CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Course code and title : MA1200 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra I

Session : Semester A, 2012/2013

Time allowed : Two hours

This paper has THIRTEEN pages (including this cover page).

A brief table of derivatives is attached on pages 5 and 6.

Instructions to candidates:

1. This paper has TEN questions.

2. Attempt ALL questions in Section A and B.
3. Each question in Section A carries 9 marks.
4. Each question in Section B carries 15 marks.

This is a closed-book examination.

Candidates are allowed to use the following materials/aids:

Non-programmable calculators

Materials/aids other than those stated above are not permitted. Candidates
will be subject to disciplinary action if any unauthorised materials or aids are
found on them.
 -2-

Section A
Answer ALL questions in this section.

Question 1

Find, in radians, the general solution of the equation

2 sin x  tan x ,
and give all the values of x which lie between 0 and 2 .
(9 marks)
Solution:
sin x 1
2 sin x  tan x  2 sin x   cos x  .
cos x sin x 0 2
 1 1 
Observe that cos  , thus, cos x   x  2n  where n is an integer.
4 2 2 4
1
The solutions to cos x  lying between 0 and 2 are:
2
 7
for n  0 , we have x  , for n  1 , we have x  .
4 4
 7 1
, are the solutions to cos x  lying between 0 and 2
4 4 2

Question 2

1
Let f  x   for x R \  1, 1.
1  x2

(a) Show that f  x  is not one-to-one.

(2 marks)
(b) Show that the function f  x  has no value between 0 and 1 , that is f  x   0,1 .
(4 marks)
(c) Find the range of f  x  .
(3 marks)
Solution:
(a)
1 1 1
Conside 2,  2  R \ 1,1 , we have 2  2 . However, f  2      f  2  .
1 2 2
3 1   2 2
1
It follows that the function defined as f  x   for x R \  1, 1 is not one-to-one.
1  x2
(b)
Method 1:
x  R \ 1,1   i  x  1 or  ii  x  1 .
1
For x  1 , we have x  1  0  x 2  1  0  1  x 2  1   1.
1  x2
 -3-

1
For 1  x , we have 1  x  x 2  1  1  x 2  0   0.
1  x2
1 1
It follows that f  x    1 or f  x    0 for x R \  1, 1.
1 x 2
1  x2
Method 2: (Proof by Contradiction)
1
Let y  f  x   , where x R \  1, 1. Suppose 0  y  1 , observe that y  0 , thus 0  y  1 .
1  x2
y 1 y 1
 y 1  x 2   1  x 2 
1
However, y  . As 0  y  1 , we have  x 2  0 , that is a
1 x 2
y y
contradiction. It follows that f  x   0,1 .
(c)
From (b) we learn that f  x   0,1 . Therefore, range f   ,0  1,   .
Let y   ,0   1,   , that is y  0 or y  1 .
y 1
Observe that y  1 or y  0  0.
y
y 1  y 1  1 1 1 1
Let x  then f  x   f       y.
y 
 y   y 1 
2
y  1 y   y  1 1
1  1
 y y y
 y 
It concludes that range f   ,0   1,   .

Question 3

 2 1
 x sin , if x  0
Let g  x    x Determine whether g  x  is differentiable at x  0 , if so, find the value
0, if x  0.
of the first derivative there.
1
(Hint: Since sin  is bounded by  1 and 1 for all  , it follows that  x  x sin  x for all real values
x
of x .)
(9 marks)
Solution:
1
g  x   g  0 x 2 sin
g '  0   lim   lim x  lim x sin 1 .
x 0 x0 g  00 x 0 x x 0 x
1 1
Observe that  x  x sin  x x , by Sandwich Theorem, lim( x )  lim x sin  lim x .
x x  0 x  0 x x 0
Since lim   x   lim x  0 , we have lim x sin  0 .
1
x 0 x 0 x 0 x
1
g  x   g  0 x 2 sin
Thus, g '  0   lim  lim x  lim x sin 1  0 .
x 0 x0 x 0 x x 0 x
It follows g  x  is differentiable at x  0 and g '  0   0 .
 -4-

Question 4

3x 2  x  2
(a) Evaluate lim .
x  x3  5
(4 marks)
 h  x   cos x
 , if x  
(b) Let F  x    x   where h  x  is differentiable everywhere and h    1 .
h   , if x   ,

Determine whether F  x  is continuous at x   . Give your reason.
(5 marks)
Solution:
(a)
3x 2  x  2 3 1 2 3 1 2
 2  3 lim  lim 2  lim 3
3x  x  2
2
x 3
x  x x x x x x  0  0 .
lim  lim  lim x x
x  x 5
3 x  x 5
3 x 
1 3
5
1  lim 3
5 1
3
x x  x
x
(b)

h  x   cos x h  x   h    h    cos x h  x   h    1  cos x

lim F  x   lim  lim  lim
x  x  x  x  x  h  1 x  x 
h  x   h    cos x   1 h  x   h   cos x   1 d cos x
 lim  lim  lim  h    x 
x  x  cos  1 x  x  x  x  dx
 h    sin   h    F  
sin   0

 h  x   cos x
 , if x  
It follows that F  x    x   is continuous at x   .
h   , if x   ,


Question 5

Differentiate with respect to x

(a) 1  x 2  log e 1  x 2  ,
(3 marks)
(b) tan 1
 sinh x  ,
(3 marks)
x
(c) 2 .
(3 marks)
Solution:
(a)
 -5-

 1
 1
d
1  x2 
1  x 2  log e 1  x 2   
 dx 
1  x 2  2   log e 1  x 2    1  x 2  2  x2   dx1  x 2
d  d d 1  d
dx   dx 2 dx
(b)

 1  x  2 x 
1 2 2
1
2x

x

2x

x 1  x2  2x x 2  1  x

 2

2 1  x2 1  x2 1  x
2
1  x2 1  x2
d 1 d cosh x
 tan 1  sinh x     sinh x  
 tan1 u  2 1  sinh x dx 1  sinh 2 x
2
dx d 1 du
dx 1u dx
(c)
x 1
d
dx
2 x

 a a loge a
d u u du
x
2 log e 2
d
dx
 x  2 x log e 2
2 x

2 log e 2
x
dx dx

Question 6

2 x  11
Express in partial fractions.
 x  2   x 2  1
(9 marks)
Solution:

2 x  11 Bx  C
 2 x  11  A  x 2  1   x  2  Bx  C    A  B  x 2   C  2 B  x  A  2C
A
  2
 x  2   x  1 x  2 x  1
2

A  B  0
 C  2 B  2 C  2 B  2
 C  2 B  2     5C  20  C  4  B  3, A  3
 A  2C  11  B  2C  11 2 B  4C  22


2 x  11 3 3x  4 3 3x  4
So   2   2
 x  2   x  1 x  2 x  1 x  2 x  1
2

Question 7
(a) Show from first principles that
dx
 e   aeax , where a is a constant.
d ax

x x 2 x3 xr
(Hint: You may use without proof the exponential theorem e x  1       ,
1! 2! 3! r!
   x   .)
(4 marks)
(b) The parametric equations of a curve are x  e , y  t , where t is the parameter and t  0 . Find
3t 2

dy d2y
and in terms of t .
dx dx 2
(5 marks)

Solution:
(a)
 -6-

a x  h 
 e ax e ax  ah  e ax e ax e ah  e ax e ax
e ah
 1
dx

d ax
e   lim
h 0
e
h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim
h 0 h
 ah  ah 2  ah 3  ah 
r
 
e ax 1         1
 1! 2! 3! r!  
 
 lim
x x 2 x3 xr h 0 h
e x 1     
1! 2! 3! r!

 ah a 2 h 2 a 3h3 a r hr  ax  a a 2 h1 a 3h 2 a r h r 1 
 e ax lim         e lim       
h 0 1! h h 0 1!
 2!h 3!h r !h   2! 3! r! 
 1 ah a 2 h 2 a r 1h r 1  ax  1 ah a 2h 2 a r 1h r 1 
 ae ax lim         ae   lim  lim   lim  
h 0 1!
 2! 3! r!   1! h0 2! h0 3! h 0 r! 

r 1 r 1
ae ax
a h
lim  0, r 1,2,
h0 r!

a a 2 h1 a3h2 a r h r 1  1 ah1 a 2 h2 a r 1h r 1 

, where we assume that (i)       a       (ii)
1! 2! 3! r!  1! 2! 3! r! 
 1 ah a 2 h2 a r 1hr 1  1 ah a 2h2 a r 1h r 1
lim          lim  lim   lim  are valid.
h 0 1!
 2! 3! r!  1! h0 2! h0 3! h 0 r!

(b)

dy
 x  e
3t
dy dt 2t 2
 ,t  0    3t  te 3t
 y  t dx dx 3e
2
3
dt
d y d  dy  d  dy  dt d  dy  1
2
d 2  1
  te 3t  3t   e 3t  3te 3t  3t  e 6t 1  3t 
2 1 2
       
dx 2
dx  dx  dt  dx  dx dt  dx  dx dt  3  3e 3 3e 9
dt

Question 8

2
Let y  x 3 e x for x  R .

dy d2 y
(a) Find and for x  0 .
dx dx 2
(4 marks)
2
2
(b) Show that there is a turning point on the curve y  x e x when x   , and determine whether it is a 3
3
local minimum point or a local maximum point.
(5 marks)

Solution:

 
2 2 definition
2
Notice that x 3 is defined as x 3  3
x

(a)
 -7-

x2 
2
dy 2  13 x 2

1 2 1
 definition 1
yx e   x e  x e  e  x  x  , where x 3  3 .
3 x 3 x 3 3
dx 3 3  x

d 2 y d  x  2  13 2
  x  2  13 2
 x  2  43 2  13  x  2  13 2
2  43 2  13 
 e  x  x    e  x  x   e   x  x   e  x  x  x  x 
3 3 3
dx 2 dx   3   3   9 3  3 9 3 
 2  43 4  13 2
 x  43  2 4 
 e   x  x  x   e x    x  x2 
x 3

 9 3   9 3 
4 definition
 1
, where x 3
 .
 
4
3
x

(b)

x2  2  13
1 2 2 2
dy  2  13 2 1
2 2
0 e  x  x  x  x 0 x  x  x x   x  .
3 3 3 3 3 3
dx 3  3 3 3 3

x 2  x  34  2 4 2
4
d2y  4  13 2
Observe that  e   x 3
 x  x 3
  e x   x  x 
 9 3 
2
dx  9 3 
4
d2y  2 4

4
  2

2 
3  2 4  2   2  2  
2  ex x    x  x2 
3
2  e  3
            .
dx 2 x 
3  9 3  x 
3  3  9 3  3   3   
4
 2
 2
2
 3 1 2 4 2  2 2 8 4
See that e 3
 0,     0 and               0 .
 3
4
 2 9 3 3  3 9 9 9
3  
 3

 2
2
 3 
2
2 2 2
With the second derivative test, y  x e x has a local minimum value at x   , thus,   ,    e 3 
3
3  3  3 
 
is a local minimum point.
 -8-

Section B
Answer ALL questions in this section.

Question 9

The equation of a conic is

41x 2  24 xy  34 y 2  50  0 . —— (1)
Let xy coordinate system be rotated anti-clockwise through an angle  (without translation of axes),
resulting in a new xy  coordinates system with x  x cos  y sin  and y  x sin   y cos .

(a) Show that equation (1) may be transformed into an equation of the form ax 2  by 2  1 , where a , b
are constants.
(6 marks)
(b) Draw a rough sketch showing how the graph of the conic with respect to the axes of coordinates.
(3 marks)
3 2 4 2 
(c) Find the equation of the tangent to the conic (1) at the point 
 5 , 5 
.
 
(6 marks)

Solution:
(a)
41x 2  24 xy  34 y 2  50  0
 41 x 'cos   y 'sin    24  x 'cos   y 'sin   x 'sin   y 'cos  
2

34  x 'sin   y 'cos    50  0

2

 41x '2 cos 2   82 x ' y 'cos  sin   41 y '2 sin 2 

24 x '2 cos  sin   24 y '2 cos  sin   24 x ' y 'cos 2   24 x ' y 'sin 2 
34 x '2 sin 2   68 x ' y 'cos  sin   34 y '2 cos 2   50  0
 x '2  41cos 2   24 cos  sin   34sin 2    y '2  41sin 2   24 cos  sin   34 cos 2  
 x ' y '  82 cos  sin   24 cos 2   24sin 2   68cos  sin    50

In order to eliminate x ' y ' term, let 82cos sin   24cos2   24sin 2   68cos sin   0 .
82 cos  sin   24 cos 2   24sin 2   68cos  sin   0
 7 cos  sin   12 cos 2   12sin 2   0
 7 tan   12  12 tan 2   0
7  7   4 12   12 
2
7  625 7  25
 tan    
24 24 24
 32 4
Select 0    such that tan   
2 24 3
4
Let xy coordinate system be rotated anti-clockwise through the angle   tan 1 which is in first
3
quadrant, we have 82cos sin   24cos2   24sin 2   68cos sin   0 .
 -9-

4 4 3
In addition, tan    sin   , cos   .
3 5 5
Thus 41x  24 xy  34 y  50  0 can be transformed as the following equation:
2 2

  3 2  3  4  4 
2
  4 2  3  4   3 
2

x '  41   24     34     y '  41   24     34     50

2 2

  5   5  5   5     5   5  5   5  
 9 12 16   16 12 9
 x '2  41  24   34    y '2  41  24   34    50
 25 25 25   25 25 25 
625 2 1250 2 1
 x'  y '  50  25 x '2  50 y '2  50  x '2  y '2  1
25 25 2
(b)
1 2
x '  y '2  1 is an ellipse
2
(c)
3 2 4 2 
 satisfies the equation 41x  24 xy  34 y  50  0 , that is,
2 2
Observe that  ,
 5 5 
2 2
3 2   3 2  4 2  4 2
41   24  
 
  34    50  0 .
 5   5  5   5 
3 2 4 2  4 2  3 2
Thus the tangent to the curve 41x 2  24 xy  34 y 2  50  0 at  ,  is y   m 
 x  
 5
 5  5  5 

dy
where m  3 2
and y  x  is the implicit function defined by the 41x 2  24 xy  34 y 2  50  0 .
dx x
5
4 2
y
5

Method 1:

3 2 4 2 
Consider the point  ,  , its x ', y ' can be found as follows:
 5 5 

3 2 3 4 9 2 9 12
  x   y     x   y  
 5 5 5  5 5 5
   5 x  5 2  x '  2 , and x '  2  y  0 .
 4 2  x  4  y  3 16 2  x  16  y  12

 5 5 5 
 5 5 5

The equation of the tangent to

1 2
2
x '  y '2  1 at  
2, 0 is x '  2 .

 3 4  9 12
 x  x   y   3 x  x   y  
 5 5  5 5 3 4
   5 x  3 x  4 y  x '  x  y
 y  x  4  y   3 4 y  x  16  y  12 5 5

 5 5 
 5 5
 - 10 -

3 4
Thus, the equation x '  2 in x  y coordinate is x y  2 .
5 5
Method 2:
dy dy dy 82 x  24 y
41x 2  24 xy  34 y 2  50  0  82 x  24 x  24 y  68 y  0  
dx dx dx 24 x  68 y
3 2 4 2
82   24 
dy 82 x  24 y 5 5   150   3 .
 
dx x
3 2
24 x  68 y x
3 2
3 2 4 2 200 4
5
4 2
5
4 2
24   68 
y y 5 5
5 5

3 2 4 2 
The equation of the tangent to the conic (1) at the point 
 5 , 5 
is as follows:
 
4 2 3 3 2 4 2 3 9 2 3 25 2
y    x    y    x  y x
5 4 5  5 4 20 4 20
20 60 3 4
 y x  2  x y  2
25 100 5 5

Question 10

For any non-negative integer n , the Legendre polynomial Pn  x  is defined by

1 dn  2
n 
Pn  x   x  1  , for  1  x  1.
n

2 (n !) dx 
n

Show that

d2y
(a) y  Pn  x  satisfies the equation 1  x 2 
dy
2
 2 x  n  n  1 y  0 ,
dx dx

1
 x 2  1 . Show that  x 2  1 n  2nxun .)
du
n
(Hint: Let un 
2  n !
n
dx
(8 marks)
(b) Pn 1  1 and Pn  1   1 .
n

dn 
(Hint: Consider 2n  n ! Pn  x   n 
x  1  x  1  , and using Leibnitz’ rule.)
n n

dx 
(7 marks)
Solution:
(a)

1 dn  2 n
1
        d  u  . Observe that
n n
Let un  x 2
 1 , then P x  x  1
2n  n ! 2n (n !) dx n   dx n n
n

d  1 n
x  1
d
 un    x 2  1  n  x 2  1    x 2  1 n  x 2  1  2nx n  x 2  1  2nxun .
n2 x 1
2 n 1 n

dx dx  2  n !  2  n ! 2  n !
 - 11 -

d n1  2  d
n 1
Now, consider
dx n1 
 x 1 dx un   dxn1  2nxun  .
d

Using Leibnitz’ rule, we have

d n 1  2  d
n 1
d n 1
dx n 1 
  dx  n  dx n1  n  dx n1  xun 
x  1
d
u  2 nxu  2 n

d n2 d n 1 d2 2 dn
  x 2  1  n  n1 1   dx n1  n  n1 2 dx 2   dx n un 
d 2
u  C x  1 u  C x  1
dx n  2 dx
 d n 1 d dn 
 2n  x n 1  un   n 1 C1  x  n  un  
 dx dx dx 
d2  dn  d  dn   n  1 n d n
  x  1 2
2
 dx n  un     n  1 2 x dx  dx n  un    2 n  un 
dx     2 dx
d  dn  dn
 2nx        un 
dx  dx n
u n  2 n n 1
 dx n
d2
n  x  1 2  Pn   2  n  1 x  Pn   n  n  1 Pn
d d
2
 2nx  Pn   2n  n  1 Pn
d
Pn  x   n  un  dx dx dx
dx

d2
  x 2  1
d
2  n
P  2 x  Pn   n  n  1 Pn  0
dx dx
2
 1  x 2  2  Pn   2 x  Pn   n  n  1 Pn  0
d d
dx dx
d2y
It follows that y  Pn  x  satisfies the equation 1  x 2 
dy
2
 2 x  n  n  1 y  0 .
dx dx
(b)
Observe that
dn 
2n  n ! Pn  x   n 
x  1  x  1 
n n

dx 
dn d n i  i
 d  x  1n   dn 
 n  x  1   x  1   n Ci      x  1 n 
x  1 
n n n n n
x 1
dx   dx n i   dxi   dx 
 n ! x  1   n Ci n  n  1  n  i  1 n  n  1  n  i  1 x  1  x  1  n ! x  1
n i n i n

, where 1  i  n  1
Then,

2n  n ! Pn 1  n !1  1   n Ci n  n  1  n  i  1 n  n  1  n  i  11  1 1  1  n !1  1

n i n i n

 2n  n ! Pn 1  2n n !  Pn 1  1

2n  n ! Pn  1  n ! 1  1   n Ci n  n  1
 n  i  1 n  n  1  n  i  1 1  1  1  1  n ! 1  1
n i n i n

 2n  n ! Pn  1   2  n!   1 2n n!  Pn  1   1

n n n
 - 12 -

Short Table of Derivatives of y  f (u) with respect to x , where u is a function of x

Functions, y  f (u) Derivative of y with respect to x
dy
y  c , where c is a constant. 0
dx
dy du
y  cu , where c is a constant. c
dx dx
dy du
y  u p , where p is a constant.  pu p 1
dx dx
dy du dv
y uv  
dx dx dx
y  uv dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx
du dv
u v u
y dy
v  dx 2 dx
dx v
dy d f(u) du
y  f (u) , where u is a function of x .   , the chain rule
dx du dx
dy 1 du
y  log a u , a  0 .  log a e
dx u dx
dy du
y  au , a  0 .  au log e a
dx dx
dy du
y  eu  eu
dx dx
dy du dv
y  uv  vuv 1  u v log e u
dx dx dx
dy du
y  sin u  cos u
dx dx
y  cos u dy du
  sin u
dx dx
dy d u
y  tan u  sec2 u
dx dx
dy du
y  cot u  cosec 2u
dx dx
y  sec u dy du
 sec u tan u
dx dx
y  cosec u dy du
 cosec u cot u
dx dx
dy 1 du
y  sin 1 u 
dx 1  u dx
2

dy  1 du
y  cos 1 u 
dx 1  u 2 dx
dy 1 du
y  tan1 u 
dx 1  u 2 dx
 - 13 -

Functions, y  f (u) Derivative of y with respect to x

dy 1 du
y  cot 1 u 
dx 1  u 2 dx
dy 1 du
y  sec 1 u 
dx u u  1 dx
2

dy 1 du
y  cosec 1u 
dx u u  1 dx
2

dy du
y  sinh u  cosh u
dx dx
dy du
y  cosh u  sinh u
dx dx
dy du
y  tanh u  sech 2u
dx dx
dy du
y  coth u   cosech 2u
dx dx
dy du
y  sech u   sech u tanh u
dx dx
dy du
y  cosech u   cosech u coth u
dx dx
dy 1 du
y  sinh 1 u 
dx 1  u 2 dx
dy 1 du
y  cosh 1 u 
dx u 2  1 dx
dy 1 du
y  tanh 1 u 
dx 1  u 2 dx
dy 1 du
y  coth 1 u 
dx 1  u 2 dx
dy 1 du
y  sech 1u 
dx u 1  u 2 dx
dy 1 du
y  cosech 1u 
dx u u  1 dx
2

- END -