ro Lhomicol oneling. Chamicat Bonk § Porc of artlractfow -that Winds -lwo atoms stogether . Case A formadion of Chomicat Ronol? Dartain the octet clate, ) minimize anergy, ti) gate Hab iltty , y) decrease raactivirly. Types of bonote? Coot cleengih ~ decreasing or olen ) . 1. Sonic bend, 2. Covatent bond , 3. Coord nate bend, 4. Metattic bonnet, 8. Hydao gen bond, 4. Non der Wrats bonct. Octet ruler Goch atom -letes +s obtain the Chemis, Kosset) getet gate # Comtractiow of Getet Slates Cattrat atonv fs gtee-leow deficent 6% does not have an octet State . | Ber, , BX, , AX, , Ge (CH3)3 4 & “ 7 Ge’ @ Exbanstow a Octet Hate? Gntrat etow has mova than @ otcelems ole +o empty A orbtiats - “qe PUg , 8% , Ost , ra, 10 Io Te Te ects exaftiond? a) Transition metat fom Ccrd*, 63 my ; ) Pan pees ave Config rration (2n*) , 0) odd ateclronte — spacies CW, 15) 4) Sloe halogen comp overct CIF, Brfs ) ; 2) Comourels of Xenow Cxe®, 5 xeP4) . ea a eee ti a Nom Sagoshich Saha& Sonte bercings AL + NU —y Av? p73 (28,2) (2,5) (2,8) (2,8) eMax number of Steere one Aeonchowredt by a melat lo Howe metak we thee ag ts tho compound wi tt cose of Wary. eA mow divectwovat band. ionic com pouncts, @ Conctittow for formatter ob ponte bonds 0) process Alt =-Ye. b) metat must hove. ¢) mon metat must that an Lov forizattorm energy - have — high eleclron afbinity + ot) fons must have high = LOtHtce energy. 2) carion should {onic chonee be — lavge wrth — low leelro negativity. J) anwar favour £ qmust be Smakt with high elactrongari vit. e8 e once cmpd$ one hard. z z harclmegs % clectrostaric force OL attvactton 3 & charge on tor 32 rie a? Tonic wool ts 22 © Sonte embod has high) vote ob bp, = 83 mp & ce msity 2a BP, HPL electrostatic bores . 23 e Sonic, empt shows so morphism jSe they "Ya have Same ory ating structure, © Conductors ™ fesect, molten, agqucaus Gore. » Show fast fonte reactions , e dont alow apace Feomertern, e@ U, latte anerqyy aw ery on tow. # The lower the cho: be fosmect « bow re ob tow Sagoshich Sahat Chemica Torrsting 2 © Sm cace. of wrivater| A — bivorXent Gompouands , Larliter amen gy follows ~ TETH Bk > Uni~ BF oe Tat Uni > Uni- Un sq: Hgo > Mg Uy > Wace. ® Yonic com pounds eu Ilubte am polar solverts ike water duc fo the hy dictecdate constant of these aolverrts , dscrragvs as o Solubtuty # AH Chyckvarson) > lattes energy ~ fontc compo SolusAe AW Chyyclratton) < lostttee emer gy ~ fone empl tnsglubte AH: (tyctwotten) ~ lattes amsrgy —tenic empel ot eypsit lrtum 1 golubettty ou otifea, anergy Opyesome of Common ens decrease solubility . % Covatemt Ponds Formect by equat shaving cm olects ons joartweety dwo atoms. aan shane moxtmunny three eo Once atom cheedoens with other atom: ° Lous tity Oe covalent compouncls follows the = concept — hon polar Salute dessolves tm Non-polare Sagoshich Seha ick. ciesolves ike’ fe |Yolver) Q “poloo. solute an poAdase Qolveorl. “4 i. €e \4 (mon - ~) in ong amie Solvents > aleohol , oamm oie wort, © Covatemt campoends me non-Conductore , (exception — graphy). @ Covateart compounds aa direct? onat ™m covalent bend. “They show space TWomerisms, x porecligiaies J See Germi Polar pbencl? Pormet by donatton ef 2tecleow spore beom conor — to soaiver, At + 2% —» (A+1) Lents Lents Bose Reick @ Cooralimate compounds are More chose, to covalent compounds, 0 Sugden linkage $ Qiggtet imkage — Loomact by donattorn df we ehectraw, 6 24° POR, Sel oo Rte pla rfse ale F 4 Hoderm conapt of Covatent Bond? ® Volene- Bonct “Theory® A covatent+ basel is Hertler- London Theory formed due to hath hyolte & atomic arbi tats havi gheetemus Wet obposite spin to cach other. Sagoshich Sahaé Lt Choanicat oncting 4 5 : ta Poartuscss 1 the atom Shout hove unbaired pleceons, 2+ Max. okectvon dansity Wes botween the bonded atoms, 3, The Gay low nuckearu ceslance of TOA KIM over lappi He ca Wek the. bont length - Lamttadfons$s 1, Goes not explain formattow The odh akectoon molecules (3, 2x) , 2. Can mot eaptain Lormatton of coorctinate bond. 3. Can't eapl aia re kent. «4. Cant = explain = #tev20 chemi slay aL molecules. © Pauteny Q Slater?s Theory = a) bond strength aebends upon the aweclapping & TS Airactly peoporttonat to He extant of Overlapping, b) a Sphard catty gymmetyic — orbtt | g- orbttal will not show any poelerence Mm Areetton whereas hon Sphervicot orbttats, aay pe 0m ck or bttats wit denk to osm a boat tm the Adraction sf maximum — ofted ron tens tty woth the orbttat, a t) The overlapping oF {he orbetats of only thee olectrons which take port tm bone forrnatton. t) The wo or bitats, havi gtnuilan energy VoviX pte oma which TT more dive cAtona lly concent Taxek , wilt form : Sagoshich Sehavonger bord. US) ance of over lap ngy o% desecttenatl — mnecture Of orbrtal | ag. PP > sp > Srs a Vypes of Overlabprry t les Overlapping betwee two Mmiler oy Lreet milar q-s atecdrous, 2.S-b overlapping Cha sp 3. pee overlapping . FF § Bonk Lemgth? Average dtstance lboetween Ane certers ol mucts? Oh athe Awo bendect otems, for tonic Compound fem of wnic — wactius aE caxtten R anion; jor covatent compound gum 2%} covalent wacttus, Factors agbceterg — bere lengths *) bond length % site ok atom L b th & yy bond long ben aedaes aj Ce >@=e Sere. ! 3 i) banet. length gz a. > SP" > Sp. &) benet length A Clactront. reputston . sq. Hy > At WResonanes R aly paw coryeg arTon alsa charge. donc leagth Sagoshioh Seha* Bond trevayt Energy hoedectt +o break one eee of bonds of, & particudas ty pe i go as te sehevate them tarlo osegus actems. Oe, the energy voleasecl uring the formation of one mole of: @ ppariteutan bonet, ¢ Factors ahh ecttay bond! energy? 2) voret emergy © bent — ore? 1 bond Length / Mae of. atom ”) dont energy a oh ) bond erargy % ¥ bond energy % Tone pair of etectrons/ plectronic Teputston: G6 oe > I FY 8-o > EA lone pote 6 1 a a OF (Ka) 24t 163 144 138-8 4 Bond angle Ange betwee the Atues vehoeserrtin, Ahe directions ay the borels or the osbttats having bonding par of ekectrons. * Factors abfectiny benct angle? D bone angle oh beret ovetew ol 9% of ——__— bond lent a -eFe- > dened 5 bd T 180° !20° 109 °26/ uy) ehhecdak by elecdronle re pursiow, way? > Ng > NHBT reo Ip Llp 2 Ip. Sagoshich SahaJ Gaze of lerminat atom) it, bond angle % eq. 3,0 > Bayo > Clo > OF; 8) bend angle ees) Mee ef con|vat adem / pleciro vagectivity, J NZD Pag > ey > BEMg a) bord angle % — cleclrowgartly oF sorrunak akenv. x Polarization X® Pozan’s Rules When catton © Aniow — ae chose to eock other jth shape ay anon © distorted by she catfon, this #8 catted rpalarts axf orm Due +o dhe, covatemt nature develops aM jonte malecure. Polarizatton & Covalent of 2}. Watwro Bric nature Covatears nocture axp laird by follavieg arictes 2 a\ Chor on catton? calor =the Charge ow a a Catto — greater wirt be ws poAseisey power 3K more with be covekeart = hactuve , b) sae ok cotton? When charge 0S Same ond oniow es common y Covetemd — nacture (1/ siae i. cantor). ¢) fire of. aniow! Coveler+ nature & give of Aniow (wher chastyes ane game, cation FS commow) , © A cotton weil 12 yolence eleedeont has ayoshich Scha pore —*Pelortstg eprner than a catton wtly : i . BHO > Ngo @ yatenea. © teen, He, OO etreeChermicat Bonctirng - 5 As the covatert noctuve encveages , the darlencity a the colour = NeTeases - * Repo. te Homent % popate ynomerr] ts usect +o GUT EX): measure the botaxtty om ov mo dcotte , Unit of J f ope (axa) esurcm, debyt: Sdebyo = 107 8 ocurem Rebres elect by we [vom ekecloypor itive to electronegartve — chactes OF less leclwo negative to more oleclroneg orktue Spaces. wa = Vee" K 4 Nps Sia, cos D. Aaertoes affecting ) peo ctectoonsy attvity difference. (HP > Het DHty) 5) pee number of bp of electoons.. Ge? Hore) i) pe & (ortho > meta > Pera). W) Aroma atomic mokeutes Whe %2,1,0. 2 moleutes rowing Mevmat — shaper aceoratiny to hy botel sarttow wttl mow Polar, v) molecutes having coaplaat avtsm wlth lone patr have — Aev-tortect shapes » Uke — angular, pyromidat, sea-saw ttt have Sone. Vales qe Os Ot rr a7 > AWN it ¥ ! F pee Vise D fe t0aD Sagoshich Saha. a) Dipole moment of acis-atkene os more than Jans ~ alkene « Sn clvang-atkanes, TH fe Per due tb armetay + oll Mum bar CH " a ¢ atbon. has Some e. x = 4 SCH Gy 4 CHA CH, but, teasymmet te atkones wrth @ Spec}ic cases of ctipole moments GH, ct > CH) Cly > cH ety > Cy: CHyet > CHgF > CH,Br > CHT © fonic netwre (*) = _Movsewed. yp. Jeatcutorect + 7 bonds: Toomed by gutat 6» heact to heat or Encoxe over lobbing yertween two SS, Sp, P- Pp ovbtlats, ye bone ts strovger, less reactive 2) mie Qo omax mumbes of 7 bond between wo bended atoms me, . 9 Hativty ou Uumber Pf bonds, 4 weactivety rr . 2) me bond, bree vototio sf hems ts pars bts J) v bonds deler amine the chaps of @ molecule + 4 Te- bende s Formed by laterat 67 of overlapfrag — loctivcsi two f or bitats, 9 woak, bond, more reactive , ») cmon QL re. $2 bonds berhvcen te bondet atoms aa Owe Bs gfcle wise. Sagoshioh SehaChemicat Bonding. £ ! °) 4 a ) SHlabelely rember 0} tC bona? oh) ty T bores, face wotatton b& mot sprestbo As. c), doesn't hetewndne ghape ef a moleute, hut chowlene — boncL lomgth . Pameting, gq R CT bonds é grag te wont = 1T 4 dovbte bond= !Toi™, Haipde bond, = Jr, oT. Hydwoger bond § weak omtoractten belivecw H ancl ao hy fly ~Asedoo- negetive Rw smatt ss2ek atom like Fz0 AN. tSolermolecutare H bonds Porinect berveen ive or: more oli Lb arent molecules th the Come or blparent Aypes Hg gate HK H 1 | mae ‘ iH 3 Solus to aarlermale toe H-bond , the water molecules ge closely packed » 99 water has more, density than fee where leks Structure ES bbsxwveol. less volume but an 6ben coge &) Nedew heos moa clenstly at 4° B) fo tee cubes when — foressect , klock, te to fp aancling. oom ome Sagoshich Seha@ Effeol af imtcomedecutorn Ht omcting + | 4) tncxcase tm BPLMP , cotubitily , thermat Glabilety , viscoshty » Stor ace ctenston Re Occ woumce, liquid slatc observodk as molecules get cncetswked: more closely, RYH fs a Ug — hawng higher BP, than other HX: °° Akohele are hig hly golubte MM worker B hove hs h BP than others which axe \ess colubte Mm wWoedter, A) Glycerol we highly visors with high GP, Glycerol > Glycol > GH sch ae TIP, Visosity . 9 aads have higher BP 2 solubolety then their sores por ay add dervivartves, S) Se DPA, RMA he comp lemuntany Hronds Gre helt cTogethes by th booncls , g Wucleie actols R proteins — are he tol Logether by HH boads. A) RHP, 00 HAT axtsts clus cto He boating, but feamiattr of other HX” (Netz) ts not possible ; dus to absenca of th boncting.. Aigo > HE > WH, Xp adds can Umerts2 dueto imilermab— Culare H boncling. of Geet fe acich oe Meat oes < benzene . cH 2 Year’ ec So-n70# ; Sagoshich SehaChamicat Bonding Am eSnlramolecutan dH boading’s Or Chetattony formed wethiay @ molecule o-h Bett bond —slI-O-] (Or efoie 20 H © Sffect of Intramolecutav H bork ng § @) the BP R acidic nchwe AB Molecule decrucces but voladtle oti mncreases. has alow BP & b) o- netyophenol more Volatile woduce dh actdia aoture , but than Pp nitro heart. x Resonance § Sometimes , rnvlecutee by enon Houctural Lormetas Ahot ame canonical Flauctwes or vresonediay Glouctures, WW? obexvved due to delocati eetfon ob tC elecsloous. are, verpreseurled WENS0 2 Nathso & Wer—o. ra 9 a io a 6 ae oe OENQ ONS #Recoranc Energy? Preagy of amert stabte (RE) canonical glowerture - Resonance Byberd Energy. a) RBA Tumber ch cONentcak — Slauctuus ’) RE X Habitety ! 9 RB Yeoeli vty ARE = xpeetect heat dd — Beak heat I ooogenat geno hyolrogenat tow hea ge pi Tagoshich Sahae. Due te hagh RE, benzene ps quite stabte & unckergoes cheelaophele guastituttons . It doos not wacergo addittow reacdtons, atthoughy th has doubts bonds (clue te Aelocatizatton ah wreely ons pr wesmnance), @ Gability of Canonical Glaectuscss 1, A men polar Slouctere TE always more sabe fhan & -polov Arete. oe or 4 t 2, Grater the number of covatent bands greater wt tt be the gtalt ety. + + CHy-C=6 > CHy-C=O- 3, The = cansnical Structuse 9m which 4 psictive. on clectroposittve. atom A megattve chasse on clecetronegecdt ve atem tf more Stable - + - - & Rb-8 > Ro>c=0 & a” 4, The camenicat sducture gn whieh sack atom hos @ oelet state fs more atab &. + + CHz- C=O > Cz-e= 0 ww, Sf Wke chorges = ME closer, the ebucte rw unclabte. @ Tyhs af esonanc s » Ssovelent 2 Canonical eivucstuses have. same mumber of boncts ® samme ty Pe % charges: &) hekerrvatantt? Cononteat Stouctures Sihperent numbes af. bonds have. QR charges. Sagoshich SahaChemicak Gonoting- @ Bond Vsder + Total mo. a Sq 8, 5 BO - ¥3 betcltsattorn (Pose tery ag latew) : A omergy — armory = 1.33, lwo & Totat mo. of oecler b/w-lwo atems. Canonicad Mopor glructuves DSarlesrni mag or rodtstoi buctior hath or more hetted , Aly - AeAted., an corn pled ely felted or sembly orbitals foomy samc mum ber of compaxabte ak hy brtcl ovabttats anergy +s ab edentfteal anergy 9 A hybard bond 0s always a Sigma bond. 5) A hybete bend ts atways Stronger thaw OQ Mon hy bot bond. 9 Aybrid gation & wenlapptry- a hy bate zatton amerveases gtabiuty. 2) Ay bor diaarton occas MH the cearteat aheny tm & molecule + ) Ayla atten does not ocour in Wolated atons but mm bomelect, atoms. + Types of hy brtolt zations | Shape. bond angst oq. Po sensor Jgo° H-G@ec-H x a : 2. 9p — Avigenst 20° I : . ‘ xB, yon shed waheckrot 19°98" i 3. 9p {orl wa heckr 09°28 wach Sagoshich Sehahabe ‘eho og. 4. dsp? Square oN rem ary Planer se Ps Near 8. spt - Taigonet 50%, ev bppy oamidat 1s0* NN x L aped* ~ Oetahectoat 90° 2h z " F 7. sopra? - Pemlagonat PSE 0 ad cael bipyramidal 74 — roe R a Pinding the Aype y te y 1, Rr covatert valence aleerly ons ob Ryboateti portton$ compounds 4 Sons aourrt the (4) charge, mumber of ana to find «& pavtoutor volurCN) . Q. Dive W te get quotient x (aumber ob tect = €(2 bp eons) ye & (2,8) , div by 2, b) wr € (10> 86) pdincle by &, ‘) Ef WE (68 to mooi dsvicke by 1. 3. 9F any Vemaincer ts Left, divicle to get quplient T: 4. X op X4+¥ =2 = SP =3 > sp? o4e sph, = 5~ opt, = bz gpid?, 7 spa? 4 Pncirg, § Geomeby aL Covaterrt compounds + @) Totat no ob eteclrew “pos atom which gis by orclts atfon Sayoskich Saha around cesleal () = (4 N-@ 4A) Aw Charge op anton © charge on carfow Ha mo. ob monovalent aom No mo, mf ee class In the walencs. Shell gk cenleat attiChomicat Boorcling- g ») Lone pare = Pew Po cleclon pair orcouncl Coarleat atom we number a atoms = SUIT Und ceorhat abr oF nim ber ob bond pair ot Lloe| rome: Pe 30, , P= B(h40-040) = 3B 3p? Ap = 3-2 = 04 + Hybotett sarton ow comer es £ Cectipeis dlybrvcttvotton | 23: for [Fe Cri)e] a nn ae tego *s ae os 2 sp op? 3 3p” 4 ope oo asp Ss spta oF dsp? 4 rp3a* or dsp when ligands when lypands @u weak ase gloonp oe Nee Ho, Fo CO, ON Ng + NS@PR Thovy CVakernce Chott Bleclasw Pade Ropatsen “Thea ) * [ ty hotm & Gutecpte | a) According to the theory 4 besrolss hybrtclizattom, the Mare. ob alectwous Grrondk the Crhrat giem also Clecicle the shape oh amosccute. 4 These may be wo types ot oleerla ons around. tne ceizat atom | te, bond goer A lord pate Sayoshich Saha¢) “These cttedvons — uncter go repulsion Ri Ascreasey owder — of mepulstore TF Ip-2p > Ip-bp> bp-bp. a) Due +o this aeputeton , shots of molecutes gat dlisterted A boncl angle chang es, ¥ Molecutas Oxbe-tlat Theory * (CHunet R Mullixen). basect on LCAOC Lareae combinarttor of atomic cnbttats) amodats 1) Qlomie. orbHate — anckogo lrmcat combination 4o boom Same mem ber of — Molecuare brbrtais, thy futgot the bo llowing, conctTors! Satire orbtlats must have — Comparatte oT ote oi iC Le + overta, Acne 6) mic orbita ames $ arly Yor enough 2 xh becdtive svorlabping- 9) gtemic ob ttats mut have Sem 8 ymmedy alony- with the anajor mpd kewlar axes i) implecutoe orbttatr are ormect lus to constructive amd dasteuctive orter penen @ oh atomic orb (tats . BE) Comedourerlive cntevacttow having gwm@® ware Liene-teon ol orbttats between Brboitet lobes aye produrces pomcing HOa [tke v,K, ant 4, hese ane HoMOs CHryfeet occuptect Mos ) Sagoshich SahaChemical Lonaling ev, Deslructive amderacttorn between atomic grbttats hav Upperent ign of “Y eproeluces amt boncting NOs (1uM0s) , Lowest unoccuptect Hos . 44: rt re* at eo Pacts elated -lo HeHOs anc LuNos & a) Emevgy + LUMO S HoHlOc, b) Wavelength? Lutos < HoMas. c) Lunds have noctat planes , Holos may er May not have. noolal planes, 4) Eloetoons cvatetbute bores of attractor, tn HeHds) while they cContetoute reputstan am Lubos. e) Leke — atomte orbttats, HO alco follov Rouli Exchuston Painetptey Hunde Rute 5 Aufbau Prinet pte . @ The MO obtained by the acldlitten a atomic orbitals OL lower energy than that of the atomic orbitats & ts called honey. orbital, “he Ho Ob-+atmeck by subtraction ‘of Odomia =ombitats ie of, higher anergy hw cattect. OW — anXi~ borcting gr bt tal. ° - Bond order (2.0.) =d(n,- na) Ny boncting- clectrsns Na rl bonotity electrens, Sagoshich SahaAnta boreleng NO @ Ho molecule! BO=q (2-0)=!-

constant, 9-» Chasse oe, 2y,2- 7 charge of cation, onion ye own Exponentt (gerevarly 9), me ay dastoncn betwee catfon A anisn, wo Gvogectro ne, + Yncompiete — Plectrow Oclet? Sagoshioh SehaGomi col (Sonctirg-. 43 * Expanston, of plectrsw Ootat + Happy Learning :) Sagoshich Saha