Total Geography Answer Key Class 9th

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(ii)
Chapter 1 3 — 4
Chapter 2 4 — 8
Chapter 3 8 — 11
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
11 — 13
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13 — 16y
Chapter 6
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Chapter 7
Chapter 8
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22 — 24
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Chapter 9 24 — 26
Chapter 10 26 — 27
Chapter 11
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Chapter 12
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Chapter 13 32 — 34
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Chapter 14
Chapter 15
35 — 37
37 — 39
Chapter 16 39 — 40
Chapter 17 40 — 41
Chapter 18 42 — 43
Chapter 19 43 — 44
Chapter 20 45 — 47
CHAPTER 1 3
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. mast 2. height 3. 90°
4. west, east 5. Oblate Spheroid 6. Biosphere
7. 17°C 8. Hydrosphere 9. Biosphere
10. Life-giving. 11. Global warming 12. temperature
13. Life-giving cycles 14. nitrogen
II. Short Answer Questions
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1. The Pole Star lies in line with the axis of the earth and can be seen
at 900 angle at North Pole. Its angle decreases as we go towards
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Hence, the shape of the earth is like a sphere.
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the Equator (00). This could happen only along the arc of a circle.
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2. The earth is sphere shaped but is slightly flat at the Poles and
bulges a little along the Equator. This shape of the earth is called
Oblate Spheroid.
3. 17ºC. Supports life.
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4. Nearly 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
5. The narrow zone of contact between land, water and air where life
6.
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is found is called the biosphere.
(i) Temperature (ii) Light (iii) Humidity (iv) Wind.
7.
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(i) Earth is located at a right distance from the sun.
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(ii) It has an average temperature of 170C which is suitable to
o rsupport life on the planet.

(iii) Its atmosphere is made up of life supporting gases like oxygen,
(iii)
F nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

(iv) The presence of ozone layer protects the earth from the harmful
ultraviolet rays of the sun by preventing them from reaching
the earth.
(v) About one-third of the earth is covered by water, which helps
to maintain the hydrological balance. (Any two)
III. B. Structured Questions
1. (a) While sighting an approaching ship from seashore, the mast
of the ship is seen first followed by the deck, the funnel and
finally the hull. If the earth were flat, the entire ship would
have been seen all at once.
(b) Three poles of equal height were fixed along the Bedford level
canal area in England at a distance of five km from each
other. When looked at from one end of the canal, the pole at
4 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX)
the center appeared to be a little taller. This was only possible
due to spherical shape of the earth.
(c) (i) This is because the earth is round and rotates on its axis
from west to east. If the earth would have been flat, the
sunrise and sunset would have occurred at the same time
all over the world.
(ii) The earth’s diameter varies at the Equator and at the
Poles due to the centrifugal force of earth’s rotation at a
great speed which results in a bulge at the Equator and
a compression at the Poles.
(iii) Venus is hotter than mercury because the atmosphere
around Venus is mainly composed of carbon dioxide that
produces Greenhouse effect, i.e., infrared rays from the
Sun are allowed to penetrate into Venus which increase
the temperature on Venus.
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(d)
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Refer to Figures 1.5 (a) and (b) in the textbook.
2. Self explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
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3. (a) (i) During lunar eclipse the shadow of the earth on the moon’s
surface is visible. The shadow is always circular proving
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the circular shape of the earth.
(ii) The Pole Star can be seen at 90° at the North Pole and this
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angle reduces to zero at the equator. This can happen only
in the arc of a circle hence proving earth’s circular shape.
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(b) An ecosystem refers to the community of living organism and
the non-living components of their environment interacting
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as a system. For example pond, grassland etc.
(c) (i) Refer to Sec. II Q.No. 7.
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(ii) Because 70 per cent of the earth’s surface is covered with
water.
F o (iii) Refer to ‘Water’ in the textbook.

(d) Refer to Fig. 1.8 in the textbook.
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EXERCISES
I. Short Answer Questions
1. Geographic grid refers to the framework of lines of longitude and
latitude on a globe or a map.
CHAPTER 2 5
2. The geographic grid serves the same purpose of as the co-ordinates
on a graph with the lines of latitude representing the x-axis and
the lines of longitude representing the y-axis.
3. Eratosthenes.
4. The lines running from east to west and parallel to the Equator
are called the lines of latitude. The lines running north to south
and passing through the poles are called lines of longitude.
5. (i) A latitude is the angular distance of a place north or south
of the Equator.
(ii) Lines of latitude are parallel to each other and parallel to the
Equator, hence they are called parallels of latitude.
6. Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.
7. Refer to ‘Uses of Latitudes’ in the textbook.
8. 111 km (approximately).
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9. (i) Torrid Zone (ii) Temperate Zone (iii) Frigid Zone
10. Refer to Figure 2.4 in the textbook.
11. The Torrid Zone
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e receives the vertical rays of the sun. The Temperate
sun never shines above the horizon.

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Zones, get the slanting rays of the sun. Near the polar regions the
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12. The 0º longitude is called Prime Meridian.
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(i) It divides the earth into the Eastern and the Western Hemispheres.
(ii) The time set at the Prime Meridian — the Greenwich Mean
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Time is an important point of reference for calculating time
at different places on the earth.
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13. The lines of latitude divide the earth into specific heat belts which
represent the general climate in that area. For example, the hot
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Torrid zone.
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14. Refer to Q.No. 10 above.
15. The longitude of 82½0 E.
16. Refer to Q.No. 18.
17. Refer to Q.No. 18.
18. The Great Circle Route is the shortest distance between two places
on earth and lies on the arc of a great circle.
(i) It helps the navigators to find the shortest distance between
any two points on the earth.
(ii) It helps meteorologists to determine climate and weather
conditions in a region.
II. Structured Questions

1. (a) (i) Equator: 00 (ii) North Pole: 900 N
(iii) South Pole: 900 S (iv) Tropic of Capricorn: 23½0 S
(v) Tropic of Cancer: 23½0 N
(b) Significance of Lines of Latitude
(i) Lines of Latitude are used to find the location and distance
of a place north or south of the Equator.
(ii) They divide the earth into three distinct heat belts — help
to indicate the general climate of the area.
(c) (i) Because the lines of latitude are parallel to the Equator
and each other.
(ii) Because these lines are complete circles that remain
equidistant from each other, and vary in size from the
longest at the Equator to the smallest, which are just
points or dots, at the Poles.
atitudes.
(iii) The rays of the sun fall at different angles along the latitudes.
2.
(d)
(a)
Refer to Figure 2.4 in the textbook.
Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 4.
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(b)
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Distance: Two diametrically opposite lines of longitude make
a great circle. Navigators use great circles to find the shortest
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distance between any two points on the surface of the earth.
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Time: The Prime Meridian is numbered at 0 degrees. Each
line of longitude is marked as East or West based on the
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direction from the Prime Meridian. And the time difference
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is of 4 minutes for every 1 degree longitude. So for each 1
degree longitude moving towards the East 4 minutes are added
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and for each 1 degree longitude moving towards the West, 4
minutes are subtracted.
(c)
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(i) The word ‘Meridian’ is derived from the Greek word called
e meridianum, meaning noon. The sun crosses a meridian
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of longitude, will have noon at the same time.
F o (ii) Lines of Longitude are of same length because each line of

longitude equals half of the circumference of the earth and
each line extends from the North Pole to the South Pole.
(iii) A Great Circle is a theoretical line that is formed by the
intersection of the earth’s surface and an imaginary plane
that passes through the centre of the earth and divides
the earth into two equal halves. The Equator and the
diametrically opposite lines of longitude, by this definition,
form Great Circles.
(d) Refer to Figure 2.6 in the textbook.
3. (a) IDL means the International Date Line. It is the line of
180 degrees longitude which is located diametrically opposite
the Prime Meridian. The time difference works out to one
day when we cross this line. While going from East to West
a day is added and while moving from West to East a day is
deducted or the time is fixed backward by one day.
CHAPTER 2 7
(b) Refer to the textbook under the heading International Date Line.
(c) (i) In order to prevent the confusion of having different dates
within the same country, the IDL zig zags and bends in
island countries like Fiji and Tonga and around the land
masses of the Bering Strait.
(ii) The longitude of 0 degrees passes through Greenwich
(England). In fixing time zones, the time at Greenwich
has been selected as the reference and time is called the
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
(iii) Because the two points separate the Great Circle
into two arcs and the length of the shorter arc is the
great-circle distance between the two points.
(d) Refer to the example in Sec. III Problem Solving.
III. Problem Solving

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1. The local time at Mumbai is 7:30 p.m.
From the Atlas, we know that Mumbai lies at 73° E.
Ivory Coast is located at 20° W.
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Total meridians = 73 + 20 = 93°
1 Meridian = 4 minutes.
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93° meridian = (93 × 4) = 372 minutes
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= 6 hours 12 minutes.
Ivory coast is to the west of Mumbai, therefore, time difference will
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be subtracted = 1930 – 1812 = 1.18 pm.
2. We know that 1 degree longitude is equivalent to 4 minutes of time.
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The time difference is 4 am to noon is 8 hours and noon to 1:15
pm is 1 hour 15 minutes, the total is 9 hours and 15 minutes.
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Convert this to minutes which is 60 multiplied by 9 and add 15,
which is 555 minutes.
F o For 4 minutes it is 1 longitude so for 555 minutes the distance is

of 555 divided by 4 = 138.75 degrees.
Assuming the question mentions of these times for the same
day, the place we want already had the time of 4 am before
it went through the whole morning, over noon and became
1:15 pm. So this place is ahead of time in Chicago. So this place
to the East of Chicago. We have to go east by 138.75 degrees.
We start moving east from Chicago, after 88 degrees of travel, we
come up to the 0 degrees at GMT. From this 0 degrees we need to
travel further east by the amount of what is left of the total degrees
of 138.75. So we have to travel further east for 138.75 minus 88
which would be 50.75 degrees. We have crossed into the East side
over the 0 degree longitude. The location of the place is 50.75 E.
3. 2:00 pm.
4. 148° W.
5. 12:56 am.
6. The longitude will be 112½º W.
7. Since India has a relative small east to west space, all the time in
India is marked by the Indian Standard Time found at the meridian
for India located at 82½ degrees East.
If we use the calculation of time difference using longitude, then for
1 degree longitude the time difference is 4 minutes. The difference
in longitude between these two places is 19° (92–73). So the time
difference is 76 minutes or 1 hour and 16 minutes (19 × 4).
So, Mumbai is behind Shillong time, subtract 1 hour 16 minutes
from 10: 30 pm to get the Mumbai time. That will make Mumbai
time at 9:14 pm. (Have a sketch of a clock in front when doing
these calculations, it may make the calculations easier).
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EXERCISES
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1. The earth’s axis is imaginary line about which the earth rotates from
the West to the East. The axis is tilted towards the sun at an angle of
2.
66½0.
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(i) Rotatione (ii) Revolution.
3.
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(i) The earth completes one rotation from west to east on its axis
in approximately 24 hours.
4.F (ii) Speed is faster at the Equator than at the two poles.
(i) Causes day and night.
(ii) Affects the ocean currents and winds.
5. (i) The duration of day and night would be equal at all places on
earth.
(ii) All the places on earth would have the same temperature all the
year round.
6. Due to the pull of gravity of the earth.
7. The path of the earth around the sun is known as elliptic.
8. Revolution is the journey of the earth around the sun, along an
elliptical orbit that takes 365¼ days to complete.
9. (i) When the earth is closer to the sun it moves faster due to
gravitational forces.
CHAPTER 3 9
(ii) The period taken to finish a revolution is 365 days and 6 hours
10. (i) Seasonal changes are not sudden due to the inclination of the
axis; and
(ii) creation of heat zones.
11. Perihelion is the position when the earth is closest to the sun. Aphelion
is the position when the earth is farthest from the sun.
12. September 23 and March 21 because the sun shines vertically over
the Equator. The two days are called Equinox.
13. The longest day in the Northern Hemisphere is on June 21, which is
the Summer Solstice. The shortest day is on December 22, which is
the Winter Solstice.
14. (a) On March 21 and September 23, (b) June 21 (c) December 22.
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15. The rays of the sun are more vertical at noon and more slanting in the
morning due to
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(i) the shape of the earth and
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(ii) the earth is tilted on its axis.
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16. Because on September 23, the sun is vertically overhead at the
Equator, the days and nights are equal.
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It is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and Spring in the Southern
Hemisphere.
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17. Summer Solstice refers to June 21, the day when the sun is overhead
at the Tropic of Cancer at 23½0 N and the North Pole is tilted towards
the sun. On June 21.
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18. Equionox means of equal length. On two days in a year, i.e., March
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over the world. a
21 and September 23, the days and nights are of equal duration all
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19. Twelve hours. Refer to Q.No. 18.
20. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere it is winter in the
F o Southern Hemisphere and vice versa.

21. Refer to ‘Twilight in Low and High Latitudes’ in the textbook.
22. The region beyond the Arctic Circle, at 66½° N experiences
24 hours daylight because the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun. At
such places the Sun is visible only at very low height, just above the
horizon. This phenomena is called the ‘Midnight Sun’ and continues
for almost three months up to autumnal equinox. It is experienced in
Norway, which is called the land of midnight sun.
23. The low latitudes close to the Equator get more vertical rays of the
sun. The high latitudes as we get further away to the poles get more
slanting rays of the sun. The slanting rays travel a greater distance
and cover larger area and are less intense in heat. Hence, the low
latitudes are warmer and called the torrid zone and have more severe
warm weather.
1 0 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX)
II. Distinguish between the following:
(i) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 3, 4, 8, 9, 10.
(ii) Vertical Rays Slanting Rays

1. The rays of the sun fall The rays of the sun fall at
perpendicularly on the earth. an angle on the earth.
2. Travel less distance. Travel larger distance.
3. Heat a larger area and are Heat a relatively small area
less hot. and are hotter than slanting
rays.
(iii) Refer to the Table (Difference between Solstice and Equinox)

on Page 28 in the textbook.
III. Structured Questions
1. (a) The spinning of the earth on its axis is called rotation. n l y
rotation. The
(i) It causes Day and night.

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following are the effects of the rotation of the earth.
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(ii) The duration of day and night is not the same at all places
because the earth is inclined at an axis of 23½0.
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(iii) The speed of rotation creates a centrifugal force that
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causes the earth to be a little bulged in the middle and
flattened at the poles.
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(iv) Causes and controls the winds.
(v) Affects the movements of water in the oceans and
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causes tides.
(vi) Rotation in combination with revolution causes the
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(b) (i) The duration or time length of day and night is not the
F o same at all places on the earth.

(ii) The time of day at any place is determined by the height
of the sun in the sky. If the sun is very high in the sky the
time is closer to noon.
(iii) Causes difference in temperature at different places.
(iv) It is rotation and revolution together and the earth’s
inclined axis that cause seasonal changes. (Any two)
(c) (i) Kuala Lumpur lies closer to the Equator than London.
Since the speed of rotation decreases towards the
Poles, Kuala Lumpur rotates faster on the earth’s axis
than London.
(ii) The earth rotates from West to East.
(iii) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 22.
CHAPTER 4 1 1
2. (a) Refer to ‘Angle of Incidence and Duration of Daylight’ in
the textbook.
(b) Refer to ‘Cycle of Seasons’ in the textbook.
(c) (i) The earth is shaped like a sphere and is tilted on its axis
towards the sun.
(ii) Because the earth is shaped like a sphere and tilted on its
axis.
(iii) New Zealand — Southern Hemisphere — December 25
close to Winter Solstice — the earth is tilted with the
South Pole facing the sun and the sun is shining on the
Tropic of Capricorn.
(d) Refer to Figures 3.4 in the textbook.
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EXERCISES
I. Short Answerr Questions
1. (i) Seismic waves;
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(ii) Materials thrown up during volcanic eruptions;
(iii) Theories of the origin of the earth.
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2. NIFE is found in the core of the earth. It is manly composed of
Nickle(Ni) and Iron(Fe).
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3. The temperature and pressure inside the earth cause many of the
earth’s movements like earthquakes, volcanoes, folding and faulting.
These movements of the earth lead to formation of new landforms.
4. Scientists study meteorites, keeping in mind the theories of the
origin of the earth. The earth is believed to be made up of similar
types of materials as are meteorites.
5. Refer to Q.No. 6 below.
6. Lithosphere is the thin outermost crust of the earth. It is made up
of rocks with large contents of silicates, feldspar and mica.
7. Core, Mantle and Crust.
8. Mantle or Barysphere is the layer that lies below the crust.
(i) Its average thickness is 2900km.
(ii) The density varies between 3g/cm2 to 4.5g/cm2. It is divided
into the upper mantle and the lower mantle or asthenosphere,
which is in semi-molten state.
9. Asthenosphere — depth of 100–250 km — lower mantle —
semi-molten state temperature of 1100° C because it is in contact
with the core of the earth which is very hot.
10. Refer to Sec. II, (iii).
11. The earth’s interior in most parts exist in a solid state because of high
density and high pressure, which compresses the molten rock material.
II. Distinguish between the following:
(i) Refer to Sec. III Q.1 (a); (ii) Refer to Sec. III Q.1 (a)
(iii) Refer to Sec. III Q.1 (b).
1. (a) The lithosphere or the outer crust is the thinnest layer — made
up of rocks — silicates, feldspar, and mica — can be divided
into two parts based on their chemical composition,
(i) SIAL: made up of Silica (Si)and Aluminium (Al) — form then l y
continents.
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(ii) SIMA: — made up of Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg) —
has a lower density than Sima

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make up the ocean floor. Sial floats over Sima because Sial
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(iii) NIFE: — Refer to Sec I, Q.No. 2.
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The Core is the most inaccessible part lying at the centre of
the earth. It is generally believed, that the core is composed of
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iron and nickel which is responsible for earth’s magnestism.
The magnetic field is oriented towards North and South Poles.
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The Mantle lies below the crust. It is divided into two parts—the
upper mantle and the loer mantle. It is cooler and made of solid
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(b) (i) Gutenberg Discontinuity: This is the boundary between the
F o mantle and the core of the earth. It begins at a depth of 2900

km and density ranges between 5.5 g/cm2 to 10 g cm2.
(ii) Moho Discontinuity: This forms the boundary between the
crust and the mantle. So it has the characteristics of both
the crust and the mantle.
(c) (i) This is because as we get closer to the interior of the earth,
the density and the pressure increase with depth making
the interior of the earth hotter.
(ii) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 9.
(iii) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 11.
(d) (i) 1. Atmosphere 2. Crust or lithosphere
3. The Mantle 4. The Core
5. Ocean or hydrosphere
(ii) • Atmosphere: Gaseous state
• Crust: Solid state
CHAPTER 5 1 3
• Mantle: Solid state(upper); Semi-solid (lower)
• Core: Solid state
• Ocean or hydrosphere: Liquid state
(iii) The Crust in suitable for human habitation because:
• it has an optimal temperature for human habitation.
• its contact with atmosphere and hydrosphere provides
the pre-requisites for life.
2. (a) (i) The crust is the outermost and the thinnest layer of the
earth.
(ii) It is made up of rocks with large content of silicates, feldspar
and mica. It has a thickness.
(b) The core of the earth is responsible for the earth’s magnetic field.
(c) (i) Because it is made up of Nickle (Ni) and Iron (Fe).

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This is because of the presence of iron and nickle in this layer.
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(ii) Because it is the densest part of the earth and has
temperature range between 4400°C to about 6000°C.
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(iii) Due to the forces of nature the thickness of earth’s crust is

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very fragile and undergoes many structural changes.
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I. Short
Short Answer Questions
1. A landform is a natural feature on the surface of the earth.
Mountains, Plateaus.
2. Because fold mountains are formed in wave-like formations
called folds.
3. (i) They have slopes, deep alleys and sharp pointed snow covered
peaks; (ii) volcanic activities are common in these mountains.
4. (a) The Himalayas; (b) The Urals.
5. Nilgiri Hills; Plains of Northern India.
7. Due to tensional forces, cracks or faults may occur in the earth’s
crust. If two parallel faults form then the land in between them
subsides or becomes lowered and this forms a rift valley.
The African Rift Valley.
8. A plateau is defined as an area of high ground, usually 500 feet above
the ground level. These uplands have generally flat upper surface and
a steep slope on one side.
9. Refer to Sec. IV, Q.No. 2(a).
10. (i) Mountains, plateaus, plains and valleys are beautiful sculptures
of nature on the surface of the earth’s crust which add to the
beauty of the earth.
(ii) Landforms represent the relief features of the earth. They have
an impact on climate, direction of winds, precipitation as well as
other atmospheric processes.
(iii) The mountain ranges of the world are the abode of snow and
glaciers and are thus, the source of perennial rivers.
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(iv) Many kinds of forests are found on the slopes of mountains, hills
and plateaus which are home to different species of plants and
animals.
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(Any two
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II. Give one technical term for each of the following:
1. Mountain 2. Residual Mountains
3. Horst Mountains
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4. Intermontane Plateau
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5. Volcanic Plateau
7. Piedmont Alluvial Plains
6. Plain
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III. Distinguish between
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en each of the following:
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1.
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Fold Mountains Block Mountains
aused by the horizontal 1. Formed by faulting. Vertical
1. Caused
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movement of plates on the crust
of the earth causing the rocks
movement of the land results in
either upward lift or submergence
F o to get compressed and then

rise up to form mountains.
leading to the formation of a
mountain.
2. These mountains are usually 2. These types of mountains are not
longer and not very wide. as long as the fold mountains.
3. The Himalayas 3. Salt Range of Pakistan
2. Intermontane plateau Volcanic plateau

1. Highest and most extensive 1. Derived from lava flows from
types of plateaus formed along volcanic eruptions.
with fold mountains.
2. These plateaus are surrounded 2. These plateaus are covered with
by hills and mountains on basaltic rock.
all sides.
3. Tibetan Plateau (Asia) 3. Deccan Plateau (India).
CHAPTER 5 1 5
3. Structural plains Depositional plains

1. Formed due to uplift or 1. Formed by deposition of different
subsidence of land. materials.
2. Result of forces of structural 2. Result of action of different
development as well as agents of deposition like rivers
deposition. wind or sea.
3. The Great Plains of the USA 3. The alluvial plains of Northern
formed due to uplifting of land India, Thar desert and East
that was submerged under water. Coast of India.
IV. Structured Questions

1. (a) Refer to ‘Causes of Landform Development’ in the textbook.
(b) Refer to ‘Mountains’ in the textbook.
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(c)
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(i) The intense heat inside the earth’s crust cannot escape to
the surface as rocks are bad conductors of heat. This heat
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melts the rocks and keeps the asthenosphere in a semi-
molten state.
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(ii) Because they cause widespread destruction through
weathering and erosion of existing landforms.
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(iii) Because residual mountains are formed from already
existing mountains which are lowered or reduced by agents
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of denudation such as winds, running water and snow.
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2. (a) Refer to Sec. III, Q.No. 2.
(b)
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up or a part of the land along the coast is submerged in water.
F o (ii) They are relatively undisturbed horizontal surfaces of the earth.

(iii) They make up extensive lowlands of the earth bordering all
the continents.
(c) (i) Plains are formed due to a number of reasons such as a
heavy downpours, uplift or subsidence of land deposition of
materials, which cause variations in plains.
(ii) Because they are the most fertile areas where abundant of
crops are produced.
(iii) Because most of the landforms on the surface of the earth
have been formed by enormous heat energy generated
inside the earth and released through tectonic activity,
earthquakes and volcanoes.
(d) (i) Depositional Plains are formed by the deposition of different
materials brought by various agents of transportation.
(i) River Deposition — caused by river deposits. eg. the Northern
Plains in India.
(ii) Wind Deposition — caused by wind deposits — mostly form
deserts. eg. sand deserts like the Sahara (Africa).
(iii) Marine Deposition — plains formed along the coastal
regions. For example, the East coast of India.
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EXERCISES n l y
1. Refer to Table 6.1 in the textbook.
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2. Silicon; Aluminium; Iron;
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3. (i) Igneous; (ii) Sedimentary;
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4. Extrusive Igneous rocks Intrusive Igneous rocks
(i) T h e y a r e f o r m e d w h e n (i) They are formed when magma
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magma cools to solidify and
form rocks on the surface of
cools slowly under the surface
of the earth to form rocks.
the earth.
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(ii) They are smooth, crystalline (ii) They have coarse texture,
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are compact.
F o 5. (i) They are hard and resistant to erosion.

(ii) Water percolates only along the cracks and joints.
6. (i) Basic igneous rocks have a higher percentage of oxides of
denser elements and silica content between 40 and 60 percent.
(ii) They are heavy and dark in colour.
7. (i) Lava sheets; (ii) Lava plateaus.
8. Sills are a type of intrusive igneous rocks that are formed when
the magma flows between layers of rocks horizontally and gets
hardened there. Whin Sill and sills with the Karoo basin.
9. Igneous rocks; Sedimentary rocks.
10. (i) Sedimentary rocks are formed from other rocks and might
have plant and animal remains (fossils).
(ii) They are most widerspread on the surface of the earth (75%).
11. Sedimentary rocks. Sandstone; Gypsum.
CHAPTER 6 1 7
12. (i) Evaporation; (ii) Compaction; (iii) Cementation
13. (i) Riverine Rocks; (ii) Glacial Rocks; (iii) Aeolian Rocks.
14. Water, glaciers and wind.
15. Metamorphic rocks are the rocks formed by the change in the form of
igneous or sedimentary rocks under the earth’s crust by temperature
and pressure. Marble, Slate.
16. Mechanical Metamorphism is a mechanical transformation in which
the texture (composition) of the rock is changed by crushing and
rubbing process.
II. Explain these terms associated with rocks.
1. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed by the magma cooling on the
surface of the earth.
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2. Laccoliths and Batholiths are two kinds of intrusive igneous rocks.l y
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Both are formed when the magma cools below the earth’s crust.
3. The long preserved remains of plants and animals are called fossils.
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The pressure of overlying rocks cause these fossils to get transformed
and hence they are called fossil fuels

fuels.
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to other rocks like coal, lignite and peat which are used as fuels
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4. Lithification is a process of turning loose sediments into rocks.
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Sediments are transported and deposited in layers — the pressure
and the temperature rise — transformation into rocks through
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evaporation, compaction and cementation.
5. Metamorphism is the process by which a rock changes into another
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rock. Thermal metamorphism — change happens due to heat and
dynamic metamorphism happens due to the pressure at great depths
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inside the earth.
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F
1.
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III. Distinguish
Distinguish between
be each of the following:
Plutonic rocks Volcanic rocks

1. Formed by the slow cooling of 1. Formed by cooling of magma
the magma within the crust on earth’s surface
of the earth.
2. Slow cooling leads to the 2. Cooling occurs fast so rocks
formation of large size crystals. are smooth and fine-grained.
3. Eg Graphite 3. Eg Basalt
2. Thermal Metamorphism Dynamic Metamorphism

1. Changes in rocks due to high 1. Changes in rocks due to high
temperature pressure.
2. Eg Slate from clay 2. Eg Marble from dolomite
3. Sills Dykes
Formed when magma flows Formed when the magma flows
horizontally between layers of vertically along the cracks within
rocks and hardens in between existing rocks and then hardens.
those rocks.
4. Calcarious Rocks Carbonacious Rocks

1. Formed by deposition of 1. Formed by sea plants burried
shells and skeletons of sea over a long time.
organisms.
2. Eg Chalk, Limestone 2. Eg Coal, Lignite, peat
5. Acid Igneous Rocks Basic Igneous Rock

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1. They have higher silica
content, lack in iron and
magnesium.
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1. They have higher percentage
of oxides of denser elements
oxides.
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2. Light in weight with large
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2. Heavy and dark in colour
crystals.
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3. Eg, Granite 3. Eg, Basalt
are involved:
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IV. State the type of rocks for the formation of which the following processes
1. Extrusive Igneous Rock;
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3. Sedimentary Rocks; a 2. Intrusive Igneous Rocks;
4. Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks
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V. Structured Questions
F o 1. (a)
(b)
Refer to Table 6.1 in the textbook.
Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling, solidification and
the crystallisation of magma — the molten material found
inside the earth. Extrusive type is formed when the magma
cools on the surface of the earth and intrusive type when
the magma cools within, or below the earth’s crust. The chief
characteristics are:
(i) Hard and resistant to erosion.
(ii) Water percolates only along the cracks and joints.
(iii) Either fine-grained or smooth and compact. May also have
large crystals with coarse (rough) texture (outside surface).
(iv) Do not contain fossils as they are formed from the cooling
of the molten magma.
(v) Associated with volcanic activity and are found mostly in
volcanic regions. (Any three)
CHAPTER 6 1 9
(c) (i) Igneous rocks were the first to be formed so they are
called primary rocks.
(ii) Igneous rocks are neither weathered by mechanical
weathering nor by chemical weathering as water does not
percolate in these rocks and are usually compact.
(iii) Because they are formed by solidification of sediments of
original igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic parent rocks.
(d) The igneous rocks are classified on the basis of their chemical
composition in the following ways:
(i) Acid Igneous Rocks and (ii) Basic Igneous Rocks. For
details refer to Sec. III, Q.No.5.
2. (a) When igneous rocks are exposed to the surface of the earth,
they are broken down by weathering and carried away by forces
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of gradation like rivers and glaciers. They are then deposited
as sediments. These sediments are deposited over a long
y
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period of time in lakes, seas and streams. Subsequent layers
are added on top of each other over a long period of time.
(b) s
And the sediments get cemented to form sedimentary rocks.
Refer to ‘Classification on the Basis of Agents of Formation’
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(c)
in the textbook.
(i) Sedimentary
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edimentary rocks are formed in layers and when the
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parent rocks break, the sediments are gradually squeezed
by the weight of overlying sediments and the lower layers
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harden to form rocks.
(ii) Rocks like peat, lignite and anthracite have high percentage
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of carbon as they are formed from remains of dead plants
and animals.
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(iii) Because these rocks are formed by the long preserved
remains of the sea plants called fossils which have remained
F o (d)
buried for a very long period.
Metamorphism is the process by which rocks get transformed
from one kind to another kind of rocks through physical or
chemical processes.
The process of metamorphism includes — mechanical
metamorphism, chemical recombination, chemical replacement
and recrystallisation.
The causes of metamorphism include (i) chemical processes,
(ii) heat (Thermal metamorphism) and (iii) pressure (Dynamic
Metamorphism).
3. (a) Refer to ‘Characterstics of Metamorphic Rocks’ in the textbook.
(b) Refer to textbook under the heading Economic Significance of
Rocks.
(c) The continuous process of the transformation of old rocks
into new rocks is called the rock cycle. Rocks are dated to
be 3,400 years old and the earth is believed to be 4,700
million years old. This is the proof that rocks go through a
cyclic transformation and old rocks become new rocks. On
the surface of the earth, rocks are disintegrated or broken up
by climatic forces. The disintegrated pieces travel to different
parts by rivers and glaciers and sediments accumulate. The
different ways in which rocks transform takes thousands of
years. In this operation of the rock cycle, the earth is kept
young as the same rocks are used to make new rocks. This
rock cycle also helps to maintain the balance of the various
elements of the earth.

n l y
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U s
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EXERCISES
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I. Match the Following:
1. (d); 2. (c); 3. (b); 4. (a).
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a
1. A volcano is a vent or an opening on the crust or surface of the
the earth.
T e
earth through which fiery hot, magma erupts from the interior of
o r
Mt. Stromboli in Italy.
2. Magma is molten material found inside the earth. Lava is the magma
F that has come up to the surface of the earth.

3. Active Volcano: Mt. Etna (Italy).
Dormant Volcano: Mt. Kilimanjaro (Africa)
4. Dormant Volcanoes are those volcanoes which have not erupted in
recent historical past but they can become active at any time. For
example, Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa).
Extinct Volcanoes are those volcanoes which have not erupted in
the present geological period and are not likely to become active
again. For example, Mt. Kenya (Africa).
5. All major volcanoes have below them a huge magma chamber which
is the reservoir or storage place for the magma. It is joined to the
earth’s surface by a conduit or passage which is called a volcanic vent.
Magma, Lava, Pyroclasts.
CHAPTER 7 2 1
6. (i) Extrusive landforms, for example, Volcanic Plateaus and
(ii) Intrusive landforms, for example, Batholiths.
7. Ring of Fire is a collection of active volcanoes which can erupt any
time and throw up molten lava, hence the term Ring of Fire. The
Circum Pacific Belt is called the Pacific Ring of Fire.
1. (a) (i) Heat and pressure inside the earth which melt the rocks
and build up great pressure forces the heat to find an
escape route through fissures and cracks in the rocks.
(ii) When the plates of the earth’s crust slide past each other
or collide against each other due to intense heat inside the
earth’s core, the crust gets weakened at plate boundaries
through which hot magma gushes out leading to volcanic
eruption.
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(b)
(c)
Refer to Sec. II, Q.No.4.
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(i) At the plate boundaries the earth’s crust gets weakened
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when the plates slide along each other or collide against
each other and results in the formation of fissures through
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which hot magma gushes out leading to volcanic eruption.
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(ii) Because of the differences in the type of volcanic eruptions
there occurs diversity in the formation of volcanic mountains.
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(iii) Because they contain many dissolved minerals including
sulphur, which is good for curing skin diseases.
2. (a)
a
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Refer to ‘Landforms’ under ‘Effects of Volcanoes’ in the textbook.
(b)
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(i) Destroy life and property.
F o (ii) Make agricultural fields unsuitable for cultivation due to

the layers of volcanic ash.
(iii) Huge clouds formed after volcanic eruptions cause heavy
rains and consequently floods and landslides.
(c) (i) Volcanic Cone: When the molten magma erupts out of the
volcano, it gets collected around the vent, cools gradually
and solidifies and gives the volcano a typical cone-like
shape known as the Volcanic Cone.
(ii) Caldera is a large depression formed on the surface of the
earth when the magma chamber cannot emit sufficient
magma resulting in the collapse of the cone either wholly or
partially.
(iii) Geyser is a fountain of hot water and steam that escapes
when underground water comes into contact with hot
volcanic rocks.
(d) Volcanoes occur near the Earthquake belts found around the
young fold mountains.
The Circum Pacific Belt or the Pacific Ring of Fire has over 80 per
cent of the total number of active volcanoes. Among these are
40 active volcanoes in the Andes, over 100 in the Philippines,
70 in Indonesia, and 40 in Japan.
The Midworld Mountain belt includes other active volcanoes
like Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna and Mount Stromboli. The
Indian active volcanoes found in the islands of Andaman and
Nicobar, Mount Kenya in Africa, and the active volcanoes found
in the Philippines and Hawaii also lie in this belt.

n l y
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EXERCISES
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I. Fill in the blanks:
s '
er
1. the strain in the earth’s crust
2. P-waves or Primary waves
4. Tsunami
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3. L-waves or Long waves or Surface waves
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5. Circum Pacific Mountain Belt
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1. An earthquake is a tremor or vibrating movement below the surface
F o of the earth which causes shaking of the earth’s crust.

An earthquake of 7.5 intensity occurred in the Sulawesi Province
in Indonesia, killed about 2000 people.
2. (i) Plate Tectonics; (ii) Volcanoes;
3. (i) Construction of large dams near fault zones; e.g., Koyna
earthquake in Maharashtra. (ii) Nuclear Explosions; e.g.,
earthquakes in Colorado (USA) in the 1960s.
4. Seismic focus is the point of origin of seismic waves, inside the earth.
Epicentre is the point on the surface of the earth directly above
the seismic focus.
5. The Richter Scale is an instrument for measuring intensity or power
of an earthquake. It is used to measures the power of earthquake
between 1 to 9. For each 1 point upward, the earthquake is 10
times more powerful.
6. (i) Earthquakes help the earth to release its stored up energy
and thus helps the earth to stay in good shape.
CHAPTER 8 2 3
(ii) Earthquakes either raise or lower parts of earth and result
in landform formation.
7. (i) Earthquakes cause man-made structures like buildings to
collapse and thus, results in loss of life and property.
(ii) They cause land areas to get submerged under water, especially
in the coastal areas.
(iii) They cause changes in the course of rivers, thus making
an area from which the river is moved to become hard for
cultivation of crops. (Any two)
8. A tsunami is a large destructive ocean wave caused by some
disturbance like an earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide or
meteorite impact which rapidly displaces a large amount of water.
A tsunami struck Java and Sumatra in Indonesia on December 22,
2018 caused by under sea landslides that happened due to an
ongoing eruption of Anak Krakatau volcano.
n l y
9. The Japanese predict earthquakes by:
(i) measuring changes in the sea level;
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(ii) noticing the changes or variations in the magnetic field of the
10.
earth.
(i) The Circum Pacific Mountain Belt.
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(ii) The Midworld Mountain belt.
s '
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III. Match the following

c h
1. (c); 2. (e); 3. (a); 4. (b); 5. (d).
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1. (a) Refer to ‘Causes of Earthquakes’ in the textbook.
(b) Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 4.
(c)
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(i) Because when plates move, they either slip past each other
r or collide against each other and their edges produce faults
F o along the lines of weakness and cause earthquakes.

(ii) Because primary waves can pass through solids, liquids and
gases.
(iii) Because both the earthquakes and volcanoes are formed
along faults between tectonic plates, where the crust is the
weakest.
(d) Refer to ‘Anatomy of an Earthquake’ in the textbook.
2. (a) Yes, the destructive effects of an earthquake are far more than
its constructive effects because:
(i) whenever they happen they cause loss of life and property.
(ii) they lead to submergence of land;
(iii) they change the course of rivers and make land unsuitable
for agriculture and irrigation;
(iv) they trigger landslides and tsunamis which cause heavy
damage;
(b) The intensity of an earthquakes is measured by using Richter
Scale and the Mercallis Scale.
For details refer to the textbook.
(c) There is no foolproof way to predict an earthquake. Seismologists
use the P and S seismic waves to predict earthquakes.
(d) Refer to ‘Distribution of Earthquakes’ in the textbook.

n l y
EXERCISES
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agents at or near the surface of the earth.
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1. Weathering is the disintegration or decomposition of rocks by natural
weathering.
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2. (i) Physical weathering; (ii) chemical weathering; and (iii) Biological
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3. Refer to Sec. IV, Q.No.1(b).
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4. Exfoliation refers to the peeling off of the outer layer of rocks by sudden
contraction and expansion caused by changes in temperature. The
5.
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process involved are mechanical weathering and chemical weathering.
(i) Solution; (ii) Carbonation; (iii) Oxidation; (iv) Hydration.
When oxygen found in the atmosphere and rainwater comes into
6. When
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contact with the iron component of the rocks, the iron part starts to
F o rust and crumble. This is called oxidation.

The colour of the rocks change to red, yellow or brown.
II. Give a technical term for each of the following:
1. Weathering; 2. Exfoliation; 3. Oxidation.
III. Distinguish between each of the following:
1. Block Disintegration Exfoliation
(i) It involves splitting of rocks. (i) It involves peeling off the outer
layer of the rocks.
(ii) It occurs due to expansion (ii) It occurs due to sudden
and contraction of rocks temperature changes which
caused by sudden rise and cause fissures in rocks into
fall of temperature. which water penetrates and
the outer layers of the rocks
peel off.
CHAPTER 9 2 5
2. Carbonation Solution
(i) Carbonation is the mixing of (i) Solution is the process by
water with carbon dioxide in which rocks are dissolved
the rock to make carbonic when exposed to rainwater.
acid. The carbonic acid acts
on the rocks by breaking down
and dissolving its mineral
content which is washed away
by ground water.
(ii) It dissolves most calcarous (ii) All rocks are subjected to
rocks such as limestone. solution to some extent. But
sedimentary rocks are more

prone to solution.
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characteristics are:
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1. (a) Weathering is the disintegration of rocks by natural agents
such as temperature, moisture and precipitation. Chief C
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(i) disintegration or decay of solid rocks;
(ii) it affects the surface of the earth;
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(iii) it causes formation of soil;
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(iv) it changes massive hard rocks into finer materials;
(v) it prepares rock materials for transportation by agents of
gradation.
c h
(b)
(c)
e a
Refer to Table 9.1 in the textbook.
(i) Because it involves physical disintegration of rocks without
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(ii) Because temperature changes are more rapid in deserts.
F o During the day, the outer layers expand much faster than
the interior layers and tend to pull away from the rest,
whereas at night the outer layers contract more rapidly
and set up internal stresses which cause rocks to crack
and split.
(iii) Melting water in cold areas contains more carbonic acid as
carbon dioxide is more soluble at low temperatures than at
high temperatures.
2. (a) Refer to “Chemical Weathering” in the textbook.
(b) Refer “Biological Weathering” in the textbook.
(c) (i) Because it involves disintegration of rocks as a result of
action by living organisms i.e., animals, insects, plants
and man.
(ii) Because it binds the surface layer and does not allow
exposure of rocks beneath to the elements of weathering.
(iii) Because of too low temperature that does not allow decay
or alteration of rocks.
(d) Refer to subheading “Weathering in Different Climatic Regions”
in the textbook.

n l y
EXERCISES
e O
U s
1. The wearing away of landmass by weathering, erosion, mass movement
and transportation, which causes lowering the level of land, rounding
'
of exposed rock surfaces and levelling of the peaks.
s
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2. (i) Velocity of water; (ii) Volume of water; (iii) Load of the river;
(iv) Gradient of the river.
c h
3. Erosion. (i) V-shaped valleys; and (ii) Waterfalls.
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4. Waterfall is formed in the upper course of a river where it flows
over different bands of rock. It erodes soft rock more quickly than
5. (i) T
the hard rock leading to the formation of a waterfall.
rLateral cutting is more active than down cutting; and
F o (ii)
(ii) the volume of water in the river increases due to many
tributaries joining it.
6. When the river flow is diverted by an obstruction, there is active
deposition along the convex bank and undercutting along the concave
bank, forming a loop in the course of the river channel, called the
meander.
The Ganga.
7. (i) Deltas; (ii) Oxbow Lakes.
8. In the desert region.
9. Deflation hollow is a hollow created by erosion of wind.
10. (i) Deflation hollows; (ii) Sand Dunes.
11. (i) Barchan; (ii) Seifs
12. (i) They are moon-shaped dunes.
CHAPTER 1 0 2 7
(ii) They are live dunes which advance before winds that blow
from a particular direction.
(iii) Their migration is a threat to desert life.

1. (a) Weathering is the disintegration of rocks by agents at or near
the surface of the earth.
Denudation — Refer to Sec. I, Q.No.1.
(b) Weathering, Erosion, Mass Movement and Transportation.
Denudation results in lowering the level of land, rounding
exposed rocks surface and levelling of the peaks.
(c) (i) Because the river is young, it flows swiftly over a steep
slope, erodes its bed and banks and due to the impact of
rush of water and the load it carries, erosion is dominant
at this stage.
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(ii) In the middle course, the river enters the plains, with
enhanced volume of water. Transportation of eroded
of material.
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material takes place forming landforms due to deposition
'
(iii) For the formation of deltas, nearly calm sheltered sea,
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large amount of sediment supply and a reasonable size
of the river are the necessary conditions, which all the
rivers do not fulfill.
c h
(d) Refer to “Work of Wind” in the textbook.
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2. (a) Refer to Sec.I, Q.No.2.
(b) Refer to “Course of a River’ in the textbook.
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(c) (i) Because of the absence of vegetation and moisture to bind
the loose surface materials.
F o (ii) Because they migrate with the wind and damage towns
and villages in their way.
(iii) To check the advance of the sand dunes and to prevent
the fertile land from being damaged by sand dunes.
(d) (i) The direction and force of wind.
(ii) The speed of wind, carrying the dust and sand particles.
(iii) The nature and amount of sand brought by the wind.
(iv) Water features e.g., lakes, streams etc., in the close-by area.
(v) The nature of vegetation on the land.
(vi) The nature of the surface, where the formation of a sand
dune takes place. (Any four)

EXERCISES
1. (i) Waves; (ii) Currents and (iii) Tides.
2. Tides refer to the rise and fall of sea water due to the gravitational
forces of the sun and the moon.
Refer to Sec. II, Q.No.1 (a).
3. The time interval between tides is 12 hours and 26 minutes. The
l
factors responsible are the rotation of the earth, the rotation of the
moon round the earth and rotation of the moon on its axis.
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4. Spring Tides are very high tides caused when the sun, the moon
and the earth are in the same line. This alignment causes the
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gravitational forces of all the three to work together causing high tides.
Neap Tides: These tides are formed when the sun, the moon and
'
the earth are at right angles to each other. The gravitational forces
s
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work in opposite directions of each other. Thus, the Neap tides are
generally 20% lower than Spring Tides.
5.
h
(i) The Warm Currents: The Gulf Stream
c
(ii) The Cold Currents: The Labrador Current
e a
6. The Gulf Stream is responsible for the warmer climate of Western
and Northern Europe than it would have been otherwise.
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7. When the warm and cold currents meet they produce heavy fogs
and violent storms. This also leads to the creation of rich fishing
F o grounds.
II. Structured Questions:

1. (a) Refer to ‘Factors That Cause Tides’ in the textbook.
(b) High Tides Low tides

(i) They are caused when the (i) They are caused when the sun
sun and the moon are in and the moon are at right angle
the same line. with reference to the earth.
(ii) Occur twice a month. (ii) Occur on the 8th day of each
fortnight.
(c) (i) Refer to Q.1 (a) (above).
(ii) Refer to “Periodicity of Tides’ in the textbook.
(iii) Because it depends on the locations of the Moon and the Sun.
CHAPTER 1 1 2 9
(d) Refer to Figures 11.4 and 11.5 in the textbook.
2. (a) (i) Warm Currents: These are currents which flow from the
low latitudes in the tropical zones to the high latitudes
in the Temperate and Sub Polar Zones.
(ii) Cold Currents: These have a lower surface temperature
and they bring cold water into the warm water areas.
The oceans near the tropics and Equator are warmer them
ocean water in the Polar regions.
(b) (i) Level of salinity of Ocean waters;
(ii) Temperature.
(iii) The Earth’s Rotation.
(c) (i) Warm currents heat the air and indirectly the land over
which this air blows and produce a mild climate. For
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example, the British Isles enjoy a mild climate on account
y
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of the influence of warm North Atlantic Drift.
(ii) The cold currents decrease the temperature in surrounding
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ocean areas. Therefore, the cold Labrador current lowers
the temperature near the eastern coast of the US.
U
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(iii) Due to the influence of the warm North Atlantic Drift the
coasts of Norway are not frozen in winter but the adjoining
er
areas of Norway like Greenland remain frozen all the
year round.
(d)
c h
(i) Refer to “Labrador Current” in the textbook.
e a
(ii) Refer to “The Kurushio Current” in the textbook.
textbook.
(iii) Refer to “The Oyashio Current” in the textbook
3. (a)
(c)
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and (b) Refer to the “Gulf Stream” in the textbook.
textbook
(i) The cold water of the Oyashio has a high level of nutrients
F o for fishes and the high tides help to make the nutrients
available to the fishes.
(ii) Cold currents discourage rainfall. The Atacama desert is dry
or arid because of the presence of the cold Perurian Current.
The opposite is true for warm currents. So, the warm East
Australia current brings heavy rainfall in Queensland.
(iii) Due to the presence of the Oyashio Current, a cold current.
For more details, refer to Q.No.3(c) (i).
(d) (i) They affect the climate of a place by influencing the
temperature and rainfall of the area. The warm ocean
currents raise the temperature of a place and also raise
the moisture absorbing capacity, thereby causing more
rain. The opposite of this happens due to cold currents.
(ii) Dense fog occurs where the warm and cold ocean currents
meet.
(iii) The warm ocean currents allow the harbours to remain
ice-free and facilitate the movement of ships and in turn
affect trade and commerce.
(iv) Ocean currents bring food for the sea planktons, which
in turn act as food to the fish. (Any three)


EXERCISES
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1. The blanket of air surrounding the earth.
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2. A clean dry sample of air is made up of 78% nitrogen, and 21%
water vapour, helium, hydrogen, argon.

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oxygen. The remaining 1% includes other gases like carbon dioxide,
'
3. Nitrogen dilutes the oxygen in the atmosphere and slows down the
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process of oxidation.
4. (i) Troposphere, (ii) Stratosphere,
(iii) Mesosphere,
5. The
c h (iv) Thermosphere
he troposphere is the lowest and most dense layer of the atmosphere.
e a
Seventy five per cent of the atmosphere is found in this layer and
its concentration decreases as we go higher from the ground level.
6.
T
(i) Total absence of water;
r
(ii) Presence of Ozone layer.
F o 7. The troposphere.
8. Carbon dioxide, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Ozone and
Water vapour.
9. The ozone layer lies within the stratosphere and prevents the
harmful ultraviolet rays from entering the earth and helps to keep
the temperature constant in this level of the stratosphere.
10. The depletion of the Ozone layer is due to the chloroflurocarbons
(CFCS) emitted by aeroplanes and coolants in refrigerators, nitrogen
oxides from fertilisers and various kinds of emissions from industry
and agriculture.
11. Refer to ‘Depletion of Ozone Layer’ in the textbook.
12. Volcanic eruptions, solar storms.
13. Global warming refers to the increase in temperature of the earth
due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere caused by the activities of humans.
CHAPTER 1 2 3 1
14. Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, water vapour and chloroflurocarbons
(CFCs).
II. Explain the following terms/process in detail:

1. Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 13.
2. The phenomenon of the earth getting warmer, because the heat of
the sun is being retained and not allowed to radiate back, is called
the greenhouse effect. This is caused by the green house gases
such as carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, ozone and water vapour.
Fossil fuel based industries and the lifestyle of human beings have
resulted in an increase in the levels of these greenhouse gases.
3. The rate of decrease in temperature with altitude in the troposhere
is called the Normal Lapse Rate. It is 10C for every 166m of altitude.
4. Refer to Sec. I, Q.No.10.
n l y
1. (a) •
e
The blanket of air surrounding the earth. O
(b)
•
U s
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesophere and Thermosphere.
(i) The atmosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet
'
and infrared rays of the sun.
s
er
(ii) The atmosphere contains the life sustaining gases like
oxygen and nitrogen.
c h
(iii) The atmosphere helps to retain the necessary warmth on
e a
the earth and helps in the circulation of water vapour,
thus acting as an important factor for causing rainfall.
r T
(iv) The atmosphere is the contact zone between land, air and
water and is important to sustain life on this planet. The
F o (c) (i)
survival of life depends on this contact. (Any three)
Because as we go up the mountains, the air becomes
thinner and the amount of oxygen available to breathe
also decreases.
(ii) Because of the energy obtained from the Sun and its
composition comprising several layers and movement of
large masses of air up and down and across the surface
of the earth.
(iii) Because at the troposphere occurs a regular decrease in
temperature with altitude and this variation is temperature
causes many turbulences due to which all weather
phenomena take place in this layer.
2. (a) Refer to “Structure of Atmosphere” in the textbook.
(b) The Ozone layer is being depleted by the following factors:
(i) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No.10.
(ii) Another cause for the depletion of the Ozone layer is
Solar storms. These Solar Storms include solar flares
caused by explosions on the surface of the sun which
destroy ozone layer.
(c) Refer to “Effects of Global Warming” in the textbook.

n l y
e O
s
EXERCISES
' U
1. Solar radiation is the heat and light energy that the sun continuously
er s
radiates in all directions. It is the primary source of heat and light
on the earth.
c h
2. Insolation is the amount of solar energy received by the earth. Two
of its main characteristics are:
a
(i) The insolation
insolation received by the earth heats up the earth’s
e
surface and the earth becomes a radiating body that radiates
r T
energy to the atmosphere.
(ii) Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts,
F o 3. (i)
where the cloudiness is the least.
Convection currents in the atmosphere cause sea breeze and
keep the coastal areas cool during the day.
(ii) They prevent the extremes of temperature.
4. (i) Latitude; (ii) Altitude; (iii) Distance from the sea; (iv) Slope of
the land.
5. The mid latitudes lie between 23½0 to 66½0 on each hemisphere
and are also called temperate zones. The amount of insolation
received in this area is quite less because of the spherical shape
of the earth.
6. Along the sea shore, the land and sea breezes keep the land cool
during the day even when the sun is overhead.
On a mountain, the temperature decreases with height. This is
because the air on the surface of the earth is denser than air found
CHAPTER 1 3 3 3
at higher altitudes and has a greater capacity to absorb heat than
the air found at higher altitudes.
7. Due to the spherical shape of the earth and the tilt of the earth,
India gets the slanting rays of the sun and hence there is less heat
in the month of December than in July when India gets a more
direct heat of the sun.
II. Distinguish between each of the following:
1. Insolation Terrestrial Radiation
1. It is the solar energy received by 1. The surface of the earth
the earth. The sun’s energy is radiates solar heat back into
dissipated and scattered before the atmosphere and this is
it reaches the earth. called terrestrial radiation.
n l y
2. It is in the form of short wave rays. 2. It is in the form of long waves.
2. Land breeze
e O
Sea breeze
1. Land breeze blows from the land 1. Sea breeze blows from the sea
to the sea.
s
to the land.
U
keeps the sea cool.
s '
2. It blows during the night and 2. It blows during the day and
keeps the land cool.
h er
1. (a)
(b) Latitudes:
a c
Refer to “How is the Balance Achieved” in the textbook.
Latitudes: The higher the latitude, cooler is the place. This
T e
is because at higher latitudes the rays of the sun are slanting
and have less heating power. Another reason is the spherical
o (c) r
shape of the earth and its annual revolution around the sun.
(i) The Indian subcontinent is divided into two parts by the
F Tropic of Cancer. Northern India lies in the Temperate Zone

whereas the Southern India lies in the Tropical Zone. Due
to the warm Temperate climate, Northern India has a hot
summer season and cold winter season. Therefore, Northern
India has a great range of temperature. The Southern India,
on the other hand, has a warmer climate than Northern
India and no clear-cut winter season. So, the range of
temperature is not much compared to Northern India.
(ii) Delhi lies in Northern India whereas Chennai lies in
Southern India. For the rest of the answer, refer to Q.No.1
(c) (i) (above).
(iii) In hot desert areas there is no cloud cover. So there is
high insolation during the day time and rapid loss of heat
at night caused by terrestrial radiation.
2. (a) Torrid Zone, the North Temperate and the South Temperate
Zones and two Frigid Zones.
(b) (i) The rate of decrease of temperature with height is about 6°C
per km above the sea level. This means that on climbing
every 166 metres, there is a fall of 1°C in temperature.
It is known as Normal Lapse Rate. It is usually more in
summer than in winter.
(c) (i) Refer to Sec. III, Q.No. 3(a).
(ii) Land is heated by conduction while water (i.e., the sea) is
heated by convection so land gets heated and cooled faster.
(iii) A warm ocean current called the warm North Atlantic
n l
drift prevents the water around the ports of the western y
O
coast of Europe from freezing in winter. In other places
along the same latitude, like ports in north east Canada,
e
the water remains frozen due to the influence of the cold
(d)
Labrador Current.
Refer to Figure 13.4 in the textbook.
U s
3. (a)
s '
Refer to “Distance from the Sea” in the textbook.
er
(b) Water does not get heated as quickly as land during the day.
The warm air above the land rises, and causes the cool sea
c h
breeze to blow towards the land reducing the temperature in
e a
coastal areas. At night the sea remains warmer than land so
land breeze makes the sea cooler. As we go further inland
(c)
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this moderating effect of the sea reduces.
(i) At higher latitudes, the rays of the sun are slanting and
F o have less capacity to heat.

(ii) Slanting rays have to travel a greater distance and also heat
a larger area. Hence, slanting rays have less heating power
than the vertical rays.
(iii) A forest region absorbs about 90% of the solar energy.
Most of this energy is used by plants in the process of
transpiration. Hence, forest areas do not become very
hot. Deserts have no vegetation and they become hot
during the day and cold at night and have a high range
of temperature.

CHAPTER 1 4 3 5
EXERCISES
1. (i) Equatorial Low Pressure Belts; (ii) Sub-tropical High Pressure Belts;
(iii) Circum-polar Low Pressure Belts; (iv) Polar High Pressure Areas.
2. Refer to “Circum-polar Low Pressure Belts’ in the textbook.
3. The Coriolis force deflects the air, which is the least at the Equator
and greatest at the poles.
4. (i) Permanent Winds;
(iii) Local Winds.
(ii) Periodic Winds;
n l y
O
5. Periodic winds are those which blow at regular intervals or in regular
cycles caused by localised differences in pressure and temperature.
e
6. Local winds are the winds restricted to a certain place. They may
Foehn and Chinook.

U s
be warm or cold depending upon the area from which they blow.
s '
7. Cyclones and Anticyclones. Variable winds are so called because
er
they do not blow in any definite direction and their direction varies
with the movement of the pressure system.
c h
8. Cyclones are more frequent in the tropical region in the summer
because of the movement of the Doldrum belt away from the Equator
e a
towards the tropics.
9. Refer to the Table on Page 113 in the textbook
textbook.
r T
10. Cyclones are called Tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean area;
hurricanes in the Caribbean, typhoons in China and willy-willies
F o in Australia.
11. Anticyclones have fine atmospheric conditions in which the winds
blow gently outwards. There is high pressure in the core or centre
and low pressure around it.
II. Define the following terms:
1. (a) Pressure gradient is the decrease in pressure per unit distance
in the direction in which the pressure decreases most rapidly.
(b) Winds are the horizontal movement of air. Winds and air
currents manage the system of circulation in the atmosphere.
(c) Coriolis Force is the force caused by the rotation of the earth
which changes the direction of the air from its original path.
(d) Altitude is the height of the land.
(e) Monsoons are periodic seasonal winds which blow in the
regions of South East Asia and Northern Australia.
III. Distinguish between the following:
1. Cyclones Anticyclones
1. There is a low pressure in the 1. There is a high pressure in the
centre and the winds blow centre and the winds blow
inward. outwards.
2. These are associated with 2. They represent fine atmospheric
turbulent weather conditions, conditions.
with cloudy weather, strong
winds and rainfall.
2. Permanent Winds Periodical Winds

1. These winds blow throughout 1. They blow at regular intervals
the year from one latitude to the
other in response to the latitudinal l
or at regular cycles and result
n
from a localized difference in
y
differences in air pressure.
2. For example, trade winds. O
pressure and temperature.
2. For example, land and sea
e
3. Summer Monsoons s
breeze.
UWinter Monsoons
1. In summer a low pressure 1. In
s '
I n winter, a high pressure
er
develops over the land and high develops over a large landmass
pressure develops over the sea. and the winds thus blow from
c h
This causes the winds to blow
from the sea to the land. It is
the land to the sea.
e a
the summer monsoon.
2. They bring rainfall. 2. They bring cold and dry weather
r T and no rainfall.
F o
1. (a) Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted against
a surface by the weight of the air above that surface.
(b) Refer to “Factors Affecting Atmospheric Pressure” in the textbook.
(c) (i) The absence of landmass in the Southern hemisphere.
(ii) Because the earth is inclined at an angle of 23½0. Due to
this inclination, there is a difference in the heating of the
continents, oceans as well as the condition of pressure
during January and July.
(iii) At higher altitude air is lighter and less dense and therefore
exerts less pressure.
2. (a) The three main types of winds are— Permanent winds, Periodic
winds and Local winds. For details, refer to Sec. III, Q.No. 2
and Sec. I, Q.No. 6.
CHAPTER 1 5 3 7
(b) Refer to ‘Local Winds’ in the textbook.
(c) (i) The winds are directed to the right of their flow in the
Northern Hemisphere because of the Coriolis Force which
is caused by the rotation of the earth.
(ii) As temperature rises, the air gets heated and the air
gets lighter or less dense and exerts less pressure. Thus,
temperature and pressure are inversely related.
(iii) Humid air can retain more heat and becomes lighter than
dry air which is able to retain less heat.
(d) Refer to ‘Coriollis Effect’ in the textbook.
3. (a) Refer to the Table on Page 113 in the textbook.
(b) Refer to ‘Jet Streams’ and ‘Importance of Jet Streams’ in the
textbook.
n l y
(c)
O
(i) The Doldrums are located around the Equator. This area
e
gets a significant amount of the direct rays of the sun.
pressure.
U s
The air is heated and becomes less dense and exerts less
s '
(ii) Due to the vertical rays of the sun here, there is intense
heating. The air therefore, expands and rises as convection
er
current causing a low pressure to develop here.
c h
(iii) Due to earth’s rotation, the winds surrounding the Polar
region blow towards the Equator. Centrifugal forces operating
e a
in this region create the low pressure belt appropriately
called Circum-polar Low Presure Belt.
(d)
T
Refer to Figure 1
r
14.11 in the textbook.
F o 
EXERCISES
1. Heat determines the amount of water vapour or humidity of air.
When the atmospheric temperature is low, the amount of water
vapour is less.
2. Relative Humidity is measured by taking the ratio between the
absolute humidity of a given mass of air and the maximum amount
of water vapour that it can hold at the same temperature.
3. Clouds, dew, frost and fog.
4. Rain, snow, hail and sleet.
5. Condensation nuclei are the minuscule particles like dust and salt
around which droplets get formed during condensation.
6. Convection Rainfall, Orographic Rainfall and Cyclonic Rainfall.
7. Cyclonic rainfall is caused by cyclones in the tropical latitudes and
depressions in the temperate latitudes. It is very heavy in tropical
cyclones and it lasts for only a few hours. In temperate depressions,
as in Western Europe, this rainfall is lighter and lasts for several
days and falls as a continuous drizzle.
II. Explains the following terms:
1. (a)
(b)
Precipitation is the process by which products of condensation,
l y
viz., water droplets, ice crystals, sheet etc., fall to the ground.
Evaporation is the process by which water is converted into
n
(c)
water vapour on heating.
e O
Condensation is the process by which water vapour forms water
(d)
droplets upon cooling.
U s
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapour found in the air.
s '
er
1. (a) Refer to Sec. II (d). For the second part of the question, refer
(b)
c h
to “Measurement of Humidity” in the textbook.
Refer to table on Page No. 117 in the textbook.
(c)
a
(i) Because all the water that evaporates from the earth’s
e water bodies is eventually returned to it directly by the
r T process of condensation and precipitation and indirectly

by stream and overflow from land surfaces.
F o (ii) The high temperature in the Equatorial regions leads to the

rapid heating of the air. Heated air rises up in convectional
currents, leading to the development of clouds at about
10 km height.
(iii) High humidity in the air is very oppressive for human beings
because it prevents sweat from drying and subsequently
cooling the human body.
2. (a) Refer to Sec. II(c).
For the “Process of Condensation”, refer to the textbook.
(b) Refer to “Condensation” in the textbook.
(c) (i) Evaporation is the process by which water is converted
into water vapour. And the process by which water vapour
forms droplets of water is called condensation. Hence,
condensation is the reverse process of evaporation.
CHAPTER 1 6 3 9
(ii) Because water vapour rises from the oceans to form clouds,
the sea coasts receive more rainfall than the interior of
the continents.
(iii) The presence of the mountains causes humid air to
rise. The sudden ascent causes cooling of air, leading to
condensation and precipitation in the form of rain on the
windward sides of mountains. As the winds reach the
leeward side they lose their water content and do not
cause rainfall on the leeward side.
3. (a) Refer to ‘Dew’ and ‘Fog’ in the textbook.
(b) Refer to “Types of Rainfall” in the textbook.
(c) (i) Because a rain shadow area is on the leeward side of a
n l y
mountain. For details refer to Sec. III, Q.No.2(c) (iii).
(ii) Because of the development of frontal depressions in mid-
O
latitudes which form when warm subtropical and cold
polar air masses collide. Due to this the warmer (lighter)
e
air rises above the colder (heavier air) and the rising air
(iii) Because
U s
is cooled and this causes precipitation.
se this type of rainfall occurs in the Equatorial
s '
regions in the afternoon
rnoon at about 4 o’clock.
er
(d) Refer to “Precipitation” in the textbook.
a ch 

T e
o r
F
EXERCISES
1. Environmental pollution refers to any unfavourable alteration of

our surroundings as a byproduct of man’s activities.
2. A pollutant is the product which is released into the biosphere
in large quantities and which affects the normal functioning of
ecosystems and have an adverse effect on plants, animals and
human beings.
3. Natural Pollutants Man-Made Pollutants
1. Pollutants which are an 1. Pollutants that are the result
outcome of events in nature, of the actions and activities of
beyond the control of human human beings.
beings.
2. For example, Carbon dioxide, 2. For example, Carbon dioxide,

Sulphur dioxide, Hydrogen Carbon monoxide, Sulphur
sulphide released by volcanic dioxide in exhaust from vehicles.
eruptions.
4. Air pollution is the excessive concentration of foreign matter in the
air which has a harmful effect on human beings, animals, plants
and their environment.
Source of Air Pollution : Automobiles.
5. Water pollution is the alteration in the physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of water that makes it unfit for designated use in
its natural state.
6. Soil pollution is the change in the physical, chemical and biological
conditions of the soil through man’s intervention resulting in the
degradation of the quality and productivity of the soil.
n l y
O
7. Soil Pollution is more permanent and hard to remedy. It differs
from water and air pollution because the pollutants remain in the
soil for a relatively longer period.
e
U s
8. Radioactive pollution is the increase in natural background radiation,
emerging from the activities of man using naturally occurring or
'
artificially produced radioactive materials
s
er
9. Noise pollution refers to the unwanted sound that is an irritant
and a source of stress.
c h
1. (a) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 4 and Q.No. 5.
e a
(b) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 8.
(c) Refer to “Radioctive Pollution” in the textbook.
T
(d) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 9. (For more deails refer to the textbook.)
r
F o 
EXERCISES
1. Refer to table on Page No. 130 in the textbook.
2. Volcanic eruptions, deflation of sand and dust and forest fires. Iron
and Steel.
3. The combination of smoke and fog is called smog. During the winter
it forms an envelope over the cities, which causes health hazards
and traffic problems.
CHAPTER 1 7 4 1
4. Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide.
5. Household detergents and Oil spills.
6. Cadmium and Lead.
7. (i) Industrial waste; (ii) urban, commercial and domestic waste;
(iii) chemical fertilizers; (iv) biomedical waste.
8. (i) They are not easy to dispose of; (ii) They remain in the environment
for a longer period of time and (iii) Any leakage has disastrous
effects on the environment.
1. (a) When sound interferes with normal human activities like
sleeping, conversation or disrupts quality of life, it becomes
a source of noise pollution.
(b) Increased number of vehicles on the road, traffic jams and
repeated hooting of horns cause noise pollution.
n l y
(c) Because
O
ecause noise emission levels are quite high and huge machines
used are inherently noisy.
e
s
(d) Airplanes, especially jet planes create more noise due to the
violent mixing of the jet of gases from the engine with the
surrounding air.
U
s '
During landing, high frequency sound is produced by the
er
air compressor and turbine blades. Further, since during the
landing the aircraft is close to the ground for quite distance,
2. (a) h
there is more noise than take-off which is of shorter duration.
c
Refer to ‘Air Pollution’ in the textbook.
(b)
a
Automobiles are responsible for more than 80 per cent of total
e
air pollution. The major pollutants released from automobiles
r T
include carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons and
nitrogen monoxide.
F o (c) The smoke coming out of the factories has small particles
of dust, carbon, metals and other harmful elements. The
burning of sulphur in coal or heavy oil in thermal power
plants release sulphur dioxide which has additional harmful
effect by generating acid rain.
(d) Refer to the Table on Page 130 in the textbook.
3. (a) Refer to ‘Sources of Water Pollution’ in the textbook.
(b) When detergents are disposed of in water bodies, the phosphates
in the detergents promote rapid growth of algae. This enrichment
process is called eutrophication. Aquatic weeds multiply rapidly
in the water and interfere with fishing, navigation and irrigation.
(c) Refer to ‘Industrial Pollution’ under ‘Sources of Water Pollution’
in the textbook.
(d) Refer to ‘Sources of Radioactive Pollution’ in the textbook.

EXERCISES
1. Refer to ‘Effects on Animals’ under ‘Effects of Noise Pollution’ in
the textbook.
2. Refer to ‘Effects on Human Health’ under ‘Effects of Air Pollution’
in the textbook.
l y
3. Refer to ‘Effects on Animals’ under ‘Effects of Air Pollution’ in the
textbook.
n
4. (i) Oil coats sea organisms and kills them,
O
(ii) Oil forms a coat on the surface of the water and reduces
e
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oxygen availability to the marine animals,
(iii) Animals who depend on scent for their survival perish because
'
the smell of oil masks all scents.
s
er
5. Most of the waste waters, especially sewage, contain pathogens which
cause diseases. These pathogens enter the human body through
c h
contaminated water and are responsible for several waterborne
diseases like cholera, dysentery and jaundice.
e
in the textbook. a
6. Refer to ‘Effects on Human Health’ under ‘Effects of Soil Pollution’
7. (i) Radiations
(i)
T
Radiations can cause diseases like breast cancer, thyroid cancer,
r
lung cancer and brain cancer, sterlity and defective eyesight.
F o (ii) Radiations can effect even the next generations by causing

various genetic diseases.
8. Refer to Chapter 17, Sec.I, Q.No.8.
1. (a) Refer to ‘Effects of Noise Pollution’ in the textbook.
(b) The extent of the harm done to human beings depends on
the duration of the exposure. So there are both short term
and long term effects. Refer to ‘Effects on Human Health’ in
the textbook.
(c) Refer to ‘Effects on the Environment’ under ‘Effects of Water
Pollution’ in the textbook.
2. (a) For the effects on human beings refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 6.
CHAPTER 1 9 4 3
For the effects of soil pollution on the environment refer to
‘Effects on Environment’ in the textbook.
(b) Refer to Table on Page No. 136 in the textbook.
(c) Pathogens are disease causing organisms like bacteria, viruses
and protozoa. Pathogens enter human body from contaminated
drinking water.
Cholera, Typhoid, Diarrhoea.
(d) Refer to “Effects of Radioactive Pollution” in the textbook.

n l y
e O
EXERCISES
U s
1.
'
(i) Vehicular emissions pollute the air and cause a number of
s
er
diseases like asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, heart problem
and damage to the nerves, brain, liver and kidneys.
c h
(ii) Vehicular emissions produce Greenhouse Gases which raise
the temperature on the earth and cause Global Warming.
2.
3.
e a
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO).
Carpooling refers to the sharing of car journeys by people travelling
4.
r T
on the same route, at the same time.
Buses, Suburban trains, Metro rail.
F o
5.
6.
‘No Smoking Zone’ refers to public places like cinemas, hospitals,
public transport and educational institutes, where smoking is banned.
Fossil fuels are buried, combustible deposits of organic materials,
formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted
to crude oil, coal and natural gas by exposure to heat and pressure
in the earth’s crust over hundreds of millions of years. E.g. Coal
and Petroleum.
7. Fossil fuels are non-renewable source of energy, which are depleting
at a rate faster than they are being formed.
8. (i) By opting for public transport or carpooling.
(ii) By switching off lights and other appliances when not in use.
(iii) By replacing light fixtures with energy conserving LED lights.
9. Organic Farming refers to the holistic system of farming in which land
is cultivated and crops are raised by using organic waste like crop
residues and animal manure to release nutrients to crops for increased
sustainable production in an eco-friendly, pollution free environment.
1. (a) (i) Vehicles emit carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a greenhouse
gas that raises the temperature on the earth and leads
to Global warming.
(ii) Vehicles emit carbon monoxide (CO) and a large number of
hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulates
which pollute the air and cause a number of diseases
like asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, heart problem and
damage nerves, brain, liver and kidneys.
(b) Refer to ‘Carpools’ in the textbook.
(c) Refer to ‘Promotion of Public Transport’ in the textbook.
(d) Passive smokers are the people who breathe in the smoke n l y
exhaled by the smokers at public places.
e O
They have health problems like lung cancer, asthma and
U s
bronchitis and sudden infant death syndrome in children.
2. (a) Prohibition of smoking in Public Places Rules 2008 and
s '
Mandatory Statutory Health Warning on cigarette packs.
er
(b) Refer to the Subtopic ‘Advantages of No Smoking Zone’ in the
textbook.
c h
(c) (i) Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy and take
e a
millions of years to form.
(ii) They are responsible for environmental problems like air
r T pollution, global warming and acid rain.

(d) Refer to “Saving Energy” in the textbook.
F o
3. (a) Organic Farming is so called because:
(i) it involves cultivating the land and raising the crops by
using organic wastes and other biological materials;
(ii) it uses biofertilisers to provide nutrients to crops for
increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution
free environment.
(b) Refer to the Subtopic ‘Four Principles of Organic Farming’ in
the textbook.
(c) Refer to the Subtopic ‘Characteristics of Organic Farming’
in the textbook.
(d) Refer to the Subtopic ‘Importance of Organic Farming’ in the
textbook.

CHAPTER 2 0 4 5
EXERCISES
1. A natural region refers to a part of the earth’s surface which has
a comparatively high degree of uniformity in terms of structure,
surface form and climate within it.
2. Equatorial region, Tropical grasslands, Tropical deserts, Mediterranean
region.
3. Human
n
(i) Since a particular climatic region has particular type of land,
people follow related economic activities. For example, an area
l y
uman response is related to climatic conditions in the following ways:
ways:
have agriculture as their main occupation.

e O
where rainfall is sufficient and land is fertile, most of the people
and many people work in these mills.

U s
(ii) In the areas, where sugar is grown in plenty, sugar mills exist
s '
4. The Equatorial region extends between 0º to 100 north and south
of the Equator in parts of Asia, South America and Africa.
er
5. Monsoon climate is found in the zone extending between 5° and
3° latitudes on either side of the Equator.
c h
6. (i) Evergreen Trees that yield hardwood, like Mahogony, Ebony, and
Cabinet woods; (ii) Natural rubber and Cocoa.
e a
7. Tropical Desert Climate type is found between 150 to 300 in the
North and South latitudes in parts of Asia, Africa, North and South
r T
America and Australia.
8. Xerophytic plants are the plants that are adapted to survive in arid
F o
9.
or dry conditions. They are almost leafless and store water in their
stems to survive in hot conditions.
(i) The indented coastline.
(ii) The Westerlies and the temperate cyclones which travel from
west to east and bring rainfall in decreasing order.
(iii) The cold Polar winds in winter are sometimes drawn into the
circulation of depressions like Bora in the northern Adriatic Sea.
10. The rainfall in the Mediterranean region is experienced mostly in
winter. The annual average rainfall varies between 35 cm to 75 cm.
11. The vegetation in the Mediterranean region is of deciduous type
that is adapted to withstand a long period of summer drought.
12. Refer to the Table on Page No.160.
13. There are basically no trees in Steppe type climate region because
of scanty rainfall, long droughts and severe winters.
14. Refer to ‘Location’ under ‘Mediterranean Region’ in the textbook.
1. (a) Refer to Short Answer Questions, Q.No.1.
(b) (i) The temperature, pressure, winds and humidity conditions;
(ii) Vegetation type and wildlife.
(c) (i) The Equatorial region lies in the Torrid belt and receives
the direct rays of the Sun because the sun’s rays have a
high angle of incidence which varies between 66½º and
90º during the year. The days and nights are almost of
equal duration throughout the year. Therefore, there is a
uniformly high temperature here.
(ii) Because
ecause of the high altitude of Mount Kilimanjaro its
peaks remain covered with snow, despite being close to
the Equator.
n
(iii) Because of the presence of dense Tropical Rainforests which l y
(d) Refer O
absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide and emit oxygen.
efer to subtopic “Natural Vegetation” under the heading
“Equatorial Region” in the textbook.
e
2. (a)
s
Refer to ‘Location’ and ‘Area’ under ‘Tropical Grasslands’ in
the textbook.
U
(b)
s '
(i) Llanos of the Orinoco Basin; (ii) Campos of the Brazilian Highlands.
er
(c) (i) Deciduous trees are found in the areas where rainfall is
not experienced throughout the year and have a marked
c h
dry season. Therefore, the trees shed their leaves during
the dry season to preserve moisture.
e a
(ii) Because a large number of native people are herdsmen or
pastoralists, who rear large numbers of cattle which are
r T fed on the tall grasses available in the Savanna landscape.

(iii) This is because the climate of of Tropical grasslands is
F o characterised by hot, wet summers and cool dry winters.

Summer is hot with long hours of sunshine and low
humidity. Such conditions are conducive for the cultivation
of crops like cotton and coffee.
(d) Refer to “Equatorial Region” in the textbook.
3. (a) Refer to “Tropical Deserts” in the textbook.
Primitive Tribes of Tropical Deserts: The Bushmen and the Bindibu.
(b) Refer to “Tropical Monsoon Type Climate” in the textbook.
(c) (i) Since these deserts are located on the western margins
of continents, Trade Winds that blow in the region shed
their moisture in the eastern margins of continents. They
become dry by the time these winds reach the western side.
(ii) There are three distinct seasons, namely the hot dry season,
the rainy season and the cool dry season because of the
differential rate of heating of land and sea.
CHAPTER 2 0 4 7
(iii) Because of fertile alluvial plains, a number of perennial
rivers and large labour force.
(d) Refer to “Mediterranean Region” in the textbook.
4. (a) Temperate Grasslands Tropical Savannas
1. These grasslands occupy the 1. These grasslands are located in
interior of the Continents in semi-humid climate regions of
the mid-latitude zone of 40° subtropical and troical latitude
to 55° North and South. between 7° to 20° north and
south of the Equator.
2. Hot summers and cold 2. Hot, wet summers and cool dry
winters and precipitation winters. They have more rainfall
between 20°cm and 60° cm than Temperate Grasslands.
a year in the late spring and
early summer.
n l y
O
3. The grass is short, soft, juicy 3. Tall, coarse and spiky grass
and nutritive. which is neither juicy nor
nutritive.
e
with only date palms near
U s
4. They are treeless plains, 4. The trees are short and deciduous.
the courses of water.
s '
er
(b) Refer to the ‘Taiga
Taiga Region and the Tundra Region” in the textbook.
(c)
h
(i) In the Mediterranean region, the considerable East-West
c
extent of the sea allows the westerly influence of winds to
e a
penetrate deep into the land mass causing winds to blow
deep inside the land.
r T
(ii) The Taiga Region is marked by long and severe winters.
Cold polar anticyclones blow vast masses of snow and
F o spread them across large areas. As the land remains covered

with snow for long periods of time, it is not possible to
cultivate the land.
(iii) The Tundra Region is marked by very long and cold winters
and six months of complete darkness. Due to these harsh
climatic conditions it is difficult for trees to grow.
(d) The Western and north-western parts of Europe have a mild and
generally humid climate influenced by the North Atlantic Drift.
Throughout north-western Europe, farmers practise mixed
farming. They rear cattle, sheep and pigs, keep poultry mainly
for eggs and bees for honey. Sheep rearing is also an important
activity in some parts like in Britain and New Zealand.


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n l y

o rsupport life on the planet.

F nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

F o (iii) Refer to ‘Water’ in the textbook.

sun never shines above the horizon.

II. Structured Questions

e meridianum, meaning noon. The sun crosses a meridian

r T at noon and all places on a particular meridian, or line

F o (ii) Lines of Longitude are of same length because each line of

III. Problem Solving

F o For 4 minutes it is 1 longitude so for 555 minutes the distance is

F o Southern Hemisphere and vice versa.

(ii) Vertical Rays Slanting Rays

(iii) Refer to the Table (Difference between Solstice and Equinox)

(i) It causes Day and night.

r T change in seasons. (Any three)

F o same at all places on the earth.

has a lower density than Sima

r T rocks. The lower mantle extends from 700 km to 2900 km.

F o mantle and the core of the earth. It begins at a depth of 2900

(c) (i) Because it is made up of Nickle (Ni) and Iron (Fe).

(d) Refer to Figure 4.4 in the textbook.

F o to get compressed and then

2. Intermontane plateau Volcanic plateau

3. Structural plains Depositional plains

IV. Structured Questions

F o (ii) They are relatively undisturbed horizontal surfaces of the earth.

s ' (iii) Metamorphic.

r Tand fine grained. hard and large crystals and

F o 5. (i) They are hard and resistant to erosion.

and hence they are called fossil fuels

Plutonic rocks Volcanic rocks

2. Thermal Metamorphism Dynamic Metamorphism

4. Calcarious Rocks Carbonacious Rocks

5. Acid Igneous Rocks Basic Igneous Rock

1. Extrusive Igneous Rock;

F that has come up to the surface of the earth.

F o (ii) Make agricultural fields unsuitable for cultivation due to

F o of the earth which causes shaking of the earth’s crust.

IV. Structured Questions

r or collide against each other and their edges produce faults

F o along the lines of weakness and cause earthquakes.

F o rust and crumble. This is called oxidation.

IV. Structured Questions

r T any change in the chemical constituents of the rock.

rLateral cutting is more active than down cutting; and

II. Structured Questions

II. Structured Questions:

(b) High Tides Low tides

I. Short Answer Questions

water vapour, helium, hydrogen, argon.

II. Explain the following terms/process in detail:

III. Structured Questions

F Tropic of Cancer. Northern India lies in the Temperate Zone

F o have less capacity to heat.

Foehn and Chinook.

2. Permanent Winds Periodical Winds

e water bodies is eventually returned to it directly by the

r T process of condensation and precipitation and indirectly

F o (ii) The high temperature in the Equatorial regions leads to the

1. Environmental pollution refers to any unfavourable alteration of

2. For example, Carbon dioxide, 2. For example, Carbon dioxide,

F o (ii) Radiations can effect even the next generations by causing