Chapter six

Fractional Horse Power (FHP)

Motors
 Single Phase Induction Motor
• It is more convenient to use single phase ac motors
instead of d.c. motors. Practically single phase a.c.
motors are used in most of the applications.
Construction:
 A single phase induction motor has two main parts
namely stator (the one which is stationary) and rotor
(the one which is rotating).
 The stator winding is connected across a single phase
a.c. supply. The ac supply produces a rotating magnetic
field in the air gap between the stator and rotor.
The field rotates at a speed called synchronous
speed and it is denoted by Ns.
The induction motor actually rotates at a speed
which is slightly less than the synchronous
speed.
As shown in fig.(1), the rotor consists of
copper or aluminium bars which are
permanently short circuited at both the ends
using the conducting rings called end rings.
Fig.(1): construction of a squirrel cage rotor
• Principle of operation:
 A single phase ac supply is connected to the stator
winding. This forces an alternating current
through the stator winding. This current produces
an alternating flux in the air gap between stator
and rotor.
 The alternating flux passes over the rotor
conductors and induces an emf into it due to
transformer action.
 Due to this induced voltage, a current starts
flowing through the rotor conductors. This current
will then produces its own flux called as rotor flux
 The main flux produced by the stator winding
interacts with the rotor flux to produce the torque.
 The rotor flux gets produced due to the principle of
induction hence it is called as induction motor.
 But single phase induction motor are not self starting,
like DC motors.

• Types of single phase induction motor:

 Some of the methods used to make an induction motor
self starting. Based on these techniques, the single
phase induction motor are classified as follows:
1. Split phase induction motor
2. Capacitor start induction motor
3. Capacitor start, capacitor run induction motor
4. Shaded pole induction motor.
 Resistive Split Phase Induction
Motor
• The construction of split phase induction
motor is as shown in fig.(2).
• This motor consists of two winding namely the
main winding and the auxillary (starting)
winding which are displaced from each other
by an angle 900.
• The main winding is highly inductive while
starting winding is resistive.
Fig. 2 Resistive Split Phase Induction Motor
• Principle of operation:
 The current flowing through the main winding (Im) lags behind
the V by 900 since the main winding is highly inductive.
 The current flowing through the starting winding (Ist) is almost in
phase with the supply voltage V as this winding is resistive.
 The fluxes produced due to these currents will be placed 900 with
respect each other. And the resultant of these fluxes will be a
rotating magnetic field. Due to the RMF a non-zero starting
torque acting in one direction will be produced.
 The centrifugal switch connected in series with the starting
winding gets automatically open circuited when the motor speed
reaches about 70% to 80% of the synchronous speed.
 After that the motor rotate only on the main winding. Thus under
the running condition the auxillary winding remains out of the
circuit.
 Reversal of rotation of motor:
The direction of rotation of split phase motor
can be reversed by reversing the terminals of either
main winding or starting winding. The direction of
rotation changes due to the reversal in direction of
rotating magnetic field.

• Applications:
 The starting torque of this motor is poor. So it is
used in following applications:
1. Fans and blowers
2. Washing machines
3. Centrifugal pumps
 Capacitor Split Phase Motor
• These motors are commonly called as capacitor
motors.
• This type of motor is similar in construction to
resistance split phase type, single phase induction
motor, except that the resistance in series with the
auxiliary winding is replaced by a capacitor.
• Following are the main types of the capacitor motor:
1. Capacitor start induction motor
2. Capacitor start and run motor
3. Permanent capacitor motors (capacitor run motor)
Capacitor Start Induction Motor
• The construction of this motor is as shown in fig.(3a).
• As shown in fig, the starting winding connected in series
with the capacitor draws a leading current while the main
winding continues to draw the lagging current.
• Due to this the fluxes produce a rotating magnetic field
which result in the rotation of the motor.
• The current (Im) through the main winding will lag behind
the source voltage as the main winding is inductive. But
the current (Ist) through the starting winding leads the
supply voltage by some angle due to the presence of
capacitor. Hence the angle between the fluxes produced
by Im and Ist will be large as shown in fig.(3b).
• Due to this large angle, the starting torque
produced by the capacitor start motor produces
a larger starting torque as compared to that
produced by the split phase induction motor.
• As soon as the speed reaches 75% to 80% of
the maximum speed, the centrifugal switch is
automatically open circuited and the starting
winding along with the capacitor goes out of
the circuit.
• The induction motor will then be running only
on the flux produced by the main winding.
Fig.(3): Capacitor Start Motor
Capacitor Start and Run Motor (2 capacitor motor)

• The Capacitor Start and Run Motor has a cage rotor,

and its stator has two windings known as Main and
Auxiliary Windings. The two windings are displaced 90
degrees in space.
• There are two capacitors in this method one is used at
the time of the starting and is known as starting
capacitor. The other one is used for continuous running
of the motor and is known as runing capacitor. So this
motor is named as Capacitor Start Capacitor Run
Motor. This motor is also known as Two Value
Capacitor Motor.
Fig.(4): Capacitor Start and Run Motor
• There are two capacitors in this motor
represented by CS and CR. At the starting, the
two capacitors are connected in parallel.
• As the motor reaches the 75 to 80% of
synchronous speed, the starting capacitor Cs is
disconnected from the circuit by a centrifugal
switch Sc. The capacitor CR is connected
permanently in the circuit and thus it is known
as RUN Capacitor.
 Permanent Capacitor Motor
(capacitor run motor)
Fig. shows the construction of Permanent
capacitor motor. It shows that there is no
centrifugal switch, hence the capacitor will not
go out of the circuit at all.
The main advantage of these motors is the high
starting torque that they can produce. The
starting torque can be as high as 300 to 400%
of the full load torque.
 Fig.(5): Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor

* Reversal of direction of rotation can be obtained in all types of

capacitor split phase motors by changing the terminal connections
of one of the windings.
• Applications:
 Due to high starting torque, the capacitor start or
capacitor start capacitor run motors are used in
the following applications:
1. Grinders
2. Compressors
3. Conveyers
4. Fans and air conditioners
5. Refrigerators
 Shaded Pole Induction Motor
• Every stator pole is divided into two parts by
keeping a small slit in the pole face and the
smaller portion is covered with a thick short
circuited copper wire called shading band.
• When stator winding carries current, the main
pole produces a flux øm.
• This flux links with the shading band and this
band acts as a shorted secondary winding, stator
winding being its primary. Circulating currents
induced in the band produced another flux øs.
• At instant t1 current is increasing. The induced emf tries to
oppose it. Thus flux øs opposes it and resultant flux is in un-
shaded part.
• At instant t2 current is almost constant. Induced emf and flux
øs are negligible. Resultant flux is almost at the center of the
pole. Thus it has shifted its position.
• At instant t3 current is decreasing. The induced current and
flux øs try to oppose this decrease. Resultant flux lies in
shaded part.
• This action continues and the resultant field rotates from un-
shaded part to shaded part. Hence rotor also rotates in the same
direction.
• Such motor develops low starting torque and it has a low
power factor..
• Reversal of rotation of motor:
The direction of rotation cannot be reversed unless
position of shaded ring is changed from one part of pole to
another part.
• Applications:
1. Table fans
2. Blowers
3. Washing machines
4. refrigerators

Fig.(6): shaded pole induction motor

 Universal Motor

 The motors which can be operated satisfactorily on ac as

well dc supply is universal motor.
• Types of universal motors:
1. Uncompensated type universal motor
2. Compensated universal motor
• Windings:
 There are three windings used namely armature, main field
and compensating winding.
 Out of which compensating winding is used only for the
compensated universal motor.
 All the windings are connected in series with each other
since this is basically a series motor.
1. Uncompensated universal motor:
• The operating principle is same as that of dc
series motor.
• Field winding produces flux. It is stationary
winding. Armature is a rotary winding.
• These motors produces high starting torque but
their speed decreases with increase in load. Their
speed regulation is not very good.
• These motors having low capacity. Normally it is
designed for two pole structure.
Fig.(1): Uncompensated Universal Motor
2. Compensated universal motor:
• In this motor, main winding and compensating
winding are distributed over entire stator.
• Fig.(2) shows the schematic diagram of
compensated universal motor.
• This type of motor is better for higher speeds.
• These motors are more expensive due to
complicated construction. Hence they are
preferred for higher capacity loads.
Reversal of rotation:
For universal motors, reversal
can be achieved by reversing
the connections to either the
field or the armature winding.

Applications:
1. Washing machine Fig.(7):compensated Universal Motor
2. Mixers and grinders
3. Food processors
4. Small drilling machines
5. Vacuum cleaners
6. Sewing machine
7. Hair driers
8. Electric shavers
 Reluctance Motor
• A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that
induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the
ferromagnetic rotor.
• Torque is generated through the phenomenon of
magnetic reluctance.
• Hence, it is not a permanent magnet motor,
because its salient rotor is composed of soft
ferromagnetic material.
Types of reluctance motor
• There are two types of reluctance motor:
1. Synchronous reluctance motor.
2. Switched reluctance motor, (Variable reluctance motor)
Construction of Reluctance Motor
• When the stator of the reluctance motor is
supplied with an AC supply as a (single
phase), (split-phase) induction motor, the
motor starts due to the (induction torque) of
the induced eddy current in the rotor short-
circuited bars.
• Gradually it accelerates and attains speed very
close to synchronous speed.
• The starting/ centrifugal switch disconnects the
axillary winding of the motor at a speed of
about 75% of the synchronous speed.
• When the reluctance motor starts to run at a speed
close to synchronous speed, a reluctance torque is
produced.
• The rotor aligns itself in minimum reluctance
position.
• The rotor pulls into synchronism.
• After pulling into synchronism, the induction torque
disappears but the rotor remains in synchronism due
to synchronous reluctance torque alone.
• The motor adjusts its torque angle for change in load
as in 3-ph synchronous motor.
• If load is excessive motor may not pull into
synchronism and it may pull out of synchronism
 • Reluctance torque, 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑠=0

𝑉 2
• 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑠=0 = 𝐾 × sin 2𝛿𝑟𝑒𝑙
𝑓

• 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑠=0 ≡ The average value of the reluctance torque (Nm)

• 𝑉 ≡ The applied voltage (V)
• 𝑓 ≡ The line frequency (Hz)
• 𝛿𝑟𝑒𝑙 ≡ The torque angle (electrical degrees)
• 𝐾 ≡ The motor constant.

• Maximum reluctance torque, 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥 ocuurs at 𝛿𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 45°

 Hysteresis Motor
• Construction of Hysteresis Motor

Ferromagnet
ic Core

Rotor
Single-phase Split-phase Hysteresis Motor
Principle of Operation
• Synchronous motor with uniform air gap and without dc excitation.
• Starts by virtue of eddy currents induced in the rotor by action of rotating
mmf of the stator winding.
• Operates at synchronous speed at steady state.
• May operate from 1ø or supply.
• Utilizes the phenomenon of hysteresis to produce mechanical torque.
𝑇 = 𝐾ℎ sin 2𝛿ℎ
• Hysteresis torque in the rotor developed due to the rotor
magnetic material of high hysteresis loss property and high
retentivity.
• The rotor goes under the slip frequency before going to the
steady state running condition.
• So it can be said that when the rotor starts to rotate with the
help of these eddy current torque due to induction
phenomenon, it behaves like an induction motor.
• When the speed of the rotor reaches near about the
synchronous speed, the stator pulls the rotor into
synchronism.
• At the condition of synchronism, the relative motion between
stator field and rotor field vanishes.
• Hence no eddy current to generate in the rotor. Thus the
torque due to eddy-currents vanishes.
• At synchronous speed, rotating magnetic field flux in the
stator produces poles on the rotor.
• Thus rotor behaves as a permanent magnet and having
axis.
• For high residual magnetism, the rotor pole strength
remains unchanged.
• Higher retentivity required for higher hysteresis torque.
• The hysteresis torque is independent of the rotor
speed always.
• In lower load torque, The induced magnetic pole axis
always follows the rotating magnetic field axis of the
stator with a lower lag angle.
• If the load torque is increased, this lagging angle will be
increased up to 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 before dropping below the
synchronous condition.
•
Advantages of Hysteresis Motor
• As no teeth and no winding in rotor, no mechanical
vibrations.
• Its operation is quiet and noiseless.
• Operates at constant speed.
• Acceptable starting torque.

Disadvantages of Hysteresis Motor

• Low power factor
• Low efficiency
 Applications of Hysteresis Motors
They are widely used in:
• High quality record players.
• Timing devices.
• Electric clocks.
• Tele printers.
• Navigation (Gyroscope)