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‫ريادة األعمال‬

‫مقدمة‪:‬‬

‫بات مفهموم ريادة األعمال ينتشر بصورة متسارعة خصوصاً مع التقدم التكنولوجي والحاجة‬
‫الماسة إليجاد حلول مبدعة‪ ،‬سواء كان على صعيد األفراد او المنظمات كما تكون الريادة ضمن‬
‫المنظمة من خالل إيجاد أعمال جديدة أو إعادة التجديد االستراتيجي فيها وهذا ما يدعى بالريادة‬
‫الداخلية أو ريادة الشركة‪ .‬وقد أصبحت ريادة الشركة وسيلة مهمة للمنظمات القائمة كي تستمر‬
‫في اكتشاف واستثمار الفرص من أجل تحرك المنظمات واألفراد إلى حالة جديدة من الوجود‪ ،‬وال‬
‫سيما بعد أن ازدادت حاجة المنظمات لتكون أكثر مبتكرة من أجل البقاء وتسريع النمو في بيئة‬
‫عالمية شديدة التنافس ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬مفهوم الريادة‪:‬‬

‫الق ببرن الث ببامن عش ببر بمفه ببوم‬ ‫ارتببب مص ب ل الري ببادة (‪ )Entrepreneurship‬من ببذ منتص ب‬
‫الريادي‪ ،‬والذي ترجع جبذور إلبى االقتصباد الفرنسبي‪ .‬ويقصبد بالفرنسبية (‪ ،)Entrepreneur‬ذلب‬
‫(‪)1‬‬
‫(‪ )Webster‬يمث ببل‬ ‫وف ببي ق ببامو‬ ‫الف ببرد ال ببذي يت ببولى (‪ )Undertakes‬مش ببرو أو نش ببا مهب ب ‪.‬‬
‫الريببادي (‪ )Entrepreneur‬ذل ب الفببرد الببذي يببنظ ويببدير ويتحمببل مخببا ر األعمببال أو المشببرو ‪.‬‬
‫وق ببد مث ببل الري بباديون األفببراد التواق ببون للث ببروة ال ببذين يتخ ببذون المخ ببا رة ويص ببنعون القب برار إلدارة‬ ‫(‪)2‬‬

‫الموارد ب رائق غير مألوفة الستثمار الفرص وبذل أصبحوا قادة الصناعة في العال ‪.‬‬

‫ذو قيمببة‬ ‫فيمببا أشببار(‪ )Robert Hisrich‬إلببى الريببادة بكونهببا عمليببة تكببوين شببيء مببا مختلب‬
‫ع ببن ري ببق تكببريس الوق ببت والجه ببد الض ببروري‪ ،‬ب ببافتراض مخ ببا ر مالي ببة وس ببيكولوجية واجتماعي ببة‬
‫مصباحبة‪ ،‬وجنبي العوائبد الماليبة الناتجبة‪ ،‬إضبافة إلبى الرضبا الفبردي‪ .‬وبعببارة أخبر أنهبا‪" :‬عمليةة‬
‫(‪)3‬‬
‫خلق القيمة عن طريق استثمار الفرصة من خالل موارد متفردة"‬
‫(‪)4‬‬
‫يتكون مفهوم الريادة من ثالثة أبعاد وهي كالتالي‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬اإلبتكاريببة (‪ :)Innovativeness‬وتمث ببل الحلببول اإلبداعي ببة غيببر المألوف ببة لحببل المش ببكالت‬
‫وتلبية الحاجات‪ ،‬والتي تأخذ صيغا من التقنيات الحديثة‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬المخا رة (‪ :)Risk‬وهي مخا رة عادة ما تحتسب وتدار‪ ،‬وتتضبمن الرغببة لتبوفير مبوارد‬
‫أساسية الستثمار فرصة مع تحمل المسؤولية عن الفشل وكلفته‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
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‫ وتتصب ب ب ب ب ببل بالتنفيب ب ب ب ب ببذ مب ب ب ب ب ببع العمب ب ب ب ب ببل فب ب ب ب ب ببي أن تكب ب ب ب ب ببون‬:)Proactiveness( ‫ اإلسب ب ب ب ب ببتباقية‬-
.‫الريادة مثمرة‬

:‫الهوامش‬

)1(
Jyotsna Sethi, "Lesson – 1: Entrepreneur & Entrepreneurship",(2005), p 5.
)2(
Quick MBA, "Entrepreneurship", (Internet Center for Management & Business Administration,
inc, 2007), p 1.
)3(
- Jose Dornelas, Sergio Postigo, Dante Martineli, Debbie Setuai, "Corporate
Entrepreneurship: The case of Brazil & Argentina", (
www.icesi.edu.co/ciela/anteriores/Papers/emcor/2.pdf, 2003), p 2.

- Manuel Eduardo, "e- Entrepreneurship", (Munich Personal RePEe Archive, 2009), p 3.

)4(
Michael Morris, Terry Noel& Minet Schindehutte, "Entrepreneurial and the need for
Management Control: Efficiency vs. Effectiveness ", (Second Annual USASBE/SBIDA, Joint
National Conference in Orlando, Florida, Feb: 7-10:2001), p p 3- 4.

2
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‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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‫ = ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬tnemeganaM ssenisuB llamS dna pihsruenerpertnE
‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬، ‫ ﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ | ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
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