations, a quality narackertstic (sty) » follow, a wrmal distibution or can be apbrrorinn ached, by normal dat’. We Row Anak te probability Thats rormadliy, dogvibiltd wv: X Lies bebween M36 and uw Y +36 43 9.9993 whire Wand avethe mean k aA: Of the vy. Us Pl eRe exe WAC) = 0-9973 $0, probabilily Wak vv x ie ont tha finaits ME3o¢ Aa I= 0.9913 = 0-002 ; which “a _very small ER mas hod af we consider £90 soumble , moat? probably 0.24 vp Fu Pame may Jal oudide meds Lirity «$0» ap aw obiurvction cfalle ovctside the 376 Limit in 100 olbervatlion, uk Rogital de ausheet that someting ak yk trove gone vorong. dhwrefore » Hu wordrol Limite on a wontrol hart ore sob up by uting Fo Linvittp . — eee RH HH KH tr ob Sowplc No-—> Ly Control Chart Pattern— The patkerny, of ae cortrol chart ate broad by chassitied into Awo ies - \s Noctural fotkerns of vactosdaon , and We Va nakua pottery of vaniokion . le Natural Catton, of vortotions A corbol chuct having noteiral pattern of nuriection has ee follow ty three “Sarnctoularie = % * Mogt_polvctp Ate near Hae center dine ef the crovet - uM ina Lie near thr Control limitp . * Nove of te pointe tall outaiole the covttyal Limite. Ws Onnodiiral Rather, ot wweioction W Extreme — vertaction \E ome oy wore Aomple wint, ane Apprifi mt ly di orn tre. other poink and Ve outaicle “he vorityol Annaty of Me wrtrol chart as shown | wn Fig: at, 1 re Ao shot Yay Yan ts on extreme eariotion in Hae chart - Some aan able. COMBE ane present dn Me Protess and vovrective askion iA NLU ky bing Ye prow under vordrot . W Trend Uf vonceeutine points -On tne contol chart fend to move pocard or downward as drown im Fig-2-2, Lt tan be assumed Saovas vee ‘temapu Noo —S> Fig 2d: Betronee Vaaiecon Fig 12s Trend Gy Uycles when uorieeutive points exhibit a uyelic pattern , » ak olan on nditation Hut CUKigrnalle Caurer ore presunt am tar proces urhich offter uk puto dicaLly - * Covityol Unart Loy variables : \n Quolity vowtrols the term vertiabl means Whe quality Choyaclorishic whith can be measured , #9. diameter ® 6urew , wHigink rh wicket balls, eh. the contyol chars based on measurements of quali by characte are collek ‘tontwol nour fer wourdecbles . When we ola with o moosureble quotiby drarackrisht, wa is necemary to voritrol Ae central 4endency as well e he dsbourion of ee quality charnetocistic ow “he prowess. For cerctra jenduny , we viually apply mean (R)_ and for vaniabilily Wt calowlace range (R) ov thardard deviation Trurefore , thare are diffont wntrol cnonts -for variables for vorctrolLing tne moan ond von aa dichy 9 “the process. Ly Need for vortioliing bow proces mean & proces voorinlailely : Tt wo important do maintain vortvol over both we process mmeoun Ay provers sravtiablity- In Fig. Ltay bot Hue man Mond stavdard diviotion © ane in wortval ak thetr noninal values Mo and Oy; wraequently most He proves output falls wathin tne Speificodion Leowitp. | | ra) \ | ue | / i | \ | Leite ly ue ted | ; am Te Use US MoU "Ast Ma =~ "Rg. 4a) iy 1) Fig Ace) However , in Fig kth) Hae monn td Bhitted ‘to a velar Hy (Ho) /reubing an ® Anger fraction of eon eorefovering pooducts. Wn Fig-deey, the Procepe sae dros shifted to % value of 6 (>%). This also results dn Wigluy pours fallout , even trowhr We proto Lan. gy ALL at We aia olue. Ly Strriation! sania wf He chart - Suppo nat a quality charrteristic A norroally. distrcbutrd ae man u_ond edo, where bole Mand 6 A¥e Known: pire sn A wm gumble tf sizen, wn he anrerage Wu pomp Bayt. -ttn a and do normally aAtailouekd with mean Mand ad: See. Mao, He probability is 4-0 thoct any Soumble mum will fu belwen (Hot E Met, £) 40, Therefore af Mand 6 are Known , £1) con lot wsed ae ubber ound lower vorcrol Limidy om a vorilral chord for - Aomnble means. If wrt replace Fafa by ? + Arik ore Kroon, xo wrteol Mey lt Bb ossumed trot oisticbution of Me quality chowac- jyustic is normed. tlowever, tee above weg nll 04 ALL ablrro xem octely correct ewe Ad tee undudying because of tre ‘Conbal distibution i non- normod , lamit Theorem’ €€LT)- Ly tovctvol cnark Joy mean (%-chart) - THewe want 40 contrel Ane proves men, in any, prockuchtn Provera, we use tre _vortrol hot for mun i-e- Xohaut. Kehmet vrealt undisirable votation betwen sampler os far an their amerages owe voncerned. We plot Hh Somble vrcoma instead rp imolivicual maaosu reminds on Hae vombtol chart becamre somble means are calculated from n iacdivicuals ond give addi tionak intormation. Wa Kenwt i more Sencctive tam de indiviclual chat for dutroting re changes ta he proce mean. Construction - Let Xp peer hn be & Aamble ef Aine _n_from % normal potpuloctiion win ayetoun HM and vortante ©, then Wwe foun ie ean % sor ably oar bukeok vert ean Mond vroroonce S/n - jee. 4 4 iF XI NEM ot) tren FX NUM). { : ie i 1 \ ‘ | SD EIK)EM | and Vor tB)= © ' a We know tak , s-€ 0%) = VW60 \ “cece = Woo =f. a wm W TE mand o ane Known , Hew tae center Line en oe wonbot Kimitp for R-chonk one given a4 folLowi- tLe EREM Lay = ER BER) « u-SG 2 uh ” is cs we 5 0 e > 5 y vies EXBSECA) a whore Ae 3 tA a vonstant and ALbends on Me pree FE TH aowmble . (Tf tee wadues % Mand 6 are mot Known , thon Herr Gre eitirmadled from tre Ammbles » which ane taken whtn Ane process ns Tao vg tak qo be under whatisti cok vortie| - Ane bert eattrnocloy of ne process mean tu) dg the grand vereon CF) pices encoun of. oth soumble ‘means given by = k Ka Lb cyte tk) SL. Th for k soups each — — —_ 7 of size) = n a where ae . { Tw, bE ® \ Now, we neod tre bust estimate of untunown shundard dawiodion oo . \t tan einer be estimated by Drmnble vange CRY ov Ample Bra (4). son tar basis of Rompe - In hy Wke, He Srandard davintion © i, etimateo ms followa +p, 3 [é=Fla] wshure R vejoresentr 0 of a semble ranges given by REL are ob Se able dn is Rita eet Som aan VRE Ketag— Xenin + Aue hw onsale clupundld om Hee Aze of Hee oomph Ts Ane vordrol Aimitp fr K- honk 4a Gee & = = eats A cg Ve BAR a ROA RK LOL = fe OB Re dy 2h out mtie 2 K+ RR = Keak ih wa Ap where A= Ba ig 0 omental clebenols vn sommplt size. 4. te On the basis vf samble sds - \w Wy COAL, We ads o egtimocled a toUlows ¢ [f= Fle] (eometimes ty 4s voritinn a cm ace ef). whore x Yebreaenty he mean wl sample ade given by co Lyte) (for K xomnbles eouh sf-sizen) Y ate 1. TOHARY ae eR ah 8h 2 FBR = R-AZ Ag os use mel Jo me e Bes esis eaten — : Pla, of Ar) ves NF3E = K+R.R = Kt ays a me whore Ay= 2 ds a tovsttard & dabends on dawnple ize. | Gm Ly rowited Conte Limi To bing Mu proces undo Atatistical onto, we iovertigate the oumgns bi comsr Onl +toke wrrective wetion 40 chimimls thom. Once The Mi tynable causes ove QLivni naked trom the process we helete Me _oud- fF - w conlst of point and lates toe vertsed te terre | fina as corbtol Limi tp for “ee “Kechat by vou HAL remaining Bunples « These Limits oe, ko ventbed vortil Aimits - To coluntate dre rece Amity fr Me Tehant , we tint Colulate now ® and new R a follows: > Cg zy, K d ‘i Fro = Pe EK Ryu 2 ER FA k-d kek udere d- mo. of Aiscardod poumples ey oe aia SR ~ sum rf vanges ¢ discarcled pambles . Hon fining, Frwy 6 Erno , tre revised umbral tills are- CL= Know LeL = Sew - Ar Rnow Vr = Feaot Ar Broo - Ly Prove mat ELA) =H G6 Le Gs Z/Q wt os. feel) 0 [len-op] A We have , wy Yon (wtwre f= 1 Fg -RP co nt > E[wyewt (oe Rw Ry Aron EXE) eS D> EC )= mel. 6? ) > mle ai Cul KY Kr, then VR= tn) and VOM )= zeny) ot ne Furthy ib xn Ry we KR, ty Ew) = ELH: GF. Tye fin) c aw? , 6. fee EGR) = E(#) Gene 2 WE) = Gh) " fKo-np) > era: E- Th) o¢ ° Tran) Ets) = for) \ (y= Gel, where, Ge Jb —, oma] Mi, Vs Etal-[Ero) za n tae) : % LSE Ca) = (w-¢)*e = G n oe eee) > [Se = 4-6] where (Ge ed - Uy Control Umt for Range CR-chart) Ahk Ro chou is used te _rocadire within cernp le Variability . To get ~Hr. coviteel iri for tu R- charcks we need to know ae pambling- lstibutiow of range. Let Xperrhn be a vendo Aamble of ze w taken from a normal popalotion. witht mean M and variance © fin He man and variance of seen pling distribution of Tange ante geen oA E(R) =e and VartR)= dat. EIR) = HS eine nee where dy, and oy are cavutant Achendling OO hample axe. ftyo, 2 SECD= Woy 7. SER = Yagors or WO Thee ds Knpwn tron the oonltel Linitt ef Recher ate CL = EIQ) = 40. Lec= Eta) -3SerR) = (d,-343)o = AO VOL= ELR) +3SETR) = Ca, eB da) e = Do. hore Dp=dy-3dy and B= dy t3dy are vorntancty dufending On sommble size 1. Uo Tf © 4A wot Known then ik 4 etbimatid from ae Samples, wibrivr are taken when te process i thovatd to be undey statistical vontiol. Since Re chart in wed, 56 © ds utimated by compl range R. We egimali © 44: > 62 Fla. . Et Qe dy thus tee control Limits become , CL= ER)=dge= &- ER =h ay BLCL= ECR) —3SECR) = AS -3dyo = R-3d3-R - OR | ULE ECR) -3KECR J = ST 3d\S = Ra dds qe Pah. & whore Dg = (1-342 ) rank Me (4s } arc.vowtantl ond Abend, on Ala, st Ae nomngr - Ly tontrot Unark tor standard dorinton (4-chank) - To yet ae control imi for the a-chart, we neod to Know ~Hae_poumapling: iy" of she pts duviatron A. Lk Kye Xn bE A random Ammble of xen drown frowr a normal distribution wih ran Mm dnd var 6% , then Elah= Geo anol Var (A) = Gor a _ We SECO= GO WU © 4a Known ten te control Limetp of sthailare- CLs Y= Gee Lets EL -38€(4) = Go-3Go= ae VOL= EC)+38E(Q = Qotd yee 86 Whore B= G- 3G, BL=GHSG OL Lotto defending on. Somnkle bia n- UW) TE o 6 unkinswre , Hunwe ute itp ebinnale based m - "HM =be 2 F= BG Aww, tne vontnol Link become, A= K)=GF= G22 8 . oo Les E(ay- 384) = 4-362 %-3G Fe BS (s VEL FLA) F38E(S) = SH3GQS= AT3GT= BT G a wire B37 Mee ¥ bys 93 ane constants depending | garrp Aime n. Ly Remarks on K and R- charts + DW orkter to determine whethur a proce dW under Hatisticas vontrol , we control both process mean & Procere wai ability - For Wot, we use We K and Achat Together. We fiat _vorbuet Ye proces variability fo we analyse ne R-chart before W UF the R-chart indicates proce ip vut-of -cortrol , we int vontrol He proces variability by investi gate we aacign ole CAUseg & taking ureective action aliminake them. Only Wun we analite Feohart becalsy when tae Rochart Js browgit Under statistical controls mean wartanalole CAMBES fry” ee Rochart are eliminated ouckorenati colby WU Me Rechwct indicates that Hu process variability 2s wonder coditical control , but Me Rochart imolitates “twat Prous “mio tu Out OF - vordtvoly me vonbinee to use er Rechart bak vorlye Hu Rodwn The centre Cine and control Lemnitp rf te Xechant are vrerisecl by climinabivy rede points. An a results tee position of +e control Agenicth in Hue vevined Rocha’ slate Buk ine diptance ct control Lint, remains “Te poune a4 Jn out-of - control cose Wortause we donot coleulate R again. WW) Ie both Rand Rs drain indicate hock Hae process vrorciabilit{ and process waan are under aatistyral contyal » Kank R can we tanirdered ax representative of ee process bo Huiy valued are nken AS Sandarcd waunes- Le gonad Hs Re chart + A Saye Wn small camplr, te std: devisdion & and ange Rave Aikety 10 -Pluctide together Vee SP 4 brnatl (/4arge), Rig Geely +0 be Amat (|Luge). However, for tourye poraples, A ingle tetreme vbpervaction will have a Aignificanctly- loge ofhuck on range while affect on ad- with be i muach lees. Hence, fry analysing ov Controthing ainbitiby if _we wie onal pape Me oy be used od a substitute for ad witty dite Losp in effivlency, Since Js almost | A ens ad a i anno mea a aval preferred Yo ed in quality umbrol onalysis beac of 4 ome Sf Codcuda fons * Corttrol Chart for attributes >. he dom ‘athibute’ in quality vontrol wefou to those Quodisy nana kersties which cluusify Ha unite in One #4 “the “turo chasses * Com fore of won- vorforming , deteetive or nwn-defeetive , good ov bad . Th abate ec Wide abplitoctions of Kank R charth as o powertial tool vf dlingnosia of sources Of trouble in m production proces > Waciy use u meatrided because ef- ge rane a aE ee Oromaroristie wrhida Can be reensured be expressed im nunlerp « WD certain Ketuations Hey ave ienbracticable and un- Ceonommita. eng. If We mo. of measurable cnasactenistics, Can of which woul be ® pocsibl. candidate sor Rand R-chark 5 is too Large » day 30,000 or more then obviously there Can't be 30,000 tontrat dhart,. te wn aliinotine to % and R-dharte ,we have the vornbtl dv for ottvibucte, —wolnitla can be vse ir quality — dnarnetuvixticn. ane Ly control Unarr for fraction defective (p- chant? :.: Fraction dapecbive pis dufinel as “Hee ratio rf tae nimaber of dludective untipedfound in amg inspection ‘te Het total no ef unite booked CMI, 1 pe 4. Me statistical principles undutiging- “Hu vortra | chart -for frnchion non-conforming one based ov Sinowniad cLastriboition TH a pawmnple. ef sine nia telecked Anal _ok_be the mwter M_nom~ confowaing- (defective )_winity than A feller) Binonniod dist. with parameteg n ond pie: czas whore pia Hae probability sud unict WALL meh Lorforrm wns - Anu, PCd=%) = My poue pe , KEAN de Bin(ry p) . 0. ECA = np anol Vartd) = nplt~p) Now, etp)= ECMH)= LEAI= Lnp= Pp and Vay lp) > Var (Min) = vari) = ppt = pup vw TE p# renown hon Hat Bo Contxat Aienisip of pare! a Ele) =? Ler = Etp)- BSE) = p- 3 [men = p- Alpacp yn ydus Emessecp = PF a [mp = pra Tou whee Az 4% a contront depending om sample size. ris to TE pis untnown pun we slirnate it from at Abpowred dota - Seleck m preliminary Sompler encte of Man. Tf Fron ave dj cone voreforering with ia posable, ton we tombutt Ye fraction won- conforrningy in Hae Ww. . TY - romble os Re a oe ad Ae average a nue individual Ample -pruction defectives “a. pe ode rig t nm m his Fis wed og am odimate of pre PEP: Ak, Hue 3-0 Uimtvol wilh ane - Us Elp)= pep LtL= b-3yfuep . p-3) BO-P b-3/Ea =P JED Vers d+3feuep = Pr 3 fra) DD paces Ly Control dnart for number of dufectives (np-chart) av Ca-chak) : Ane — purbose sf Wa chant ta to provide a better unor— standing: toe oburator who maf undeutand actual vrumbur of defective items easily redher Haun Hae popoclion ditective. However, there cs ont drawback sp tae cap our: Te wed only fv equal homfle Axe. becuse we number of Saige CoRROE BE amped for variable Sample si2e - Subbme tee unite Ha process ane classified into tuo oi Mutually exclurive groups as detective and non-defective And a random sample of size n is drawn From ib. the Hee number st defectives di follows binorial_ obirtri batom win mean TP and variance 1 PLI-P) - ive. dv Bin\r, P) and Etd)= np. Var d= npUl-p) . - > ce(dr= Trpurp- Ca Je pis known ; Yeon te 3-0 conbtol Dimita Ue CL= Ecd) = np Les Pte) ee 3SEd) = np —3 Vnpttp> ULL= Ed) + 3SECd) = TP +3 I mpC-p) - Uo UF p da unknown , teen we _etbinate At from We obyoured date. Seleck on preDominuary soumpies each ef 82.0. Une ane ai Non~vonforoing _wntp Jon_poomble ‘L, then we vombute Me fraction, dutective wm the > pnp os Pre dite Verm : 4. ank the average of trese mdivdicls poumble fraction defectives i, 5. Fai é a a pee ea Tha PS wed ow or exinate of pre peP- Awww ee Se comtnol Leerath ae ee Etd)= AP = AP Lure Fed) ~ 3SECA) = np 34apu-p> = np-3feptrp) GCL wp +3 Tape p = vp talape-p . Le peohart fay wasioble samble sine : Nenerally , ia happens when tae pochact is used far (07h \mpection Of output Hat warts fom day to day. Sinte different ruumber Sf outputs wutdl be praduced per daw, Whe combo hank would then have a vwtinlle ooumple Far. When se roumblk ict y not unsform (i-€ game) , wt vse te po chart fer variate rouble Size. There are Anvee plorpacher to vomatiuclang- and operating. a covtrol Chock wrth 0 vociole Aomnple Arce . W Variable —widte contyol Unite - Petoreting 40 the tity offopoauh, Wwe caleutete the voritrot Lrewelp for ear mamble. Ut my be the sree rt 1 pample . When Ginidg for i Aambple vrlion pA Known wt = VUL= 4 LCL= po 3} pure), Usp, ver pes ]ei , CLE P a ee pis wnkevovdn F Wi estimatedis bY Aarnyle auserage fraction dufertive resp - Ge LER * gay = Autictde Wye thn, AMen Lomits of Koumple betemes » A=P, Vux pr3fEu-p res P-3] Pap | Ne nm (H) Based on aweruge semble size - According +0 second. broach» we base tre control unarct on an average sounble Ade sTesuting dia Our abbrrorimaite Sk of comstant vortrol Mita. Tf tu mompu +12¢ doy not Mu appreciably Hor # Ample sek of corer Lin, base on Me average Lowe sine CEN) can, be used. wr Vee He nv L yi nun, thee ita are - ELH 25 CFR, Lot= p- 3) purp) Us B+, Utls pe RO ucts P JE Wi) Standardized tonitvel -chart © Ane Air appronen to dialing with variablk poeple, Axe in ro use a ‘Atandavdlred contre l chart’, where Hee pint are plotted am standart duviclion unitp. Suoh a control dau has te center Line of zero » and VEL and LOL oy #3 and—3 rerpectively . Ame wannabe plotted on We dawect 4s . ' aaa ec ne whore P Lor pf Atumdarels cure not given) as We prow Fraction defective tu Me inctontrol state - nia Ktabilixes Hu vanrable & Her vesting chow collod stabilised p-chart’. Ly control chart fer Ywmber of defeete Cochart) > fin coticle whic oloes wat conform to one oy more of He _sbecifiodions Atomik os defective while, any rattance of article's Lak of confemity An Apecifieabiors ds a “dadeet Anus , oreny dafectine item covtatns one or more defucts . These defects may be the surface defect In a OU th pabor, deterbive viveti in an aiveraft . Hoe weak Spots tn w Geren Length. { fibre ancl ao on, For -obtduning the centre Gine anct wntrol Ginnity oF Ae c- dhark , we require ~HuL Aoumbling- oUast” rf Wa Yunber of defects . Tn Wa case, when Hare are many- SHhoctunities — for a defect to oceur and we probability oe Ceeuvence TE a defect is very small , ‘Wee Poigton. Aistribution 4 applied. So He wunber of defects follows te Sounpon, cist’ bution. \f A lw we average vnurnber oh defeats in “Wu process pen , SeenC ey > ECcd= 2 and Vartoo=a BS-E-Cey= Va. If AD Known (nen Ihe 3-0 control Linicte becom - CL=Ecey= a LCL= Ecc - 38bCeo= AT3NA VUCL= Ecey + 38ECe) = AT3BIA. CUE Ab unknown, ur Sk Westmead, from tr ohare dota. Suphope we dimw K aambler wormttant size and yet . ee Grape, Oe ane re _wwunnber ef olefeety jn 0." Acmble vespectivelyy - ' € Ret = Sum ofects 2 £24. Ly Control nae for nunnber of cifecta per uric (u-chart)- Has not cnecesany thak defforent Aube groups thowld be we onsiank eae. In thin Case, Unetead tf plotting. © the Atedistic uz /n & plotted, 7 being the sample wee which in varying. If ny We ramble size _cunal Cj Hee total ruannber of. detent, obperved im the i Aamble / tron We Go, tee Kk ues Gwen Yee cena ruraber af cerfect per unite iM Aample \w wus Core , on estimate of A ar mam umber of defects por urict un He lot , based on al K cumples dn piven by- Ree et ema fp PM oe We clots He a : pomp, alae a4 cok ek { a gBn | Mn, Hae © control Lents of urchart art usA= we LtL= A-3h = 3k Ly Applicakions sf we t-chart - Dc is tht number of defects opRenned wn a bale of cloth. Wc Ap Ye uber of defects obeetued in _aireraft engines . Wy Case ruunber of defects olsoured cin television , compute tablop He Wyo gee NU noo at hucfoee defect Ohteq ued in a gebranised Sheek , furniture ett: WD 6 the rimber of air bubbly 0 n gfan, bottle ete. Astitva Ranjan Srivastava AIR 01, ISS 2022 Telegram: astitvaranjaniss Te Basic woneeptt ce process monitoring and wrtroly pou, capo’ iby anck prow optimization . © Process Capability Analysis ~ Provess Capability 4% meosuve of ee obilby of ox prrocoys to_ ment sheci ff emtions. It +s ud how good on ‘wed inviduo product ig . Evo “ough. We procens may stom to be under srotivtical vontvol, if & neCeonp Wm see vwhuthen ue Process JA capable Of manufacturing products wi Hoda “ae specific Linnie or wot. This tan _be done by “process Copoloi ity anole * f . Frown capability mod be dotined a fue spread of quodity enmuactoristic Cire nacural wartinbility ) whun He prow 26 undue grectratten) control (stable >- U tre standard cewiation af the Aimble proeews % 5, He promis capability a defined as 66". Ais indicates hot produc con be manufactured within £30 Lilt. Gemeradly, std» dev. cf a proud 4 not Known & we asamote © by range re btds deve a “fo Ulowsh, F= Rd, ww F= BG. To test whuthor Ae prow 4 capable Uf mon farbariy ae product within, ne dpeeidic: Limita , we commbasiz procs copeniliby witkc Folbanee. Tolerance la dafined on aw diffrence betwen. specification Limits e+ Tolvon Star ESL Tt ws customort to take tht AiR slg (60) spread in dhe digibution fe produ quotity charaeltristic oh a meant Hf proteys Capability . Fig. 1. 4howa o prowess for ted ML quaiiy Char thor a normal distt® wth | sean wand stds dav ©. The wbber & Lower natu ctolevance Limit tf ee prous fall ab Miso and M~ST vexpeetively - rab UNTL= Utio LNTL= 4-30 ho. 9913-5 ae ow SS 00y3S For the vwovmal dint”, ot of unt it Gat Ae natural tolurance 1 Lint nelude 99-737. oh Hae Variable , of only 0.277 of He proces wilt fall ouside We naturel telerance Limits. Tho porrdts alould be cremernbered- Y 0.27% outside tte natural tolerances sounds emall, but tik vorrebonds to 2700 non-conforenina- pawts per mi Lion ( ppm? - i) Af are dirt” of process output & non-normad , tur wn purcenttage of output falling outside ut ao may aif con derby from 0.27% + Het (the guantaty br Apert We fot Mot OB % oY Yay UIA prep iastol ton YHAr PUA Ve Unt oaned ' ape fs oT wun UMe Be tho) Ly Proves Capability Radios 2 atiumniny Wovenathy) eae Procesm Cobaloiby ‘atin CPLR), & 4 dopined a4 » Ge vi_- bse bo whore VSL: Upper peek fication Sirenik LSL > lower sheei Heotion Merv © + std. dawiodion vf We pro urs. 2 \f © a unknown pwe extamodt 2k ou ork, Bee Bley (ov Bly) , Anen Cp becomes, fuser bs, oat Me PCR ce mmf be interpreted in unother veal. The oo 4. pe (eee Bry Kumpluy We percentage. Np = pee LAWL apecification bond tact “Ma Process wer of Fig 2d itustroty Hale cous of ntourt relative to tae PER Cp and process Rbeeifi tations - Ftq2 Figs reayr Gy >t Fig.2¢b)* Cp 4 Fig.2eeys <4 St aw . UNTE UL. LNTL Mw unt LNTL LSE i vSE oo uNTL 3653s —1 us, vse. 36—- 36 4 30 A 36 —1 Wn Fige2cay , tee PCR, Cpat. Thur means Hast “He pro cen uses ub much Eas tran 00H of te tolerance bend Consequently , eelockively few non wonforming unetp with be produced by Wis procex. FigAch) Ahou® A proces for vobidh PCR Gat ine Hae proces uses ub oll the Jolorance band . Fer a normal dist? ais would bnply- Ghout 0.27% non confor rainy nil . Fin Wy, Fig: 2c) represents a pouys fr whida Me PER GSE phe he prouss uses ub more than \oo7. of Tue _tolerance loan Wn His Gde, AML OCHA Hs wey Yield Leonsitine , and & forge mamby of ran vorfowning- unite ust be produced. For one-sided specifications, onsnAidek prouss ~ capability rokiop ore used . Ovepicled PCRS aire defined an, Gu = gee Cre ubper Abeer fication only ) o- ¥ 5 Ges = wot Car lamer Apecrfiertion. oly) . _ Evvimadtes Cou and Spe wrottl be obtained by veblacing- Mande by estirnatey fh and & respectively. Aapumbsions Apc Cohelobing PER, Cp Wt ty The quality unmracteristic has a rwrmal olittribution. srodatical wwtrdt- fy MWe proueps in qe oleae ete ee a centred between Me Lower Webber 4 pecificaion Pots here Gssumphony eure abjo wctely Unrticel-to tae “neeuroey | and * valioluty” a We reporte ol mumberr , be tf ‘tray ave rot vali een Hae veporttd quantities may be aeoualy- WM enor. Satiatical wrilrol of The proces 4 ensential to We. corre ‘wnlastprelation af amy PER. Unfortunately 5 + fairly wrmon practice to conpute PCR. from a pope oF istorial data urttrout ony nidorotion | whether rot Wa proces is tH arolastien) contre. [f tee proces a per a ee een oe wutable , andthe value jrose paramefers cin Yon fuitve % uncertain. CHK ep arrumner mean ts comterta ie 4 Ly Process Capability Ratio for om Oft—centre Process > Tie PER Cp does wot take tat axcount ‘hou! the procen wan is focal volotive. to We Apeifications. Cp simaply maasires ur te manned volur) ek spread of Hu Abtci fications velabive tothe Are algma. Abend tn He procs. Thus, a ra PCR “Gp thak takes process Cereterting Uxte account 4 defined 04, Specification Ai : if GE Ge the proces ih certed at tee wie rin af Ah specifi cokions b whe <& Uothe process is off -cenfie. Thus, ( maasures Het potential capability in he grocers, yo ee whsrur, Gx mrtorures the aati! afobil : ag Tn Fig 3cay & 306), bo Wave pene bak Hae process im cb) mao Was Lower Clpabitity thom process WE JeX Sk im ca) because kt 4s ww & oborating— a Be Rees ak Hae waidhpoink of TAtooral loedeon. | Hae peed ti cations . AN In Fig. Seby ar 3ces Gut Op Ver Zi | Process ip oft -contre - qb 5B uy Se oe | | ‘ v2 . | ee ( /| \ a. vo ( Ui In Fig: 3c), the procers mean tw eiackty , 38 yo Cquok+to one of Me rbecificakion Lint Fig. 3d): Yeading 40 Gx =0 - ‘ G2 (ps deo Gx: 0 Im Fig-3ce), when tp <0 the inbfiting BE a tha He proces Li ouctiiele « Mt abeifiotion Galt . 4 oe es Aeorty, V4 Cog <4, Hee enkire 4 | , Geeno5 POLAK Ges awhile Hae feeifiction He Bondy. 4 3B AY 50% GP 5 Ly Process Centering : 5 AML PER Cy ws initially Ainelaped because | cas not \ rdequ octet daok urcth the Case t a prvceys with rasan a ‘ tok vera. “Nee Ca thot 4 not ertied betivean te specifica Amite. However, ————___——. pase ales) ee : ; Cy ts ah an in adequate muacsure of process cerckexing | ‘ 6g: Comsidax two procenses (Fig-4) . Bote tre Procescer A KB have Cpx=t « fet thew Centering, 4 easly di Fexend . Fig4s Two process Anwd & 1 n vite Cy ete | Lt 3 f ytez0 To Chortackerise — process Cortori ny socisfutorily- + Cp must be combared 40 Cp - for A. Gye tel fmblyinge thot Hu Wess in Cemted , urbrereas for B, p= 2 >G y=! 1 bon plying. tat Pocus i oft - comer « For oy fined wale of din the interval from LSLto USL See depenals Iinveuely ong K becomes Large, 05 © approaches Zero. This draracteristte Cam make Cy UMuitable os o mumuce of centering - Thot uy a large value. ¢f Cox, Laer not pes te ws _onydbing about tee location vf tier noean ‘derek frome Lotto USL. Tris digfioatty 3 evercome by- dufiring a raw) Portio. PCR Com 3 Con = USL= LS when To tue square root of enpeeted squared doviosion from target T= L(4Ls1) i-0, = fele-nite ut e+ we J Gm = USL = Buh Ge MT Tee ee blir fH logtea wry to stivmatt Gm is by : Gee = ave Ve EAT The? Ace Born Com and Com coincides with Cp when u=T k decreases % ve ce a ee a ro tr wlatee gph. of debe ebiues) earn etal. ¢1999) proposed jus PCR ee : Gem = te = yet (Wis 1s sormediinas calle Madr gentvation PcR , since tk A vonstirwctid from He Avera gonurartion PCR Uy * Com oe The Ramu. wasp hock Mug woere, generaed frome the fof ewroction. votio G. Thy motivation sf His naw voko (qm) dy incensed senyitivity to cleprctures of the proce, mean LL frome “tae desiveal Aorget T+ Ly the Haver types wf Limite : 1) Sportficablon Uinnits - Te fannie ahedfied by “tae consumer for Awe wale of a vwdeble _ chwrnetoustie of Tae _produck ov ack by tae ronan ag errant ot “Me daly. and deselabrent Ktages of te product are od * shui ub Gonite’ fo product fai fo mut fue aptcifi dion, Ht Hh called a ‘defective - product. “Wis mages frok any product mnoumuta tuned cudicly rune Koitp wauld ave to be sermpped Rremrortd Sty Cowouok, Ginnie - Ahoy we vauall doferumined lof Somnbles colored tron a proces. Sf a § Le polnk Lies outricle. He contra? Kenrtp , the proces in card @ out-of — 7 OTnwrise Me pores ib haid ty be in xtote P atabigts cal aide. MH) Nobuo Tolerance Wad these funich ane wundly determined by individual moanite aren, of he dnaractinistica 1 te produce crnaensaf actu Verse Lerncta _ vepreseuct” te actu _vavreadoi lity _ if the products in Yan proces DF ave aot at tux Soo Livwitp. fom Ake wean ie: MESS. Rieabion Voi a Tolerance Ls Combartaon betinern Specification Vanni & ee lek VSL ond LSE denote te Ubpor & (ower Apeeification Riri, nusboetinely Lor Sow quality Onnurretanntic » ee we have following tree. CAA : @ VS_- LSL> bo Cire: (prt) ie Notumd Tolevunce a camsiclerebuy geanlliy Prom Apeedtied tolerance + Wa cue & cake = alrnost AL “the manufactured Fem wt contort to speed fi cabo a Long 0 the proces & On Baditti Wnt «In cus a ritnrotion , Aimee, oven comsidvtable seifta gn te Bevel of weakling may rot rawtk in tue joy fading, ovtstde Speeification Linit, ae tone interwel — oatinreon. i Kueentaive Samples -for wortrol cnonrt ingpection wun be Mp preetably inureened . toy USLELSL 26C (ee Geet) Ves Speatpieation Limiky coincide wie —folurcunce Abita; Yn, wy an idol Atudiiow & in thin Case a process in statistic vowel ebviouly Amplics Haat the product CO VSIRLSL < bo (ie. (p<) te. Nockurod frtarance a4 qreotex tron Kpeafied tolerance ! Tt tne viobwol flermnees ore not inctuded —usitidin the Apeci-frerkion Livnids tren even wet The process in controlyy Yee process owerage porfelty. corctoted at tus Abeeificalion Mean, He production yf an apprecable quamtity +{- defective axticle, 4s anevitirhle Astitva Ranjan Srivastava AIR 01, ISS 2022 Telegram: astitvaranjaniss and, TI General theory- and revied cane cane attribute, ond variable date > OC and a ons vonkvol by gauaoys moving awerage and Exfore’™ veighsed voaning onrerage dha 5 ta tae Amok & decshowe bowels ; Cromoml & dualan of Unk + © 0c amd ARL of Control Charts : Ly “ee oburabing charnetenistre fun cliow The ability of We Kardh R enacts te dakeet zhife in Prous quality 4 duuibed by Hele Operoching characteristic (0c) curves. Covider tne OC UYve for an F control cart. Ame nandord duriotion © & warmed Known and corto Th te ta, Anicfts from Ye in-wwtroL wile Mo (sey), +0 omotve wale My = No tke , Me probability of wt Coane ja ftw ieg vast kame o Bz P(vot dutecting aift trom Mp te Nx 0” fins soumple ) ‘= PC Les BEVEL] M = Me Mot kor) Now, -- Kontron) ‘and UCL= Mot La jLtL= Mo LE non , pe pres verti) pceseet |My? om + Les) = pC Em VM) -P Cnr chm ) ( whin ol = veL-ML) — LeL- “) ie a ) - § Cais | = Not lL E — (Mot ko) | — Hy" LE - (Ho “BSD a [mt cree) | cee | om eae rea | YMA Yn [p = bem) - gei-ks) J where d denoty normal caf - £4. Subpone we ane usivy an Z-chart with L=3, n= 5 and Wwe war -to detounine He probability of: dudecting. a Slanf fo Hye Mot ro on te five gawnple foUowing fie slift. rons Ante L=3,k=2, n=, 62 B= (5-245) — BES 2B) = OCNAD Ole a = 00108 Ahi ie Pov oF fod: of nob datactiong tue A sift Ae pwboability Proc Bula a BOE wilh be detected ow Qu Hk au req went” gambi ig "P= 172.0708 = 0-92.92. To wonstruct He OC wyve frre ae K- chart’ , plot te Bok against ne vaagritde wf the hide we win to Apkeet exposed in Atonrdard daviotion units stor various Zomble Az N- a} Le Average Run lrg CARL) * Ane probability tak We aigt 4 date cked on te pecond gamble & BCInp). the prob, teak vit will lo detected on Yee % dubrequent damable 14 Br C-p) «In general, Hue erbected nuumnboer of Amenbls token Sefer Ie shift jn dakecked a niembly Hee_avormge run Worgtn. CARL). TM. oo gt wRL= 20 PC ) “ay Le wotay sample size vn wre dnosen vouy Amal? Evon trough. Amall gamble. sider Hea eg ult ain voup Govge perk , because pumps owe volleeleaA & tested periodically pMrote & % your gooet nance thot anit wi be detected reasonably quickly , adwougtn porrabs, wok on Me fiat samble fruleming the shill - for previous emmbi, ARS LL = 4.0% [-007108 Lyme for Man K-chort « We have, ie AR een nee eee ee Plone pot plo ont of vontal) pare L (for tue inx tontrel ARL) KARL = —t- (for Hae out-of vovtvel ARL) where, Ke the probability that © poi fale outer de Hae Limite year Hee process fo in wmtol- (tyfel ero ARL 4 4 average wuler ri point’ that must be plotted before point indi tig oun out - of - onto camoa tro. Te Hae proces obsewetions are uncorreleted s tow for oy Shumbort combust Chak , He ARL com be calualated amrrly frome 1 4 ARL= ? weluky pis Yue provobility rat any Pott exceeds Hae cbt Limits . C4. Boe A F dnant with a-o Limitp y p= 00024 us the Prrbobility that a pingle poivk fatls oudai de. the linwctp when 42 proce is in vorcbaat . Therefore 5 re PRL of R- dnt when ee process is W contest (ie ARLo) 4s ARLp= Le t— = 370 P 00027 Mak Us even Uf te process remains in wrttrol » an out ~ of vontrot Apnad will be qerwiated ere 340 seumpls 0% tae awernge - Drawbacla : ‘he diatribubion run Length for Shewart ventral, drank Js m gurmubic distribution (re: BCP): Cones vente » there are twp vOmces wth ARL- 1) the plandord deviation of the run Langan iy ver large - 1) dhe gteomebulc distribution 4 wey Skawrd , 60 He meow of the dink” (He ARL) iy wot mecensarily- a vey yppicod vole ek he mn Length ©: Consiclr Hae Shuwhoodt K vovtrol dnant woth 3-6 Cimitp . When ee pod uo Ww womb » P= 0-004 & the wont ARAL je+ BRLy = ens Tin BW the mean greormnabric Aan New , Atdav. a geometric Mint” (rO/p RTO Tre the Ath dave an Hn se a abr ual tr ita neon . AS a reswle, tre actuad ARI, obsetared tnpractice -for Shows K chor with wary comriciralely Le Average Time + Signal CATS): TE sombles are taken ok fixed intends of time that ow he hours pat Hun, ae [ats = ARLEN] . Moving fwerage Covctst Unarrt - Subbore Yat individual ebperuatvovs have been ullectul , k bet Hy, donot. sre ehperwections - Then Hu roving dome i is eine Os owornge of span we ak Lime My = 4b ter te F Mewat etem-yy < se Ww Ahok ig, oct sivas pore i, te _elelent observation tin Me and Az nunrert_one addled maviny mwerage Act is dubbed a toe pet. Tie werian ce + ae raring, oureroge: maa 4 t Va im)ye bE vege L. Tere &. We pitwed we jeiewond wo e Mo dinotes the jaget value of Hae wesan seal a4 he center Line of Hae corral dnark yun Yo 3-0 Verba? Aint ML ure, . VLL= Mot 3 een Le \ “0 ¥ LOL = Mo 3 iw Tre corttrol procedure wrewld ovsint of rabeulating, te nue pea average Mion cack ebpourabion % becomes aailable » plotting Me om a conto? thant wile wppor be bow divi Given by 4D > and tonduding- Yok he proces 4 out of wnbut Af Mi _taceedls the coin Limite. Wn gtnowl, Hee magnitude, of tre shift of out = and, w art invouely veloded 3 smaslir Ais wuld be gas ded agadnst wore, effectively by t ape moving awenages ) at We expense rf quick response ‘te — the mov ower age vowdtot enol ig more effective four Wn Sheushotk Chak in oeteetting Small prowl shefls However, 2 a wot O4 effective exgecorst” Amal

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