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    Carp Prawn Polyculture

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Forhad Ali

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PJ BS Bossxiczs so Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences ANSI ez n Network for Scientific Information 308 Lasani Towns Sargodha Road, Faisalabad - Pakistan Pakistan Joumal of Biological Sciences 9 (8) 1447-1483, 2006 ISSN 1028-8880 ‘© 2006 Asian Network For Selentfie Information. Development of Carp and Prawn (Machrobranchium rosenbergi) Polyculture System in Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh °M, Aminur Rahman, *8. Ahammed, °K. MM, Hasan, “MMH. Bhuiyan, “Ali, ‘MS. Islam and*MM. Rahman "Bangladesh Fisheries Research Insitute, Freshwater Station, Mymensingh-2201, Bangladesh *Agro-based Industries and Technology Development Project, Pond Based Aquaculture Management, Nari Uddug Kendra, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh “Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Bangladesh “Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Abstract: A study was undertaken to develo de esonomie tat of ral women of Kshoregonj Gist in "Banglades hough ih farming ntl, 200 beneicries of Nar Usdg Kena (NUK. ving varot sizes of pond were selected by baseline survey at Paka, Hossinpts and Tail Upsala (ub-dstits) of Kishoreganj district and made a two-day training on carp-prawn polyculture and provided counseling on the ond sites na smal group routinely from pond preparation to marketicg of thet produc. Five fish species viz, silver carp (Hypophthaimiohihys motiré) cata (Catla vata) rch (Labeo rahi) grass cap (Ctenapharingadon tdela) and Ths sharp Barbodes gontnotus) and one prawn species, got (Machrobranchiam rosenberi) were wed the present investigation. Pond prepartin anc management swere depended upon the se of lime, cow dung, urea and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP). The average stocking dln of ish ingesting ae shrimp posclarvae (PL) were 17,290 a" withthe species compesitins of silver cap 20M, cath (10%), rou (20%), grass eap (118%) Tha sharps (143%) aed golda (343%) ‘Supplementary feed comprising of rice/wheat bran and mustard oilcake (2:3) was applied at the rate of 8-124 of the total live fish weight twice daily. Duckweed either produced in pond or collected from the external sources was alto used a aiona supplementary fed. Physicochemical parameters of pon water were within the normal range for fish elt. Men prdtion offs an stirimp as obtained to be 1,980 kg ha aver an average cultre period of 24days, Pond management input and eost-beneit ata were recorded by the farmers and were then analyzed by fish experts, The mean production cost was estimated to be Tk, 18,772 wih benefit of Tk. 47.041 a Key words: Carp, prawn, polyculture, velopment, benefit INTRODUCTION hectare (Mazid, 2002; ‘various species of fish and shrimp was a Rahman and Rahman, 2003), Ones lable in these Fish and Fisheries play an important role in supplying food as quality protein, providing empfoyment ‘opportunities and earning foreign exchange. In cur ‘national econcmy, it contributes 5.3% tothe GDP, 5.7086 tothe export eamings and about 63% of animal protein to ‘our daily diet (DoF, 2002), Presently, 1 40 million people are engaged ful time and 12 million a8 per time in fisheries sector in the county for livelihood and trade. Another 53.8 million fish and shrimp farmers are cultivating fish both at subsistence and commercial level (Mazid, 2002) Bangladesh is fortunate enough having a vast water resources in the form of small ponds, lakes, canal rivers, floodplains and estuaries covering an area of 4.34 million ‘natural water bodies but has sharply declined in recent ‘years due to natural and men-made interventions in the ‘aquatic ecosystems (IUCN, 1998; Hussain and Hossain, 11999, Hussain and Mazid, 2001). The above water bodies ‘wore very rich in the past, but the prociction of fish failed tokeep pace withthe population size, which is increasing in geometric rate, As a result, ish has become rare in the ‘market in recent years. For this reason, people can not ‘consume the fish easily, which causes about 70% of people to sulfer from malnutrition (Dok, 1999), Therefore, there isa chronie deficiency of essential nutrients in the dicts ofthe people of Bangladesh (Alunod et a, 1977). To ‘overoome this severe problem, i is urgently needed to (Corresponding Author: Dr. Md Aminur Rahman, Senicr Scientic Officer, Bangladesh Fisheries Resarch Insite, Freshwater Station, Mymensingh-2201, Bangladesh "Tel: 88091-54221 1447 Pale Biol Soi, 9 (8): 1447-1453, 2005 supply protcnich dist to the people, Tis can only be achieved through cultre of fishes in cur utilized and eroict inland water bodies scattered thronehout the jcountry. Duc to the lack of proper planning for the fisheries sector in tho past, we have reached now a the eitieal point. Thre is no altemative way to avercome thin problem without developing cultre-based fisheries Tm Banglasest, many developement agencies have recently boon promoted aciacltire a8 a key component to. increase fish production Although shrimp prawn culture is going tobe the most popular and commercially Profitable business in many areas of Bangladesh, specially at the scuthem “and northwest regions (angper, Dinajper, Rajshahi and Bogra) and litle practiced in Mymemsingh but not s0 well practiced in ‘Kshoregon area. Nar Uddug Kenda (NUK), a center for ‘women initiatives, works all over Bangladesh to human ‘tesource development by providing traning and creating productive employments. NUK initially stated a pene ‘nase aqiculire and became ATDP-Il lien and farther ‘expanded their aquscultre acvities By working with 200 arass root level beneficiaries, especially women at thee Upezlles Pakundia, Hossainpee end Taril) of Kishoregonj district. The specific objectives of the present study are to create seléemployment and to improve the economic and social status of the poor swomen-beaded families and their counterparts through production of fishin ther ponds. ss adlitional aim eto ‘reate awareness and to motivate house-keeping women though mass contact for taking part in aqucultre tivities, which has been neglected for decades MATERIALS AND METHODS Survey, site selection and training activities: Two Imundred beneficiaries having nearly 600 acres of freslavater bodies where carp polyculture system is being practiced. A large number of fish farmers were involved in anges culture in their ponds, But recently, panges ‘lure is drustically decreased duc to high price of Feeds and low profitability, Some group-members practiced ‘cap-shriup polyculture and got ¢ tremendous peofit in ‘contrast to carp alone, because market price of shrimp is ‘very high and is considered tobe a bigh-prived exportable item. Considering the higher benelits, lamers become interested to make groups to boost up production through capp-shrimp polyculture systems in Kishoregon) district. However, the group does not have sufficient technical manpower to support the polyculture effectively. For this purpose, the groups seek a Lisheries expert fiom ATDP. The ‘fisheries expert signs an ‘agreement with ATDP to provide technical support for 200 beneficiaries of NUK in different Upazillas of ‘Kishoregonj district. Pond visits, group discussion and ‘raining were made to some mest potential fish farmers ‘Counseling was also provided during the pond visits. In order to sarve the activities effectively, dhe region ‘wos divided into 6 units for quick survey. The survey was ‘conducted to Know the water resources of the farmers, their pond condition, ownership patterns, culture system, stocking density and protocol, culture period for ‘each efop, input (By, Feed ete) stats, socioeconomic ‘condition of the fisherman (ineome and living standard, housing condition, literacy and edation, infrastnicture facility, constrain’s ete) The survey results helped to know the present situations of aquaculture (shrimp-fish culture) system ofthat area A Two-diy training on camp-shrimp polyculture system was organized for NUK members ameng the eight ‘aroups at 5 venues, The venues were in different unit offices of NUK at three Upazillas (Pakundia, Hossainpur ‘and Tarai) of Kishoregon The major training topics ‘covered were pond preparation, eradication of aquatic ‘weeds, unwanted fish and other animals, selection of suitable fish species, collection and transportation of fish ‘and shrimp seeds, nursery pond management, grow-out ‘management, selection of feed ingredients and feed preparation, feed implementation method, water quality ‘management, fish health management, Isrvesting. and marketing of cultivated fish species ete. Pond preparation and management: All aquatic weeds, which directly decrease fishshrimp production were ceudicatedtemoved by the farmers using the following methods + Physical method. “+ Biological method through herbivorous fish, like grass carp. + Fertilization with inorganic fertilizers to remove submerged weeds + Application of chemicals eg. Simazin, Endothelia te to destroy weeds. ‘Unwanted fishes, which are not normally, reared in ppond such as carnivorous fishes (sheal, boal, gajar taki baila, chitol, fli etc.) and weed fish (put, mola, dela hela, te) were eradicated by the following ways: © Sundeying, + Application of fish toxin ‘Among them, sun drying was considered to be the best method to eradicate unwanted fishes, After the 14s. Pale Biol Soi, 9 (8): 1447-1453, 2005 removal of aquatic weeds and unwanted fishes, quick lime (CaCO, 250 kg hu") was applied during pond preparation fr culture, whenever necessary. Liming inerease Ca in ‘water, remove the acidity of soil and water, increase decomposition of organo materials, decrease tubidity of ‘water, eradicate parasites and increase appetite of fish After 5-7 days of liming, the ponds were fertilized with ‘cowdung (1000 kg ha), urea (50 kg ha) and triple super phosphate (25 kg ha~?) to increase the productivity in terms of pliyto- and zooplankton, the primary food for fish fingerling/shrimp PL. ‘Transportation of fish fingerling/PL and stocking management: After fertilization, when sufficient natural foods were available, all ponds were then stocked with strong and healthy fish and shrimp seeds. Transportation ‘of PL depends om the distance to be transported, About 30,000 PL vias transported in 40 liters of aerated water if the distance was les than 1h. When 18-24 h required, PL ‘was transported in a 4580 om polyethylene bag with 8 Litre of water and oxygen. All fiy’PL were properly ‘acclimatized with pond water before stocking 3 that they ‘were not been exhausted due to the sudden change of ‘environmental conditions. Cool weather and evening hhours were selected for stocking, The research was ‘conducted for 240 days from August, 204 to March, 2005 in 200 ponds. The average stocking densities of fish fingerlings and shrimp PL in all the experimental pons ‘were maintained at 17,290 ba! with the species compositions of silver carp (20%), eatla (10%), tofu (20%), grass carp (1.43%), Tha sharputi (14.3%) and sgolda shrimp (343%). The details of stocking densities, tatios and sizes by species of fish and shrimp are shows in Table 1. Water quality and feed management: Sulficient plankton in pond water was ensured by the application of organic (cowdung, 750 kg ha") and inorganie (urea, 25 kg. hav and TSP, 25 kg ha!) fertilizers at fortnightly intervals ‘Water quality parameters (such as temperature, dissolved ‘oxygen, pEL transparency, total alkalinity and ammonia- nitrogen) were analyzed fortnightly between 09.00 and 1000h, following the standard method (APHA, 1992) and ‘maintained at optimuam level forthe production of natural food and normal grovth of fish and shrimp, Supplementary feed mostly depends on the natural food (plankton) present in the pond. High amount of supplementary feed were used when there was a scarcity ‘of natural foods in water, Supplementary feed usally ‘comprising of ricewheat bran and mustard cileake (2:3) ‘was applied atthe rate of 8-12% of the total fish weight twice daily. In addition, duckweed either produced in “oble Det ockig desis, tos nd ses by species ih and ‘timp rst Sucking Stocking Eon Slverean ipepiinichips «SST mars) au uateo rod, sss (Gras cu Cerophartgodoniia, 27 a8 ‘Tiassa artes ho 3 aona ‘Gon (tevebre oe soe ss oases) ‘Taal 1330010 ‘pond or collected from the extemal soures was sed as supplementary feed. ‘Health management: Sampling was done regularly to ‘monitor grovth and health condition of fish and prawn, ‘The following steps were undertaken for maintaining 200d health of fish and prawn: + radication of the tree-branches from the pond ‘embankmest to ensure adequate sunlight, + Control of aquatic weeds. “+ Regular observation on the movement of fish and shrimp, + Netting in pond at frmightly interval for exercise of fish. + Control of dissolved oxygen and pH of the pond water. + Application of supplementary feed and fertilizer stepped when the transparency level of water was below 8 cm, Harvesting, transportation, qualify control and marketing: Two methods were used to harvest the coltred fish, one wa meting and another was complete ‘doing the pond. Al Fishes were not capired by nating, ‘only masketable fish were harvested [Afer harvesting, fishes were thoroughly. washed ‘with eleanwatar and then kept in basket, Tee was wed, ‘when transportation takes fra ong time, Farmers usualy harvest fishsrimp eae i the moming av tempeanare remains at low level daring tis time. As the makat price ‘of ish is generally high in dry season, she farmers usually sold thei eultred Gish anl pawn daring this time inorder to gethigher benefits. RESULTS During the study, pons were selected by baseline suivey af diree Upazillas of Kishoregony district owned by ‘group members of NUK having ponds of ten to several 1449 Pale Biol Soi, 9 (8): 1447-1453, 2005 Imunered acres. Nearly 508% pond was 0.104020 acres in size. In seme casos, rice field was converted to pond by ‘constructing dikes around the field, where rice and fish ‘were being cultured alternately, ie, riee im dry season and fish in wet season ‘The water temperature was found to vary from 20.40 033.80°C witha mean level of 8.25°C. The temperature ‘as highest inthe month of August (33.80°C) and lowest in January (20.40°C) (Table 2). This trend might be ‘due to cooler weather in winter season. The mean dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in moming hours ‘obtained to be 4 801,02mg.L~ with arange from 3200 5.30 mg L~ throughout the experiment. The piT ‘vase from 7.10 108.45 with a mean of 7.6820.48, Water transparency ranged betveen 27.26 and 61.56 em with a ‘mean value of 34.4258 85 om, Tho highest transparency level was observed in September and the lowest in in August while the lowest (0.02 mg L~) in December, Color of pond water was greenish to brownish, indicates the existence of adequate natural foods fer cult of both fish and shrimp. “The final harvesting month of ish and shrimp was in ‘March 2005. Golda was usually harvested in December ‘due to high masket price. The mean production of eaxps ‘and pmwn was estimated to be 1.080 kg ha"! over an verge culture period of 240 days. Average investment ‘cont, income and cost-benefit data are also shown. in Tobie 3. Some firmers consumed a proportion of their fish land such quantities were also priced for assessing the value of the total crops. ems sich as cow dung and duckweed were usually collected and no financial coat ‘oble2: Mean voles SD) and ages of water uly prametes in ond er the 1 expertent Mean Sind Jarmaxy. Mean teal alkalinity of water of the experimental — paren Mins namgea —_Dorlndary ‘ponds was found to be 132.26:26.5S mg L-! and ranged Tenpentre CO) 3 RO from 79.0 to 170.0 mg L~* Total ammonia content of BetebelawaarcD0,ngi-) “480 320830 st z pose ceocanntcn ph 768 TIRE 048 pond water was found to be ranged between (02 and‘ Mydosen soe ee ee 130mg L~* witha mea of 0.494034mgL~. Thehighest TusLakainy mgt) 8225 moore Saas ‘amount of ammonia content (130mg 1) wasrecorded Atmonionirmgen gi) __o49_ cnt _s034 ‘Tible3 Resteh stare oanbe beets, pnd se, erage proton, exgedite ol bert Rese ‘No.of Pind ‘Avengeprehtion —— Expenire Pp eo dee ‘aime sti Kung ps ae o Path Is 20 s » Pagebange 10 Iss + x” anger 7 aS a 3 Awol 7 7% a ™ Doail 4 1 6 Tate 5 0 : * Shih 4 Ss Ss ache ‘ 16 % Past ® 7s 4 Poke 1% ar * Bicuanatipur | 8 "4 Tel 5 = ‘Tankans 5 2 %6 oot 4 Tos * ‘Sore ® * * Hovese ‘ 18 s shanania ‘ 2 = 4 3 *” 3 a1 * 4 2 2 1 at 3 - aS " 20 216 3 2 a 2s an Fiesta ot wri odin, penance ap ent eae oer a cre pet 240 4 247 esinal= hee 1430 Pale Biol Soi, 9 (8): 1447-1453, 2005 ‘was assigned to the farmers. However cow dung. dows have a market value, principally as a fuel and was priced at Tk. 0.5 kg Despite duckweed had no financial cost, it was estimated at Tk. 0.5 kg”! as labor costs. Average ‘expenditure of production was Tk, 18,772 ha! with a benefit of Tk. 47,041 ha In the study area, a number of constraints for fish forming were reported, inchiding dike overflow, water pollution, harvesting. and marketing problems, natural disasters (excessive sninfall, over flood, droughts ete), poisoning, multiple ownership, lack of money. higher production costs, lack of proper technical knowledge and good quality fish seeds DISCUSSION Physico-chemical parameters exert an immense influence on the maintenance of a healthy aquatic ‘environment and production of food organisms. Growth, feed efficieney and feed consumption of fish are normally governed by environmental factors. (Fry, 1971; Brett, 1979).Water temperature is one of the ‘most important factors, which influence the physico- ‘chemical and biological events of a water body. The range ‘of temperature recorded from the experimental pons agrees well with the findings of Molla and Haque (0978) and Wahab et al. (1995) from the ponds of ‘Bangladesh Agriculsanl University (BAU) earapus, Water transparency was found to fluctuate widely in the present study, The highest transpareney was recorded in September and the lowest after fertilization, might be due to the presence of higher plankton population and suspended organie matter in water cohumn, Islam ef al. (2974) recorded the minimum transpareney in Janvary ‘and maximum in June. Dewan (1973) observed a good ‘correlation of tmmsparency with the waler depth and rainfall, Boyel (1982) recommensled a transparency between 13 and 40 em as appropriate for fish culture Wahab ef al. (1994) recorded transparency depth ranging fiom 15.0to 74.0 em in polyculture pons. Raman (1992) ‘concluded that the tamspareney of productive water bodies shouldbe 40.0 em or les, The observed pH values agree well with the findings of Hossain ef ab (1997) and Kohinoor ef al. (1998) who found the pH ranges of (6.70-8.30 and 7.18-7.24, respectively in the research ponds of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), ‘Mymensingh, Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the water ‘of experimental ponds agree with the findings of Walub ef a. (1995), who recarded the DO concentrations ranging from 2.7 to 7.2 mg L~* during their experiment in the BAU campus. Ahmed (1993) also reported a similat luend of lower DO levels fiom fertilized and fed carp fingerling ponds. Fluctuations of DO concentrations ‘might be due to application of organic manne and supplementary feeds as well as constmption of oxygen by fish and other aquatic organisms (Boyd, 1982) However, the DO lavel was within the acceptable range for fish oulture ‘Namal waters containing 40 mg Lor mote total allalinity are considered as hard waters for biological purposes. Hard waters are generally more prochictve than soft waters. Bluiyen (1970) reported that total alkalinity of, ‘medium preductive water ranged from 25 to 100 mg L=* Sadipti (1998) found the average total alkalinity values swore above 100 mg L.~ in some BATT campus ponds. The ‘observed alkalinity levels of waters of the experimental ponds indicated that the productivity of the ponds was ‘medium to high, The findings of the present study are in close agreement with those of Rahman and Rahman (2003) and Raluman ef af, (2005). Higher alkalinity levels might be ‘due to application of higher doses of lime during. pond preparation and frequent liming throughout the ‘experiment (Boyd, 1982; Jhingran, 1991), The level of ‘amimonia-nitrogen recorded from the experimental ponds in the present study i lower than that was reported bby Dewan ef al. (1991) who recorded 0.05-620 mg L~ aque ef al. (1998) found ammenia-nitrogen level of (0,11-0,13 mg Lin BAU seseaseh ponds, Kohinoor etal (2001) recorded ammenia-nitgen ranged from 001 to 1.55 mg L” in monoculture pons, However, the present level of ammonianitzogen content in the experimental ponds was not lethal to the stocked fishes (Kohinoor etal, 1958, 2001), Different species in polyculture pond occupy different niches with their complementary feeding habits, fully utilizing all the natural feeds in the pond, thus increasing the total fish production (Tang, 1970; Sinha ‘and Gupia, 1974). Lakshmanan ef al, (1971) recorded tbe fish prosactious. which were varied fiom 2230 to 4209 kg tar yr in polyeulture with Chinese earp and nian majoe éarps by stocking in varying proportions at different densities. Good results were also obtained by Singh ef af (1972) from polyculture ponds using silver ‘carp, gress arp, common carp together with Indian major ‘carpe and the production recorded by them was 6.196 kg ha yr. However, the production recorded in the present study was 1,980 kg ha"! over an average culture period of 240 days with the above recommended species, Mazid ef al. (1997) found gross production of 3,600 kg ba” yr” from composite culture of Indian major ‘carpe and Chinese carpe in Bangladesh, Gupta andl Rab (1994) recorded the production of 1480 kg ha~ fish over ‘an average culuure petiod of 215 days from 181 ponds in ‘ental and westem Bangladesh at an average stocking 1431 Pale Biol Soi, 9 (8): 1447-1453, 2005 tate of silver carp, 26%, catla, 19%, rohn, 20% and silver barb, 17% along with other species at 18%. The total production of earp and golda obtained from the present study were within the range of good production level ‘compared tothe abowe findings. Although shrimpyprawn culture és going to be the ‘most popular and commercially profitable tnsiness in y areas of Bangladesh, especially southem region, north-west region (Rangpur, Dinaipur, Rajshahi and Boar) and litle practiced in Mymensingh region but prawn culture are not well practiced in this region (Kishoregenj). Therefore, prawn (Machrobranchiton rosenbergi) was experimentally introdhiced inthe present study to evaluate the growth and _produstion Although the gross production in the present study was high compared to the other findings, the production of ‘prawn in some ponds were nat good might he dc tothe lack of proper management and technical knowledge ‘Therefore, the production could be increased ifthe PL or juvenile is stocked at proper time with quality supplementary feed at recommended doses. This study is the first demonstration of carp-prawn polyculture system in womenheaded farmers” pond in Bangladesh, which ‘might immensely be helpful towards the development and

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