THIS WEEK’S HOMEWORK

Contains:
1. Articles and a Poem [2 articles: two of Literature, Social
Science, Science, History] and the others are optional
2. Novel [Optional]
3. Vocabulary [One Unit + Last’s week’s answer key]
4. Ordering the paragraph + Last’s week’s answer key
5. Motivational Video

The video below explains exactly what to do in the

homework:
‫ﺗﺘﻔﺮج ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﻌﺮف ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﯾﮫ بالظبط‬
https://youtu.be/-HP2KREW-vY

EVERYTHING SHOULD BE SUBMITTED ON

THURSDAY 11 PM.

To submit the homework, you should upload it in this form.

This homework is obligatory (except the novel part which is optional) and
it is for everyone (for those who registered for the EST, SAT, or ACT and
the Beginners).

● The homework takes about 2 to 3 days to be corrected, and in case

there is any questions, you can always contact the assistants.
SOME NOTES YOU NEED TO KNOW
● The weekly homework is sent on Friday afternoon and is submitted
within a week, Thursday 11 pm.

Before starting the homework, you need to read the instructions and watch
the video, which I will send right to the group to know exactly what to do.
If anything isn’t clear, feel free to text me privately.
TO AVOID ANY CONFUSION
● The articles are NOT an optional part of the homework- only the
novel is.
● For the articles’ homework, you are asked to give the main
idea of every one or two paragraphs, not the summary of the
text.

This drive includes samples of the best homeworks we received. If

you faced difficulties while answering the hw, you may use this as a
guide.

Google Drive’s Link:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19iO0GhaT9ZTMgSNCtHO9c
x_2_RDnqInz
 ARTICLES

Kindly watch the video below to understand what you will do

with the articles.

‫الزم تتفرج علي فيديو شرح مفروض تعمل ايه في الجزء ده من الواجب‬

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dolWZH27_IQtarsvAu8SZaWeiVnwQLNl/view?us
p=sharing

1. Skim the article

2. Write the main idea
3. Start scanning the article and while scanning you will get
the new vocabulary words, and the connection between
paragraphs and the main idea for each paragraph.

‫ تقرأ المقال قرايه سريعة علشان تفهم فكره عامة‬1

‫عن الموضوع‬
‫ اكتب الفكرة الرئيسية‬2
‫ اقرا الباسدج قرايه مفصله و انتا بتقرأ اكتب‬3
‫الفكرة لكل جزء و اكتب العالقة بينهم‬

For THE ADVANCED GROUPS ONLY:

This part is optional!! For every article, try to create a question

like those in the tests.
 The Extra Day
by Algernon Blackwood
Next Chapter
Chapter I: The Material

Judy, Tim, and Maria were just little children. It was impossible to say
exactly what their ages were, except that they were just the usual age, that
Judy was the eldest, Maria the youngest, and that Tim, accordingly, came in
between the two.

Their father did his best for them; so did their mother; so did Aunt Emily, the
latter's sister. It is impossible to say very much about these three either,
except that they were just Father, Mother, and Aunt Emily. They were the
Authorities-in-Chief, and they knew respectively everything there was to be
known about such remote and difficult subjects as London and Money;
the life of
Judy, Tim Food, Health and Clothing; Conduct, Behaviour and Regulations, both
and Maria
general and particular. Into these three departments of activity the children,
without realising that they did so, classed them neatly. Aunt Emily, besides
the special duties assigned to her, was a living embodiment of No. While
Father allowed and permitted, while Mother wobbled and hesitated, Aunt
Emily shook her head with decision, and said distinctly No. She was too full
of warnings, advice, and admonitions to get about much. She wore gold
glasses, and had an elastic, pointed nose. From the children's point of view
she must be classed as invalid. Somewhere, deep down inside them, they
felt pity.

The trio loved them according to their just deserts; they grasped that the
Authorities did their best for them. This "best," moreover, was done in
the 3 siblings
loved the different ways. Father did it with love and tenderness, that is, he spoilt them;
the desert
the parents Mother with tenderness and love, that is, she felt them part of herself and
and aunt
made did not like to hurt herself; Aunt Emily with affectionate and worthy desire to
see them improve, that is, she trained them. Therefore they adored their
 father, loved their mother, and thought highly--from a distance preferably--of
their aunt.

This was the outward and visible household that an ordinary person, say, a
visitor who came to lunch on Sunday after church, would have noticed. It
was the upper layer; but there was an under layer too. There was
Thompson, the old pompous family butler; they trusted him because he was
silent and rarely smiled, winked at their mischief, pretended not to see them
when he caught them in his pantry, and never once betrayed them. There
was Mrs. Horton, the fat and hot-tempered family cook; they regarded her
with excitement including dread, because she left juicy cakes (still wet) upon
the dresser, yet denied them the entry into her kitchen. Her first name being
the family
had a bad Bridget, there was evidently an Irish strain in her, but there was probably a
side in thier
house dash of French as well, for she was an excellent cook and recipe was her
master-word--she pronounced it "recipee." There was Jackman, the nurse,
a mixture of Mother and Aunt Emily; and there was Weeden, the Head
Gardener, an evasive and mysterious personality, who knew so much about
flowers and vegetables and weather that he was half animal, half bird, and
scarcely a human being at all--vaguely magnificent in a sombre way. His
power in his own department was unquestioned. He said little, but it "meant
an awful lot"--most of which, perhaps, was not intended.

These four constituted the under layer of the household, concealed from
visitors, and living their own lives apart behind the scenes. They were the
Lesser Authorities.

There were others too, of course, neighbours, friends, and visitors, who
dwelt outside the big iron gates in the Open World, and who entered their
lives from various angles, some to linger, some merely to show themselves
and vanish into mist again. Occasionally they reappeared at intervals,
occasionally they didn't. Among the former were Colonel William Stumper,
C.B., a retired Indian soldier who lived in the Manor House beyond the
church and had written a book on Scouting; a nameless Station-Master,
whom they saw rarely when they accompanied Daddy to the London train; a
the family had some neighbours that were also not so great

Policeman, who walked endlessly up and down the muddy or dusty lanes,
and came to the front door with a dirty little book in his big hands at
Christmas-time; and a Tramp, who slept in barns and haystacks, and
haunted the great London Road ever since they had once handed him a
piece of Mrs. Horton's sticky cake in paper over the old grey fence. Him they
regarded with a special awe and admiration, not unmixed with tenderness.
He had smiled so nicely when he said "Thank you" that Judy, wondering if
there was any one to mend his clothes, had always longed to know him
better. It seemed so wonderful. How could he live without furniture, house,
regular meals--without possessions, in a word? It made him so real. It was
"real life," in fact, to live that way; and upon Judy especially the impression
was a deep one.

In addition to these occasional intruders, there was another person, an

Authority, but the most wonderful Authority of all, who came into their lives a
little later with a gradual and overwhelming effect, but who cannot be
mentioned more definitely just now because he has not yet arrived. The
world, in any case, speaking generally, was enormous; it was endless; it
was always dropping things and people upon them without warning, as from
a clear and cloudless sky. But this particular individual was still climbing the
great curve below their horizon, and had not yet poked his amazing head
above the edge.

Yet, strange to say, they had always believed that some such person would
arrive. A wonderful stranger was already on the way. They rarely spoke of it-
-it was just a great, passionate expectancy tucked away in the deepest
corner of their hearts. Children possess this sense of anticipation all the
world over; grown-ups have it too in the form of an unquenchable, though
fading hope: the feeling that some day or other a Wonderful Stranger will
come up the pathway, knock at the door, and enter their lives, making life
worth living, full of wonder, beauty, and delight, because he will make all
things new.

how the family's life changed

 This wonderful stranger, Judy had a vague idea, would be--be like at least--
the Tramp; Tim, following another instinct, was of the opinion he would be a
"soldier-explorer-hunter kind of man"; Maria, if she thought anything at all
about him, kept her decision securely hidden in her tight, round body. But
Judy qualified her choice by the hopeful assertion that he would "come from
the air"; and Tim had a secret notion that he would emerge from a big, deep
hole--pop out like a badger or a rabbit, as it were--and suddenly declare
himself; while Maria, by her non-committal, universal attitude, perhaps
believed that, if he came at all, he would "just come from everywhere at
once." She believed everything, always, everywhere. But to assert that
belief was to betray the existence of a doubt concerning it. She just lived it.

For the three children belonged to three distinct classes, without knowing
that they did so. Tim loved anything to do with the ground, with earth and
soil, that is, things that made holes and lived in them, or that did not actually
make holes but just grubbed about; mysterious, secret things, such as
rabbits, badgers, hedgehogs, mice, rats, hares, and weasels. In all his
games the "earth" was home.

Judy, on the other hand, was indubitably an air person--birds amazed her,
filling her hungry heart with high aspirations, longings, and desires. She
looked, with her bright, eager face and spidery legs, distinctly bird-like. She
what every flitted, darted, perched. She had what Tim called a "tweaky" nose, though
kid in the 3
kids love whether he meant that it was beak-like or merely twitched, he never stated;
it was just "tweaky," and Judy took it as a compliment. One could easily
imagine her shining little face peeping over the edge of a nest, the rest of
her sitting warmly upon half a dozen smooth, pink eggs. Her legs certainly
seemed stuck into her like pencils, as with a robin or a seagull. She adored
everything that had wings and flew; she was of the air; it was her element.

Maria's passions were unknown. Though suspected of being universal,

since she manifested no deliberate likes or dislikes, approving all things with
a kind of majestic and indifferent omnipotence, they remained quiescent and
undeclared. She probably just loved the universe. She felt at home in it. To
 Maria the entire universe belonged, because she sat still and with absolute
conviction--claimed it.

What is aquaculture? It may be the

solution to overfishing.
From seaweed to shellfish, this fast-growing industry is ensuring that humans
have enough protein for our diets. Here's what to know about aquaculture.
Diamond-shaped fish cages rise from the water for cleaning at an open-ocean fish farm in Colon,
Panama. This is one of many approaches to aquaculture, or the farming of aquatic organisms that
keeps seafood plentiful for our diets.
fishman and
aquafarmingFishermen and farmers alike are taking to the waters to produce
purpose protein to feed the world—from finfish to shellfish to seaweed.

Aquaculture, sometimes called aquafarming, is the breeding, raising,

growing, and harvesting of aquatic organisms in fresh and salt water
for human consumption and conservation alike—and the nuances of
what it entails are vast.

Dating back more than 4,000 years, aquaculture gradually expanded

from China to the rest of the world, and has gained most of its
popularity in the 21st century. Today, it’s the fastest growing industry
for producing protein, one of the basic building blocks of our diet.
aquaculturer
grows to be
known by Plus, over 50 percent of the world’s seafood comes from aquaculture.
every country
“The debate is over,” says Daniel Benetti, the director of aquaculture
at the University of Miami. “It's here to stay. It's already mainstream.”

types of As overfishing threatens the world’s waters and the species that rely
aquaculture on them, aquaculture may be the solution to keep fishermen at sea
and food on our tables. And there are many different types of
aquaculture. Here’s what you need to know.

Algae (seaweed) aquaculture

 Although Asia is the world’s largest producer of algae, these farms are
gaining traction across the world as our understanding of its
nutritious value grows.

(Is it time to start eating algae?)

Seaweed, a type of algae, is also particularly easy to grow as it doesn’t

require much attention beyond a little TLC. Sugar kelp, the most
commonly cultivated seaweed in the U.S., is grown mainly on
longlines, or horizontal ropes, studded with spores that are
submerged several feet below the water’s surface. It’s a fast growing,
annual crop and has a two-month harvesting window.

When it’s ready, farmers harvest the seaweed by pulling up the

longlines and cutting it off. Sugar kelp is mostly sold fresh and
directly to restaurants.

types of Experts say there’s little disadvantage to seaweed farming. “Seaweed

aquaculture farming, and all marine aquaculture, produces far less carbon
emissions when compared to terrestrial farming and livestock
production,” says Anoushka Concepcion, an assistant extension
educator in marine aquaculture at the University of Connecticut.

(Why seaweed “forests” might be the key to neutralizing carbon

emissions.)

Shellfish aquaculture
Whether it’s oysters, clams, or mussels, aquaculture helps ensure
there’s plenty of fresh shellfish available to us to eat—and they help
keep our oceans clean.

Farmers obtain shellfish seedlings from a hatchery, which is where

the shellfish are bred from sperm to larvae to a plantable size. Once in
a farm, shellfish, like seaweed, don’t require farmers to provide any
food or fertilizer beyond what the ocean naturally offers. Farmers do,
however, use different methods to grow each type of shellfish.

(Your love for fresh oysters can help the planet.)

Mussels: Most grow mussels at the top of the water on ropes that
hang down from a floating barge or structure. The lines are covered
with mussel seed and then placed in the water, where they’ll grow to
market size in about two years.
 Oysters: Some farmers cultivate oysters in bags or cages that float at
the top of the water, while others string lines below the water’s
surface, almost like a suspended clothesline hung with oyster bags.
These shellfish can also be grown uncaged or in bags on the sea floor.

Clams: Clams are exclusively bottom-cultured creatures, meaning

they’ll burrow themselves on the water’s floor, either loose or in bags.

In places like Florida, shellfish farms help clean harmful algal blooms,
or red tides, from the water. While humans can’t eat the shellfish
when a bloom is present, eventually the clam will filter the toxins
from the water and through its body, becoming clean again to eat.

(What is a red tide—and how does it affect humans?)

Oysters and mussels are also just generally good for ocean health.
Depending on how big and happy they are, they can filter up to 50
gallons of water a day, removing nitrogen from waters, ergo cleaning
them as they eat, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
types of
aquaculture Finfish aquaculture
Finfish is the most complicated of all aquaculture farming.
From salmon to catfish to tilapia, farmers need to be able to control
an environment as much as possible to raise healthy fish.

Most of these fish come from hatcheries: artificial breeding facilities

where the fish are hatched and raised until they’re fingerlings (the
size of a finger). They’re then transferred to a farm where they’ll
continue to grow until harvested. Depending on what the fish needs to
grow, the farm may raise them in warm or cold water and fresh or salt
water—and either onshore, on the coast, or in the ocean.

Onshore, there are two main types of farms: earthen ponds and
recirculating aquaculture systems.

Earthen ponds are natural ponds, which are equipped with paddles to
help circulate the water, keeping it fresh and moving. In Alabama,
Arkansas, and Mississippi, for example, these ponds can produce up
to 10,000 pounds of catfish per acre, according to Anita Kelly, an
aquaculture professor at Auburn University—although they’re
vulnerable to threats from birds, snakes, turtles, and alligators that
feast on these ready available fish.
 Recirculating aquaculture systems are essentially industrial
warehouses where sea water is pumped into filters that feed pools that
house the fish. The wastewater is re-filtered, recycled, and reused
within the tanks.

Coastal farms, meanwhile, mainly use floating net pens, which are the
image most commonly associated with aquaculture; from above, these
cages look like water-based crop circles.

types of Finally, an offshore farm is any farm that's established in strong and
aquaculture deep waters, Benetti says. These are the most labor-intensive forms of
aquaculture—which is part of the reason why there’s only one in the
United States, in Hawaii. They also require innovative processes to
run: Farmers use spherical cages that look like floating metal orbs of
netted fish. Although they can be moored or unmoored, they’re
usually connected to a feed barge with a tube that pumps food to the
fish.

This aerial photo shows boats traveling in the aquaculture area of Sansha Township in the morning
in Xiapu County, China. During the peak of the autumn harvest, boats travel through vast area,
harvesting aquatic products such as seaweed and oysters, from sunrise to sunset.
The future of aquaculture
As aquaculture continues to expand, so do its innovations. In 2022,
China, the leading producer of finfish aquaculture, launched the
world’s first aquaculture ship. The ship has 15 tanks—each the size of
two standard swimming pools—and is expected to produce about
3,700 tons of fish annually. Because the ship is mobile, the water for
the fish is constantly exchanged with the sea, reducing the risk of
disease and water pollution.
 the future of aquaculture

And environmentalists keep a close eye on the water quality

surrounding net pens, where they say excess feed and condensed fish
waste pose a danger of polluting nearby ecosystems.

To reduce that risk, some farms are looking to combine forces. In

Norway, for example, one farm is growing salmon and kelp in the
hopes that the kelp will absorb nitrogen and other nutrients expelled
by the net pens to keep the waters clean.

As the aquaculture industry continues to grow at a rapid rate,

experimentation is also ongoing. Environmentalists and farmers alike
hope these new innovations and techniques will help feed our growing
population, and perhaps even save our oceans.
 Apology, with Interruptions
BY RITA DO VE
Mayhap—what
a curious word,
all misfortune and
circumstance or pure
terror (as soon as fate
gets her hand
on the string). Why how cruel this world can be
do we need free will,
anyway? What is this
beautiful freedom
we long for, then promptly
grow bored within?
I meant to say
perhaps, but this
conjoined relic slipped out
instead. What was it
I wanted to tell you?
I forgot. That’s how
everything goes now,
all of the time.

NOVEL
THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER by Mark Twain

For the Novel part, we will be reading about 20-30 pages per
week. If you decide to do this task, you’ll be asked to read the
chapters assigned and write the main idea.

Each friday, in the novel’s discussion group, you guys are gonna
discuss the part you were assigned and make memes and have
fun with it and we will also join…

This week’s pages to read: 340-370

This novel’s link:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/16VIRGFON1o45PLMrJBsEyA6J
uEsdJyZg/view?usp=sharing
 VOCABULARY

First, to practice the vocabulary in context, there is a small paragraph

that includes all the vocabulary words; you will read it and guess the
meanings of the words. Then, to know if you’re on the right track,
head to the unit words and check your guesses.

Afterwards, you will memorize the words and then solve the
questions. To correct and know your mistakes, an answer key will
be sent along with next week’s new homework.

Kindly watch the video below to understand what you will do

with the vocabulary part.

‫الزم تتفرج علي فيديو شرح مفروض تعمل ايه في الجزء ده من الواجب‬

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-bxp1hGrOnErH-l1duc
GH- VdFn6Tb5lV/view?usp=drivesdk

Also after this week’s unit, you will find last week’s unit answer
key to check your work.
certify [sartafai] v.

To certify something means to confirm that its results are true.

—►The photograph on her passport certified that she was indeed Jolene Sawyer.

collaborate [kalaebareit] v.

To collaborate means to work together on something.

—►When they collaborated, they managed to finish their chores early.

compile [kampail] v.

To compile things means to collect a variety of them into a group.

—►She compiled a list o f people who she wanted to attend her birthday party.

counteract [kauntarjfekt] v.
To counteract something means to act against it in order to reduce or stop it.
- * Medicine is supposed to counteract illnesses.

Curb [ka:rb] v.

To curb something means to prevent it from happening or increasing.

—►She curbed her anger by listening to a relaxing song.

diagnose [daiagndus] v.

To diagnose someone means to identify the medical condition they have.

—* Several o f the children were diagnosed with the flu.

enact [insekt] V.

To enact something means to make it into a law.

—►The council enacted a law that would only allow buses to drive downtown.

federation [fedareifan] n.

A federation is a group of states or businesses working for a common cause.

-> The United Nations is a federation designed to prevent war, disease, and famine.

grOSS [grous] adj.

If something is gross, then it is disgusting.
—►The food was so gross that the dog couldn’t eat it without feeling sick.

h u m a n e [/?ju:mein] adj.

If something is humane, then it is good and kind.

—►Helping build homes for poor people is very humane.

Elbarskhan & mmh

 — — — — — “ “ 1

intolerable [intdlerabal] adj.

If something is intolerable, then it is so bad that people cannot bear it.

—♦ The weather was so intolerable that I had to p ut on my warmest clothes.

needy [nhdi] adj.

If someone is needy, they are very poor.

—* After he lost his job, he became very needy.

onset [onset] n.

The onset of something unpleasant is the beginning of it.

—►At the onset o f the battle, the enemy wasn’t prepared for such a large attack.

pledge [pied3] v.
To pledge means to make a promise to do something.
—» Her mother pledged that she would find her daughter’s lost kitten.

prohibit [proi/hibit] v.

To prohibit something means to not allow it.

—►She prohibited the students from speaking until their work was done.

r a s h [raej] n.

A rash is an infected area of the skin with redness, bumps, itching, or dryness.
—* The new perfume left a horrible rash on my skin.

render [render] V.

To render something means to make it become something else.

—>His report was rendered unimportant by the release o f new information.

r y Smallpox [smo:lpdks] n.

Smallpox is a disease that causes tiny bumps on the skin and high fevers.
—►When she saw the tiny bumps, she thought her son m ight have smallpox.

transmit [transmit] v.
To transmit something means to pass it from one person or place to another.
-» The radio tower transmits a signal to all the radios in a 20-kilometer radius.

VOW [vau] V.

To vow means to make a promise to do something.

—* Before they are allowed to work, all senators must vow to never accept bribes.

oa
Elbarskhan & mmh
 Exercise 1

Choose the one that is similar in meaning to the given word.

1. federation
a. motion b. union c. suction d. tension
2. render
a. stop b. tear c. rent d. make
3. smallpox
a. disease b. match c. arrive d. hide
4. curb
a. drain b. excuse c. prevent d. breathe
5. diagnose
a. smell b. continue c. extend d. identify
6. certify
a. apply b. reduce c. confirm d. listen
7. rash
a. pants b. bumps c. lists d. pies
8 . needy
a. poor b. sweet c. moist d. short
9. onset
a. fork b. show c. light d. start
10. collaborate
a. cooperate b. estimate c. understand d. determine

Exercise 2

Choose the one that is opposite in meaning to the given word.

1. enact
a. open b. travel c. cancel d. recline
2. intolerable
a. chewable b. washable c. bearable d. honorable
3. pledge
a. lie b. write c. throw d. fall
4. counteract
a. pretend b. arrange c. support d. repair
5. vow
a. command b. gather c. elect d. deceive
6. prohibit
a. examine b. undo c. allow d. chew
7. transmit
a. ride b. hold c. dig d. burn
8. gross
a. little b. similar c. powerful d. pretty
9. compile
a. tower b. scatter c. mound d. dinner
10. humane
a. hairy b. kind c. close d. cruel

Elbarskhan & mmh

 ■El
Exercise 3

Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.

1. The new law will make the schools less effective at teaching certain subjects.
create

2. Some countries have a larger population of poor citizens than other countries do.
needy

3. The teachers collected the names of all the students who passed the test in her book.
gathered

4. If you touch that plant, you might get a sore and infected area of skin that itches badly.
rash

5. The doctor identified her illness as being only a mild stomach flu.
diagnose

6. I don’t like those kinds of movies because they have scenes that are really disgusting.
gross

7. Many diseases are passed from one person to another when they shake hands.
infected

8. The companies agreed that it would be cheaper to ship the fruit if they formed a group.
compile

9. Her treatment of the patients was good and kind, and they seemed to heal much faster.
pretty

10. The two artists decided to work together on their next series of sculptures.
collaborate

Elbarskhan & mmh

The End of Smallpox
Smallpox was once the most deadly disease in the world. During the 1800s, more than
20 million people got the disease every year. Of those, nearly half died. At the onset of
smallpox, people suffered from high fevers, headaches, vomiting, and aching muscles. Yet
the worst symptom of all was an intolerable rash that caused irritation on the entire body.
Those who survived the disease were often rendered blind or left with gross scars on their
face and body.
Today, however, cases of smallpox are very rare due to the work of many countries during
the late 1900s. This federation of countries collaborated to completely destroy smallpox.
Early in the century, wealthy countries in Europe and North America had developed a
substance that made the body immune to smallpox. They had required all their citizens to
get this vaccine to counteract the disease. Hence, the people of these countries no longer
had to worry about smallpox.
However, many of the needy people in poorer parts of the world still suffered from the
disease. Their countries could not afford the vaccine nor supply enough doctors to curb the
spread of smallpox.
In 1950, the wealthier countries of the world vowed to free the world of the disease. They
pledged to supply the vaccine to any country that could not afford it. Scientists compiled
lists of areas where the disease still thrived. Then doctors diagnosed
people who had the disease in these areas. They enacted laws that
prohibited people with smallpox from mixing with those who did
not. In this way, they could not transmit the disease to others.
Then the doctors gave all of them the vaccine.
It took a longtim e and a lot of work. But nearly thirty years
later, on December 9,1979, a group of scientists certified
that smallpox had been successfully stopped. The humane
efforts of people from all over the world had accomplished
a great task.

Elbarskhan & mmh

 eading C o m p r e h e n s i o n

PART o statements
Mark each statement T for true or F for false. Rewrite the false
to make them true.
1. In the 1800 s, more than 20 million people were diagnosed with smallpox each year.

2. Smallpox rendered people bald and caused an intolerable rash that left gross scars.

3. Laws were enacted to prohibit sick people from mixing with healthy people.

4. The wealthier countries pledged to give North America a vaccine to counteract

smallpox.

5. The humane efforts of people everywhere helped to successfully stop smallpox.

PART O Answer the questions.

1. What did people suffer from at the onset of smallpox?

2. What did the federation of countries collaborate in order to do?

3. Why couldn’t the needy peoples’ countries curb the spread of smallpox?

4. What did doctors do to help reduce the spread of smallpox?

5. Who certified that smallpox had been stopped in December of 1979?

Elbarskhan & mmh

 4000 Essential English Words 6 – Answer Key

Unit 12 Reading Comprehension

Part A
Exercise 1 1.T
1. b 2. F, Gordon’s muscles were a testament to
2. c his strong work ethic.
3. a 3. T
4. b 4. F, The lack of appreciation evoked
5. d unhappy feelings in Gordon.
5. T
Exercise 2
Part B
1. mound
1. Greta was too old to do housekeeping and
2. butler
repairs herself.
3. timber
2. Gordon worked really hard.
4. grin
3. “Welcome home.”
5. valve
4. “My hard work really paid off!”
6. cramp
5. Gordon spent the afternoon admiring his
7. stool
beautiful new home.
8. testament
9. numb
10. dilapidated

Exercise 3
1. C
2. C
3. I
4. I
5. C
6. C
7. I
8. C
9. C
10. I
11. I
12. I
13. C
14. C
15. I
16. I
17. C
18. I
19. C
20. C

12
 ORDERING THE PARAGRAPH

You’re asked to rearrange the given random sentences to form a

cohesive text. To correct and know your mistakes, an answer key will
be uploaded next Tuesday.
This week’s
1. As members of the food industry, it is every food handler's responsibility
to learn the best practices to control food contamination.
2. The term food contamination refers to the presence of unwanted materials
or substances in food that may harm public health. Contamination of food
is a global concern that significantly affects all other industries. The
presence of unwanted substances on food can lead to foodborne
illnesses and other related injuries depending on the type of food
contaminant present.
3. Some food contaminants can cause adverse health effects and even lead to
death. As a food safety manager, you want all types of food contaminants
outside of your preparation and delivery area.
4. Food contamination can occur at any point in the food supply chain.
Without proper preventive measures, certain points of the supply chain
can easily be penetrated and cause a widespread foodborne illness
outbreak. The effects of food contamination cannot be underestimated.
Last week’s answers
Individuals of all ages can make huge impacts in their community.
Mari Copeny is one great example. She is taking action to help her
community of Flint, Michigan. She is a young activist who has spent
many years speaking out against environmental injustice.
In 2014, the water in Flint, Michigan started to look and taste unusual.
Some people in Flint began getting skin rashes. Some people’s hair
started falling out.
These symptoms were all caused by toxic water. To save money, the
Michigan state government had decided to stop transporting clean,
treated water from Detroit to Flint. Instead, the government started
getting the city’s water from the polluted Flint River. This new water
source was not treated to get rid of toxins. Plus, this polluted water
travelled through old pipes on its way to people’s homes. It became
contaminated by lead, a toxic metal, and harmful bacteria. People
began speaking out about their water quality, but the government did
not take action. Soon, researchers and doctors began looking into this
issue. City tests of the water showed high lead levels. Doctors looked
over children’s medical records. They realized Flint children had
higher lead levels in their blood than children in other U.S cities. High
lead levels can affect how children’s brains develop. This can lead to
many different health problems, including learning disorders,
behavioral issues, hearing loss, and more. The water in Flint was so
toxic that people had to stop drinking it. Some people couldn’t take
showers or baths in the water without irritating their skin. They had to
use bottled water for all of their water needs.
Mari Copeny had grown up in Flint. She saw how the toxic water was
affecting her community and wanted to take action to help. In 2016, 8-
year-old Copeny wrote a letter to Barack Obama, the U.S. president at
the time. She told him about Flint’s water problems. Obama got her
letter and visited Flint. His visit helped raise awareness for the issue.
People around the country began donating to Flint. Obama also later
approved $100 million to upgrade Flint’s water system.
 MOTIVATIONAL VIDEO

For the Motivational Video (so important to watch), you are asked to
write a short summary, the thing you learned from the video, or a voice
note talking about the video.

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LoXo9c5k9o&feature=youtu.be
Optional Part [ articles]

John F. Kennedy
Civil Rights Address
delivered 11 June 1963, White House, Washington, D.C.

Audio mp3 of Address

click for pdf

[AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio.]

Good evening, my fellow citizens:

This afternoon, following a series of threats and defiant statements, the

presence of Alabama National Guardsmen was required on the University of
Alabama to carry out the final and unequivocal order of the United States
District Court of the Northern District of Alabama. That order called for the
admission of two clearly qualified young Alabama residents who happened to
have been born Negro. That they were admitted peacefully on the campus is
due in good measure to the conduct of the students of the University of
Alabama, who met their responsibilities in a constructive way.

I hope that every American, regardless of where he lives, will stop and
examine his conscience about this and other related incidents. This Nation
was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds. It was founded on
the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of every man
are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened.

Today, we are committed to a worldwide struggle to promote and protect

the rights of all who wish to be free. And when Americans are sent to
Vietnam or West Berlin, we do not ask for whites only. It ought to be
possible, therefore, for American students of any color to attend any public
institution they select without having to be backed up by troops. It ought to
to be possible for American consumers of any color to receive equal service
in places of public accommodation, such as hotels and restaurants and
theaters and retail stores, without being forced to resort to demonstrations
in the street, and it ought to be possible for American citizens of any color to
register and to vote in a free election without interference or fear of reprisal.
It ought to to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the
privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color. In short,
every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be
treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. But this is not the
case.

The Negro baby born in America today, regardless of the section of the State
in which he is born, has about one-half as much chance of completing a high
school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day, one-third as
much chance of completing college, one-third as much chance of becoming a
professional man, twice as much chance of becoming unemployed, about
one-seventh as much chance of earning $10,000 a year, a life expectancy
which is 7 years shorter, and the prospects of earning only half as much.

This is not a sectional issue. Difficulties over segregation and discrimination

exist in every city, in every State of the Union, producing in many cities a
rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety. Nor is this a
partisan issue. In a time of domestic crisis men of good will and generosity
should be able to unite regardless of party or politics. This is not even a legal
or legislative issue alone. It is better to settle these matters in the courts
than on the streets, and new laws are needed at every level, but law alone
cannot make men see right. We are confronted primarily with a moral issue.
It is as old as the Scriptures and is as clear as the American Constitution.

The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal
rights and equal opportunities, whether we are going to treat our fellow
Americans as we want to be treated. If an American, because his skin is
dark, cannot eat lunch in a restaurant open to the public, if he cannot send
his children to the best public school available, if he cannot vote for the
public officials who will represent him, if, in short, he cannot enjoy the full
and free life which all of us want, then who among us would be content to
have the color of his skin changed and stand in his place? Who among us
would then be content with the counsels of patience and delay?

One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the
slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. They are not yet
freed from the bonds of injustice. They are not yet freed from social and
economic oppression. And this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will
not be fully free until all its citizens are free.

We preach freedom around the world, and we mean it, and we cherish our
freedom here at home, but are we to say to the world, and much more
importantly, to each other that this is the land of the free except for the
Negroes; that we have no second-class citizens except Negroes; that we
have no class or caste system, no ghettoes, no master race except with
respect to Negroes?

Now the time has come for this Nation to fulfill its promise. The events in
Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased the cries for equality that no
city or State or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them. The
fires of frustration and discord are burning in every city, North and South,
where legal remedies are not at hand. Redress is sought in the streets, in
demonstrations, parades, and protests which create tensions and threaten
violence and threaten lives.

We face, therefore, a moral crisis as a country and a people. It cannot be

met by repressive police action. It cannot be left to increased
demonstrations in the streets. It cannot be quieted by token moves or talk.
It is a time to act in the Congress, in your State and local legislative body
and, above all, in all of our daily lives. It is not enough to pin the blame on
others, to say this a problem of one section of the country or another, or
deplore the facts that we face. A great change is at hand, and our task, our
obligation, is to make that revolution, that change, peaceful and constructive
for all. Those who do nothing are inviting shame, as well as violence. Those
who act boldly are recognizing right, as well as reality.

Next week I shall ask the Congress of the United States to act, to make a
commitment it has not fully made in this century to the proposition that race
has no place in American life or law. The Federal judiciary has upheld that
proposition in a series of forthright cases. The Executive Branch has adopted
that proposition in the conduct of its affairs, including the employment of
Federal personnel, the use of Federal facilities, and the sale of federally
financed housing. But there are other necessary measures which only the
Congress can provide, and they must be provided at this session. The old
code of equity law under which we live commands for every wrong a
remedy, but in too many communities, in too many parts of the country,
wrongs are inflicted on Negro citizens and there are no remedies at law.
Unless the Congress acts, their only remedy is the street.

I am, therefore, asking the Congress to enact legislation giving all Americans
the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public -- hotels,
restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments. This seems
to me to be an elementary right. Its denial is an arbitrary indignity that no
American in 1963 should have to endure, but many do.

I have recently met with scores of business leaders urging them to take
voluntary action to end this discrimination, and I have been encouraged by
their response, and in the last two weeks over 75 cities have seen progress
made in desegregating these kinds of facilities. But many are unwilling to act
alone, and for this reason, nationwide legislation is needed if we are to move
this problem from the streets to the courts.

I'm also asking the Congress to authorize the Federal Government to

participate more fully in lawsuits designed to end segregation in public
education. We have succeeded in persuading many districts to desegregate
voluntarily. Dozens have admitted Negroes without violence. Today, a Negro
is attending a State-supported institution in every one of our 50 States, but
the pace is very slow.
Too many Negro children entering segregated grade schools at the time of
the Supreme Court's decision nine years ago will enter segregated high
schools this fall, having suffered a loss which can never be restored. The
lack of an adequate education denies the Negro a chance to get a decent
job.

The orderly implementation of the Supreme Court decision, therefore,

cannot be left solely to those who may not have the economic resources to
carry the legal action or who may be subject to harassment.

Other features will be also requested, including greater protection for the
right to vote. But legislation, I repeat, cannot solve this problem alone. It
must be solved in the homes of every American in every community across
our country. In this respect I wanna pay tribute to those citizens North and
South who've been working in their communities to make life better for all.
They are acting not out of sense of legal duty but out of a sense of human
decency. Like our soldiers and sailors in all parts of the world they are
meeting freedom's challenge on the firing line, and I salute them for their
honor and their courage.

My fellow Americans, this is a problem which faces us all -- in every city of

the North as well as the South. Today, there are Negroes unemployed, two
or three times as many compared to whites, inadequate education, moving
into the large cities, unable to find work, young people particularly out of
work without hope, denied equal rights, denied the opportunity to eat at a
restaurant or a lunch counter or go to a movie theater, denied the right to a
decent education, denied almost today the right to attend a State university
even though qualified. It seems to me that these are matters which concern
us all, not merely Presidents or Congressmen or Governors, but every citizen
of the United States.

This is one country. It has become one country because all of us and all the
people who came here had an equal chance to develop their talents. We
cannot say to ten percent of the population that you can't have that right;
that your children cannot have the chance to develop whatever talents they
have; that the only way that they are going to get their rights is to go in the
street and demonstrate. I think we owe them and we owe ourselves a better
country than that.

Therefore, I'm asking for your help in making it easier for us to move ahead
and to provide the kind of equality of treatment which we would want
ourselves; to give a chance for every child to be educated to the limit of his
talents.

As I've said before, not every child has an equal talent or an equal ability or
equal motivation, but they should have the equal right to develop their
talent and their ability and their motivation, to make something of
themselves.

We have a right to expect that the Negro community will be responsible, will
uphold the law, but they have a right to expect that the law will be fair, that
the Constitution will be color blind, as Justice Harlan said at the turn of the
century.

This is what we're talking about and this is a matter which concerns this
country and what it stands for, and in meeting it I ask the support of all our
citizens.

Thank you very much.

 A Secret Weapon in Preventing the Next Pandemic: Fruit Bats

1. New research links bat habitat destruction with the spillover of their viruses to humans
2. By Jim Robbins, Kaiser Health News on February 3, 2023

Credit: Oona Tempest/K HN (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

ADVERTISEMENT

More than four dozen Jamaican fruit bats destined for a lab in Bozeman, Montana, are
set to become part of an experiment with an ambitious goal: predicting the next global
pandemic.

Bats worldwide are primary vectors for virus transmission from animals to humans.
Those viruses often are harmless to bats but can be deadly to humans. Horseshoe bats in
China, for example, are cited as a likely cause of the covid-19 outbreak. And researchers
believe pressure put on bats by climate change and encroachment from human
development have increased the frequency of viruses jumping from bats to people,
causing what are known as zoonotic diseases.

“Spillover events are the result of a cascade of stressors — bat habitat is cleared, climate
becomes more extreme, bats move into human areas to find food,” said Raina Plowright,
a disease ecologist and co-author of a recent paper in the journal Nature and another
in Ecology Letters on the role of ecological changes in disease.

That’s why Montana State University immunologist Agnieszka Rynda-Apple plans to

bring the Jamaican fruit bats to Bozeman this winter to start a breeding colony and
accelerate her lab’s work as part of a team of 70 researchers in seven countries. The
group, called BatOneHealth — founded by Plowright — hopes to find ways to predict
where the next deadly virus might make the leap from bats to people.

“We’re collaborating on the question of why bats are such a fantastic vector,” said
Rynda-Apple. “We’re trying to understand what is it about their immune systems that
makes them retain the virus, and what is the situation in which they shed the virus.”

To study the role of nutritional stress, researchers create different diets for them, she
said, “and infect them with the influenza virus and then study how much virus they are
shedding, the length of the viral shedding, and their antiviral response.”

While she and her colleagues have already been doing these kinds of experiments,
breeding bats will allow them to expand the research.

It’s a painstaking effort to thoroughly understand how environmental change

contributes to nutritional stress and to better predict spillover. “If we can really
understand all the pieces of the puzzle, that gives us tools to go back in and think about
eco-counter measures that we can put in place that will break the cycle of spillovers,”
said Andrew Hoegh, an assistant professor of statistics at MSU who is creating models
for possible spillover scenarios.

The small team of researchers at MSU works with a researcher at the National Institutes
of Health’s Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, Montana.

The recent papers published in Nature and Ecology Letters focus on the Hendra virus in
Australia, which is where Plowright was born. Hendra is a respiratory virus that causes
flu-like symptoms and spreads from bats to horses, and then can be passed on to people
who treat the horses. It is deadly, with a mortality rate of 75% in horses. Of the seven
people known to have been infected, four died.
The question that propelled Plowright’s work is why Hendra began to show up in horses
and people in the 1990s, even though bats have likely hosted the virus for eons. The
research demonstrates that the reason is environmental change.

Plowright began her bat research in 2006. In samples taken from Australian bats called
flying foxes, she and her colleagues rarely detected the virus. After Tropical Cyclone
Larry off the coast of the Northern Territory wiped out the bats’ food source in 2005-06,
hundreds of thousands of the animals simply disappeared. However, they found one
small population of weak and starving bats loaded with the Hendra virus. That led
Plowright to focus on nutritional stress as a key player in spillover.

She and her collaborators scoured 25 years of data on habitat loss, spillover, and climate
and discovered a link between the loss of food sources caused by environmental change
and high viral loads in food-stressed bats.

In the year after an El Niño climate pattern, with its high temperatures — occurring
every few years — many eucalyptus trees don’t produce the flowers with nectar the bats
need. And human encroachment on other habitats, from farms to urban development,
has eliminated alternative food sources. And so the bats tend to move into urban areas
with substandard fig, mango, and other trees, and, stressed, shed virus. When the bats
excrete urine and feces, horses inhale it while sniffing the ground.

The researchers hope their work with Hendra-infected bats will illustrate a universal
principle: how the destruction and alteration of nature can increase the likelihood that
deadly pathogens will spill over from wild animals to humans.

The three most likely sources of spillover are bats, mammals, and arthropods, especially
ticks. Some 60% of emerging infectious diseases that infect humans come from animals,
and about two-thirds of those come from wild animals.

The idea that deforestation and human encroachment into wild land fuels pandemics is
not new. For example, experts believe that HIV, which causes AIDS, first infected
humans when people ate chimpanzees in central Africa. A Malaysian outbreak in late
1998 and early 1999 of the bat-borne Nipah virus spread from bats to pigs. The pigs
amplified it, and it spread to humans, infecting 276 people and killing 106 in that
outbreak. Now emerging is the connection to stress brought on by environmental
changes.
One critical piece of this complex puzzle is bat immune systems. The Jamaican fruit bats
kept at MSU will help researchers learn more about the effects of nutritional stress on
their viral load.

Vincent Munster, chief of the virus ecology unit of Rocky Mountain Laboratories and a
member of BatOneHealth, is also looking at different species of bats to better
understand the ecology of spillover. “There are 1,400 different bat species and there are
very significant differences between bats who harbor coronaviruses and bats who harbor
Ebola virus,” said Munster. “And bats who live with hundreds of thousands together
versus bats who are relatively solitary.”

Meanwhile, Plowright’s husband, Gary Tabor, is president of the Center for Large
Landscape Conservation, a nonprofit that applies ecology of disease research to protect
wildlife habitat — in part, to assure that wildlife is adequately nourished and to guard
against virus spillover.

“Habitat fragmentation is a planetary health issue that is not being sufficiently

addressed, given the world continues to experience unprecedented levels of land
clearing,” said Tabor.

As the ability to predict outbreaks improves, other strategies become possible. Models
that can predict where the Hendra virus could spill over could lead to vaccination for
horses in those areas.

Another possible solution is the set of “eco-counter measures” Hoegh referred to — such
as large-scale planting of flowering eucalyptus trees so flying foxes won’t be forced to
seek nectar in developed areas.

“Right now, the world is focused on how we can stop the next pandemic,” said
Plowright. “Unfortunately, preserving or restoring nature is rarely part of the
discussion.”
KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism
about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three
major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed
nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.
Sup
Good Luck